1
|
VanKoten HW, Pence BC, Klinkenberg JR, Das S, Patterson SE. Synthesis and evaluation of anti-Giardia activity of oseltamivir analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2025; 116:130035. [PMID: 39577600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.130035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2024] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/17/2024] [Indexed: 11/24/2024]
Abstract
We reported earlier that oseltamivir (Osm, Tamiflu®), an anti-viral agent, inhibits the attachment of trophozoites to intestinal epithelial cells and cyst production in culture. Osm also disassembles lipid rafts (LRs) and the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by Giardia. In the current study, we synthesized forty-one Osm analogs with the derivatization of oseltamivir phosphate. These compounds were tested on giardial growth, and cyst production. Of these, four analogs, i.e., compounds 3b, 2c, 11i, and 11d, were found to have superior activities against trophozoites and cysts compared to the parent oseltamivir. Investigation of the mechanism(s) of action of these agents are in progress and will be reported in due course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harrison W VanKoten
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Breanna C Pence
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, United States
| | - James R Klinkenberg
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, United States.
| | - Steven E Patterson
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ranjbarian F, Rafie K, Shankar K, Krakovka S, Svärd SG, Carlson LA, Hofer A. Tetramerization of deoxyadenosine kinase meets the demands of a DNA replication substrate challenge in Giardia intestinalis. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:14061-14076. [PMID: 39607702 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 10/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis is one of only a few organisms lacking de novo synthesis of DNA building blocks (deoxyribonucleotides). Instead, the parasite relies exclusively on salvaging deoxyadenosine and other deoxyribonucleosides from its host environment. Here, we report that G. intestinalis has a deoxyribonucleoside kinase with a 1000-fold higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) for deoxyadenosine than the corresponding mammalian kinases and can thereby provide sufficient deoxyadenosine triphosphate levels for DNA synthesis despite the lack of de novo synthesis. Several deoxyadenosine analogs were also potent substrates and showed comparable EC50 values on cultured G. intestinalis cells as metronidazole, the current first-line treatment, with the additional advantage of being effective against metronidazole-resistant parasites. Structural analysis using cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography showed that the enzyme is unique within its family of deoxyribonucleoside kinases by forming a tetramer stabilized by extended N- and C-termini in a novel dimer-dimer interaction. Removal of the two termini resulted in lost ability to form tetramers and a markedly reduced affinity for the deoxyribonucleoside substrate. The development of highly efficient deoxyribonucleoside kinases via oligomerization may represent a critical evolutionary adaptation in organisms that rely solely on deoxyribonucleoside salvage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Ranjbarian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karim Rafie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AVGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kasturika Shankar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sascha Krakovka
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 6, BMC Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 6, BMC Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars-Anders Carlson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Hofer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pech-Santiago EO, Argüello-García R, Arce-Cruz G, Angeles E, Ortega-Pierres G. Giardia duodenalis flavohemoglobin is a target of 5-nitroheterocycle and benzimidazole compounds acting as enzymatic inhibitors or subversive substrates. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 227:355-366. [PMID: 39645206 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2024] [Revised: 11/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/09/2024]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis causes giardiasis in humans, companion, livestock and wild animals. Control of infection involves drugs as benzimidazoles (e.g., albendazole, ABZ) and 5-nitroheterocyclics [5-NHs: metronidazole (MTZ), furazolidone (FZD), nitazoxanide (NTZ)] as first-line agents. During infection, Giardia is exposed to immune and pro-oxidant host responses involving nitric oxide (NO). In Giardia, NO is detoxified by a flavohemoglobin (gFlHb), a heme-containing enzyme which is absent in mammals. gFlHb has NO dioxygenase and NADH oxidase activities converting NO into nitrate and producing a superoxide anion (O2•-) that causes oxidative stress and parasite death. The modulation of gFlHb activities may provide novel approaches for treatment of giardiasis. We investigated the capacity of selected benzimidazole-2-carbamates (BZCs: ABZ, oxibendazole, nocodazole), non-BZCs (thiabendazole), an ehtylphenylcarbamate (LQM-996) and 5-NHs (MTZ, NTZ, FZD and some derivatives) to bind to recombinant gFlHb at the heme group, modifying NADH consumption activity and/or inducing ROS production. Of these, BZCs and NTZ bind to heme and increased O2•- production (i.e. caused enzyme subversion), whereas MTZ binds to heme but inhibited NADH consumption. LQM-996 decreased NADH consumption and two out of four NTZ derivatives altered NADH oxidase activity. In silico docking and molecular dynamics studies suggested the interaction of distinct drug moieties in ABZ and NTZ with gFlHb sites involved in NADH and NO catalysis. These findings provide new insights on gFlHb as a novel target of BZCs, MTZ and NTZ, and provides a useful platform to assess the compounds binding capacity to gFlHb prior to experimental and clinical trials in giardiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edar Onam Pech-Santiago
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Argüello-García
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Arce-Cruz
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Angeles
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitilán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54740, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Popruk S, Tummatorn J, Sreesai S, Ampawong S, Thiangtrongjit T, Tipthara P, Tarning J, Thongsornkleeb C, Ruchirawat S, Reamtong O. Inhibition of Giardia duodenalis by isocryptolepine -triazole adducts and derivatives. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 26:100561. [PMID: 39151240 PMCID: PMC11377146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, a widespread parasitic flagellate protozoan causing giardiasis, affects millions annually, particularly impacting children and travellers. With no effective vaccine available, treatment primarily relies on the oral administration of drugs targeting trophozoites in the small intestine. However, existing medications pose challenges due to side effects and drug resistance, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic options. Isocryptolepine, derived from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, has demonstrated promising antimicrobial and anticancer properties. This study evaluated eighteen isocryptolepine-triazole adducts for their antigiardial activities and cytotoxicity, with ISO2 demonstrating potent antigiardial activity and minimal cytotoxicity on human intestinal cells. Metabolomics analysis revealed significant alterations in G. duodenalis metabolism upon ISO2 treatment, particularly affecting phospholipid metabolism. Notably, the upregulation of phytosphingosine and triglycerides, and downregulation of certain fatty acids, suggest a profound impact on membrane composition and integrity, potentially contributing to the parasite's demise. Pathway analysis highlighted glycerophospholipid metabolism, cytochrome b5 family heme/steroid binding domain, and P-type ATPase mechanisms as critical pathways affected by ISO2 treatment, underscoring its importance as a potential target for antigiardial therapy. These findings shed light on the mode of action of ISO2 against G. duodenalis and provide valuable insights for further drug development. Moreover, the study also offers a promising avenue for the exploration of isocryptolepine derivatives as novel therapeutic agents for giardiasis, addressing the urgent need for more effective and safer treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jumreang Tummatorn
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Suthasinee Sreesai
- Central Equipment Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phornpimon Tipthara
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charnsak Thongsornkleeb
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gutiérrez L, Vielot NA, Herrera R, Reyes Y, Toval-Ruíz C, Blandón P, Rubinstein RJ, Mora J, Bartelt LA, Bucardo F, Becker-Dreps S, Vilchez S. Giardia lamblia risk factors and burden in children with acute gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan birth cohort. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012230. [PMID: 39527625 PMCID: PMC11581391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 11/21/2024] [Accepted: 10/22/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia lamblia is an intestinal protozoan estimated to cause ~200 million symptomatic infections annually, mainly in children in low- and middle-income countries associated with intestinal damage, increased permeability, and malabsorption. METHODS AND RESULTS We describe here the epidemiology, incidence, clinical characteristics, and risk factors of acute gastroenteritis episodes (AGE) with G. lamblia detection (GAGE) using a birth cohort of 443 Nicaraguan children followed weekly until 36 months of life. From June 2017 to July 2021, 1385 AGE samples were tested by qPCR. G. lamblia was detected in 104 (7.5%) of AGE episodes. In all, 69 (15.6%) children experienced at least one GAGE episode, and 25 of them (36.2%) experienced more than one episode. The incidence rate of the first episode of GAGE was 6.8/100 child-years (95% CI, 4.5-9.1). During GAGE, bloody stools, vomiting, and fever were uncommon, and children were less likely to be treated at a primary care clinic, suggesting that GAGE is typically mild and most cases did not receive medical attention, which could facilitate higher parasite loads with increased possibilities of establishing chronic carriage. GAGE was more common in children 12-24 months of age (13.9/100 child-years [95% CI, 10.7-17.1]) as compared to other age groups. In our birth-cohort, children living in a home with an indoor toilet (aHR, 0.52 [95%CI, 0.29-0.92]), and being breastfed in the first year of life (aHR: 0.10 [95%IC, 0.02, 0.57]) had a lower incidence of GAGE. In contrast, being breastfed for ≤ 6 months was associated with a higher incidence if the children were living in houses without indoor toilets and earthen floors (HR, 7.79 [95% CI, 2.07, 29.3]). CONCLUSION Taken together, GAGE is more frequent under poor household conditions. However, breastfeeding significantly reduces the incidence of GAGE in those children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lester Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET). Facultad de Microbiología. Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Nadja A. Vielot
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Roberto Herrera
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET). Facultad de Microbiología. Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Yaoska Reyes
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Patricia Blandón
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Rebecca J. Rubinstein
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Javier Mora
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET). Facultad de Microbiología. Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Luther A. Bartelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease and the Departments of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Samuel Vilchez
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, León, Nicaragua
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vinopalová M, Arbonová L, Füssy Z, Dohnálek V, Samad A, Bílý T, Vancová M, Doležal P. Mlf mediates proteotoxic response via formation of cellular foci for protein folding and degradation in Giardia. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012617. [PMID: 39432513 PMCID: PMC11527388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 10/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Myeloid leukemia factor 1 (Mlf1) was identified as a proto-oncoprotein that affects hematopoietic differentiation in humans. However, its cellular function remains elusive, spanning roles from cell cycle regulation to modulation of protein aggregate formation and participation in ciliogenesis. Given that structurally conserved homologs of Mlf1 can be found across the eukaryotic tree of life, we decided to characterize its cellular role underlying this phenotypic pleiotropy. Using a model of the unicellular eukaryote Giardia intestinalis, we demonstrate that its Mlf1 homolog (GiMlf) mainly localizes to two types of cytosolic foci: microtubular structures, where it interacts with Hsp40, and ubiquitin-rich, membraneless compartments, found adjacent to mitochondrion-related organelles known as mitosomes, containing the 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4. Upon cellular stress, GiMlf either relocates to the affected compartment or disperses across the cytoplasm, subsequently accumulating into enlarged foci during the recovery phase. In vitro assays suggest that GiMlf can be recruited to membranes through its affinity for signaling phospholipids. Importantly, cytosolic foci diminish in the gimlf knockout strain, which exhibits extensive proteomic changes indicative of compromised proteostasis. Consistent with data from other cellular systems, we propose that Mlf acts in the response to proteotoxic stress by mediating the formation of function-specific foci for protein folding and degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vinopalová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Arbonová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Füssy
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Vít Dohnálek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Abdul Samad
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Bílý
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vancová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Doležal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wiśniewska MM, Salomaki ED, Silberman JD, Terpis KX, Mazancová E, Táborský P, Jinatham V, Gentekaki E, Čepička I, Kolisko M. Expanded gene and taxon sampling of diplomonads shows multiple switches to parasitic and free-living lifestyle. BMC Biol 2024; 22:217. [PMID: 39334206 PMCID: PMC11437800 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-02013-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diplomonads are anaerobic flagellates classified within Metamonada. They contain both host-associated commensals and parasites that reside in the intestinal tracts of animals, including humans (e.g., Giardia intestinalis), as well as free-living representatives that inhabit freshwater and marine anoxic sediments (e.g., Hexamita inflata). The evolutionary trajectories within this group are particularly unusual as the free-living taxa appear to be nested within a clade of host-associated species, suggesting a reversal from host-dependence to a secondarily free-living lifestyle. This is thought to be an exceedingly rare event as parasites often lose genes for metabolic pathways that are essential to a free-living life strategy, as they become increasingly reliant on their host for nutrients and metabolites. To revert to a free-living lifestyle would require the reconstruction of numerous metabolic pathways. All previous studies of diplomonad evolution suffered from either low taxon sampling, low gene sampling, or both, especially among free-living diplomonads, which has weakened the phylogenetic resolution and hindered evolutionary insights into this fascinating transition. RESULTS We sequenced transcriptomes from 1 host-associated and 13 free-living diplomonad isolates; expanding the genome scale data sampling for diplomonads by roughly threefold. Phylogenomic analyses clearly show that free-living diplomonads form several branches nested within endobiotic species. Moreover, the phylogenetic distribution of genes related to an endobiotic lifestyle suggest their acquisition at the root of diplomonads, while traces of these genes have been identified in free-living diplomonads as well. Based on these results, we propose an evolutionary scenario of ancestral and derived lifestyle transitions across diplomonads. CONCLUSIONS Free-living taxa form several clades nested within endobiotic taxa in our phylogenomic analyses, implying multiple transitions between free-living and endobiotic lifestyles. The evolutionary history of numerous virulence factors corroborates the inference of an endobiotic ancestry of diplomonads, suggesting that there have been several reversals to a free-living lifestyle. Regaining host independence may have been facilitated by a subset of laterally transferred genes. We conclude that the extant diversity of diplomonads has evolved from a non-specialized endobiont, with some taxa becoming highly specialized parasites, others becoming free-living, and some becoming capable of both free-living and endobiotic lifestyles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Wiśniewska
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, Branišovská 1160/31, 2, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic.
