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Du Y, Wu M, Song S, Bian Y, Shi Y. TXNIP deficiency attenuates renal fibrosis by modulating mTORC1/TFEB-mediated autophagy in diabetic kidney disease. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2338933. [PMID: 38616177 PMCID: PMC11018024 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2338933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is an important regulatory protein for thioredoxin (TRX) that elicits the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting the redox function of TRX. Abundant evidence suggests that TXNIP is involved in the fibrotic process of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, the potential mechanism of TXNIP in DKD is not yet well understood. In this study, we found that TXNIP knockout suppressed renal fibrosis and activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and restored transcription factor EB (TFEB) and autophagy activation in diabetic kidneys. Simultaneously, TXNIP interference inhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), collagen I and fibronectin expression, and mTORC1 activation, increased TFEB nuclear translocation, and promoted autophagy restoration in HK-2 cells exposed to high glucose (HG). Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTORC1, increased TFEB nuclear translocation and autophagy in HK-2 cells under HG conditions. Moreover, the TFEB activators, curcumin analog C1 and trehalose, effectively restored HG-induced autophagy, and abrogated HG-induced EMT and collagen I and fibronectin expression in HK-2 cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that TXNIP deficiency ameliorates renal fibrosis by regulating mTORC1/TFEB-mediated autophagy in diabetic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Du
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
- Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
- Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shan Song
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
- Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yawei Bian
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
- Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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2
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Gong P, Wang J, Wang S, Yang W, Yao W, Li N, Wang J, Zhao Y, Chen F, Xie J, Zhou T, Guo Y. Metabolomic analysis of the Puerarin hypoglycemic activity via AMPK-mTOR and PPARγ-NF-κB signaling pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155546. [PMID: 38833790 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, and its increasing prevalence is a global concern. Early diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets are essential for DM prevention and treatment. Pueraria, derived from kudzu root, is used clinically for various symptoms, and its active compound, Puerarin, shows promise in improving insulin resistance and reducing inflammation. PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of metformin and Puerarin at different doses in an STZ-induced DM mouse model. The intricate metabolites within the serum of STZ-induced diabetic mice were subjected to thorough investigation, thus elucidating the intricate mechanism through which Puerarin demonstrates notable efficacy in the treatment of diabetes. METHODS An STZ-induced DM mouse model is established. Mice are treated with metformin and puerarin at varying doses. Physiological, biochemical, and histomorphological assessments are performed. Metabolomics analysis is carried out on serum samples from control, DM, metformin, and medium-dose Puerarin groups. Western blot and qRT-PCR technologies are used to validate the mechanisms. RESULTS The DM mouse model replicates abnormal blood glucose, insulin levels, physiological, biochemical irregularities, as well as liver and pancreas damage. Treatment with metformin and Puerarin restores these abnormalities, reduces organ injury, and modulates AMPK, PPARγ, mTOR, and NF-κB protein and mRNA expression. Puerarin activates the AMPK-mTOR and PPARγ-NF-κB signaling pathways, regulating insulin signaling, glucolipid metabolism, and mitigating inflammatory damage. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that Puerarin has the potential to treat diabetes by modulating key signaling pathways. The focus was on the finding that Puerarin has been shown to improve insulin signaling, glucolipid metabolism and attenuate inflammatory damage through the modulation of the AMPK-mTOR and PPARγ-NF-κB pathways. The discovery of Puerarin's favorable protective effect and extremely complex mechanism highlights its prospect in the treatment of diabetes and provides theoretical support for its comprehensive development and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Gong
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China.
| | - Jiating Wang
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China
| | - Wenbo Yao
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China
| | - Yanni Zhao
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China
| | - Fuxin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi' an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jianwu Xie
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- China Certification & Inspection Group shaanxi Co, Ltd., Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yuxi Guo
- School of Food science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi' an 710021, China.
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3
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van Raalte DH, Bjornstad P, Cherney DZI, de Boer IH, Fioretto P, Gordin D, Persson F, Rosas SE, Rossing P, Schaub JA, Tuttle K, Waikar SS, Heerspink HJL. Combination therapy for kidney disease in people with diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:433-446. [PMID: 38570632 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), defined as co-existing diabetes and chronic kidney disease in the absence of other clear causes of kidney injury, occurs in approximately 20-40% of patients with diabetes mellitus. As the global prevalence of diabetes has increased, DKD has become highly prevalent and a leading cause of kidney failure, accelerated cardiovascular disease, premature mortality and global health care expenditure. Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms contribute to DKD, and single lifestyle or pharmacological interventions have shown limited efficacy at preserving kidney function. For nearly two decades, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors were the only available kidney-protective drugs. However, several new drug classes, including sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, a non-steroidal mineralocorticoid antagonist and a selective endothelin receptor antagonist, have now been demonstrated to improve kidney outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, emerging preclinical and clinical evidence of the kidney-protective effects of glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists has led to the prospective testing of these agents for DKD. Research and clinical efforts are geared towards using therapies with potentially complementary efficacy in combination to safely halt kidney disease progression. As more kidney-protective drugs become available, the outlook for people living with DKD should improve in the next few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël H van Raalte
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Diabetes Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Research Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Petter Bjornstad
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David Z I Cherney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paola Fioretto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Unit of Medical Clinic 3, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniel Gordin
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sylvia E Rosas
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A Schaub
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Katherine Tuttle
- Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Inland Northwest Health, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Spokane and Seattle, Washington, USA
- Nephrology Division, Kidney Research Institute and Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Spokane and Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sushrut S Waikar
- Section of Nephrology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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4
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Wei X, Weber S, Yin D, Allabauer I, Jobst-Schwan T, Wiesener M, Schiffer M, Dudziak D, Lehmann CHK, Woelfle J, Hoerning A. Pharmacodynamic Effect of mTOR Inhibition-based Immunosuppressive Therapy on T- and B-cell Subsets After Renal Transplantation. Transplant Direct 2024; 10:e1666. [PMID: 38911271 PMCID: PMC11191901 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) therapy after kidney transplantation is solely monitored pharmacokinetically, not necessarily reflecting PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway blockade efficacy leading to potential under-or overimmunosuppression. Methods In this cross-sectional study, phosphoflow cytometry was used to determine the efficacy of mTOR inhibition in peripheral T- and B-lymphocyte subsets by assessing p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) phosphorylation in renal transplant recipients upon treatment with a combination of either mTORi and calcineurin inhibitors (n = 18), or mTORi with mycophenolic acid (n = 9). Nine dialysis patients with end-stage renal disease and 17 healthy age-matched volunteers served as controls. Results mTORi treatment reduced p70S6K phosphorylation in CD4+, CD8+ T, and CD19+ B cells compared with healthy controls (HCs). Subpopulation analysis of CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B cells revealed a significant reduction of p70S6K phosphorylation in CD4+CD45RA-CD25- Th cells (P < 0.05), CD24hiCD38hi transitional B cells (P < 0.001), CD24+CD38- memory B cells (P < 0.001), and CD24intCD38int-naive B cells (P < 0.05) upon mTORi treatment, whereas CD4+CD45RA-CD25++CD127- regulatory T cells and CD24-CD38hi plasmablasts were not affected. Compared with mTORi + mycophenolic acid therapy, mTORi + calcineurin inhibitor treatment exhibited an even stronger inhibition of p70S6K phosphorylation in CD4+CD45RA-CD25- Th cells and CD8+ T cells. However, trough levels of mTORi did not correlate with p70S6K phosphorylation. Conclusions mTORi selectively inhibited p70S6K phosphorylation in select lymphocyte subtypes. Assessing p70S6K phosphorylation by phosphoflow cytometry may serve as an approach to understand cell subset specific effects of mTORi providing detailed pharmacodynamic information for individualizing immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wei
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department for Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sabine Weber
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Decheng Yin
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ida Allabauer
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tilman Jobst-Schwan
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Wiesener
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario Schiffer
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian H. K. Lehmann
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim Woelfle
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andre Hoerning
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Lin HYH, Liang CJ, Yang MY, Chen PL, Wang TM, Chen YH, Shih YH, Liu W, Chiu CC, Chiang CK, Lin CS, Lin HC. Critical roles of tubular mitochondrial ATP synthase dysfunction in maleic acid-induced acute kidney injury. Apoptosis 2024; 29:620-634. [PMID: 38281282 PMCID: PMC11055741 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Maleic acid (MA) induces renal tubular cell dysfunction directed to acute kidney injury (AKI). AKI is an increasing global health burden due to its association with mortality and morbidity. However, targeted therapy for AKI is lacking. Previously, we determined mitochondrial-associated proteins are MA-induced AKI affinity proteins. We hypothesized that mitochondrial dysfunction in tubular epithelial cells plays a critical role in AKI. In vivo and in vitro systems have been used to test this hypothesis. For the in vivo model, C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 400 mg/kg body weight MA. For the in vitro model, HK-2 human proximal tubular epithelial cells were treated with 2 mM or 5 mM MA for 24 h. AKI can be induced by administration of MA. In the mice injected with MA, the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine in the sera were significantly increased (p < 0.005). From the pathological analysis, MA-induced AKI aggravated renal tubular injuries, increased kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) expression and caused renal tubular cell apoptosis. At the cellular level, mitochondrial dysfunction was found with increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p < 0.001), uncoupled mitochondrial respiration with decreasing electron transfer system activity (p < 0.001), and decreasing ATP production (p < 0.05). Under transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination, the cristae formation of mitochondria was defective in MA-induced AKI. To unveil the potential target in mitochondria, gene expression analysis revealed a significantly lower level of ATPase6 (p < 0.001). Renal mitochondrial protein levels of ATP subunits 5A1 and 5C1 (p < 0.05) were significantly decreased, as confirmed by protein analysis. Our study demonstrated that dysfunction of mitochondria resulting from altered expression of ATP synthase in renal tubular cells is associated with MA-induced AKI. This finding provides a potential novel target to develop new strategies for better prevention and treatment of MA-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Y-H Lin
- Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1St Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chan-Jung Liang
- Department of Oral Hygiene, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Grander Pharmacy, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yu Yang
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Phang-Lang Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Tzu-Ming Wang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- School of Medicine, Doctoral Program of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsiang Shih
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1St Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wangta Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1St Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Chen Lin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1St Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80756, Taiwan.
