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Hjálmsdóttir Á, Hasler F, Waeckerle-Men Y, Duda A, López-Deber MP, Pihlgren M, Vukicevic M, Kündig TM, Johansen P. T cell independent antibody responses with class switch and memory using peptides anchored on liposomes. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:115. [PMID: 38909055 PMCID: PMC11193769 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines generally require T lymphocytes for B-cell activation and immunoglobulin class switching in response to peptide or protein antigens. In the absence of T cells, limited IgG class switch takes place, germinal centers are short-lived, and the B cells lack memory. Here, immunization of mice with liposomes containing 15mer peptides and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as adjuvant, induced T-cell independent (TI) IgG class switch within three days, as well as germinal center formation. The antibody responses were long-lived, strictly dependent on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, partly dependent on Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) signal transmission, and independent of signaling through T-cell receptors, MHC class II and inflammasome. The antibody response showed characteristics of both TI type 1 and TI type 2. All IgG subclasses could be boosted months after primary immunization, and the biological function of the secreted antibodies was demonstrated in murine models of allergic anaphylaxis and of bacterial infection. Moreover, antibody responses after immunization with peptide- and MPLA-loaded liposomes could be triggered in neonatal mice and in mice receiving immune-suppressants. This study demonstrates T-cell independent endogenous B-cell memory and recall responses in vivo using a peptide antigen. The stimulation of these antibody responses required a correct and dense assembly and administration of peptide and adjuvant on the surface of liposomes. In the future, TI vaccines may prove beneficial in pathological conditions in which T-cell immunity is compromised through disease or medicines or when rapid, antibody-mediated immune protection is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Hasler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Agathe Duda
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria Pihlgren
- AC Immune SA, EPFL Innovation Park EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas M Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pål Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Ugale V, Deshmukh R, Lokwani D, Narayana Reddy P, Khadse S, Chaudhari P, Kulkarni PP. GluN2B subunit selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ligands: Democratizing recent progress to assist the development of novel neurotherapeutics. Mol Divers 2024; 28:1765-1792. [PMID: 37266849 PMCID: PMC10234801 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play essential roles in vital aspects of brain functions. NMDARs mediate clinical features of neurological diseases and thus, represent a potential therapeutic target for their treatments. Many findings implicated the GluN2B subunit of NMDARs in various neurological disorders including epilepsy, ischemic brain damage, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although a large amount of information is growing consistently on the importance of GluN2B subunit, however, limited recent data is available on how subunit-selective ligands impact NMDAR functions, which blunts the ability to render the diagnosis or craft novel treatments tailored to patients. To bridge this gap, we have focused on and summarized recently reported GluN2B selective ligands as emerging subunit-selective antagonists and modulators of NMDAR. Herein, we have also presented an overview of the structure-function relationship for potential GluN2B/NMDAR ligands with their binding sites and connection to CNS functionalities. Understanding of design rules and roles of GluN2B selective compounds will provide the link to medicinal chemists and neuroscientists to explore novel neurotherapeutic strategies against dysfunctions of glutamatergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Ugale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India.
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rutuja Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Lokwani
- Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Narayana Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Khadse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prashant Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad P Kulkarni
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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3
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Bhopatkar AA, Kayed R. Flanking regions, amyloid cores, and polymorphism: the potential interplay underlying structural diversity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105122. [PMID: 37536631 PMCID: PMC10482755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-sheet-rich amyloid core is the defining feature of protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Recent investigations have revealed that there exist multiple examples of the same protein, with the same sequence, forming a variety of amyloid cores with distinct structural characteristics. These structural variants, termed as polymorphs, are hypothesized to influence the pathological profile and the progression of different neurodegenerative diseases, giving rise to unique phenotypic differences. Thus, identifying the origin and properties of these structural variants remain a focus of studies, as a preliminary step in the development of therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the potential role of the flanking regions of amyloid cores in inducing polymorphism. These regions, adjacent to the amyloid cores, show a preponderance for being structurally disordered, imbuing them with functional promiscuity. The dynamic nature of the flanking regions can then manifest in the form of conformational polymorphism of the aggregates. We take a closer look at the sequences flanking the amyloid cores, followed by a review of the polymorphic aggregates of the well-characterized proteins amyloid-β, α-synuclein, Tau, and TDP-43. We also consider different factors that can potentially influence aggregate structure and how these regions can be viewed as novel targets for therapeutic strategies by utilizing their unique structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukool A Bhopatkar