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculturein Krakow, 29 Listopada Ave. 54, Kraków, 31-425, Poland.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1645/31a, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Eric D Salomaki
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, Branišovská 1160/31, 2, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
- Center for Computational Biology of Human Disease and Center for Computation and Visualization, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Silberman
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, Branišovská 1160/31, 2, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Kristina X Terpis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Eva Mazancová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, 252 42, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Táborský
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, Branišovská 1160/31, 2, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vasana Jinatham
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, 333 Moo1Chiang Rai 57100, Thasud, Muang, Thailand
| | - Eleni Gentekaki
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, 333 Moo1Chiang Rai 57100, Thasud, Muang, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nicosia Veterinary School, 93 Agiou Nikolaou Street, Nicosia, 2414, Cyprus
| | - Ivan Čepička
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kolisko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, Branišovská 1160/31, 2, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1645/31a, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ligda P, Mittas N, Kyzas GZ, Claerebout E, Sotiraki S. Machine learning and explainable artificial intelligence for the prevention of waterborne cryptosporidiosis and giardiosis. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122110. [PMID: 39042970 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important parasitic protozoa due to their zoonotic potential and impact on human health, and have often caused waterborne outbreaks of disease. Detection of (oo)cysts in water matrices is challenging and extremely costly, thus only few countries have legislated for regular monitoring of drinking water for their presence. Several attempts have been made trying to investigate the association between the presence of such (oo)cysts in waters with other biotic or abiotic factors, with inconclusive findings. In this regard, the aim of this study was the development of an holistic approach leveraging Machine Learning (ML) and eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques, in order to provide empirical evidence related to the presence and prediction of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in water samples. To meet this objective, we initially modelled the complex relationship between Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts and a set of parasitological, microbiological, physicochemical and meteorological parameters via a model-agnostic meta-learner algorithm that provides flexibility regarding the selection of the ML model executing the fitting task. Based on this generic approach, a set of four well-known ML candidates were, empirically, evaluated in terms of their predictive capabilities. Then, the best-performed algorithms, were further examined through XAI techniques for gaining meaningful insights related to the explainability and interpretability of the derived solutions. The findings reveal that the Random Forest achieves the highest prediction performance when the objective is the prediction of both contamination and contamination intensity with Cryptosporidium oocysts in a given water sample, with meteorological/physicochemical and microbiological markers being informative, respectively. For the prediction of contamination with Giardia, the eXtreme Gradient Boosting with physicochemical parameters was the most efficient algorithm, while, the Support Vector Regression that takes into consideration both microbiological and meteorological markers was more efficient for evaluating the contamination intensity with cysts. The results of the study designate that the adoption of ML and XAI approaches can be considered as a valuable tool for unveiling the complicated correlation of the presence and contamination intensity with these zoonotic parasites that could constitute, in turn, a basis for the development of monitoring platforms and early warning systems for the prevention of waterborne disease outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Ligda
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DIMITRA, Thermi, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Mittas
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala GR-65404, Greece
| | - George Z Kyzas
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala GR-65404, Greece
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DIMITRA, Thermi, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Midlej V, Tenaglia AH, Luján HD, de Souza W. Tunneling Nanotube-like Structures in Giardia duodenalis. Cells 2024; 13:1538. [PMID: 39329722 PMCID: PMC11430593 DOI: 10.3390/cells13181538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Giardia doudenalis (lamblia, intestinalis) is a protozoan parasite that inhabits the lumen of the upper small intestine of vertebrates, causing chronic abdominal pains and severe diarrhea, symptoms of giardiasis, a persistent and recurrent infection. This characteristic is mainly due to the presence of membrane variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs) that give this parasite the ability to successively infect the host through antigenic variation. Using high-resolution scanning microscopy (HR-SM), we observed the presence, formation, and extension of tunneling-nanotube-like surface structures in Giardia, especially following parasite challenges with VSP antibodies. They were seen all over the parasite surface, both in vitro and in vivo, showing that G. duodenalis nanotube formation occurs in complex environments such as the gut. In addition, we also observed that some of these nanotubes displayed a periodic strangulation that produces 100 nm vesicles that seemed to be released in a process similar to that previously observed in Trypanosoma brucei. The presence of nanotube-like structures in G. duodenalis highlights yet another strategy of cellular communication utilized by these parasites, whether between themselves or with the host cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Midlej
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institution, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Albano H. Tenaglia
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Córdoba 5004, Argentina
| | - Hugo D. Luján
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina de Precisão, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mandal S, Mondal C, Lyndem LM. Probiotics: an alternative anti-parasite therapy. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:409-423. [PMID: 39145362 PMCID: PMC11319687 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper review about probiotic effects and mechanism of action against the gut and non-gut helminths and protozoan parasites. Gastrointestinal parasitic infections are considered a serious health problem and are widely distributed globally. The disease process which emanates from this parasite infection provides some of the many public and veterinary health problems in the tropical and sub-tropical countries. Prevention and control of the parasite disease is through antihelmintic and anti-protozoan drugs, but, due to the increasing emergence of such drug resistance, eradication of parasite infestation in human and livestock still lingers a challenge, which requires the development of new alternative strategies. The use of beneficial microorganisms i.e. probiotics is becoming interesting due to their prophylactic application against several diseases including parasite infections. Recent studies on the interactions between probiotics, parasites and host immune cells using animal models and in vitro culture systems has increased considerably and draw much attention, yet the mechanisms of actions mediating the positive effects of these beneficial microorganisms on the hosts remain unexplored. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to summarize the latest findings on the probiotic research against the gut and non-gut parasites of significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Mandal
- Visva-Bharati, Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Santiniketan, 731235 West Bengal India
| | - Chandrani Mondal
- Visva-Bharati, Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Santiniketan, 731235 West Bengal India
| | - Larisha M. Lyndem
- Visva-Bharati, Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Santiniketan, 731235 West Bengal India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Barnadas-Carceller B, Del Portillo HA, Fernandez-Becerra C. Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers in parasitic disease diagnosis. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2024; 94:187-223. [PMID: 39370207 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases constitute a major global health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. Recent advances in the study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) have opened up new strategies for biomarker discovery in protozoan and helminth infections. Analyses of EVs in cultures and biological fluids have identified numerous potential biomarkers that could be useful for early and differential diagnosis, monitoring therapeutic responses, and the overall management and control of these diseases. Despite the potential of these biomarkers, several challenges must be addressed, including limited research, the need for standardized protocols, and the reproducibility of results across studies. In many parasitic infections, EVs have been obtained from various sample types, including plasma from human patients and mouse models, as well as cultures of the parasites at different stages. EVs were isolated by various methods and predominantly characterized through proteomic analysis or RNA sequencing to assess their cargo and identify potential biomarkers. These biomarker candidates were investigated and validated using different assays such as ELISA, Western Blot, and ROC curves. Overall, the use of EVs is considered a promising new diagnostic strategy for parasite infections, but further research with larger cohorts, standardized methods, and additional validation tests are essential for effective diagnosis and management of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berta Barnadas-Carceller
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; IGTP Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hernando A Del Portillo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; IGTP Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Fernandez-Becerra
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; IGTP Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII-CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wirdnam CD, Warmus D, Faso C. Nourseothricin as a novel drug for selection of transgenic Giardia lamblia. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100543. [PMID: 38685159 PMCID: PMC11067369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Functional gene and protein characterizations in parasitic protists are often limited by their genetic tractability. Despite the development of CRISPR-Cas9-derived or inspired approaches for a handful of protist parasites, the overall genetic tractability of these organisms remains limited. The intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia is one such species, with the added challenge of a paucity of reliable selection markers. To address this limitation, we tested the feasibility of using Nourseothricin as an effective selection agent in Giardia. Here, we report that axenically-grown WB Giardia cells are sensitive to Nourseothricin and that engineering expression of the streptothricin acetyltransferase (SAT-1) gene from Streptomyces rochei in transgenic parasites confers resistance to this antibiotic. Furthermore, we determine that SAT-1-expressing parasites are cross-resistant neither to Neomycin nor Puromycin, which are widely used to select for transgenic parasites. Consequently, we show that Nourseothricin can be used in sequential combination with both Neomycin and Puromycin to select for dual transfection events. This work increases the number of reliable selection agents and markers for Giardia genetic manipulation, expanding the limited molecular toolbox for this species of global medical importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corina D Wirdnam
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3006 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dawid Warmus
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3006 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Faso
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3006 Bern, Switzerland; Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbuehlstrasse 25, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