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Yadav P, Singh SK, Datta S, Verma S, Verma A, Rakshit A, Bali A, Bhatti JS, Khurana A, Navik U. Therapeutic potential and pharmacological mechanism of visnagin. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024:S2095-4964(24)00330-3. [PMID: 38797603 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Visnagin is a furanochromone and one of the most important compound in the Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam (a synonym of Visnaga daucoides Gaertn.) plant, which is used to cure various ailments. Many investigations into the bioactive properties of visnagin have been studied to date. The literature on visnagin demonstrates its biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and beneficial effects in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Moreover, visnagin improves sperm quality parameters, stimulates steroidogenesis, and increases serum gonadotropins and testosterone levels, while decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative damage, genomic instability, and it modulates apoptosis. Thus, visnagin has emerged as an exciting lead for further research, owing to its potential in various unmet clinical needs. The current review summarized its basic structure, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological effects, focusing on its mechanisms of action. The review will help to understand the potential of visnagin as an alternative treatment strategy for several diseases and provide insight into research topics that need further exploration for visnagin's safe clinical use. Please cite this article as: Yadav P, Singh SK, Datta S, Verma S, Verma A, Rakshit A, Bali A, Bhatti JS, Khurana A, Navik U. Therapeutic potential and pharmacological mechanism of visnagin. J Integr Med. 2024; Epub ahead of print.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Sumeet Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Sayantap Datta
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5000, USA
| | - Saloni Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Aarti Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Arnab Rakshit
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Anjana Bali
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India.
| | - Umashanker Navik
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India.
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7
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Yoshida T, Latt KZ, Santo BA, Shrivastav S, Zhao Y, Fenaroli P, Chung JY, Hewitt SM, Tutino VM, Sarder P, Rosenberg AZ, Winkler CA, Kopp JB. Single-Cell Transcriptional Signatures of Glomerular Disease in Transgenic Mice with APOL1 Variants. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024:00001751-990000000-00309. [PMID: 38709562 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1)-G1 induced kidney disease in the two APOL1 transgenic mouse models, HIV-associated nephropathy and IFN-γ administration.Glomerular single-nuclear RNA-sequencing identified genes differentially expressed among mice with APOL1-G1 and G0 variants at single-cell resolution.
Background
Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) high-risk variants contribute to kidney disease among individuals with African ancestry. We sought to describe cell-specific APOL1 variant–induced pathways using two mouse models.
Methods
We characterized bacterial artificial chromosome/APOL1 transgenic mice crossed with HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) Tg26 mice and bacterial artificial chromosome/APOL1 transgenic mice given IFN-γ.
Results
Both mouse models showed more severe glomerular disease in APOL1-G1 compared with APOL1-G0 mice. Synergistic podocyte-damaging pathways activated by APOL1-G1 and by the HIV transgene were identified by glomerular bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of HIVAN model. Single-nuclear RNA-seq revealed podocyte-specific patterns of differentially expressed genes as a function of APOL1 alleles. Shared activated pathways, for example, mammalian target of rapamycin, and differentially expressed genes, for example, Ccn2, in podocytes in both models suggest novel markers of APOL1-associated kidney disease. HIVAN mouse-model podocyte single-nuclear RNA-seq data showed similarity to human focal segmental glomerulosclerosis glomerular RNA-seq data. Differential effects of the APOL1-G1 variant on the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 pathway highlighted differences between the two models.
Conclusions
These findings in two mouse models demonstrated both shared and distinct cell type–specific transcriptomic signatures induced by APOL1 variants. These findings suggest novel therapeutic opportunities for APOL1 glomerulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiko Yoshida
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Khun Zaw Latt
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Briana A Santo
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Shashi Shrivastav
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Paride Fenaroli
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
- S.C. Nefrologia e Dialisi, AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | - Vincent M Tutino
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Pinaki Sarder
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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McClelland C, Holland OJ, Shrestha N, Jukes CL, Brandon AE, Cuffe JSM, Perkins AV, McAinch AJ, Hryciw DH. Maternal Diet High in Linoleic Acid Alters Renal Branching Morphogenesis and mTOR/AKT Signalling Genes in Rat Fetal Kidneys. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4688. [PMID: 38731907 PMCID: PMC11083378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA), an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), is obtained from the maternal diet during pregnancy, and is essential for normal fetal growth and development. A maternal high-LA (HLA) diet alters maternal and offspring fatty acids, maternal leptin and male/female ratio at embryonic (E) day 20 (E20). We investigated the effects of an HLA diet on embryonic offspring renal branching morphogenesis, leptin signalling, megalin signalling and angiogenesis gene expression. Female Wistar Kyoto rats were fed low-LA (LLA; 1.44% energy from LA) or high-LA (HLA; 6.21% energy from LA) diets during pregnancy and gestation/lactation. Offspring were sacrificed and mRNA from kidneys was analysed by real-time PCR. Maternal HLA decreased the targets involved in branching morphogenesis Ret and Gdnf in offspring, independent of sex. Furthermore, downstream targets of megalin, namely mTOR, Akt3 and Prkab2, were reduced in offspring from mothers consuming an HLA diet, independent of sex. There was a trend of an increase in the branching morphogenesis target Gfra1 in females (p = 0.0517). These findings suggest that an HLA diet during pregnancy may lead to altered renal function in offspring. Future research should investigate the effects an HLA diet has on offspring kidney function in adolescence and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie McClelland
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; (C.M.); (O.J.H.); (N.S.); (A.V.P.)
| | - Olivia J. Holland
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; (C.M.); (O.J.H.); (N.S.); (A.V.P.)
- Women’s Newborn and Childrens Services, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Nirajan Shrestha
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; (C.M.); (O.J.H.); (N.S.); (A.V.P.)
| | - Claire L. Jukes
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (C.L.J.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Anna E. Brandon
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (C.L.J.); (A.E.B.)
| | - James S. M. Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Anthony V. Perkins
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; (C.M.); (O.J.H.); (N.S.); (A.V.P.)
- School of Health, University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St. Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Deanne H. Hryciw
- Women’s Newborn and Childrens Services, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia
- Griffith Institute of Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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9
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Chen Y, Li Z, Zhang H, Chen H, Hao J, Liu H, Li X. Mitochondrial metabolism and targeted treatment strategies in ischemic-induced acute kidney injury. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:69. [PMID: 38341438 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). The kidney is susceptible to IRI under several clinical conditions, including hypotension, sepsis, and surgical procedures, such as partial nephrectomy and kidney transplantation. Extensive research has been conducted on the mechanism and intervention strategies of renal IRI in past decades; however, the complex pathophysiology of IRI-induced AKI (IRI-AKI) is not fully understood, and there remains a lack of effective treatments for AKI. Renal IRI involves several processes, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammation, and apoptosis. Mitochondria, the centers of energy metabolism, are increasingly recognized as substantial contributors to the early phases of IRI. Multiple mitochondrial lesions have been observed in the renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) of IRI-AKI mice, and damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria are toxic to the cells because they produce ROS and release cell death factors, resulting in TEC apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the mitochondrial pathology in ischemic AKI and highlight promising therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial dysfunction to prevent or treat human ischemic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Chen
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Zixian Li
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhan-jiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Huixia Chen
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Junfeng Hao
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
| | - Huafeng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
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10
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Farooqui Z, Banday AA. Angiotensin 1-7 exerts antioxidant effects, suppresses Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, and inhibits apoptosis in renal proximal tubular cells. Peptides 2024; 172:171136. [PMID: 38104660 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the crucial pathogenic factors involved in the progression of renal injury. Angiotensin (ANG) 1-7, a bioactive heptapeptide of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is known to exert antioxidant and nephroprotective effects. However, the cellular mechanism involved in the beneficial effect of ANG 1-7 is not clear. Here, we assessed ANG 1-7's effect on H2O2-mediated oxidative damage in the human proximal tubular (HK2) cells and the underlying mechanisms. HK2 cells were incubated with H2O2 (500 µM, 4 h) pre-treated with and without ANG 1-7 (100 nM, 24 h), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling were determined H2O2 induced an increase in oxidative and ER stress together with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased ATP levels, and induced apoptosis in HK2 cells. Moreover, H2O2 treatment resulted in the activation of mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) in these cells. ANG 1-7 significantly attenuated H2O2-induced ROS generation, ER stress and apoptosis, and also improved mitochondrial function. Additionally, pre-treatment of ANG 1-7 inhibited the H2O2-mediated mTOR activation. These effects of ANG 1-7 were blocked by co-treatment with the Mas receptor (MasR) inhibitor, A779. Furthermore, transfection of HK2 cells with Mas receptor siRNA also abolished the inhibitory effect of ANG 1-7 on mTOR activities. In conclusion, ANG 1-7 via MasR mitigates oxidative stress, suppresses mTOR signaling, and protects HK2 cells from ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis, suggesting ANG 1-7-MasR renoprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Farooqui
- Heart and Kidney Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Anees Ahmad Banday
- Heart and Kidney Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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11
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Moellmann J, Krueger K, Wong DWL, Klinkhammer BM, Buhl EM, Dehairs J, Swinnen JV, Noels H, Jankowski J, Lebherz C, Boor P, Marx N, Lehrke M. 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine-induced nephropathy causes hexosylceramide accumulation with increased mTOR signaling, reduced levels of protective SirT3 expression and impaired renal mitochondrial function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166825. [PMID: 37536502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is accompanied by increased cardiovascular risk and heart failure (HF). In rodents, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA)-induced nephropathy is a frequently used CKD model. Cardiac and kidney tubular cells share high energy demand to guarantee constant contractive force of the heart or reabsorption/secretion of primary filtrated molecules and waste products by the kidney. Here we analyze time-dependent mechanisms of kidney damage and cardiac consequences under consideration of energetic pathways with the focus on mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS CKD was induced by alternating dietary adenine supplementation (0.2 % or 0.05 % of adenine) in C57BL/6J mice for 9 weeks. Progressive kidney damage led to reduced creatinine clearance, kidney fibrosis and renal inflammation after 3, 6, and 9 weeks. No difference in cardiac function, mitochondrial respiration nor left ventricular fibrosis was observed at any time point. Investigating mechanisms of renal damage, protective SirT3 was decreased in CKD, which contrasted an increase in protein kinase B (AKT) expression, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) downstream signaling, induction of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This occurred together with impaired renal mitochondrial function and accumulation of hexosylceramides (HexCer) as an established mediator of inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the kidney. CONCLUSIONS 2,8-DHA-induced CKD results in renal activation of the mTOR downstream signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, tubular injury, fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and impaired kidney mitochondrial function in conjunction with renal hexosylceramide accumulation in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Moellmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Krueger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dickson W L Wong
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Barbara M Klinkhammer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Department of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonas Dehairs
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, LKI - Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan V Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, LKI - Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Corinna Lebherz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Department of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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12