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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4
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Vogler L, Ballweg A, Bohr B, Briel N, Wind K, Antons M, Kunze LH, Gnörich J, Lindner S, Gildehaus FJ, Baumann K, Bartenstein P, Boening G, Ziegler SI, Levin J, Zwergal A, Höglinger GU, Herms J, Brendel M. Assessment of synaptic loss in mouse models of β-amyloid and tau pathology using [ 18F]UCB-H PET imaging. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 39:103484. [PMID: 37541098 PMCID: PMC10407951 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In preclinical research, the use of [18F]Fluorodesoxyglucose (FDG) as a biomarker for neurodegeneration may induce bias due to enhanced glucose uptake by immune cells. In this study, we sought to investigate synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) PET with [18F]UCB-H as an alternative preclinical biomarker for neurodegenerative processes in two mouse models representing the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS A total of 29 PS2APP, 20 P301S and 12 wild-type mice aged 4.4 to 19.8 months received a dynamic [18F]UCB-H SV2A-PET scan (14.7 ± 1.5 MBq) 0-60 min post injection. Quantification of tracer uptake in cortical, cerebellar and brainstem target regions was implemented by calculating relative volumes of distribution (VT) from an image-derived-input-function (IDIF). [18F]UCB-H binding was compared across all target regions between transgenic and wild-type mice. Additional static scans were performed in a subset of mice to compare [18F]FDG and [18F]GE180 (18 kDa translocator protein tracer as a surrogate for microglial activation) standardized uptake values (SUV) with [18F]UCB-H binding at different ages. Following the final scan, a subset of mouse brains was immunohistochemically stained with synaptic markers for gold standard validation of the PET results. RESULTS [18F]UCB-H binding in all target regions was significantly reduced in 8-months old P301S transgenic mice when compared to wild-type controls (temporal lobe: p = 0.014; cerebellum: p = 0.0018; brainstem: p = 0.0014). Significantly lower SV2A tracer uptake was also observed in 13-months (temporal lobe: p = 0.0080; cerebellum: p = 0.006) and 19-months old (temporal lobe: p = 0.0042; cerebellum: p = 0.011) PS2APP transgenic versus wild-type mice, whereas the brainstem revealed no significantly altered [18F]UCB-H binding. Immunohistochemical analyses of post-mortem mouse brain tissue confirmed the SV2A PET findings. Correlational analyses of [18F]UCB-H and [18F]FDG using Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed a significant negative association in the PS2APP mouse model (R = -0.26, p = 0.018). Exploratory analyses further stressed microglial activation as a potential reason for this inverse relationship, since [18F]FDG and [18F]GE180 quantification were positively correlated in this cohort (R = 0.36, p = 0.0076). CONCLUSION [18F]UCB-H reliably depicts progressive synaptic loss in PS2APP and P301S transgenic mice, potentially qualifying as a more reliable alternative to [18F]FDG as a biomarker for assessment of neurodegeneration in preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Vogler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Ballweg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Bohr
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nils Briel
- Center for Neuropathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Wind
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melissa Antons
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lea H Kunze
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Gnörich
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Gildehaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Baumann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Boening
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sibylle I Ziegler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Zwergal
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (DSGZ), University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Center for Neuropathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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5
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Yadollahikhales G, Rojas JC. Anti-Amyloid Immunotherapies for Alzheimer's Disease: A 2023 Clinical Update. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:914-931. [PMID: 37490245 PMCID: PMC10457266 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis is a useful framework for therapeutic development in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid b1-42 (Aβ) has been the main target of experimental therapies, based on evidence of the neurotoxic effects of Aβ, and of the potential adverse effects of brain Aβ burden detected in humans in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET). Progress on passive anti-amyloid immunotherapy research includes identification of antibodies that facilitate microglial activation, catalytical disaggregation, and increased flow of Aβ from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to plasma, thus decreasing the neurotoxic effects of Aβ. Recently completed phase 2 and 3 trials of 3rd generation anti-amyloid immunotherapies are supportive of their clinical efficacy in reducing brain Aβ burden and preventing cognitive decline. Data from recent trials implicate these agents as the first effective disease-modifying therapies against AD and has led to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recent approval of aducanumab and lecanemab, under an accelerated approval pathway. The clinical effects of these agents are modest, however, and associated with amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA). Testing the effects of anti-Aβ immunotherapies in pre-symptomatic populations and identification of more potent and safer agents is the scope of ongoing and future research. Innovations in clinical trial design will be the key for the efficient and equitable development of novel anti-Aβ immunotherapies. The progress in the field of AD therapeutics will bring new clinical, logistical, and ethical challenges, which pose to revolutionize the practice of neurology, dementia care, and preventive cognitive healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Yadollahikhales