González Maciel A, Rosas López LE, Romero-Velázquez RM, Ramos-Morales A, Ponce-Macotela M, Calderón-Guzmán D, Trujillo-Jiménez F, Alfaro-Rodríguez A, Reynoso-Robles R. Postnatal zinc deficiency due to giardiasis disrupts hippocampal and cerebellar development. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012302. [PMID: 38950061 PMCID: PMC11244800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardiasis and zinc deficiency have been identified as serious health problems worldwide. Although Zn depletion is known to occur in giardiasis, no work has investigated whether changes occur in brain structures. METHODS Three groups of gerbils were used: control (1), orogastrically inoculated on day 3 after birth with trophozoites of two isolates of Giardia intestinalis (HGINV/WB) group (2 and 3). Estimates were made at five ages covering: establishment of infection, Giardia population growth, natural parasite clearance and a post-infection age. QuantiChrome zinc assay kit, cresyl violet staining and TUNEL technique were used. RESULTS A significant decrease (p<0.01) in tissue zinc was observed and persisted after infection. Cytoarchitectural changes were observed in 75% of gerbils in the HGINV or WB groups. Ectopic pyramidal neurons were found in the cornus ammonis (CA1-CA3). At 60 and 90 days of age loss of lamination was clearly visible in CA1. In the dentate gyrus (DG), thinning of the dorsal lamina and abnormal thickening of the ventral lamina were observed from 30 days of age. In the cerebellum, we found an increase (p<0.01) in the thickness of the external granular layer (EGL) at 14 days of age that persisted until day 21 (C 3 ± 0.3 μm; HGINV 37 ± 5 μm; WB 28 ± 3 μm); Purkinje cell population estimation showed a significant decrease; a large number of apoptotic somas were observed scattered in the molecular layer; in 60 and 90 days old gerbils we found granular cell heterotopia and Purkinje cell ectopia. The pattern of apoptosis was different in the cerebellum and hippocampus of parasitized gerbils. CONCLUSION The morphological changes found suggest that neuronal migration is affected by zinc depletion caused by giardiasis in early postnatal life; for the first time, the link between giardiasis-zinc depletion and damaged brain structures is shown. This damage may explain the psychomotor/cognitive delay associated with giardiasis. These findings are alarming. Alterations in zinc metabolism and signalling are known to be involved in many brain disorders, including autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angélica González Maciel
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Elizabeth Rosas López
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Romero-Velázquez
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Ramos-Morales
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Ponce-Macotela
- Laboratory of Experimental Parasitology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Calderón-Guzmán
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Alfonso Alfaro-Rodríguez
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Reynoso-Robles
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang D, Liu Y, Ren Y, Hao L, Zhang X, Chen H, Liu J. Giardia intestinalis extracellular vesicles induce changes in gene expression in human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Exp Parasitol 2024; 262:108788. [PMID: 38759775 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Giardiasis is a common waterborne zoonotic disease caused by Giardia intestinalis. Upon infection, Giardia releases excretory and secretory products (ESPs) including secreted proteins (SPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Although the interplay between ESPs and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) has been previously described, the functions of EVs in these interactions and their differences from those of SPs require further exploration. In the present study, EVs and EV-depleted SPs were isolated from Giardia ESPs. Proteomic analyses of isolated SPs and EVs showed 146 and 91 proteins, respectively. Certain unique and enriched proteins have been identified in SPs and EVs. Transcriptome analysis of Caco-2 cells exposed to EVs showed 96 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 56 upregulated and 40 downregulated genes. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) indicated that Caco-2 genes related to metabolic processes, the HIF-1 signaling pathway, and the cAMP signaling pathway were affected. This study provides new insights into host-parasite interactions, highlighting the potential significance of EVs on IECs during infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China; College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yingnan Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yupeng Ren
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lili Hao
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Manciu FS, Guerrero J, Pence BC, Martinez Lopez LV, Das S. Assessment of Drug Activities against Giardia Using Hyperspectral Raman Microscopy. Pathogens 2024; 13:358. [PMID: 38787210 PMCID: PMC11124377 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates the capability of Raman microscopy for detecting structural differences in Giardia cells exposed to different drugs and incubation times. While metronidazole (MTZ) visibly affects the cells by inducing extracellular vesicle releases of toxic iron intermediates and modified triple-bond moieties, oseltamivir (OSM) alters the phenylalanine and lipid structures. Modifications in the heme protein environment and the transformation of iron from ferric to ferrous observed for both drug treatments are more notable for MTZ. Different contents and amounts of vesicle excretion are detected for 24 h or 48 h with MTZ incubation. At a shorter drug exposure, releases of altered proteins, glycogen, and phospholipids dominate. Agglomerates of transformed iron complexes from heme proteins and multiple-bond moieties prevail at 48 h of treatment. No such vesicle releases are present in the case of OSM usage. Drug incorporations into the cells and their impact on the plasma membrane and the dynamics of lipid raft confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy reveal a more destructive extent by OSM, corroborating the Raman results. Raman microscopy provides a broader understanding of the multifaceted factors and mechanisms responsible for giardiasis treatment or drug resistance by enabling a label-free, simultaneous monitoring of structural changes at the cellular and molecular levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia S. Manciu
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (J.G.); (L.V.M.L.)
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Jose Guerrero
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (J.G.); (L.V.M.L.)
| | - Breanna C. Pence
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
| | | | - Siddhartha Das
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tushir S, Jhanwar P, Benda M, Horáčková V, Doležal P, Tatu U. In vivo Validation of Hsp90 Trans-splicing in Giardia lamblia: Highlighting the Role of Cis-elements. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168440. [PMID: 38218367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Giardia lambliacauses giardiasis, one of the most common human infectious diseases globally. Previous studies from our lab have shown that hsp90 gene ofGiardia is split into two halves, namely hspN and hspC. The independent pre-mRNAs of these split genes join by trans-splicing, producing a full-length Hsp90 (FlHsp90) mRNA. Genetic manipulation of the participating genes is necessary to understand the mechanism and significance of such trans-splicing based expression of Hsp90. In this study, we have performed transfection based exogenous expression of hspN and/or hspC in G. lamblia. We electroporated a plasmid containing the Avi-tagged hspN component of Hsp90 and examined its fate in G. lamblia. We show that the exogenously expressed hspN RNA gets trans-spliced to endogenously expressed hspC RNA, giving rise to a hybrid-FlHsp90. We highlight the importance of cis-elements in this trans-splicing reaction through mutational analysis. The episomal plasmid carrying deletions in the intronic region of hspN, showed inhibition of the trans-splicing reaction.Additionally, exogenous hspC RNA also followed the same fate as of exogenous hspN, while upon co-transfection with episomal hspN, they underwent trans-splicing with each other. Using eGFP as a test protein, we have shown that intronic sequences of hsp90 gene can guide trans-splicing mediated repair of any associated exonic sequences. Our study provides in vivo validation of Hsp90 trans-splicing, showing crucial role of cis-elements and importantly highlights the potential of hsp90 intronic sequences to function as a minimal splicing tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Tushir
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Pratima Jhanwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Martin Benda
- Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Horáčková
- Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Doležal
- Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Utpal Tatu
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vicente B, Freitas AD, Freitas M, Midlej V. Systematic Review of Diagnostic Approaches for Human Giardiasis: Unveiling Optimal Strategies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:364. [PMID: 38396402 PMCID: PMC10887752 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan Giardia intestinalis, affects around 400 million people worldwide, emphasizing the critical need for accurate diagnosis to enhance human health, especially in children. Prolonged giardiasis in childhood can lead to intellectual deficits and other complications. A variety of diagnostic tools, including microscopic, immunological, and molecular methods, are available for detecting G. intestinalis infection. Choosing the most suitable method can be challenging due to the abundance of options. This systematic review assesses the reliability and applicability of these diagnostic modalities. Utilizing the Dimensions and Wordart platforms for data analysis, we focus on relevant literature addressing diagnostic methods for human giardiasis. Microscopic techniques, particularly Ritchie's method, emerge as the primary choice, followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR's limited use is attributed to its high cost and infrastructure challenges in developing nations. In conclusion, our analysis supports microscopic methods as the gold standard for giardiasis diagnosis. However, in cases where symptoms persist despite a negative diagnosis, employing more sensitive diagnostic approaches is advisable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vicente
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (B.V.); (A.D.F.); (M.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Anna De Freitas
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (B.V.); (A.D.F.); (M.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus Freitas
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (B.V.); (A.D.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Victor Midlej
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (B.V.); (A.D.F.); (M.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kuzi S, Zgairy S, Byrne BA, Suchodolski J, Turjeman SC, Park SY, Aroch I, Hong M, Koren O, Lavy E. Giardiasis and diarrhea in dogs: Does the microbiome matter? J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:152-160. [PMID: 37890857 PMCID: PMC10800182 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis (Gd) causes intestinal parasitosis. The involvement of the intestinal microbiome in determining the infection's clinical phenotype is unknown. OBJECTIVE Investigate the fecal microbiome features in dogs with giardiasis. ANIMALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study, including fecal samples of kenneled dogs with Gd diagnosed by fecal Giardia antigen dot ELISA. The fecal microbial compositional characteristics and dysbiosis index (DI) were compared between diarrheic and nondiarrheic dogs. RESULTS Fecal samples of 38 Gd-infected dogs (diarrheic, 21; nondiarrheic, 17) were included. No differences were found in Faith's phylogenic diversity and beta diversity (weighted UniFrac distances) and in specific taxa abundances at the phylum, genus, and species levels, as well as in alpha and beta diversities between diarrheic and nondiarrheic dogs, and also when divided by sex or age. Among diarrheic dogs, alpha diversity was higher in males than in females (pairwise Kruskal-Wallis, q = 0.01). Among males, fecal abundances of the genus Clostridium (W = 19) and Clostridium spiroforme species (W = 33) were higher in diarrheic compared to nondiarrheic dogs. In diarrheic dog fecal samples, Proteobacteria were more prevalent (W = 1), whereas Verrucomicrobia were less prevalent in dogs <1 year of age than in older dogs. The fecal sample DI of 19 diarrheic and 19 nondiarrheic dogs was similar (median, -0.2; range, -4.3 to 4.5 and median, -1.0; range, -4.3 to 5.8, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The fecal microbial composition of symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs with giardiasis is similar. Based on fecal DI, giardiasis is not characterized by prominent dysbiosis. Other host and parasite characteristics might determine the severity of giardiasis in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Kuzi
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of AgricultureFood and Environment Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Soha Zgairy
- Azrieli Faculty of MedicineBar‐Ilan UniversitySafedIsrael
| | - Barbara A. Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyUniversity of California—DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jan Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | | | - So Young Park
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of AgricultureFood and Environment Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Mike Hong
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Omry Koren
- Azrieli Faculty of MedicineBar‐Ilan UniversitySafedIsrael
| | - Eran Lavy