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Berzal R, Agredano B, Gil M, Galindo M, Morales E. mTOR inhibitors in a patient with lupus nephritis; why not? Nefrologia 2023; 43 Suppl 2:101-103. [PMID: 36564228 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Berzal
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Agredano
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Gil
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Galindo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Investigation Institute i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Morales
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Investigation Institute i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Keller SA, Chen Z, Gaponova A, Korzinkin M, Berquez M, Luciani A. Drug discovery and therapeutic perspectives for proximal tubulopathies. Kidney Int 2023; 104:1103-1112. [PMID: 37783447 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficient reabsorption of essential nutrients by epithelial cells in the proximal tubule of the kidney is crucial for maintaining homeostasis. This process relies heavily on a complex ecosystem of vesicular trafficking pathways. At the center of this network, the lysosome plays a pivotal role in processing incoming molecules, sensing nutrient availability, sorting receptors and transporters, and balancing differentiation and proliferation in the tubular epithelial cells. Disruptions in these fundamental processes can lead to proximal tubulopathy-a condition characterized by the dysfunction of the tubular cells followed by the presence of low-molecular-weight proteins and solutes in urine. If left untreated, proximal tubulopathy can progress to chronic kidney disease and severe complications. Functional studies of rare inherited disorders affecting the proximal tubule have gleaned actionable insights into fundamental mechanisms of homeostasis while revealing drug targets for therapeutic discovery and development. In this mini review, we explore hereditary proximal tubulopathies as a paradigm of kidney homeostasis disorders, discussing the factors contributing to tubular dysfunction. In addition, we shed light on the current landscape of drug discovery approaches used to identify actionable targets and summarize the preclinical pipeline of potential therapeutic agents. These efforts may ultimately lead to new treatment avenues for proximal tubulopathies, which are currently inadequately tackled by existing therapies. Through this article, our hope is to promote academia-industry partnerships and advocate for research consortia that can accelerate the effective translation of knowledge advances into innovative therapies addressing the huge unmet needs of individuals with these debilitating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja A Keller
- Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Gaponova
- Insilico Medicine, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mikhail Korzinkin
- Insilico Medicine, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marine Berquez
- Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Luciani
- Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Espartero A, Vidal A, Lopez I, Raya AI, Rodriguez M, Aguilera-Tejero E, Pineda C. Rapamycin downregulates α-klotho in the kidneys of female rats with normal and reduced renal function. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294791. [PMID: 38015969 PMCID: PMC10684065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Both mTOR and α-klotho play a role in the pathophysiology of renal disease, influence mineral metabolism and participate in the aging process. The influence of mTOR inhibition by rapamycin on renal α-klotho expression is unknown. Rats with normal (controls) and reduced (Nx) renal function were treated with rapamycin, 1.3 mg/kg/day, for 22 days. The experiments were conducted with rats fed 0.6% P diet (NP) and 0.2% P diet (LP). Treatment with rapamycin promoted phosphaturia in control and Nx rats fed NP and LP. A decrease in FGF23 was identified in controls after treatment with rapamycin. In rats fed NP, rapamycin decreased mRNA α-klotho/GADPH ratio both in controls, 0.6±0.1 vs 1.1±0.1, p = 0.001, and Nx, 0.3±0.1 vs 0.7±0.1, p = 0.01. At the protein level, a significant reduction in α-klotho was evidenced after treatment with rapamycin both by Western Blot: 0.6±0.1 vs 1.0±0.1, p = 0.01, in controls, 0.7±0.1 vs 1.1±0.1, p = 0.02, in Nx; and by immunohistochemistry staining. Renal α-klotho was inversely correlated with urinary P excretion (r = -0.525, p = 0.0002). The decrease in α-klotho after treatment with rapamycin was also observed in rats fed LP. In conclusion, rapamycin increases phosphaturia and down-regulates α-klotho expression in rats with normal and decreased renal function. These effects can be observed in animals ingesting normal and low P diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Espartero
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Angela Vidal
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lopez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana I. Raya
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Mariano Rodriguez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Escolastico Aguilera-Tejero
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Pineda
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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15
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Yasuda M, Kato T, Okano M, Yamashita H, Matsuoka Y, Shirouzu Y, Fujioka T, Hattori F, Tsuji S, Kaneko K, Hitomi H. Efficient protocol for the differentiation of kidney podocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells, involving the inhibition of mTOR. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20010. [PMID: 37973990 PMCID: PMC10654390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is involved in a wide range of cellular processes. However, the role of mTOR in podocytes remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to clarify the role of mTOR in podocyte differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and to establish an efficient differentiation protocol for human podocytes. We generated podocytes from hiPSCs by modifying protocol. The expression of the podocyte-specific slit membrane components nephrin and podocin was measured using PCR, western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunostaining; and the role of mTOR was evaluated using inhibitors of the mTOR pathway. Nephrin and podocin were found to be expressed in cells differentiated from hiPSCs, and their expression was increased by mTOR inhibitor treatment. S6, a downstream component of the mTOR pathway, was also found to be involved in podocyte differentiation. we evaluated its permeability to albumin, urea, and electrolytes. The induced podocytes were permeable to the small molecules, but only poorly permeable to albumin. We have shown that the mTOR pathway is involved in podocyte differentiation. Our monolayer podocyte differential protocol, using an mTOR inhibitor, provides a novel in vitro model for studies of kidney physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yasuda
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kato
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Okano
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamashita
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Matsuoka
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Shirouzu
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujioka
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Hattori
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunari Kaneko
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hitomi
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
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16
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Wang H, Yang R, Wang Z, Cao L, Kong D, Sun Q, Yoshida S, Ren J, Chen T, Duan J, Lu J, Shen Z, Zheng H. Metronomic capecitabine with rapamycin exerts an immunosuppressive effect by inducing ferroptosis of CD4 + T cells after liver transplantation in rat. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110810. [PMID: 37625370 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is one of the most effective treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The balance between inhibiting immune rejection and preventing tumor recurrence after liver transplantation is the key to determining the long-term prognosis of patients with HCC after liver transplantation. In our previous study, we found that capecitabine (CAP), an effective drug for the treatment of HCC, could exert an immunosuppressive effect after liver transplantation by inducing T cell ferroptosis. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis is highly associated with autophagy. In this study, we confirmed that the autophagy inducer rapamycin (RAPA) combined with metronomic capecitabine (mCAP) inhibits glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and promotes ferroptosis in CD4+ T cells to exert immunosuppressive effects after rat liver transplantation. Compared with RAPA or mCAP alone, the combination of RAPA and mCAP could adequately reduce liver injury in rats with acute rejection after transplantation. The CD4+ T cell counts in peripheral blood, spleen, and transplanted liver of recipient rats significantly decreased, and the oxidative stress level and ferrous ion concentration of CD4+ T cells significantly increased in the combination group. In vitro, the combination of drugs significantly promoted autophagy, decreased GPX4 protein expression, and induced ferroptosis in CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, the autophagy inducer RAPA improved the mCAP-induced ferroptosis in CD4+ T cells. Our results support the concept of ferroptosis as an autophagy-dependent cell death and suggest that the combination of ferroptosis inducers and autophagy inducers is a new research direction for improving immunosuppressive regimens after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- The First Central Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruining Yang
- The First Central Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenglu Wang
- Organ Transplant Department, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Transplant Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dejun Kong
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Sun
- The First Central Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sei Yoshida
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiashu Ren
- The First Central Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinliang Duan
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianing Lu
- The First Central Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongyang Shen
- Organ Transplant Department, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Transplant Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China; Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; National Health Commission's Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Organ Transplant Department, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Transplant Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China; Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; National Health Commission's Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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17
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Hejazian SM, Ardalan M, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Rahbar Saadat Y, Barzegari A, Gueguen V, Meddahi-Pellé A, Anagnostou F, Zununi Vahed S, Pavon-Djavid G. Biofactors regulating mitochondrial function and dynamics in podocytes and podocytopathies. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2206-2227. [PMID: 37659096 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are terminally differentiated kidney cells acting as the main gatekeepers of the glomerular filtration barrier; hence, inhibiting proteinuria. Podocytopathies are classified as kidney diseases caused by podocyte damage. Different genetic and environmental risk factors can cause podocyte damage and death. Recent evidence shows that mitochondrial dysfunction also contributes to podocyte damage. Understanding alterations in mitochondrial metabolism and function in podocytopathies and whether altered mitochondrial homeostasis/dynamics is a cause or effect of podocyte damage are issues that need in-depth studies. This review highlights the roles of mitochondria and their bioenergetics in podocytes. Then, factors/signalings that regulate mitochondria in podocytes are discussed. After that, the role of mitochondrial dysfunction is reviewed in podocyte injury and the development of different podocytopathies. Finally, the mitochondrial therapeutic targets are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Virginie Gueguen
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Anne Meddahi-Pellé
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Fani Anagnostou
- Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7052 INSERM U1271, B3OA, Paris, France
| | | | - Graciela Pavon-Djavid
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Villetaneuse, France
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18
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D’Elia JA, Weinrauch LA. Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia with Kidney or Liver Transplantation: A Review. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1185. [PMID: 37759585 PMCID: PMC10525610 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Although solid organ transplantation in persons with diabetes mellitus is often associated with hyperglycemia, the risk of hyperlipidemia in all organ transplant recipients is often underestimated. The diagnosis of diabetes often predates transplantation; however, in a moderate percentage of allograft recipients, perioperative hyperglycemia occurs triggered by antirejection regimens. Post-transplant prescription of glucocorticoids, calcineurin inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors are associated with increased lipid concentrations. The existence of diabetes mellitus prior to or following a liver transplant is associated with shorter times of useful allograft function. A cycle involving Smad, TGF beta, m-TOR and toll-like receptors has been identified in the contribution of rejection and aging of allografts. Glucocorticoids (prednisone) and calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine and tacrolimus) induce hyperglycemia associated with insulin resistance. Azathioprine, mycophenolate and prednisone are associated with lipogenesis. mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin) are used to decrease doses of atherogenic agents used for immunosuppression. Post-transplant medication management must balance immune suppression and glucose and lipid control. Concerns regarding rejection often override those relative to systemic and organ vascular aging and survival. This review focuses attention on the underlying mechanism of relationships between glycemia/lipidemia control, transplant rejection and graft aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larry A. Weinrauch
- Kidney and Hypertension Section, E P Joslin Research Laboratory, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; jd'
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19