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, 1551 4th Street, 411G, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Julio C Rojas
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, 1551 4th Street, 411G, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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6
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Zhang Y, Chen H, Li R, Sterling K, Song W. Amyloid β-based therapy for Alzheimer's disease: challenges, successes and future. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:248. [PMID: 37386015 PMCID: PMC10310781 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β protein (Aβ) is the main component of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its accumulation has been considered as the molecular driver of Alzheimer's pathogenesis and progression. Aβ has been the prime target for the development of AD therapy. However, the repeated failures of Aβ-targeted clinical trials have cast considerable doubt on the amyloid cascade hypothesis and whether the development of Alzheimer's drug has followed the correct course. However, the recent successes of Aβ targeted trials have assuaged those doubts. In this review, we discussed the evolution of the amyloid cascade hypothesis over the last 30 years and summarized its application in Alzheimer's diagnosis and modification. In particular, we extensively discussed the pitfalls, promises and important unanswered questions regarding the current anti-Aβ therapy, as well as strategies for further study and development of more feasible Aβ-targeted approaches in the optimization of AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Huaqiu Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keenan Sterling
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Alshamrani M. Recent Trends in Active and Passive Immunotherapies of Alzheimer's Disease. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:41. [PMID: 37366656 DOI: 10.3390/antib12020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the elderly, a debilitating condition known as dementia, which is a major health concern, is caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite promising advances by researchers, there is currently no way to completely cure this devastating disease. It is illustrated by the deposition of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) plaques that are followed by neural dysfunction and cognitive decline. Responses against AD activate an immune system that contributes to and accelerates AD pathogenesis. Potential efforts in the field of pathogenesis have prompted researchers to explore novel therapies such as active and passive vaccines against Aβ proteins (Aβ immunotherapy), intravenous immunoglobulin, and tau immunotherapy, as well as targets that include microglia and several cytokines for the treatment of AD. Aims are now underway by experts to begin immunotherapies before the clinical manifestation, which is made possible by improving the sensitivity of biomarkers used for the diagnosis of AD to have better outcome measures. This review provides an overview of approved immunotherapeutic strategies for AD and those currently being investigated in clinical trials. We examine their mechanisms of action and discuss the potential perspectives and challenges associated with immunotherapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshal Alshamrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G. Lessons from antiamyloid-β immunotherapies in Alzheimer's disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:267-292. [PMID: 36803816 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis, that established amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide as the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementia, has driven the development of treatments for neurodegeneration for 30 years. During the last decades, more than 200 clinical trials testing more than 30 anti-Aβ immunotherapies have been assessed as potential treatments for AD. A vaccine against Aβ was the first immunotherapy intended to avoid aggregation of Aβ into fibrils and senile plaques, but it dramatically failed. Several other vaccines have been proposed as potential AD treatments, targeting different domains or structural motifs of Aβ aggregates, but without clear clinical benefits or effectiveness. In contrast, anti-Aβ therapeutic antibodies have focused on recognizing and removing Aβ aggregates (oligomers, fibrils, or plaques) by eliciting immune clearance. In 2021, the first anti-Aβ antibody, aducanumab (branded as Aduhelm), received FDA approval under an accelerated approval process. The effectiveness and the overall processes regarding the approval of Aduhelm have been under major criticism and scrutiny, prompting a vote of no confidence by public and private health providers, limiting the coverage only to patients enrolled in clinical trials and not for the general elderly patients. Additionally, another three therapeutic anti-Aβ antibodies are following the same path for potential FDA approval. Here, we present the current status of anti-Aβ immunotherapies under evaluation in preclinical and clinical trials for the treatment of AD and related dementia, with a discussion of the main findings and critical lessons learned from the observations from Phase III, II, and I clinical trials of anti-Aβ vaccines and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Plascencia-Villa
- Department of Neurosciences, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - George Perry
- Department of Neurosciences, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX, United States.