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of AgricultureFood and Environment Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Albogami B. Evaluation of the Antiparasitic, Antihepatotoxicity, and Antioxidant Efficacy of Quercetin and Chitosan, Either Alone or in Combination, against Infection Induced by Giardia lamblia in Male Rats. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2316. [PMID: 38137916 PMCID: PMC10744343 DOI: 10.3390/life13122316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) is one of the most common protozoal infections and a key cause of malabsorption, some cases of mental developmental issues in children, and reduced body weight. The known antiparasitic medications, which are the standard drugs used for parasitic treatment, have several side effects and sometimes exhibit low efficacy. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the treatment with quercetin (QC) or chitosan (CH), either alone or in combination, as possible alternative therapeutic agents that may alleviate the side effects of G. lamblia infections and restore the normal architecture of the intestinal muscles. They are investigated as alternatives to other routinely administered drugs that may gradually lose their efficacy due to human resistance to therapeutic agents. This study was carried out on 50 male albino rats that were divided into five groups with 10 rats in each group: the control group (Group I), the infected non-treated group (Group II), the infected group treated with QC (Group III), the infected treated group with CH (Group IV), and the infected group treated with a combination of QC and CH (Group V). The effect was first evaluated by counting the G. lamblia fecal cysts in the stool, examining histopathological sections of the intestine with the appearance of trophozoites in the infected group, and conducting a transmission electron microscopic examination of the tissues of the small intestine. Alterations in the biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function and the antioxidant enzymes in the liver tissues of SOD, CAT, and GSH, and non-enzymatic markers of lipid peroxidation (MDA) were evaluated. The results showed a significant decline in the number of parasites in the stool samples, with a marked elevation in the number of trophozoites in the intestinal sections of the infected non-treated group as compared to the infected treated groups. The last group, which was treated with a combination of QC and CH, showed the best results in terms of a decline in the infection rate of G. lamblia in stool samples, with a marked and clear improvement in the intestinal mucosa, regular muscles with normal enteric ganglions, and reduced rates of intestinal injuries caused by G. lamblia trophozoites. Both QC and CH had non-toxic effects on the biochemical parameters of the liver and kidneys, as well as pronounced antioxidant activities due to the elevation of SOD, CAT, and GSH in conjunction with a decline in the levels of MDA. A combination of QC and CH can be considered a potent antiparasitic, anti-hepatotoxic, and antioxidant therapeutic agent; it could constitute a promising alternative treatment agent against G. lamblia infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bander Albogami
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kanski S, Weber K, Busch K. [Feline and canine giardiosis: An Update]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:411-421. [PMID: 38056479 DOI: 10.1055/a-2191-1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a facultative pathogenic intestinal parasite. Giardiosis in dogs and cats may appear with or without clinical signs. Typical signs include diarrhea with or without vomiting. The prevalence in young animals is high and may amount to up to 50%. There are 8 different genotypes (A - H), which are called assemblages. Assemblages C and D are most common in dogs and assemblage F most frequent in cats. However, animals may also be infected with the zoonotically effective assemblages A and B or exhibit mixed infections. The immunofluorescence test (IFA), the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fecal centrifugation using zinc sulphate solution are currently recommended as diagnostic methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used to determine the corresponding assemblage. Approved treatments for giardiosis include fenbendazole and metronidazole. In addition, undertaking specific hygiene measures is warranted. Only animals showing clinical signs or those living in the same household with high-risk patients (e. g. immunosuppressed humans) are recommended to receive medication. The aim of treatment is clinical improvement of the diseased dogs and cats. Frequently, complete elimination of Giardia is not attained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Kanski
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Karin Weber
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Kathrin Busch
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pipaliya SV, Dacks JB, Croxen MA. Genomic survey maps differences in the molecular complement of vesicle formation machinery between Giardia intestinalis assemblages. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011837. [PMID: 38109380 PMCID: PMC10758263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a globally important microbial pathogen with considerable public health, agricultural, and economic burden. Genome sequencing and comparative analyses have elucidated G. intestinalis to be a taxonomically diverse species consisting of at least eight different sub-types (assemblages A-H) that can infect a great variety of animal hosts, including humans. The best studied of these are assemblages A and B which have a broad host range and have zoonotic transmissibility towards humans where clinical Giardiasis can range from asymptomatic to diarrheal disease. Epidemiological surveys as well as previous molecular investigations have pointed towards critical genomic level differences within numerous molecular pathways and families of parasite virulence factors within assemblage A and B isolates. In this study, we explored the necessary machinery for the formation of vesicles and cargo transport in 89 Canadian isolates of assemblage A and B G. intestinalis. Considerable variability within the molecular complement of the endolysosomal ESCRT protein machinery, adaptor coat protein complexes, and ARF regulatory system have previously been reported. Here, we confirm inter-assemblage, but find no intra-assemblage variation within the trafficking systems examined. This variation includes losses of subunits belonging to the ESCRTIII as well as novel lineage specific duplications in components of the COPII machinery, ARF1, and ARFGEF families (BIG and CYTH). Since differences in disease manifestation between assemblages A and B have been controversially reported, our findings may well have clinical implications and even taxonomic, as the membrane trafficking system underpin parasite survival, pathogenesis, and propagation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta V. Pipaliya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Joel B. Dacks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice [Budweis], Czech Republic
| | - Matthew A. Croxen
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratories, Alberta Public Health Laboratory, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fernandez‐Becerra C, Xander P, Alfandari D, Dong G, Aparici‐Herraiz I, Rosenhek‐Goldian I, Shokouhy M, Gualdron‐Lopez M, Lozano N, Cortes‐Serra N, Karam PA, Meneghetti P, Madeira RP, Porat Z, Soares RP, Costa AO, Rafati S, da Silva A, Santarém N, Fernandez‐Prada C, Ramirez MI, Bernal D, Marcilla A, Pereira‐Chioccola VL, Alves LR, Portillo HD, Regev‐Rudzki N, de Almeida IC, Schenkman S, Olivier M, Torrecilhas AC. Guidelines for the purification and characterization of extracellular vesicles of parasites. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e117. [PMID: 38939734 PMCID: PMC11080789 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Parasites are responsible for the most neglected tropical diseases, affecting over a billion people worldwide (WHO, 2015) and accounting for billions of cases a year and responsible for several millions of deaths. Research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has increased in recent years and demonstrated that EVs shed by pathogenic parasites interact with host cells playing an important role in the parasite's survival, such as facilitation of infection, immunomodulation, parasite adaptation to the host environment and the transfer of drug resistance factors. Thus, EVs released by parasites mediate parasite-parasite and parasite-host intercellular communication. In addition, they are being explored as biomarkers of asymptomatic infections and disease prognosis after drug treatment. However, most current protocols used for the isolation, size determination, quantification and characterization of molecular cargo of EVs lack greater rigor, standardization, and adequate quality controls to certify the enrichment or purity of the ensuing bioproducts. We are now initiating major guidelines based on the evolution of collective knowledge in recent years. The main points covered in this position paper are methods for the isolation and molecular characterization of EVs obtained from parasite-infected cell cultures, experimental animals, and patients. The guideline also includes a discussion of suggested protocols and functional assays in host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fernandez‐Becerra
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- IGTP Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i PujolBadalona (Barcelona)Spain
- CIBERINFECISCIII‐CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Patrícia Xander
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Daniel Alfandari
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science (WIS)RehovotIsrael
| | - George Dong
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Iris Aparici‐Herraiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Mehrdad Shokouhy
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine ResearchPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Melisa Gualdron‐Lopez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nicholy Lozano
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Nuria Cortes‐Serra
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Paula Abou Karam
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science (WIS)RehovotIsrael
| | - Paula Meneghetti
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Rafael Pedro Madeira
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry UnitLife Sciences Core Facilities, WISRehovotIsrael
| | | | - Adriana Oliveira Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e ToxicológicasFaculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)Belo HorizonteMinas GeraisBrasil
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine ResearchPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Anabela‐Cordeiro da Silva
- Host‐Parasite Interactions GroupInstitute of Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Host‐Parasite Interactions GroupInstitute of Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | | | - Marcel I. Ramirez
- EVAHPI ‐ Extracellular Vesicles and Host‐Parasite Interactions Research Group Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Sistemática de TripanossomatideosInstituto Carlos Chagas‐FiocruzCuritibaParanáBrasil
| | - Dolores Bernal
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Ciències BiològiquesUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotValenciaSpain
| | - Antonio Marcilla
- Àrea de Parasitologia, Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i ParasitologiaUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotValenciaSpain
| | - Vera Lucia Pereira‐Chioccola
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Fungos, Centro de Parasitologia e MicologiaInstituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL)São PauloBrasil
| | - Lysangela Ronalte Alves
- Laboratório de Regulação da Expressão GênicaInstituto Carlos ChagasFiocruz ParanáCuritibaBrazil
- Research Center in Infectious DiseasesDivision of Infectious Disease and Immunity CHU de Quebec Research CenterDepartment of MicrobiologyInfectious Disease and ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Hernando Del Portillo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- IGTP Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i PujolBadalona (Barcelona)Spain
- ICREA Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanc¸ats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Neta Regev‐Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science (WIS)RehovotIsrael
| | - Igor Correia de Almeida
- Department of Biological SciencesBorder Biomedical Research CenterThe University of Texas at El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Sergio Schenkman
- Departamento de MicrobiologiaImunologia e Parasitologia, UNIFESPSão PauloBrazil
| | - Martin Olivier
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Faria CP, Ferreira B, Lourenço Á, Guerra I, Melo T, Domingues P, Domingues MDRM, Cruz MT, Sousa MDC. Lipidome of extracellular vesicles from Giardia lamblia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291292. [PMID: 37683041 PMCID: PMC10490865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) (exossomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies) have been well acknowledged as mediators of intercellular communications in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Lipids are essential molecular components of EVs but at the moment the knowledge about the lipid composition and the function of lipids in EVs is limited and as for now none lipidomic studies in Giardia EVs was described. Therefore, the focus of the current study was to conduct, for the first time, the characterization of the polar lipidome, namely phospholipid and sphingolipid profiles of G. lamblia trophozoites, microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes, using C18-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (C18-LC-MS) and Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS). A total of 162 lipid species were identified and semi-quantified, in the trophozoites, or in the MVs and exosomes belonging to 8 lipid classes, including the phospholipid classes phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), cardiolipins (CL), the sphingolipid classes sphingomyelin (SM) and ceramides (Cer), and cholesterol (ST), and 3 lipid subclasses that include lyso PC (LPC), lyso PE (LPE) and lyso PG (LPG), but showing different abundances. This work also identified, for the first time, in G. lamblia trophozoites, the lipid classes CL, Cer and ST and subclasses of LPC, LPE and LPG. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed clear discrimination of lipid profiles between trophozoite, exosomes and MVs. The principal component analysis (PCA) plot of the lipidomics dataset showed clear discrimination between the three groups. Future studies focused on the composition and functional properties of Giardia EVs may prove crucial to understand the role of lipids in host-parasite communication, and to identify new targets that could be exploited to develop novel classes of drugs to treat giardiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Perez Faria
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Ágata Lourenço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Guerra
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria do Rosário Marques Domingues