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Gluba-Sagr A, Franczyk B, Rysz-Górzyńska M, Ławiński J, Rysz J. The Role of miRNA in Renal Fibrosis Leading to Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2358. [PMID: 37760798 PMCID: PMC10525803 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important health concern that is expected to be the fifth most widespread cause of death worldwide by 2040. The presence of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, ischemia, etc., stimulates the development and progression of CKD. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a common pathomechanism of renal dysfunction, irrespective of the primary origin of renal injury. With time, fibrosis leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Many studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are involved in the onset and development of fibrosis and CKD. miRNAs are vital regulators of some pathophysiological processes; therefore, their utility as therapeutic agents in various diseases has been suggested. Several miRNAs were demonstrated to participate in the development and progression of kidney disease. Since renal fibrosis is an important problem in chronic kidney disease, many scientists have focused on the determination of miRNAs associated with kidney fibrosis. In this review, we present the role of several miRNAs in renal fibrosis and the potential pathways involved. However, as well as those mentioned above, other miRs have also been suggested to play a role in this process in CKD. The reports concerning the impact of some miRNAs on fibrosis are conflicting, probably because the expression and regulation of miRNAs occur in a tissue- and even cell-dependent manner. Moreover, different assessment modes and populations have been used. There is a need for large studies and clinical trials to confirm the role of miRs in a clinical setting. miRNAs have great potential; thus, their analysis may improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gluba-Sagr
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rysz-Górzyńska
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Ławiński
- Department of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
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20
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Liu T, Jin Q, Yang L, Mao H, Ma F, Wang Y, Li P, Zhan Y. Regulation of autophagy by natural polyphenols in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease: therapeutic potential and mechanism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1142276. [PMID: 37635982 PMCID: PMC10448531 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1142276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes and a leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis in renal physiology. In DKD, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products induces decreased renal autophagy-related protein expression and transcription factor EB (TFEB) nuclear transfer, leading to impaired autophagy and lysosomal function and blockage of autophagic flux. This accelerates renal resident cell injury and apoptosis, mediates macrophage infiltration and phenotypic changes, ultimately leading to aggravated proteinuria and fibrosis in DKD. Natural polyphenols show promise in treating DKD by regulating autophagy and promoting nuclear transfer of TFEB and lysosomal repair. This review summarizes the characteristics of autophagy in DKD, and the potential application and mechanisms of some known natural polyphenols as autophagy regulators in DKD, with the goal of contributing to a deeper understanding of natural polyphenol mechanisms in the treatment of DKD and promoting the development of their applications. Finally, we point out the limitations of polyphenols in current DKD research and provide an outlook for their future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Liu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Jin
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Mao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Zhan
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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GUO Z, SUN L, LIU Y, LI R, LIU C, DIAO K, SHI J, SUN J. Qizhi Jiangtang capsule activates podocyte autophagy in diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2023; 43:667-675. [PMID: 37454251 PMCID: PMC10320462 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20230428.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic action and mechanism of the Qizhi Jiangtang capsule (, QZJT) on diabetic kidney disease (DKD) treatment. METHODS This experiment used db/db mice and podocytes (MPC5) to develop DKD model. Evaluation of the effect of the QZJT on db/db mice by testing urine and blood biochemical parameters (24-h urinary albumin, serum creatinine, blood urine nitrogen), pathological kidney injury, and podocyte integrity. Moreover, autophagosomes in podocytes of DKD mice and cultured podocytes were detected using electron microscopy. Additionally, Western blotting was applied to detect the expression of podocyte marker protein (podocin), autophagy-associated proteins, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway changes and . RESULTS QZJT significantly reduced urine protein, blood nitrogen urea, and serum creatinine and showed histological restoration of renal tissues. QZJT also significantly improved the down-regulation of podocin and foot fusion and effacement in db/db mice. QZJT increased autophagic vesicles in mice and cultured podocytes. QZJT also upregulated microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) / (LC3-I) and Beclin-1 and downregulated phosphorylated-PI3K (p-PI3K), p-AKT, and p-mTOR in db/db mice and MPC5 cells. However, autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine partially alleviated the above effects in MPC5 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that the QZJT can enhance podocyte autophagy and ameliorate podocyte injury in DKD by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoan GUO
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Lina SUN
- 2 Department of Nephrology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi 276003, China
| | - Yingying LIU
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Ruifeng LI
- 3 Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Chong LIU
- 3 Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Ke DIAO
- 4 Shandong GuoxinYiyang Group Zibo Hospital, Zibo 255051, China
| | - Jing SHI
- 3 Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jun SUN
- 3 Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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22
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Berquez M, Chen Z, Festa BP, Krohn P, Keller SA, Parolo S, Korzinkin M, Gaponova A, Laczko E, Domenici E, Devuyst O, Luciani A. Lysosomal cystine export regulates mTORC1 signaling to guide kidney epithelial cell fate specialization. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3994. [PMID: 37452023 PMCID: PMC10349091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation is critical for cell fate decisions, but the signals involved remain unclear. The kidney proximal tubule (PT) cells reabsorb disulphide-rich proteins through endocytosis, generating cystine via lysosomal proteolysis. Here we report that defective cystine mobilization from lysosomes through cystinosin (CTNS), which is mutated in cystinosis, diverts PT cells towards growth and proliferation, disrupting their functions. Mechanistically, cystine storage stimulates Ragulator-Rag GTPase-dependent recruitment of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and its constitutive activation. Re-introduction of CTNS restores nutrient-dependent regulation of mTORC1 in knockout cells, whereas cell-permeant analogues of L-cystine, accumulating within lysosomes, render wild-type cells resistant to nutrient withdrawal. Therapeutic mTORC1 inhibition corrects lysosome and differentiation downstream of cystine storage, and phenotypes in preclinical models of cystinosis. Thus, cystine serves as a lysosomal signal that tailors mTORC1 and metabolism to direct epithelial cell fate decisions. These results identify mechanisms and therapeutic targets for dysregulated homeostasis in cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Berquez
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrick Krohn
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Silvia Parolo
- Fondazione The Microsoft Research University of Trento-Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), 38068, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Mikhail Korzinkin
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anna Gaponova
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Endre Laczko
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Fondazione The Microsoft Research University of Trento-Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), 38068, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Rare Diseases, UCLouvain Medical School, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alessandro Luciani
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Peres RAS, Peruchetti DB, Silva-Aguiar RP, Teixeira DE, Gomes CP, Takiya CM, Pinheiro AAS, Caruso-Neves C. Rapamycin treatment induces tubular proteinuria: role of megalin-mediated protein reabsorption. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1194816. [PMID: 37484026 PMCID: PMC10359992 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1194816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rapamycin is an immunosuppressor that acts by inhibiting the serine/threonine kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1. Therapeutic use of rapamycin is limited by its adverse effects. Proteinuria is an important marker of kidney damage and a risk factor for kidney diseases progression and has been reported in patients and animal models treated with rapamycin. However, the mechanism underlying proteinuria induced by rapamycin is still an open matter. In this work, we investigated the effects of rapamycin on parameters of renal function and structure and on protein handling by proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). Methods: Healthy BALB/c mice were treated with 1.5 mg/kg rapamycin by oral gavage for 1, 3, or 7 days. At the end of each treatment, the animals were kept in metabolic cages and renal function and structural parameters were analyzed. LLC-PK1 cell line was used as a model of PTECs to test specific effect of rapamycin. Results: Rapamycin treatment did not change parameters of glomerular structure and function. Conversely, there was a transient increase in 24-h proteinuria, urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPCr), and albuminuria in the groups treated with rapamycin. In accordance with these findings, rapamycin treatment decreased albumin-fluorescein isothiocyanate uptake in the renal cortex. This effect was associated with reduced brush border expression and impaired subcellular distribution of megalin in PTECs. The effect of rapamycin seems to be specific for albumin endocytosis machinery because it did not modify renal sodium handling or (Na++K+)ATPase activity in BALB/c mice and in the LLC-PK1 cell line. A positive Pearson correlation was found between megalin expression and albumin uptake while an inverse correlation was shown between albumin uptake and UPCr or 24-h proteinuria. Despite its effect on albumin handling in PTECs, rapamycin treatment did not induce tubular injury measured by interstitial space and collagen deposition. Conclusion: These findings suggest that proteinuria induced by rapamycin could have a tubular rather than a glomerular origin. This effect involves a specific change in protein endocytosis machinery. Our results open new perspectives on understanding the undesired effect of proteinuria generated by rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A. S. Peres
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo B. Peruchetti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P. Silva-Aguiar
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas E. Teixeira
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos P. Gomes
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina M. Takiya
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Acacia S. Pinheiro
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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24
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Liu X, Mao Z, Yuan M, Li L, Tan Y, Qu Z, Chen M, Yu F. Glomerular mTORC1 activation was associated with podocytes to endothelial cells communication in lupus nephritis. Lupus Sci Med 2023; 10:10/1/e000896. [PMID: 37147021 PMCID: PMC10163597 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2023-000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was initiated to evaluate the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway involved in renal endothelial-podocyte crosstalk in patients with lupus nephritis (LN). METHODS We compared the kidney protein expression patterns of 10 patients with LN with severe endothelial-podocyte injury and 3 patients with non-severe endothelial-podocyte injury on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded kidney tissues using label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for quantitative proteomics analysis. Podocyte injury was graded by foot process width (FPW). The severe group was referred to patients with both glomerular endocapillary hypercellularity and FPW >1240 nm. The non-severe group included patients with normal endothelial capillaries and FPW in the range of 619~1240 nm. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses were performed based on the protein intensity levels of differentially expressed proteins in each patient. An enriched mTOR pathway was selected, and the activation of mTOR complexes in renal biopsied specimens was further verified in 176 patients with LN. RESULTS Compared with those of the non-severe group, 230 proteins were upregulated and 54 proteins were downregulated in the severe group. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis showed enrichment in the 'positive regulation of mTOR signalling' pathway. The glomerular activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) was significantly increased in the severe group compared with the non-severe group (p=0.034), and mTORC1 was located in podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells. Glomerular activation of mTORC1 was positively correlated with endocapillary hypercellularity (r=0.289, p<0.001) and significantly increased in patients with both endocapillary hypercellularity and FPW >1240 nm (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Glomerular mTORC1 was highly activated in patients with both glomerular endocapillary hypercellularity and podocyte injury, which might be involved in podocytes to endothelial cells communication in lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Liu
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of lmmune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaomin Mao
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of lmmune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Yuan
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of lmmune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Li
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of lmmune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of lmmune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Qu
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of lmmune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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25