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9
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Vogt ACS, Jennings GT, Mohsen MO, Vogel M, Bachmann MF. Alzheimer's Disease: A Brief History of Immunotherapies Targeting Amyloid β. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3895. [PMID: 36835301 PMCID: PMC9961492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and may contribute to 60-70% of cases. Worldwide, around 50 million people suffer from dementia and the prediction is that the number will more than triple by 2050, as the population ages. Extracellular protein aggregation and plaque deposition as well as accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, all leading to neurodegeneration, are the hallmarks of brains with Alzheimer's disease. Therapeutic strategies including active and passive immunizations have been widely explored in the last two decades. Several compounds have shown promising results in many AD animal models. To date, only symptomatic treatments are available and because of the alarming epidemiological data, novel therapeutic strategies to prevent, mitigate, or delay the onset of AD are required. In this mini-review, we focus on our understanding of AD pathobiology and discuss current active and passive immunomodulating therapies targeting amyloid-β protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cathrine S. Vogt
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (RI), University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Mona O. Mohsen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (RI), University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (RI), University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (RI), University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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10
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Koch KC, Tew GN. Functional antibody delivery: Advances in cellular manipulation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 192:114586. [PMID: 36280179 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The current therapeutic antibody market in the U.S. consists of 100 antibody-based products and their market value is expected to explode beyond $300 billion by 2025. These therapies are presently limited to extracellular targets due to the innate inability of antibodies to transverse membranes. To expand the number of accessible therapeutic targets, intracellular antibody delivery is necessary. Many delivery vehicles for antibodies have been used with some promising results, such as nanoparticles and cell penetrating polymers. Despite the success of these delivery platforms using model antibody cargo, there is a surprisingly small number of studies that focus on functional antibody delivery into the cytosol that also measures a cellular response. Antibodies can be designed for essentially unlimited targets, including proteins and DNA, that will ultimately control cell function once delivered inside cells. Advancement in cellular manipulation depends on the application of intracellularly delivering functional antibodies to achieve a desired result. This review focuses on the emerging field of functional antibody delivery which enables various cellular responses and cell manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla C Koch
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N Tew
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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11
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Kim D, Kiprov DD, Luellen C, Lieb M, Liu C, Watanabe E, Mei X, Cassaleto K, Kramer J, Conboy MJ, Conboy IM. Old plasma dilution reduces human biological age: a clinical study. GeroScience 2022; 44:2701-2720. [PMID: 35999337 PMCID: PMC9398900 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This work extrapolates to humans the previous animal studies on blood heterochronicity and establishes a novel direct measurement of biological age. Our results support the hypothesis that, similar to mice, human aging is driven by age-imposed systemic molecular excess, the attenuation of which reverses biological age, defined in our work as a deregulation (noise) of 10 novel protein biomarkers. The results on biological age are strongly supported by the data, which demonstrates that rounds of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) promote a global shift to a younger systemic proteome, including youthfully restored pro-regenerative, anticancer, and apoptotic regulators and a youthful profile of myeloid/lymphoid markers in circulating cells, which have reduced cellular senescence and lower DNA damage. Mechanistically, the circulatory regulators of the JAK-STAT, MAPK, TGF-beta, NF-κB, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways become more youthfully balanced through normalization of TLR4, which we define as a nodal point of this molecular rejuvenation. The significance of our findings is confirmed through big-data gene expression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehwan Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Connor Luellen
- Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Michael Lieb
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Etsuko Watanabe
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Mei
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Joel Kramer
- Brain Aging Center, UCSF, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael J Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Irina M Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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12
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Iacobelli P. Circadian dysregulation and Alzheimer’s disease: A comprehensive review. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2022.9050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the foremost variant of dementia, has been associated with a menagerie of risk factors, many of which are considered to be modifiable. Among these modifiable risk factors is circadian rhythm, the chronobiological system that regulates sleep‐wake cycles, food consumption timing, hydration timing, and immune responses amongst many other necessary physiological processes. Circadian rhythm at the level of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is tightly regulated in the human body by a host of biomolecular substances, principally the hormones melatonin, cortisol, and serotonin. In addition, photic information projected along afferent pathways to the SCN and peripheral oscillators regulates the synthesis of these hormones and mediates the manner in which they act on the SCN and its substructures. Dysregulation of this cycle, whether induced by environmental changes involving irregular exposure to light, or through endogenous pathology, will have a negative impact on immune system optimization and will heighten the deposition of Aβ and the hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein. Given these correlations, it appears that there is a physiologic association between circadian rhythm dysregulation and AD. This review will explore the physiology of circadian dysregulation in the AD brain, and will propose a basic model for its role in AD‐typical pathology, derived from the literature compiled and referenced throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Iacobelli