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Su Q, Baker L, Emery S, Balan B, Ansell B, Tichkule S, Mueller I, Svärd SG, Jex A. Transcriptomic analysis of albendazole resistance in human diarrheal parasite Giardia duodenalis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY: DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2023; 22:9-19. [PMID: 37004489 PMCID: PMC10111952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Benzimidazole-2-carbamates (BZ, e.g., albendazole; ALB), which bind β-tubulin to disrupt microtubule polymerization, are one of two primary compound classes used to treat giardiasis. In most parasitic nematodes and fungi, BZ-resistance is caused by β-tubulin mutations and its molecular mode of action (MOA) is well studied. In contrast, in Giardia duodenalis BZ MOA or resistance is less well understood, may involve target-specific and broader impacts including cellular damage and oxidative stress, and its underlying cause is not clearly determined. Previously, we identified acquisition of a single nucleotide polymorphism, E198K, in β-tubulin in ALB-resistant (ALB-R) G. duodenalis WB-1B relative to ALB-sensitive (ALB-S) parental controls. E198K is linked to BZ-resistance in fungi and its allelic frequency correlated with the magnitude of BZ-resistance in G. duodenalis WB-1B. Here, we undertook detailed transcriptomic comparisons of these ALB-S and ALB-R G. duodenalis WB-1B cultures. The primary transcriptional changes with ALB-R in G. duodenalis WB-1B indicated increased protein degradation and turnover, and up-regulation of tubulin, and related genes, associated with the adhesive disc and basal bodies. These findings are consistent with previous observations noting focused disintegration of the disc and associated structures in Giardia duodenalis upon ALB exposure. We also saw transcriptional changes with ALB-R in G. duodenalis WB-1B consistent with prior observations of a shift from glycolysis to arginine metabolism for ATP production and possible changes to aspects of the vesicular trafficking system that require further investigation. Finally, we saw mixed transcriptional changes associated with DNA repair and oxidative stress responses in the G. duodenalis WB-1B line. These changes may be indicative of a role for H2O2 degradation in ALB-R, as has been observed in other G. duodenalis cell cultures. However, they were below the transcriptional fold-change threshold (log2FC > 1) typically employed in transcriptomic analyses and appear to be contradicted in ALB-R G. duodenalis WB-1B by down-regulation of the NAD scavenging and conversion pathways required to support these stress pathways and up-regulation of many highly oxidation sensitive iron-sulphur (FeS) cluster based metabolic enzymes.
Collapse
|
25
|
DeMichele E, Sosnowski O, Buret AG, Allain T. Regulatory Functions of Hypoxia in Host-Parasite Interactions: A Focus on Enteric, Tissue, and Blood Protozoa. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1598. [PMID: 37375100 PMCID: PMC10303274 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Body tissues are subjected to various oxygenic gradients and fluctuations and hence can become transiently hypoxic. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the master transcriptional regulator of the cellular hypoxic response and is capable of modulating cellular metabolism, immune responses, epithelial barrier integrity, and local microbiota. Recent reports have characterized the hypoxic response to various infections. However, little is known about the role of HIF activation in the context of protozoan parasitic infections. Growing evidence suggests that tissue and blood protozoa can activate HIF and subsequent HIF target genes in the host, helping or hindering their pathogenicity. In the gut, enteric protozoa are adapted to steep longitudinal and radial oxygen gradients to complete their life cycle, yet the role of HIF during these protozoan infections remains unclear. This review focuses on the hypoxic response to protozoa and its role in the pathophysiology of parasitic infections. We also discuss how hypoxia modulates host immune responses in the context of protozoan infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily DeMichele
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Olivia Sosnowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andre G. Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thibault Allain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang H, Zhao C, Zhang X, Li J, Gong P, Wang X, Li X, Wang X, Zhang X, Cheng S, Yue T, Zhang N. A potential role for Giardia chaperone protein GdDnaJ in regulating Giardia proliferation and Giardiavirus replication. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:168. [PMID: 37226181 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis (referred to as Giardia) is a flagellated binucleate protozoan parasite, which causes one of the most common diarrheal diseases, giardiasis, worldwide. Giardia can be infected by Giardiavirus (GLV), a small endosymbiotic dsRNA virus belongs to the Totiviridae family. However, the regulation of GLV and a positive correlation between GLV and Giardia virulence is yet to be elucidated. METHODS To identify potential regulators of GLV, we performed a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screen to search for interacting proteins of RdRp. GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay were used to verify the direct physical interaction between GLV RdRp and its new binding partner. In addition, their in vivo interaction and colocalization in Giardia trophozoites were examined by using Duolink proximal ligation assay (Duolink PLA). RESULTS From Y2H screen, the Giardia chaperone protein, Giardia DnaJ (GdDnaJ), was identified as a new binding partner for GLV RdRp. The direct interaction between GdDnaJ and GLV RdRp was verified via GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation and BiFC. In addition, colocalization and in vivo interaction between GdDnaJ and RdRp in Giardia trophozoites were confirmed by Duolink PLA. Further analysis revealed that KNK437, the inhibitor of GdDnaJ, can significantly reduce the replication of GLVs and the proliferation of Giardia. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggested a potential role of GdDnaJ in regulating Giardia proliferation and GLV replication through interaction with GLV RdRp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Shuqin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Taotao Yue
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Giallourou N, Arnold J, McQuade ETR, Awoniyi M, Becket RVT, Walsh K, Herzog J, Gulati AS, Carroll IM, Montgomery S, Quintela PH, Faust AM, Singer SM, Fodor AA, Ahmad T, Mahfuz M, Mduma E, Walongo T, Guerrant RL, Balfour Sartor R, Swann JR, Kosek MN, Bartelt LA. Giardia hinders growth by disrupting nutrient metabolism independent of inflammatory enteropathy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2840. [PMID: 37202423 PMCID: PMC10195804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia (Giardia) is among the most common intestinal pathogens in children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although Giardia associates with early-life linear growth restriction, mechanistic explanations for Giardia-associated growth impairments remain elusive. Unlike other intestinal pathogens associated with constrained linear growth that cause intestinal or systemic inflammation or both, Giardia seldom associates with chronic inflammation in these children. Here we leverage the MAL-ED longitudinal birth cohort and a model of Giardia mono-association in gnotobiotic and immunodeficient mice to propose an alternative pathogenesis of this parasite. In children, Giardia results in linear growth deficits and gut permeability that are dose-dependent and independent of intestinal markers of inflammation. The estimates of these findings vary between children in different MAL-ED sites. In a representative site, where Giardia associates with growth restriction, infected children demonstrate broad amino acid deficiencies, and overproduction of specific phenolic acids, byproducts of intestinal bacterial amino acid metabolism. Gnotobiotic mice require specific nutritional and environmental conditions to recapitulate these findings, and immunodeficient mice confirm a pathway independent of chronic T/B cell inflammation. Taken together, we propose a new paradigm that Giardia-mediated growth faltering is contingent upon a convergence of this intestinal protozoa with nutritional and intestinal bacterial factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Giallourou
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Centre of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Jason Arnold
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Muyiwa Awoniyi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rose Viguna Thomas Becket
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Global Health and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy Herzog
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ajay S Gulati
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ian M Carroll
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Steven M Singer
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anthony A Fodor
- The University of North Carolina Charlotte, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Charlotte, USA
| | - Tahmeed Ahmad
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Esto Mduma
- Haydom Global Health Research Centre, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Thomas Walongo
- Haydom Global Health Research Centre, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Luther A Bartelt
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Global Health and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Grüttner J, van Rijn JM, Geiser P, Florbrant A, Webb DL, Hellström PM, Sundbom M, Sellin ME, Svärd SG. Trophozoite fitness dictates the intestinal epithelial cell response to Giardia intestinalis infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011372. [PMID: 37141303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a non-invasive, protozoan parasite infecting the upper small intestine of most mammals. Symptomatic infections cause the diarrhoeal disease giardiasis in humans and animals, but at least half of the infections are asymptomatic. However, the molecular underpinnings of these different outcomes of the infection are still poorly defined. Here, we studied the early transcriptional response to G. intestinalis trophozoites, the disease-causing life-cycle stage, in human enteroid-derived, 2-dimensional intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) monolayers. Trophozoites preconditioned in media that maximise parasite fitness triggered only neglectable inflammatory transcription in the IECs during the first hours of co-incubation. By sharp contrast, "non-fit" or lysed trophozoites induced a vigorous IEC transcriptional response, including high up-regulation of many inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, "fit" trophozoites could even suppress the stimulatory effect of lysed trophozoites in mixed infections, suggesting active G. intestinalis suppression of the IEC response. By dual-species RNA-sequencing, we defined the IEC and G. intestinalis gene expression programs associated with these differential outcomes of the infection. Taken together, our results inform on how G. intestinalis infection can lead to such highly variable effects on the host, and pinpoints trophozoite fitness as a key determinant of the IEC response to this common parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Grüttner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jorik M van Rijn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petra Geiser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Florbrant
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dominic-Luc Webb
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per M Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Sundbom
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu J, Yang Y, Liu L, Zhu W, Liu M, Yu X, Li W. ROS-AMPK/mTOR-dependent enterocyte autophagy is involved in the regulation of Giardia infection-related tight junction protein and nitric oxide levels. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1120996. [PMID: 36999034 PMCID: PMC10043474 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, a cosmopolitan noninvasive protozoan parasite of zoonotic concern and public health importance, infects the upper portions of the small intestine and causes one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases globally termed giardiasis, especially in situations lacking safe drinking water and adequate sanitation services. The pathogenesis of giardiasis is complex and involves multiple factors from the interaction of Giardia and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic pathway that involves multiple pathological conditions including infection. Thus far, it remains uncertain if autophagy occurs in Giardia-infected IECs and if autophagic process is associated with the pathogenic factors of giardiasis, such as tight junction (TJ) barrier defects and nitric oxide (NO) release of IECs. Here Giardia-in vitro exposed IECs showed upregulation of a series of autophagy-related molecules, such as LC3, Beclin1, Atg7, Atg16L1, and ULK1, and downregulation of p62 protein. IEC autophagy induced by Giardia was further assessed by using autophagy flux inhibitor, chloroquine (CQ), with the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I significantly increased and downregulated p62 significantly reversed. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) rather than CQ could markedly reverse Giardia-induced downregulation of TJ proteins (claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin, and ZO-1; also known as epithelial cell markers) and NO release, implying the involvement of early-stage autophagy in TJ/NO regulation. We subsequently confirmed the role of ROS-mediated AMPK/mTOR signaling in modulating Giardia-induced autophagy, TJ protein expression, and NO release. In turn, impairment of early-stage autophagy by 3-MA and late-stage autophagy by CQ both exhibited an exacerbated effect on ROS accumulation in IECs. Collectively, we present the first attempt to link the occurrence of IEC autophagy with Giardia infection in vitro, and provides novel insights into the contribution of ROS-AMPK/mTOR-dependent autophagy to Giardia infection-related downregulation of TJ protein and NO levels.