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Hua R, Wei J, Torres M, He Y, Li Y, Sun X, Wang L, Inoki K, Yoshida S. Identification of circular dorsal ruffles as signal platforms for the AKT pathway in glomerular podocytes. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1063-1079. [PMID: 36924084 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) are rounded membrane ruffles induced by growth factors to function as precursors of the large-scale endocytosis called macropinocytosis. In addition to their role in cellular uptake, recent research using cell line systems has shown that CDRs/macropinocytosis regulate the canonical AKT-mTORC1 growth factor signaling pathway. However, as CDRs have not been observed in tissues, their physiological relevance has remained unclear. Here, utilizing ultrahigh-resolution scanning electron microscopy, we first report that CDRs are expressed in glomerular podocytes ex vivo and in vivo, and we visually captured the transformation process to macropinocytosis. Moreover, through biochemical and imaging analyses, we show that AKT phosphorylation localized to CDRs upstream of mTORC1 activation in podocyte cell lines and isolated glomeruli. These results demonstrate the physiological role of CDRs as signal platforms for the AKT-mTORC1 pathway in glomerular podocytes at the tissue level. As mTORC1 plays critical roles in podocyte metabolism, and aberrant activation of mTORC1 triggers podocytopathies, our results strongly suggest that targeting CDR formation could represent a potential therapeutic approach for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinzi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mauricio Torres
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yuxin He
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ken Inoki
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Internal medicine and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sei Yoshida
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Nankai International Advanced Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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26
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Lin W, Lin Z, Lin X, Peng Z, Liang X, Wei S. Integrated analysis and clinical correlation analysis of hub genes, immune infiltration, and potential therapeutic agents related to lupus nephritis. Lupus 2023; 32:633-643. [PMID: 36912500 DOI: 10.1177/09612033231161587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to explore biomarkers, mechanisms, and potential novel agents regarding LN through bioinformatic analysis. METHOD Four expression profiles were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were acquired. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGGs) pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed using the R software. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was developed using the STRING database. Additionally, five algorithms were used to screen out the hub genes. Expression of the hub genes were validated using Nephroseq v5. CIBERSORT was used to evaluate the infiltration of immune cells. Finally, The Drug-Gene Interaction Database was used to predict potential targeted drugs. RESULT FOS and IGF1 were identified as hub genes, with excellent specificity and sensitivity diagnosis of LN. FOS was also related to renal injury. LN patients had lower activated and resting dendritic cells (DCs) and higher M1 macrophages and activated NK cells than healthy control (HC). FOS had a positive correlation with activated mast cells and a negative correlation with resting mast cells. IGF1 had a positive correlation with activated DCs and a negative correlation with monocytes. The targeted drugs were dusigitumab and xentuzumab target for IGF1. CONCLUSION We analyzed the transcriptomic signature of LN along with the landscape of the immune cell. FOS and IGF1 are promising biomarkers for diagnosing and evaluating the progression of LN. The drug-gene interaction analyses provide a list of candidate drugs for the precise treatment of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Lin
- Zhujiang Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, The People's Republic of China
| | - Zien Lin
- Zhujiang Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Lin
- Zhujiang Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, The People's Republic of China
| | - Zhishen Peng
- Zhujiang Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Liang
- Zhujiang Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, The People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, The People's Republic of China
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Ding X, Hou Y, Liu X, Li X, Liu X, Deng Y, Cao N, Yu W. The role of Sirt3-induced autophagy in renal structural damage caused by periodontitis in rats. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:97-108. [PMID: 36380567 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research aimed to explore the effect of periodontitis on renal tissues injury in rats and the role of Sirtuin3 (Sirt3) and its regulation of autophagy in this progression. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty Wistar rats were assigned into three groups: control, periodontitis (P), and periodontitis with gavage administration of Sirt3 activator resveratrol (P + RSV). To induce periodontitis, the wire ligature was placed around the cervical region of the rat maxillary first molar. After 8 weeks, micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) were used to evaluate the alveolar bone resorption and periodontal inflammation. Serum and urine biochemical indicators were measured to assess renal function. The pathological changes of the kidney were observed via HE and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. Autophagosome was viewed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Real-time PCR and western blot were used to test expressions of Sirt3 and autophagy indicators in renal and periodontal tissues, including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), phosphor-mTOR (p-mTOR), BECN1 (Beclin-1), and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3). RESULTS Alveolar bone destruction, resorption, and periodontal inflammation were observed in the P group (compared with the control group), and the above indexes were significantly improved after RSV intervention; the obvious changes in renal tissue structure in the P group were partially recovered after RSV intervention, while renal functional status was not affected (among the three groups); in addition, the levels of Sirt3 and autophagy in kidney and periodontal tissues of P group were inhibited, manifested as a decrease in the number of autophagosomes (renal tissue) and expressions of autophagy marker Beclin-1 and LC3 conversion rate and an increase in the expression of p-mTOR. After Sirt3 activation (RSV), the above indicators were significantly improved. CONCLUSION Periodontitis causes renal structural damage in rats, which may be connected to the effect of Sirt3-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ding
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yubo Hou
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinchan Liu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Niuben Cao
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weixian Yu
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Huynh C, Ryu J, Lee J, Inoki A, Inoki K. Nutrient-sensing mTORC1 and AMPK pathways in chronic kidney diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:102-122. [PMID: 36434160 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and lipids are fundamental sources for the maintenance of essential cellular processes and homeostasis in all organisms. The nutrient-sensing kinases mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are expressed in many cell types and have key roles in the control of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, metabolism and survival, ultimately contributing to the physiological development and functions of various organs, including the kidney. Dysregulation of these kinases leads to many human health problems, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders and kidney diseases. In the kidney, physiological levels of mTOR and AMPK activity are required to support kidney cell growth and differentiation and to maintain kidney cell integrity and normal nephron function, including transport of electrolytes, water and glucose. mTOR forms two functional multi-protein kinase complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Hyperactivation of mTORC1 leads to podocyte and tubular cell dysfunction and vulnerability to injury, thereby contributing to the development of chronic kidney diseases, including diabetic kidney disease, obesity-related kidney disease and polycystic kidney disease. Emerging evidence suggests that targeting mTOR and/or AMPK could be an effective therapeutic approach to controlling or preventing these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Huynh
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jaewhee Ryu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jooho Lee
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ayaka Inoki
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ken Inoki
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Sheng H, Zhang D, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Lu Z, Mao W, Liu X, Zhang L. Kaempferol attenuated diabetic nephropathy by reducing apoptosis and promoting autophagy through AMPK/mTOR pathways. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:986825. [PMID: 36530875 PMCID: PMC9748551 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.986825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renal podocyte injury, apoptosis and autophagy are involved in the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Kaempferol (KPF) has the promotion of autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis properties in the development of miscellaneous diseases, but these functions in DN have not yet been elucidated. METHODS We used db/db mice to evaluate the protective role of KPF on DN. The anti-DN effect of KPF was evaluated by urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and pathological changes of kidney tissue. Injury of podocytes was observed through Transmission electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence, Western blot, and Immunohistochemistry were used to detect the protein expression of podocyte-associated molecules, autophagy, and AMPK/mTOR pathway. RESULTS We demonstrated that KPF treatment significantly attenuated diabetes-induced albuminuria and glycolipid metabolism dysfunction. In addition, KPF alleviated mesangial matrix expansion, glomerular basement membrane thickening and loss or fusion of podocytes. Mechanistically, KPF treatment regulated the expression of autophagic proteins (upregulated LC3II, Beclin-1, Atg7 and Atg 5, and downregulated p62/SQSTM1), accompanied by inhibited renal apoptosis (downregulated Caspase 3 and Bax, and upregulated Bcl-2). KPF could significantly regulate the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways by increasing p-AMPK and decreasing p-mTOR expressions. DISCUSSION In conclusion, KPF might have a protective effect on DN through reduced apoptosis and enhanced podocytes autophagy, which were correlated with regulating AMPK/mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqin Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xusheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, China
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Deng L, Xu G, Huang Q. Comprehensive analyses of the microRNA-messenger RNA-transcription factor regulatory network in mouse and human renal fibrosis. Front Genet 2022; 13:925097. [PMID: 36457754 PMCID: PMC9705735 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.925097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to construct a microRNA (miRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA)-transcription factor (TF) regulatory network and explore underlying molecular mechanisms, effective biomarkers, and drugs in renal fibrosis (RF). Methods: A total of six datasets were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. "Limma" and "DESeq2" packages in R software and GEO2R were applied to identify the differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs (DEmiRNAs and DEmRNAs, respectively). The determination and verification of DEmiRNAs and DEmRNAs were performed through the integrated analysis of datasets from five mouse 7 days of unilateral ureteral obstruction datasets and one human chronic kidney disease dataset and the Human Protein Atlas (http://www.proteinatlas.org). Target mRNAs of DEmiRNAs and TFs were predicted by prediction databases and the iRegulon plugin in Cytoscape, respectively. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed using STRING, Cytoscape v3.9.1, and CytoNCA. Functional enrichment analysis was performed by DIANA-miRPath v3.0 and R package "clusterProfiler." A miRNA-mRNA-TF network was established using Cytoscape. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to examine the diagnostic value of the key hub genes. Finally, the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database and Drug-Gene Interaction database were applied to identify potential drugs. Results: Here, 4 DEmiRNAs and 11 hub genes were determined and confirmed in five mouse datasets, of which Bckdha and Vegfa were further verified in one human dataset and HPA, respectively. Moreover, Bckdha and Vegfa were also predicted by miR-125a-3p and miR-199a-5p, respectively, in humans as in mice. The sequences of miR-125a-3p and miR-199a-5p in mice were identical to those in humans. A total of 6 TFs were predicted to regulate Bckdha and Vegfa across mice and humans; then, a miRNA-mRNA-TF regulatory network was built. Subsequently, ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve value of Vegfa was 0.825 (p = 0.002). Finally, enalapril was identified to target Vegfa for RF therapy. Conclusion: Pax2, Pax5, Sp1, Sp2, Sp3, and Sp4 together with Bckdha-dependent miR-125a-3p/Vegfa-dependent miR-199a-5p formed a co-regulatory network enabling Bckdha/Vegfa to be tightly controlled in the underlying pathogenesis of RF across mice and humans. Vegfa could act as a potential novel diagnostic marker and might be targeted by enalapril for RF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Deng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Gaosi Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qipeng Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan, China
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Rattis BAC, Piva HL, Duarte A, Gomes FGFLR, Lellis JR, Soave DF, Ramos SG, Tedesco AC, Celes MRN. Modulation of the mTOR Pathway by Curcumin in the Heart of Septic Mice. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2277. [PMID: 36365096 PMCID: PMC9697651 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
mTOR is a signaling pathway involved in cell survival, cell stress response, and protein synthesis that may be a key point in sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. Curcumin has been reported in vitro as an mTOR inhibitor compound; however, there are no studies demonstrating this effect in experimental sepsis. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the action of curcumin on the mTOR pathway in the heart of septic mice. Free curcumin (FC) and nanocurcumin (NC) were used, and samples were obtained at 24 and 120 h after sepsis. Histopathological and ultrastructural analysis showed that treatments with FC and NC reduced cardiac lesions caused by sepsis. Our main results demonstrated that curcumin reduced mTORC1 and Raptor mRNA at 24 and 120 h compared with the septic group; in contrast, mTORC2 mRNA increased at 24 h. Additionally, the total mTOR mRNA expression was reduced at 24 h compared with the septic group. Our results indicate that treatment with curcumin and nanocurcumin promoted a cardioprotective response that could be related to the modulation of the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna A. C. Rattis
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74605-050, Goias, Brazil
| | - Henrique L. Piva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Duarte
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico G. F. L. R. Gomes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaína R. Lellis
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo F. Soave
- Department of Morphofunctional, Faculty of Medicine of Goianesia, University of Rio Verde, Goianesia 76380-000, Goias, Brazil
| | - Simone G. Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara R. N. Celes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74605-050, Goias, Brazil
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刘 泽, 尤 达, 李 勇, 何 咏, 李 阿, 李 潘, 李 春. [Numb activates the mTORC1 signaling pathway in proximal tubular epithelial cells by upregulating V1G1 expression]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:1462-1469. [PMID: 36329579 PMCID: PMC9637490 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.10.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Numb in regulating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway. METHODS Male BALB/C mouse models of acute kidney injury (AKI) were subjected to intravenous injections of Numb-siRNA or NC-siRNA with or without intraperitoneal cisplatin injections. After the treatments, the expressions and distribution of Numb and megalin in the renal tissues of the mice were detected with immunohistochemistry, and the renal expressions of Numb, S6, p-S6, S6K1, p-S6K1, 4EBP1 and p-4EBP1 were examined with Western blotting. The proximal renal tubular epithelial cells were isolated from the mice transfected with Numb-siRNA for in vitro culture. In NRK-52E cells, the effects of amino acid stimulation, Numb knockdown, and V1G1 overexpression, alone or in combination, on expressions of Numb, S6 and p-S6 were detected with Western blotting; the expressions of AMPK and p-AMPK were also detected in transfected NRK-52E cells, mouse kidneys and cultured mouse renal tubular epithelial cells. RESULTS In BALB/C mice, injection of Numb-siRNA caused significant reductions of Numb and p-S6 expressions without affecting megalin expression in the renal proximal tubules (P < 0.05). Cisplatin treatment obviously upregulated p-S6K1 and p-4EBP1 expressions in the kidneys of the mice (P < 0.05), and this effect was significantly inhibited by treatment with Numb-siRNA (P < 0.05). In NRK-52E cells, amino acid stimulation significantly upregulated the expression of p-S6 (P < 0.05), which was strongly suppressed by transfection with Numb-siRNA (P < 0.05). Numb knockdown inhibited AMPK activation in NRK-52E cells, mouse kidneys and primary proximal tubular epithelial cells (P < 0.05). Numb knockdown significantly downregulated V1G1 expression in NRK-52E cells (P < 0.05), and V1G1 overexpression obviously reversed the inhibitory effect of Numb-siRNA on S6 phosphorylation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Numb promotes the activation of mTORC1 signaling in proximal tubular epithelial cells by upregulating V1G1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- 泽 刘
- 湘南学院护理学院,湖南 郴州 423000School of Nursing, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - 达 尤
- 湘南学院临床学院,湖南 郴州 423000School of Clinical Medicine, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - 勇 李
- 湘南学院护理学院,湖南 郴州 423000School of Nursing, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - 咏梅 何
- 湘南学院护理学院,湖南 郴州 423000School of Nursing, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - 阿芳 李
- 湘南学院护理学院,湖南 郴州 423000School of Nursing, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - 潘 李
- 湘南学院护理学院,湖南 郴州 423000School of Nursing, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - 春艳 李
- 湘南学院护理学院,湖南 郴州 423000School of Nursing, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
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Raïch-Regué D, Gimeno J, Llinàs-Mallol L, Menéndez S, Benito D, Redondo D, Pérez-Sáez MJ, Riera M, Reed EF, Pascual J, Crespo M. Phosphorylation of S6RP in peritubular capillaries of kidney grafts and circulating HLA donor-specific antibodies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:988080. [PMID: 36330055 PMCID: PMC9622791 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.988080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) caused by donor-specific HLA-antibodies (DSA) is a mediator of allograft loss after kidney transplantation (KT). DSA can activate microvascular endothelium damage through the mTOR pathway. In this study we assessed the mTOR pathway activation by DSA in KT with ABMR (ABMR + DSA+) compared to controls (ABMR−DSA−), biopsies with ABMR changes without DSA (ABMR + DSA−) and DSA without ABMR changes (ABMR−DSA+), and the potential modulation by mTOR inhibitors (mTORi). We evaluated 97 biopsies: 31 ABMR + DSA+, 33 controls ABMR-DSA−, 16 ABMR + DSA−, and 17 ABMR-DSA+ cases. Regarding immunosuppression of full ABMR + DSA+ and controls, 21 biopsies were performed under mTORi treatment (11 of them ABMR + DSA+ cases) and 43 without mTORi (20 of them ABMR + DSA+) so as to explore its effect on the mTOR pathway. Biopsies were stained for C4d, Ki67, and phosphorylated (p) S6RP, ERK, and mTOR by immunohistochemistry. Labeling was graded according to peritubular capillary staining. ABMR biopsies showed significantly higher C4d, p-S6RP, and Ki67 staining in peritubular capillaries (PTC) compared to controls, and light differences in p-ERK or p-mTOR. mTORi treatment did not modify p-S6RP, p-mTOR, and p-ERK staining. Diffuse p-S6RP in PTC in the biopsies significantly associated with circulating HLA-DSA independently of graft rejection, and with worse death-censored graft survival. These findings suggest that activation of endothelium through the mTOR pathway evidence different mechanisms of damage in ABMR + DSA+ and ABMR + DSA− despite similar histological injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Raïch-Regué
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Gimeno
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Llinàs-Mallol
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Menéndez
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Benito
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Redondo
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. José Pérez-Sáez
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Riera
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elaine F. Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julio Pascual
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Julio Pascual,
| | - Marta Crespo
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Marta Crespo,
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Yan P, Ke B, Fang X. Ion channels as a therapeutic target for renal fibrosis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1019028. [PMID: 36277193 PMCID: PMC9581181 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1019028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ion channel transport and electrolyte disturbances play an important role in the process of functional impairment and fibrosis in the kidney. It is well known that there are limited effective drugs for the treatment of renal fibrosis, and since a large number of ion channels are involved in the renal fibrosis process, understanding the mechanisms of ion channel transport and the complex network of signaling cascades between them is essential to identify potential therapeutic approaches to slow down renal fibrosis. This review summarizes the current work of ion channels in renal fibrosis. We pay close attention to the effect of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), transmembrane Member 16A (TMEM16A) and other Cl− channel mediated signaling pathways and ion concentrations on fibrosis, as well as the various complex mechanisms for the action of Ca2+ handling channels including Ca2+-release-activated Ca2+ channel (CRAC), purinergic receptor, and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Furthermore, we also focus on the contribution of Na+ transport such as epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), Na+, K+-ATPase, Na+-H+ exchangers, and K+ channels like Ca2+-activated K+ channels, voltage-dependent K+ channel, ATP-sensitive K+ channels on renal fibrosis. Proposed potential therapeutic approaches through further dissection of these mechanisms may provide new therapeutic opportunities to reduce the burden of chronic kidney disease.
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Zhu N, Chen X, Zhao J, Fang L, Yao Y, Zhou F, Tao L, Xu Q. Hypoxia-induced LINC00674 facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma progression by activating the NOX1/mTOR signaling pathway. J Cancer 2022; 13:3177-3188. [PMID: 36118523 PMCID: PMC9475361 DOI: 10.7150/jca.76458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic tumor microenvironment, a fundamental feature of solid tumors, drives hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression through regulating the transcriptional activities of protein-coding and noncoding genes. However, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)-mediated HCC progression in hypoxic microenvironment remains largely unknown yet. In this study, we found that LINC00674 was upregulated under hypoxic conditions in a HIF-1-dependent manner, and the occupancy of HIF-1 to HRE of LINC00674 gene promoter was essential for its transcription. In addition, LINC00674 level was increased in HCC cell lines and tissues. Clinically, statistical analysis showed that LINC00674 expression was significantly associated with tumor size, venous infiltration, tumor stage and poor prognosis of HCC. Functionally, loss-of-function assays revealed that LINC00674 knockdown inhibited the migration, proliferation and invasion of HCC cells. Furthermore, LINC00674 silencing prominently repressed the mTOR signaling pathway. LINC00674 overexpression-enhanced HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion were markedly abolished by an mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) was positively regulated by LINC00674 in HCC cells. NOX1 knockdown markedly reversed LINC00674-upregulated the p-mTOR level and HCC cells' malignant behaviors. Finally, we found that LINC00674 knockdown attenuated the growth of HCC cells in vivo. Our finding demonstrated that LINC00674 was a new HIF-1 target gene, and hypoxia-induced LINC00674 exerted a pro-proliferative and pro-metastatic role in HCC, possibly by activating the NOX1/mTOR signaling pathway. This study suggested LINC00674 as a promising therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital of Haining, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Haining Hospital, Haining 314400, China
| | - Junjun Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China.,Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Lijuan Fang
- Department of Laboratory, Hangzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yingmin Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Feifei Zhou
- Department of traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Central Hospital of Haining, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Haining Hospital, Haining 314400, China
| | - Qiuran Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Luo Q, Liang W, Zhang Z, Zhu Z, Chen Z, Hu J, Yang K, Chi Q, Ding G. Compromised glycolysis contributes to foot process fusion of podocytes in diabetic kidney disease: Role of ornithine catabolism. Metabolism 2022; 134:155245. [PMID: 35780908 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compromised glycolysis in podocytes contributes to the initiation of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Podocyte injury is characterized by cytoskeletal remodeling and foot process fusion. Compromised glycolysis in diabetes likely leads to switch of energy supply in podocyte. However, the underlying mechanism by which disturbed energy supply in podocytes affects the cytoskeletal structure of podocytes remains unclear. METHODS Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed on the glomeruli of db/db mice to examine the catabolism of glucose, fatty, and amino acids. Ornithine catabolism was targeted in db/db and podocyte-specific pyruvate kinase M2 knockout (PKM2-podoKO) mice. In vitro, expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC1) was modulated to investigate the effect of ornithine catabolism on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and cytoskeletal remodeling in cultured podocytes. RESULTS Multi-omic analyses of the glomeruli revealed that ornithine metabolism was enhanced in db/db mice compared with that in db/m mice under compromised glycolytic conditions. Additionally, ornithine catabolism was exaggerated in podocytes of diabetic PKM2-podoKO mice compared with that in diabetic PKM2flox/flox mice. In vivo, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO, inhibitor of ODC1) administration reduced urinary albumin excretion and alleviated podocyte foot process fusion in db/db mice. In vitro, 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) exposure induced mTOR signaling activation and cytoskeletal remodeling in podocytes, which was alleviated by ODC1-knockdown. Mechanistically, a small GTPase Ras homolog enriched in the brain (Rheb), a sensor of mTOR signaling, was activated by exposure to putrescine, a metabolic product of ornithine catabolism. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that compromised glycolysis in podocytes under diabetic conditions enhances ornithine catabolism. The metabolites of ornithine catabolism contribute to mTOR signaling activation via Rheb and cytoskeletal remodeling in podocytes in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zongwei Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zijing Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaowei Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jijia Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Keju Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingjia Chi
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, China
| | - Guohua Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Gao YM, Feng ST, Wen Y, Tang TT, Wang B, Liu BC. Cardiorenal protection of SGLT2 inhibitors—Perspectives from metabolic reprogramming. EBioMedicine 2022; 83:104215. [PMID: 35973390 PMCID: PMC9396537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, initially developed as a novel class of anti-hyperglycaemic drugs, have been shown to significantly improve metabolic indicators and protect the kidneys and heart of patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus. The possible mechanisms mediating these unexpected cardiorenal benefits are being extensively investigated because they cannot solely be attributed to improvements in glycaemic control. Notably, emerging data indicate that metabolic reprogramming is involved in the progression of cardiorenal metabolic diseases. SGLT2 inhibitors reprogram systemic metabolism to a fasting-like metabolic paradigm, involving the metabolic switch from carbohydrates to other energetic substrates and regulation of the related nutrient-sensing pathways, which might explain some of their cardiorenal protective effects. In this review, we will focus on the current understanding of cardiorenal protection by SGLT2 inhibitors, specifically its relevance to metabolic reprogramming.