Collapse
|
30
|
Popruk S, Abu A, Ampawong S, Thiangtrongjit T, Tipthara P, Tarning J, Sreesai S, Reamtong O. Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Revealed Effects of Metronidazole on Giardia duodenalis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030408. [PMID: 36986506 PMCID: PMC10052756 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a significant protozoan that affects humans and animals. An estimated 280 million G. duodenalis diarrheal cases are recorded annually. Pharmacological therapy is crucial for controlling giardiasis. Metronidazole is the first-line therapy for treating giardiasis. Several metronidazole targets have been proposed. However, the downstream signaling pathways of these targets with respect to their antigiardial action are unclear. In addition, several giardiasis cases have demonstrated treatment failures and drug resistance. Therefore, the development of novel drugs is an urgent need. In this study, we performed a mass spectrometry-based metabolomics study to understand the systemic effects of metronidazole in G. duodenalis. A thorough analysis of metronidazole processes helps identify potential molecular pathways essential for parasite survival. The results demonstrated 350 altered metabolites after exposure to metronidazole. Squamosinin A and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)hexacosanamide were the most up-regulated and down-regulated metabolites, respectively. Proteasome and glycerophospholipid metabolisms demonstrated significant differential pathways. Comparing glycerophospholipid metabolisms of G. duodenalis and humans, the parasite glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase was distinct from humans. This protein is considered a potential drug target for treating giardiasis. This study improved our understanding of the effects of metronidazole and identified new potential therapeutic targets for future drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Amanee Abu
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Phornpimon Tipthara
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4BH, UK
| | - Suthasinee Sreesai
- Central Equipment Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu M, Yang Y, Zhu W, Wu J, Yu X, Li W. Specific TLR-mediated HSP70 activation plays a potential role in host defense against the intestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1120048. [PMID: 36937289 PMCID: PMC10017776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1120048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, an important flagellated noninvasive protozoan parasite, infects the upper small intestine and causes a disease termed giardiasis globally. Few members of the heat shock protein (HSP) family have been shown to function as potential defenders against microbial pathogens, while such information is lacking for Giardia. Here we initially screened and indicated that in vitro Giardia challenge induced a marked early upregulation of HSP70 in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). As noted previously, apoptotic resistance, nitric oxide (NO)-dependent cytostatic effect and parasite clearance, and epithelial barrier integrity represent effective anti-Giardia host defense mechanisms. We then explored the function of HSP70 in modulating apoptosis, NO release, and tight junction (TJ) protein levels in Giardia-IEC interactions. HSP70 inhibition by quercetin promoted Giardia-induced IEC apoptosis, viability decrease, NO release reduction, and ZO-1 and occludin downregulation, while the agonist celastrol could reverse these Giardia-evoked effects. The results demonstrated that HSP70 played a previously unrecognized and important role in regulating anti-Giardia host defense via attenuating apoptosis, promoting cell survival, and maintaining NO and TJ levels. Owing to the significance of apoptotic resistance among those defense-related factors mentioned earlier, we then elucidated the anti-apoptotic mechanism of HSP70. It was evident that HSP70 could negatively regulate apoptosis in an intrinsic way via direct inhibition of Apaf-1 or ROS-Bax/Bcl-2-Apaf-1 axis, and in an extrinsic way via cIAP2-mediated inhibition of RIP1 activity. Most importantly, it was confirmed that HSP70 exerted its host defense function by downregulating apoptosis via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation, upregulating NO release via TLR4/TLR2 activation, and upregulating TJ protein expression via TLR2 activation. HSP70 represented a checkpoint regulator providing the crucial link between specific TLR activation and anti-Giardia host defense responses. Strikingly, independent of the checkpoint role of HSP70, TLR4 activation was proven to downregulate TJ protein expression, and TLR2 activation to accelerate apoptosis. Altogether, this study identified HSP70 as a potentially vital defender against Giardia, and revealed its correlation with specific TLR activation. The clinical importance of HSP70 has been extensively demonstrated, while its role as an effective therapeutic target in human giardiasis remains elusive and thus needs to be further clarified.
Collapse
|
32
|
Mateusa M, Ozoliņa Z, Terentjeva M, Deksne G. Giardia duodenalis Styles, 1902 Prevalence in Cattle ( Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758) in Europe: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:309. [PMID: 36838274 PMCID: PMC9965812 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis Styles, 1902 is an infectious agent which can cause enteritic disease in cattle (Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758) worldwide. As a zoonotic protozoan, it is important to acknowledge Giardia prevalence and assemblages found in cattle and risk factors associated with the Giardia infection in herds. This systematic review aims to estimate the prevalence of G. duodenalis and its assemblages in cattle and to identify the risk factors associated with Giardia infection in cattle in Europe. A systematic review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to collect information from published studies in Europe. A total of 1414 studies were identified and 17 relevant studies were included in this review. Mean Giardia prevalence in cattle in Europe was 35.1%, with the highest prevalence found in neonatal animals (39.6%), but mean heard prevalence was 67.0%. Mixed infections of Giardia assemblages A and E were found most frequently (55.6%), while assemblages A and B were found more frequently in animals under 24 months old. Risk factors, such as deep litter with run-out, prolonged calf contact with the dam, and seasonality, such as winter and spring, were found to be potential risk factors for Giardia presence in the herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maira Mateusa
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, 1076 Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Zanda Ozoliņa
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, 1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, 1076 Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, 1076 Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1004 Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Saghaug CS, Gamlem AL, Hauge KB, Vahokoski J, Klotz C, Aebischer T, Langeland N, Hanevik K. Genetic diversity in the metronidazole metabolism genes nitroreductases and pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductases in susceptible and refractory clinical samples of Giardia lamblia. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 21:51-60. [PMID: 36682328 PMCID: PMC9871439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of metronidazole against the tetraploid intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia is dependent on its activation/inactivation within the cytoplasm. There are several activating enzymes, including pyruvate ferredoxin reductase (PFOR) and nitroreductase (NR) 1 which metabolize metronidazole into toxic forms, while NR2 on the other hand inactivates it. Metronidazole treatment failures have been increasing rapidly over the last decade, indicating genetic resistance mechanisms. Analyzing genetic variation in the PFOR and NR genes in susceptible and refractory Giardia isolates may help identify potential markers of resistance. Full length PFOR1, PFOR2, NR1 and NR2 genes from clinical culturable isolates and non-cultured clinical Giardia assemblage B samples were cloned, sequenced and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were analyzed to assess genetic diversity and alleles. A similar ratio of amino acid changing SNVs per gene length was found for the NRs; 4.2% for NR1 and 6.4% for NR2, while the PFOR1 and PFOR2 genes had less variability with a ratio of 1.1% and 1.6%, respectively. One of the samples from a refractory case had a nonsense mutation which caused a truncated NR1 gene in one out of six alleles. Further, we found three NR2 alleles with frameshift mutations, possibly causing a truncated protein in two susceptible isolates. One of these isolates was homozygous for the affected NR2 allele. Three nsSNVs with potential for affecting protein function were found in the ferredoxin domain of the PFOR2 gene. The considerable variation and discovery of mutations possibly causing dysfunctional NR proteins in clinical Giardia assemblage B isolates, reveal a potential for genetic link to metronidazole susceptibility and resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Saghaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Astrid L Gamlem
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kirsti B Hauge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Juha Vahokoski
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Klotz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Aebischer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Recent advances on the piezoelectric, electrochemical, and optical biosensors for the detection of protozoan pathogens. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
35
|
Seabolt MH, Roellig DM, Konstantinidis KT. Genomic comparisons confirm Giardia duodenalis sub-assemblage AII as a unique species. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1010244. [PMID: 36325462 PMCID: PMC9618722 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1010244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a parasitic flagellated protozoan which infects a wide range of mammalian hosts, including humans, and is subdivided into at least eight genetic assemblages commonly thought to represent cryptic species. Molecular studies have shown that G. duodenalis assemblage A, which parasitizes humans and animals, contains several phylogenetically distinct groupings known as sub-assemblages. Molecular studies employing poor phylogenetic-resolution markers routinely recover these sub-assemblages, implying that they represent evolutionarily distinct clades and possibly cryptic species, a hypothesis which is supported by epidemiologic trends. Here, we further tested this hypothesis by using available data from 41 whole genomes to characterize sub-assemblages and coalescent techniques for statistical estimation of species boundaries coupled to functional gene content analysis, thereby assessing the stability and distinctiveness of clades. Our analysis revealed two new sub-assemblage clades as well as novel signatures of gene content geared toward differential host adaptation and population structuring via vertical inheritance rather than recombination or panmixia. We formally propose sub-assemblage AII as a new species, Giardia hominis, while preserving the name Giardia duodenalis for sub-assemblage AI. Additionally, our bioinformatic methods broadly address the challenges of identifying cryptic microbial species to advance our understanding of emerging disease epidemiology, which should be broadly applicable to other lower eukaryotic taxa of interest. Giardia hominis n. sp. Zoobank LSID: urn:lsid: zoobank.org:pub:4298F3E1-E3EF-4977-B9DD-5CC59378C80E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H. Seabolt
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Public Health Office, Leidos Inc., Reston, VA, United States
| | - Dawn M. Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Konstantinos T. Konstantinidis
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pech-Santiago EO, Argüello-García R, Vázquez C, Saavedra E, González-Hernández I, Jung-Cook H, Rafferty SP, Ortega-Pierres MG. Giardia duodenalis: Flavohemoglobin is involved in drug biotransformation and resistance to albendazole. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010840. [PMID: 36166467 PMCID: PMC9514659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis causes giardiasis, a major diarrheal disease in humans worldwide whose treatment relies mainly on metronidazole (MTZ) and albendazole (ABZ). The emergence of ABZ resistance in this parasite has prompted studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. G. duodenalis trophozoites convert ABZ into its sulfoxide (ABZSO) and sulfone (ABZSOO) forms, despite lacking canonical enzymes involved in these processes, such as cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) and flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). This study aims to identify the enzyme responsible for ABZ metabolism and its role in ABZ resistance in G. duodenalis. We first determined that the iron-containing cofactor heme induces higher mRNA expression levels of flavohemoglobin (gFlHb) in Giardia trophozoites. Molecular docking analyses predict favorable interactions of gFlHb with ABZ, ABZSO and ABZSOO. Spectral analyses of recombinant gFlHb in the presence of ABZ, ABZSO and ABZSOO showed high affinities for each of these compounds with Kd values of 22.7, 19.1 and 23.8 nM respectively. ABZ and ABZSO enhanced gFlHb NADH oxidase activity (turnover number 14.5 min-1), whereas LC-MS/MS analyses of the reaction products showed that gFlHb slowly oxygenates ABZ into ABZSO at a much lower rate (turnover number 0.01 min-1). Further spectroscopic analyses showed that ABZ is indirectly oxidized to ABZSO by superoxide generated from the NADH oxidase activity of gFlHb. In a similar manner, the superoxide-generating enzyme xanthine oxidase was able to produce ABZSO in the presence of xanthine and ABZ. Interestingly, we find that gFlHb mRNA expression is lower in albendazole-resistant clones compared to those that are sensitive to this drug. Furthermore, all albendazole-resistant clones transfected to overexpress gFlHb displayed higher susceptibility to the drug than the parent clones. Collectively these findings indicate a role for gFlHb in ABZ conversion to its sulfoxide and that gFlHb down-regulation acts as a passive pharmacokinetic mechanism of resistance in this parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edar O. Pech-Santiago