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Zhang Z, Sun Y, Xue J, Jin D, Li X, Zhao D, Lian F, Qi W, Tong X. The critical role of dysregulated autophagy in the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:977410. [PMID: 36091814 PMCID: PMC9453227 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.977410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the major public health problems in society today. It is a renal complication caused by diabetes mellitus with predominantly microangiopathy and is a major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Autophagy is a metabolic pathway for the intracellular degradation of cytoplasmic products and damaged organelles and plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and function of the renal cells. The dysregulation of autophagy in the hyperglycaemic state of diabetes mellitus can lead to the progression of DKD, and the activation or restoration of autophagy through drugs is beneficial to the recovery of renal function. This review summarizes the physiological process of autophagy, illustrates the close link between DKD and autophagy, and discusses the effects of drugs on autophagy and the signaling pathways involved from the perspective of podocytes, renal tubular epithelial cells, and mesangial cells, in the hope that this will be useful for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Xue
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - De Jin
- Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Fengmei Lian
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fengmei Lian, ; Wenxiu Qi, ; Xiaolin Tong,
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Fengmei Lian, ; Wenxiu Qi, ; Xiaolin Tong,
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fengmei Lian, ; Wenxiu Qi, ; Xiaolin Tong,
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de Morais TLSA, de Souza KSC, de Lima MAF, Pereira MG, de Almeida JB, de Oliveira AMG, Sena-Evangelista KCM, de Rezende AA. Effects of an individualized nutritional intervention on kidney function, body composition, and quality of life in kidney transplant recipients: Study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272484. [PMID: 35925872 PMCID: PMC9352089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Proteinuria after kidney transplantation (KTx) has been a frequent problem due to several factors, high protein intake being one of them. Individualized nutritional intervention in the late post-KTx period can promote the improvement or the reduction of risks associated with the parameters of evaluation of kidney function, body composition, and quality of life in individuals submitted to KTx.
Methods
This is a single-center, randomized and stratified clinical trial. The study will be conducted in a university hospital in northeastern Brazil with 174 individuals aged ≥19 years submitted to KTx and followed up for 12 months. Assessments will take place at 3-month intervals (T0, T3, T6, T9, and T12). The patients will be allocated to intervention and control groups by random allocation. The intervention group will receive individualized nutritional interventions with normoproteic diets (1.0 g/kg) after 60 days of KTx whereas the controls will receive the standard nutritional guidance for the post-KTx period. The primary efficacy variable is the change from baseline in log proteinuria assessed with the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. Secondary efficacy variables include body composition, anthropometry, quality of life assessment and physical activity, lipid profile and glycemic control. Ninety-two subjects per group will afford 70% power to detect a difference of 25% between groups in log proteinuria. Primary efficacy analysis will be on the modified intention-to-treat population with between-groups comparison of the change from baseline in log proteinuria by analysis of covariance.
Discussion
The study will assess the effects of an individualized nutritional intervention on proteinuria 12 months after KTx.
Trial registration
REBEC (RBR-8XBQK5).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla Simone Costa de Souza
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Mabelle Alves Ferreira de Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Maurício Galvão Pereira
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Integrated Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - José Bruno de Almeida
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Integrated Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Antônio Manuel Gouveia de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Karine Cavalcanti Mauricio Sena-Evangelista
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Adriana Augusto de Rezende
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Das F, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Maity S, Kasinath BS, Choudhury GG. Oncoprotein DJ-1 interacts with mTOR complexes to effect transcription factor Hif1α-dependent expression of collagen I (α2) during renal fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102246. [PMID: 35835217 PMCID: PMC9399488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal tubular epithelial cells respond to transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) to synthesize collagen I (α2) during renal fibrosis. The oncoprotein DJ-1 has previously been shown to promote tumorigenesis and prevent apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons; however, its role in fibrosis signaling is unclear. Here, we show TGFβ-stimulation increased expression of DJ-1, which promoted noncanonical mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities. We show DJ-1 augmented the phosphorylation/activation of PKCβII, a direct substrate of mTORC2. In addition, coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed association of DJ-1 with Raptor and Rictor, exclusive subunits of mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively, as well as with mTOR kinase. Interestingly, siRNAs against DJ-1 blocked TGFβ-stimulated expression of collagen I (α2), while expression of DJ-1 increased expression of this protein. In addition, expression of dominant negative PKCβII and siRNAs against PKCβII significantly inhibited TGFβ-induced collagen I (α2) expression. In fact, constitutively active PKCβII abrogated the effect of siRNAs against DJ-1, suggesting a role of PKCβII downstream of this oncoprotein. Moreover, we demonstrate expression of collagen I (α2) stimulated by DJ-1 and its target PKCβII is dependent on the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif1α). Finally, we show in the renal cortex of diabetic rats that increased TGFβ was associated with enhanced expression of DJ-1 and activation of mTOR and PKCβII, concomitant with increased Hif1α and collagen I (α2). Overall, we identified that DJ-1 affects TGFβ-induced expression of collagen I (α2) via an mTOR-, PKCβII-, and Hif1α-dependent mechanism to regulate renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Das
- VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Soumya Maity
- Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, Texas; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas.
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Han Z, Ma K, Tao H, Liu H, Zhang J, Sai X, Li Y, Chi M, Nian Q, Song L, Liu C. A Deep Insight Into Regulatory T Cell Metabolism in Renal Disease: Facts and Perspectives. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826732. [PMID: 35251009 PMCID: PMC8892604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease encompasses a complex set of diseases that can aggravate or start systemic pathophysiological processes through their complex metabolic mechanisms and effects on body homoeostasis. The prevalence of kidney disease has increased dramatically over the last two decades. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells that express the transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) are critical for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune disease and tissue damage caused by excessive or unnecessary immune activation, including autoimmune kidney diseases. Recent studies have highlighted the critical role of metabolic reprogramming in controlling the plasticity, stability, and function of Treg cells. They are also likely to play a vital role in limiting kidney transplant rejection and potentially promoting transplant tolerance. Metabolic pathways, such as mitochondrial function, glycolysis, lipid synthesis, glutaminolysis, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation, are involved in the development of renal diseases by modulating the function and proliferation of Treg cells. Targeting metabolic pathways to alter Treg cells can offer a promising method for renal disease therapy. In this review, we provide a new perspective on the role of Treg cell metabolism in renal diseases by presenting the renal microenvironment、relevant metabolites of Treg cell metabolism, and the role of Treg cell metabolism in various kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Han
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Renal Disease Clinical Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuai Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hongxia Tao
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Renal Disease Clinical Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiyalatu Sai
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingxuan Chi
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Renal Disease Clinical Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Nian
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion Sicuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Linjiang Song
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Renal Disease Clinical Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Aypek H, Krisp C, Lu S, Liu S, Kylies D, Kretz O, Wu G, Moritz M, Amann K, Benz K, Tong P, Hu ZM, Alsulaiman SM, Khan AO, Grohmann M, Wagner T, Müller-Deile J, Schlüter H, Puelles VG, Bergmann C, Huber TB, Grahammer F. Loss of the collagen IV modifier prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2 causes thin basement membrane nephropathy. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:147253. [PMID: 35499085 PMCID: PMC9057608 DOI: 10.1172/jci147253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) produces primary urine and is composed of a fenestrated endothelium, a glomerular basement membrane (GBM), podocytes, and a slit diaphragm. Impairment of the GFB leads to albuminuria and microhematuria. The GBM is generated via secreted proteins from both endothelial cells and podocytes and is supposed to majorly contribute to filtration selectivity. While genetic mutations or variations of GBM components have been recently proposed to be a common cause of glomerular diseases, pathways modifying and stabilizing the GBM remain incompletely understood. Here, we identified prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2 (P3H2) as a regulator of the GBM in an a cohort of patients with albuminuria. P3H2 hydroxylates the 3' of prolines in collagen IV subchains in the endoplasmic reticulum. Characterization of a P3h2ΔPod mouse line revealed that the absence of P3H2 protein in podocytes induced a thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN) phenotype with a thinner GBM than that in WT mice and the development of microhematuria and microalbuminuria over time. Mechanistically, differential quantitative proteomics of the GBM identified a significant decrease in the abundance of collagen IV subchains and their interaction partners in P3h2ΔPod mice. To our knowledge, P3H2 protein is the first identified GBM modifier, and loss or mutation of P3H2 causes TBMN and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Krisp
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics Group, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shun Lu
- III. Department of Medicine and
| | | | | | | | | | - Manuela Moritz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics Group, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology and
| | - Kerstin Benz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital and
| | - Zheng-mao Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | - Arif O. Khan
- Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Maik Grohmann
- Medizinische Genetik Mainz, Limbach Genetics, Mainz, Germany
| | - Timo Wagner
- Medizinische Genetik Mainz, Limbach Genetics, Mainz, Germany
| | - Janina Müller-Deile
- Department of Nephrology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics Group, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Bergmann
- Medizinische Genetik Mainz, Limbach Genetics, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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van der Wolde J, Haruhara K, Puelles VG, Nikolic-Paterson D, Bertram JF, Cullen-McEwen LA. The ability of remaining glomerular podocytes to adapt to the loss of their neighbours decreases with age. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:439-451. [PMID: 35290515 PMCID: PMC9035415 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progressive podocyte loss is a feature of healthy ageing. While previous studies have reported age-related changes in podocyte number, density and size and associations with proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis, few studies have examined how the response of remaining podocytes to podocyte depletion changes with age. Mild podocyte depletion was induced in PodCreiDTR mice aged 1, 6, 12 and 18 months via intraperitoneal administration of diphtheria toxin. Control mice received intraperitoneal vehicle. Podometrics, proteinuria and glomerular pathology were assessed, together with podocyte expression of p-rp-S6, a phosphorylation target that represents activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Podocyte number per glomerulus did not change in control mice in the 18-month time period examined. However, control mice at 18 months had the largest podocytes and the lowest podocyte density. Podocyte depletion at 1, 6 and 12 months resulted in mild albuminuria but no glomerulosclerosis, whereas similar levels of podocyte depletion at 18 months resulted in both albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis. Following podocyte depletion at 6 and 12 months, the number of p-rp-S6 positive podocytes increased significantly, and this was associated with an adaptive increase in podocyte volume. However, at 18 months of age, remaining podocytes were unable to further elevate mTOR expression or undergo hypertrophic adaptation in response to mild podocyte depletion, resulting in marked glomerular pathology. These findings demonstrate the importance of mTORC1-mediated podocyte hypertrophy in both physiological (ageing) and adaptive settings, highlighting a functional limit to podocyte hypertrophy reached under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James van der Wolde
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kotaro Haruhara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Victor G Puelles
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Nikolic-Paterson
- Departments of Nephrology and Medicine, Monash Health and Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
| | - John F Bertram
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Luise A Cullen-McEwen
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Hinden L, Ahmad M, Hamad S, Nemirovski A, Szanda G, Glasmacher S, Kogot-Levin A, Abramovitch R, Thorens B, Gertsch J, Leibowitz G, Tam J. Opposite physiological and pathological mTORC1-mediated roles of the CB1 receptor in regulating renal tubular function. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1783. [PMID: 35379807 PMCID: PMC8980033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in the renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) contributes to the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, the CB1R/mTORC1 signaling axis in the kidney has not been described yet. We show here that hyperglycemia-induced endocannabinoid/CB1R stimulation increased mTORC1 activity, enhancing the transcription of the facilitative glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and leading to the development of DKD in mice; this effect was ameliorated by specific RPTCs ablation of GLUT2. Conversely, CB1R maintained the normal activity of mTORC1 by preventing the cellular excess of amino acids during normoglycemia. Our findings highlight a novel molecular mechanism by which the activation of mTORC1 in RPTCs is tightly controlled by CB1R, either by enhancing the reabsorption of glucose and inducing kidney dysfunction in diabetes or by preventing amino acid uptake and maintaining normal kidney function in healthy conditions. Renal proximal tubules modulate whole-body homeostasis by sensing various nutrients. Here the authors describe the existence and importance of a unique CB1/mTORC1/GLUT2 signaling axis in regulating nutrient homeostasis in healthy and diseased kidney.