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Argüello-García
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Citlali Vázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iliana González-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Helgi Jung-Cook
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - M. Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Barroeta-Echegaray E, Fonseca-Liñán R, Argüello-García R, Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Bermúdez-Cruz RM, Nava P, Ortega-Pierres MG. Giardia duodenalis enolase is secreted as monomer during trophozoite-epithelial cell interactions, activates plasminogen and induces necroptotic damage. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:928687. [PMID: 36093180 PMCID: PMC9452966 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.928687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Enolase, a multifunctional protein expressed by multiple pathogens activates plasminogen to promote proteolysis on components of the extracellular matrix, an important event in early host-pathogen interactions. A secreted form of enolase that is released upon the interaction of trophozoites with epithelial cells has been detected in the secretome of G. duodenalis. However, the role of enolase in the host-pathogen interactions remains largely unknown. In this work, the effects of G. duodenalis enolase (Gd-eno) on the epithelial cell model (IEC-6) were analyzed. Firstly, the coding sequence of Giardia enolase was cloned and the recombinant protein used to raise antibodies that were then used to define the localization and role of enolase in epithelial cell-trophozoite interactions. Gd-eno was detected in small cytoplasmic vesicles as well as at the surface and is enriched in the region of the ventral disk of Giardia trophozoites. Moreover, the blocking of the soluble monomeric form of the enzyme, which is secreted upon interaction with IEC-6 cells by the anti-rGd-eno antibodies, significantly inhibited trophozoite attachment to intestinal IEC-6 cell monolayers. Further, rGd-eno was able to bind human plasminogen (HsPlg) and enhanced plasmin activity in vitro when the trophozoites were incubated with the intrinsic plasminogen activators of epithelial cells. In IEC-6 cells, rGd-eno treatment induced a profuse cell damage characterized by copious vacuolization, intercellular separation and detachment from the substrate; this effect was inhibited by either anti-Gd-eno Abs or the plasmin inhibitor ϵ- aminocaproic acid. Lastly, we established that in epithelial cells rGd-eno treatment induced a necroptotic-like process mediated by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and the apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), but independent of caspase-3. All together, these results suggest that Giardia enolase is a secreted moonlighting protein that stimulates a necroptotic-like process in IEC-6 epithelial cells via plasminogen activation along to TNFα and AIF activities and must be considered as a virulence factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Barroeta-Echegaray
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Fonseca-Liñán
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Argüello-García
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Bermúdez-Cruz
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M. Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: M. Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Grajeda BI, De Chatterjee A, Villalobos CM, Pence BC, Ellis CC, Enriquez V, Roy S, Roychowdhury S, Neumann AK, Almeida IC, Patterson SE, Das S. Giardial lipid rafts share virulence factors with secreted vesicles and participate in parasitic infection in mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:974200. [PMID: 36081774 PMCID: PMC9445159 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.974200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia, a protozoan parasite, is a major cause of waterborne infection, worldwide. While the trophozoite form of this parasite induces pathological symptoms in the gut, the cyst form transmits the infection. Since Giardia is a noninvasive parasite, the actual mechanism by which it causes disease remains elusive. We have previously reported that Giardia assembles cholesterol and GM1 glycosphingolipid-enriched lipid rafts (LRs) that participate in encystation and cyst production. To further delineate the role of LRs in pathogenesis, we isolated LRs from Giardia and subjected them to proteomic analysis. Various cellular proteins including potential virulence factors-e.g., giardins, variant surface proteins, arginine deaminases, elongation factors, ornithine carbomyltransferases, and high cysteine-rich membrane proteins-were found to be present in LRs. Since Giardia secretes virulence factors encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) that induce proinflammatory responses in hosts, EVs released by the parasite were isolated and subjected to nanoparticle tracking and proteomic analysis. Two types of EV-i.e., small vesicles (SVs; <100 nm, exosome-like particles) and large vesicles (LVs; 100-400 nm, microvesicle-like particles)-were identified and found to contain a diverse group of proteins including above potential virulence factors. Although pretreatment of the parasite with two giardial lipid raft (gLR) disruptors, nystatin (27 μM) and oseltamivir (20 μM), altered the expression profiles of virulence factors in LVs and SVs, the effects were more robust in the case of SVs. To examine the potential role of rafts and vesicles in pathogenicity, Giardia-infected mice were treated with oseltamivir (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg), and the shedding of cysts were monitored. We observed that this drug significantly reduced the parasite load in mice. Taken together, our results suggest that virulence factors partitioning in gLRs, released into the extracellular milieu via SVs and LVs, participate in spread of giardiasis and could be targeted for future drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian I. Grajeda
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Atasi De Chatterjee
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Carmen M. Villalobos
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Breanna C. Pence
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Cameron C. Ellis
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Vanessa Enriquez
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sourav Roy
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sukla Roychowdhury
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Aaron K. Neumann
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Steven E. Patterson
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sato S, Dacher M, Kurumizaka H. Nucleosome Structures Built from Highly Divergent Histones: Parasites and Giant DNA Viruses. EPIGENOMES 2022; 6:22. [PMID: 35997368 PMCID: PMC9396995 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes6030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is bound with histone proteins and packaged into chromatin. The nucleosome, a fundamental unit of chromatin, regulates the accessibility of DNA to enzymes involved in gene regulation. During the past few years, structural analyses of chromatin architectures have been limited to evolutionarily related organisms. The amino acid sequences of histone proteins are highly conserved from humans to yeasts, but are divergent in the deeply branching protozoan groups, including human parasites that are directly related to human health. Certain large DNA viruses, as well as archaeal organisms, contain distant homologs of eukaryotic histone proteins. The divergent sequences give rise to unique and distinct nucleosome architectures, although the fundamental principles of histone folding and DNA contact are highly conserved. In this article, we review the structures and biophysical properties of nucleosomes containing histones from the human parasites Giardia lamblia and Leishmania major, and histone-like proteins from the Marseilleviridae amoeba virus family. The presented data confirm the sharing of the overall DNA compaction system among evolutionally distant species and clarify the deviations from the species-specific nature of the nucleosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Chromatin Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; (S.S.); (M.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rodrigues da Cunha MJ, Souza Freitas BL, Nasser Fava NDM, Sabogal-Paz LP. CFDA-AM staining to assess the metabolic activity of Giardia duodenalis cysts inactivated by chlorine, boiling and ultraviolet irradiation. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:1188-1196. [PMID: 36044188 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is responsible for several waterborne gastrointestinal outbreaks worldwide. In addition to limitations presented by the main disinfection methods, assessing the inactivation efficiency of cysts after the treatment also poses challenges. Thus, this study aimed to use the 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester (CFDA-AM) staining protocol to evaluate the viability of G. duodenalis cysts inactivated by different UV and chlorination doses and boiling times. Under epifluorescent microscopy, metabolically active cysts that presented green fluorescence were considered viable. In contrast, when no green fluorescence could be observed, organisms were considered non-viable. Although statistical analysis revealed that increasing the UV dose did not significantly decrease the percentage of viable cysts, the fluorescence signal intensity decreased considerably when the cysts were irradiated with a dose equal to or greater than 80 mJ cm-2. Regarding chlorination and boiling treatments, this study demonstrated that no cyst showed fluorescence at the lowest NaClO concentration (0.5 mg/L) and in the shortest boiling time (2 min). Despite some limitations regarding the use of metabolic activity as a viability marker, this methodology is rapid, easy to run and cost-effective. Thus, we conclude that the CFDA-AM staining protocol has the potential to be used to assess Giardia cyst inactivation, although further research is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Júlia Rodrigues da Cunha
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400 São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Bárbara Luíza Souza Freitas
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400 São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Natália de Melo Nasser Fava
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400 São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400 São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
García-Huerta E, Espinoza-Corona S, Lagunas-Rangel FA, Bazan-Tejeda ML, Vazquez-Cobix Y, Ortega-Pierres MG, Bermúdez-Cruz RM. Implementation of a tunable t-CRISPRi system for gene regulation in Giardia duodenalis. Plasmid 2022; 122:102641. [PMID: 35952970 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2022.102641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, is a binuclear and microaerophilic protozoan that causes giardiasis. Up to date, several molecular approaches have been taken to understand the molecular mechanisms of diverse cellular processes in this parasitic protozoan. However, the role of many genes involved in these processes needs further analysis. The CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) system has been widely used, as a constitutive expression system for gene silencing purposes in several parasites, including Giardia. The aim of this work was to implement a tunable t-CRISPRi system in Giardia to silence abundant, moderately and low expressed genes, by constructing an optimized and inducible plasmid for the expression of both gRNA and dCas9. A doxycycline inducible pRan promoter was used to express dCas9 and each gRNA, consistently dCas9 expression and nuclear localization were confirmed by Western-blot and immunofluorescence in transfected trophozoites. The transcriptional repression was performed on α-tubulin (high expression), giardipain-1 (moderate expression) and Sir2 and Sir4 (low expression) genes. The α-tubulin gene knock-down caused by dCas9 doxycycline-induction was confirmed by a decrease in its protein expression which was of 50% and 60% at 24 and 48 h, respectively. This induced morphological alterations in flagella. The giardipain-1 knock down, showed a decrease in protein expression of 40 and 50% at 12 and 24 h, respectively, without affecting trophozoites viability, consistent with this a zymogram analysis on giardipain-1 knock down revealed a decrease in giardipain-1 protease activity. When repressing sirtuins expression, a total repression was obtained but trophozoites viability was compromised. This approach provides a molecular tool for a tailored repression to produce specific gene knockdowns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo García-Huerta