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Berzal R, Agredano B, Gil M, Galindo M, Morales E. mTOR inhibitors in a patient with lupus nephritis; why not? Nefrologia 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Effects of Dietary Chlorogenic Acid Supplementation Derived from Lonicera macranthoides Hand-Mazz on Growth Performance, Free Amino Acid Profile, and Muscle Protein Synthesis in a Finishing Pig Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6316611. [PMID: 35313639 PMCID: PMC8934221 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6316611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA), as one of the richest polyphenol compounds in nature, has broad applications in many fields due to its various biological properties. However, initial data on the effects of dietary CGA on protein synthesis and related basal metabolic activity has rarely been reported. The current study is aimed at (1) determining whether dietary CGA supplementation improves the growth performance and carcass traits, (2) assessing whether dietary CGA alters the free amino acid profile, and (3) verifying whether dietary CGA promotes muscle protein synthesis in finishing pigs. Thirty-two (Large × White × Landrace) finishing barrows with an average initial body weight of
kg were randomly allotted to 4 groups and fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.08% CGA, respectively. The results indicated that, compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 0.04% CGA slightly stimulated the growth performance of pigs, whereas no significant correlation was noted between the dietary CGA levels and animal growth (
). Furthermore, the carcass traits of pigs were improved by 0.04% dietary CGA (
). In addition, dietary CGA significantly improved the serum free amino acid profiles of pigs (
), while 0.04% dietary CGA promoted more amino acids to translocate to skeletal muscles (
). The relative mRNA expression levels of SNAT2 in both longissimus dorsi (LD) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were augmented in the 0.02% and 0.04% groups (
), and the LAT1 mRNA expression in the BF muscle was elevated in the 0.02% group (
). We also found that dietary CGA supplementation at the levels of 0.04% or 0.08% promoted the expression of p-Akt and activated the mTOR-S6K1-4EBP1 axis in the LD muscle (
). Besides, the MAFbx mRNA abundance in the 0.02% and 0.04% groups was significantly lower (
). Our results revealed that dietary supplementation with CGA of 0.04% improved the free amino acid profile and enhanced muscle protein biosynthesis in the LD muscle in finishing pigs.
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Alhusaini AM, Fadda LM, Alanazi AM, Sarawi WS, Alomar HA, Ali HM, Hasan IH, Ali RA. Nano-Resveratrol: A Promising Candidate for the Treatment of Renal Toxicity Induced by Doxorubicin in Rats Through Modulation of Beclin-1 and mTOR. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:826908. [PMID: 35281939 PMCID: PMC8913579 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.826908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although doxorubicin (DXR) is one of the most used anticancer drugs, it can cause life-threatening renal damage. There has been no effective treatment for DXR-induced renal damage until now. Aim: This work aims at examining the potential impact of nano-resveratrol (N-Resv), native resveratrol (Resv), and their combination with carvedilol (Card) against DXR-induced renal toxicity in rats and to investigate the mechanisms through which these antioxidants act to ameliorate DXR nephrotoxicity. Method: DXR was administered to rats (2 mg/kg, i.p.) twice weekly over 5 weeks. The antioxidants in question were taken 1 week before the DXR dose for 6 weeks. Results: DXR exhibited an elevation in serum urea, creatinine, renal lipid peroxide levels, endoglin expression, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and beclin-1. On the other hand, renal podocin and mTOR expression and GSH levels were declined. In addition, DNA fragmentation was markedly increased in the DXR-administered group. Treatment with either Resv or N-Resv alone or in combination with Card ameliorated the previously measured parameters. Conclusion: N-Resv showed superior effectiveness relative to Resv in most of the measured parameters. Histopathological examination revealed amelioration of renal structural and cellular changes after DXR by Card and N-Resv, thus validating the previous biochemical and molecular results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam M. Alhusaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Ahlam M. Alhusaini,
| | - Laila M. Fadda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer M. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wedad S. Sarawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatun A. Alomar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanaa M. Ali
- Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman H. Hasan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab Ahmed Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Xia L, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Gong Y, Yu T, Zhao D, Qiu W, Wang Y, Zhang J. Modulation of IL-6 Expression by KLF4-Mediated Transactivation and PCAF-Mediated Acetylation in Sublytic C5b-9-Induced Rat Glomerular Mesangial Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:779667. [PMID: 35046941 PMCID: PMC8761757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) overproduction has been considered to contribute to inflammatory damage of glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) in human mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN) and its rat model called Thy-1 nephritis (Thy-1N). However, the regulatory mechanisms of IL-6 expression in GMCs upon sublytic C5b-9 timulation remain poorly understood. We found that Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) bound to the IL-6 promoter (−618 to −126 nt) and activated IL-6 gene transcription. Furthermore, lysine residue 224 of KLF4 was acetylated by p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), which was important for KLF4-mediated transactivation. Moreover, lysine residue 5 on histone H2B and lysine residue 9 on histone H3 at the IL-6 promoter were also acetylated by PCAF, which resulted in an increase in IL-6 transcription. Besides, NF-κB activation promoted IL-6 expression by elevating the expression of PCAF. Overall, these findings suggest that sublytic C5b-9-induced the expression of IL-6 involves KLF4-mediated transactivation, PCAF-mediated acetylation of KLF4 and histones, and NF-κB activation in GMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xia
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajuan Gong
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyi Yu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Qiu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Antibody Technology of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Everolimus accelerates Erastin and RSL3-induced ferroptosis in renal cell carcinoma. Gene 2022; 809:145992. [PMID: 34648917 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common type of urological cancer and is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Everolimus, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is used as second-line therapy for sorafenib- or sunitinib-refractory metastatic RCC. However, the clinical benefits of Everolimus are often hampered by drug resistance. Ferroptosis is a novel form of regulated cell death that has recently been implicated in the development and therapeutic responses to different cancers. RSL3 ((1S,3R)-RSL3) and Erastin are two experimental compounds that can induce ferroptosis. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-tumor effects of Everolimus in combination with RSL3 or Erastin in RCC. Everolimus and RSL3/Erastin could synergistically inhibit the viability and induce ferroptosis in RCC cells. Mechanistically, the inhibition of the mTOR-4EBP1 axis was found to be essential for the synergistic effects of Everolimus and RSL3/Erastin. Moreover, the forced expression of GPX4 abrogated ferroptosis induced by the combined treatment of Everolimus and RSL3/Erastin. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Everolimus in combination with RSL3/Erastin is a promising therapeutic option for RCC treatment and it may also help to overcome the limitation in clinical applicability of Everolimus.
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Tan L, Xu Y, Lan G, Wang H, Liang Z, Zhang Z, Tian Q, Hou Y, Zhao Y, Xie X. Absence of TSC1 Accelerates CD8 + T cell-mediated Acute Cardiac Allograft Rejection. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1562-1575. [PMID: 36186130 PMCID: PMC9466980 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by inactivating mutations in TSC1 or TSC2.Patients with TSC often require organ transplantation after organ failure. TSC1 serves as an important control node in immune cell development and responses; however, its effect on T cells in transplant immunity has not yet been explored. Here, we characterized the effect of TSC1 deficiency in T cells on acute allograft rejection using a mouse cardiac transplantation model. We observed compromised allograft survival in mice with TSC1-deficient T cells. Notably, the allografts in mice transferred with TSC1-deficient CD8+T cells showed accelerated acute allograft rejection. TSC1 deficiency triggered the increased accumulation of CD8+ T cells in allografts due to augmented infiltration caused by increased CXCR3 expression levels and elevated in-situ proliferation of TSC1-deficient CD8+ T cells. Compared to CD8+ T cells from wild-type (WT) mice, TSC1-deficient CD8+ T cells exhibited enhanced cell proliferation and increased expression levels of interferon-γ and granzyme B after alloantigen stimulation. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is used to treat patients with TSC and prevent rejection after solid-organ transplantation. Although rapamycin induced most cardiac allografts to survive beyond 100 d in WT mice, rapamycin-treated cardiac allografts in TSC1-deficient mice were rejected within 60 d. These results suggest that TSC1-deficient recipients may be more resistant to rapamycin-mediated immunosuppression during organ transplantation. Collectively, TSC1 significantly accelerates acute allograft rejection by enhancing the alloreactivity of CD8+ T cells, making them more resistant to mTOR inhibitor-mediated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tan
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
| | - Yanan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Gongbin Lan
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Qianchuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yangxiao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xubiao Xie
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Xubiao Xie, Department of Kidney Transplantation, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China. E-mail: .
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