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Ave. IPN #2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Espinoza-Corona
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Ave. IPN #2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Alejandro Lagunas-Rangel
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Ave. IPN #2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Luisa Bazan-Tejeda
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Ave. IPN #2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yessica Vazquez-Cobix
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Ave. IPN #2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Ave. IPN #2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa Maria Bermúdez-Cruz
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Ave. IPN #2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Belini VL, de Melo Nasser Fava N, Garcia LAT, da Cunha MJR, Sabogal-Paz LP. Label-free detection and enumeration of Giardia cysts in agitated suspensions using in situ microscopy. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 199:106509. [PMID: 35697187 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory procedures performed in water treatment studies frequently require the characterization of (oo)cyst suspensions. Standard methods commonly used are laborious, expensive and time-consuming, besides requiring well-trained personnel to prepare samples with fluorescent staining and perform analysis under fluorescence microscopy. In this study, an easy cost-effective in situ microscope was assessed to acquire images of Giardia cysts directly from agitated suspensions without using any chemical labels or sample preparation steps. An image analysis algorithm analyzes the acquired images, and automatically enumerates and provides morphological information of cysts within 10 min. The proposed system was evaluated at different cyst concentrations, achieving a limit of detection of ~30 cysts/mL. The proposed system overcomes cost, time and labor demands by standard methods and has the potential to be an alternative technique for the characterization of Giardia cyst suspensions in resource-limited facilities, since it is independent of experts and free of consumables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valdinei L Belini
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP CEP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Natália de Melo Nasser Fava
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ariel Totaro Garcia
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Maria Júlia Rodrigues da Cunha
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Lyda Patrícia Sabogal-Paz
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zou Y, Li XD, Meng YM, Wang XL, Wang HN, Zhu XQ. Prevalence and multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in zoo animals in three cities in China. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2359-2366. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
44
|
Bilodeau DY, Sheridan RM, Balan B, Jex AR, Rissland OS. Precise gene models using long-read sequencing reveal a unique poly(A) signal in Giardia lamblia. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:668-682. [PMID: 35110372 PMCID: PMC9014877 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078793.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During pre-mRNA processing, the poly(A) signal is recognized by a protein complex that ensures precise cleavage and polyadenylation of the nascent transcript. The location of this cleavage event establishes the length and sequence of the 3' UTR of an mRNA, thus determining much of its post-transcriptional fate. Using long-read sequencing, we characterize the polyadenylation signal and related sequences surrounding Giardia lamblia cleavage sites for over 2600 genes. We find that G. lamblia uses an AGURAA poly(A) signal, which differs from the mammalian AAUAAA. We also describe how G. lamblia lacks common auxiliary elements found in other eukaryotes, along with the proteins that recognize them. Further, we identify 133 genes with evidence of alternative polyadenylation. These results suggest that despite pared-down cleavage and polyadenylation machinery, 3' end formation still appears to be an important regulatory step for gene expression in G. lamblia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Y Bilodeau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Ryan M Sheridan
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Balu Balan
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Olivia S Rissland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mohamed MG, Elmarhoumy SM, Saied EM, Zoghroban HS. Evaluation of the efficacy of gold nanoparticles on Giardia lamblia infection in experimental animals. Exp Parasitol 2022; 238:108277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
46
|
Zajaczkowski P, Lee R, Fletcher-Lartey SM, Alexander K, Mahimbo A, Stark D, Ellis JT. The controversies surrounding Giardia intestinalis assemblages A and B. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 1:100055. [PMID: 35284870 PMCID: PMC8906113 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis continues to be one of the most encountered parasitic diseases around the world. Although more frequently detected in developing countries, Giardia infections nonetheless pose significant public health problems in developed countries as well. Molecular characterisation of Giardia isolates from humans and animals reveals that there are two genetically different assemblages (known as assemblage A and B) that cause human infections. However, the current molecular assays used to genotype G. intestinalis isolates are quite controversial. This is in part due to a complex phenomenon where assemblages are incorrectly typed and underreported depending on which targeted locus is sequenced. In this review, we outline current knowledge based on molecular epidemiological studies and raise questions as to the reliability of current genotyping assays and a lack of a globally accepted method. Additionally, we discuss the clinical symptoms caused by G. intestinalis infection and how these symptoms vary depending on the assemblage infecting an individual. We also introduce the host-parasite factors that play a role in the subsequent clinical presentation of an infected person, and explore which assemblages are most seen globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Zajaczkowski
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Rogan Lee
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kate Alexander
- Public Health Unit, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Abela Mahimbo
- Faculty of Health, School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- Department of Microbiology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John T Ellis
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Benchimol M, de Souza W. Giardia intestinalis and its Endomembrane System. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12893. [PMID: 35148450 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis has unique characteristics, even in the absence of certain organelles. For instance, Golgi and mitochondria are not found. On the other hand, there is a network of peripheral vacuoles (PVs) and mitosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nuclear membrane, peroxisomes, and lipid bodies are present. The peripheral vacuole system seems to play several simultaneous roles. It is involved in the endocytic activity of the trophozoite but also has characteristics of early and late endosomes and even lysosomes, establishing a connection with the ER. Some of the PVs contain small vesicles, acting as multivesicular bodies, including the release of exosomes. The mitosomes are surrounded by two membranes, divide during mitosis, and are distributed throughout the cell. They do not contain DNA, enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, respiratory chain, or ATP synthesis. However, they contain the iron-sulfur complex and transporters as TOM and TIM. Some mitosomes are linked to flagellar axonemes through a fibrillar connection. During encystation, two types of larger cytoplasmic vesicles appear. One originating from the ER contains the cyst wall proteins. Another contains carbohydrates. Both migrate to the cell periphery and fuse with plasma membrane secreting their contents to give rise to the cell wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Benchimol
- Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, CENABIO-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, CENABIO-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Peng R, Santos HJ, Nozaki T. Transfer RNA-Derived Small RNAs in the Pathogenesis of Parasitic Protozoa. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:286. [PMID: 35205331 PMCID: PMC8872473 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are newly identified non-coding small RNAs that have recently attracted attention due to their functional significance in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. tsRNAs originated from the cleavage of precursor or mature tRNAs by specific nucleases. According to the start and end sites, tsRNAs can be broadly divided into tRNA halves (31-40 nucleotides) and tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs, 14-30 nucleotides). tsRNAs have been reported in multiple organisms to be involved in gene expression regulation, protein synthesis, and signal transduction. As a novel regulator, tsRNAs have also been identified in various protozoan parasites. The conserved biogenesis of tsRNAs in early-branching eukaryotes strongly suggests the universality of this machinery, which requires future research on their shared and potentially disparate biological functions. Here, we reviewed the recent studies of tsRNAs in several representative protozoan parasites including their biogenesis and the roles in parasite biology and intercellular communication. Furthermore, we discussed the remaining questions and potential future works for tsRNAs in this group of organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (R.P.); (H.J.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nanoarchitecture of the ventral disc of Giardia intestinalis as revealed by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and helium ion microscopy. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 157:251-265. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
50
|
Tilahun M, Gedefie A, Belayhun C, Sahle Z, Abera A. Helicobacter pylori Pathogenicity Islands and Giardia lamblia Cysteine Proteases in Role of Coinfection and Pathogenesis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:21-34. [PMID: 35023934 PMCID: PMC8747529 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s346705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a well-known human-specific stomach pathogen that infects more than half of the world’s population. The infection with this bacterium can cause a variety of gastrointestinal problems, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and even cancer. H. pylori is a highly infectious bacterium. H. pylori causes an increase in gastric mucosa pH or gastric mucosa intestinal metaplasia. These modifications in the stomach environment are necessary for G. lamblia colonization to occur. Giardia lamblia is a flagellate protozoan parasite that can cause giardiasis in humans and other mammals. It dwells in the duodenum and upper jejunum. Globally, over 280 million cases of human giardiasis are predicted to occur each year. Simultaneous human colonization by G. lamblia and H. pylori is a typical occurrence since the viruses’ predisposing factors are similar in both groups. Giardiasis is a parasitic infection that affects both children and adults worldwide. Infection with Giardia is more common in underdeveloped countries. Globally, more than 200 million cases of giardiasis are detected each year. In contrast, the presence of G. lamblia in the host body triggers an immunological response comparable to that of H. pylori, with lymphocytes strongly polarized towards Th1. As a result, their combined presence exacerbates host tissue damage. The major goal of this seminar is to describe the pathophysiology, immunology, and clinical aspects of G. lamblia and H. pylori coinfection using a comprehensive search of PubMed, Lancet, and Google Scholar sources. Upper gastrointestinal problems such as upper abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain/burning, and belching are all caused by both organisms. Differentiation by physical examination is impossible in people infected with both bacteria. For this coinfection distinction, a laboratory diagnosis is required. G. lamblia and H. pylori, when present together, have a synergistic effect on the host and can cause serious damage. As a result, researchers should delve deeper into the mechanics underlying this potential microbial interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihret Tilahun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Gedefie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Chernet Belayhun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Mehal Meda Hospital, North Showa, Ethiopia
| | - Zenawork Sahle
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Birhan Health Science College, North Showa, Ethiopia
| | - Admasu Abera
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Birhan Health Science College, North Showa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|