- Department of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
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13
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Zieneldien T, Kim J, Sawmiller D, Cao C. The Immune System as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer’s Disease. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091440. [PMID: 36143476 PMCID: PMC9506058 DOI: 10.3390/life12091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder and is the most common cause of dementia. Furthermore, aging is considered the most critical risk factor for AD. However, despite the vast amount of research and resources allocated to the understanding and development of AD treatments, setbacks have been more prominent than successes. Recent studies have shown that there is an intricate connection between the immune and central nervous systems, which can be imbalanced and thereby mediate neuroinflammation and AD. Thus, this review examines this connection and how it can be altered with AD. Recent developments in active and passive immunotherapy for AD are also discussed as well as suggestions for improving these therapies moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Janice Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Darrell Sawmiller
- MegaNano BioTech, Inc., 3802 Spectrum Blvd. Suite 122, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Chik MW, Hazalin NAMN, Singh GKS. Regulation of phase I and phase II neurosteroid enzymes in the hippocampus of an Alzheimer's disease rat model: A focus on sulphotransferases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Steroids 2022; 184:109035. [PMID: 35405201 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases because they are involved in the modulation of neurotransmitter, neurotropic and neuroprotective actions. Emerging evidence suggests that the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of neurosteroids change during the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study aimed to assess the changes in phase I and II enzymes involved in the metabolism of neurosteroids of the progestogen, androgenic and estrogenic steroidogenic pathways and the possibility that the neurosteroids are actively converted into the most abundant metabolites (i.e. glucuronides and sulphates). The gene expression for the phase I and II neurosteroid biosynthetic enzymes were studied in the hippocampus of streptozotocin AD rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, sham (saline injected into the hippocampus) and 3 and 12 weeks post-STZ administration (STZ-G3w and STZ-G12w, respectively) groups. Behavioral assessments showed memory impairment in both STZ-injected groups, whereas the formation of amyloid-beta was more pronounced in the STZ-12w group. Gene expression of the hippocampus revealed that glucuronidation and sulphation enzymes transcript of the phase I metabolites were upregulated at the late stage of the disease progression (Hsd17b10, Hsd3b1, Akr1c3 and Cyp19a1) except for Sts. The phase II Sult and Ugt enzymes were mostly upregulated in the STZ-G12w rats (Sult1a1, Sult1e1, Ugt1a1, Ugt1a7c, Ugt1a6, Ugt2b35 and Ugt2b17) and normally expressed in the STZ-G3w group (Sult2a2, Sult2a6, Sult2b1, Ugt2b7, Sult4a1 and Ugt1a7c). In conclusion, changes occur in the phase I and II enzymes transcript of the progestogen, androgenic and estrogenic steroidogenic pathways during the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazzura Wan Chik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Aqmar Mohd Nor Hazalin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMiSE), Level 7, FF3, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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15
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Bathini P, Sun T, Schenk M, Schilling S, McDannold NJ, Lemere CA. Acute Effects of Focused Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening on Anti-Pyroglu3 Abeta Antibody Delivery and Immune Responses. Biomolecules 2022; 12:951. [PMID: 35883506 PMCID: PMC9313174 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain. Currently, therapeutic agents targeting amyloid appear promising for AD, however, delivery to the CNS is limited due to the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a method to induce a temporary opening of the BBB to enhance the delivery of therapeutic agents to the CNS. In this study, we evaluated the acute effects of FUS and whether the use of FUS-induced BBB opening enhances the delivery of 07/2a mAb, an anti-pyroglutamate-3 Aβ antibody, in aged 24 mo-old APP/PS1dE9 transgenic mice. FUS was performed either unilaterally or bilaterally with mAb infusion and the short-term effect was analyzed 4 h and 72 h post-treatment. Quantitative analysis by ELISA showed a 5-6-fold increase in 07/2a mAb levels in the brain at both time points and an increased brain-to-blood ratio of the antibody. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated an increase in IgG2a mAb detection particularly in the cortex, enhanced immunoreactivity of resident Iba1+ and phagocytic CD68+ microglial cells, and a transient increase in the infiltration of Ly6G+ immune cells. Cerebral microbleeds were not altered in the unilaterally or bilaterally sonicated hemispheres. Overall, this study shows the potential of FUS therapy for the enhanced delivery of CNS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Bathini
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Tao Sun
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Mathias Schenk
- Department of Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany; (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Department of Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany; (M.S.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Applied Biosciences and Process Technology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburger Strasse 55, 06366 Kothen, Germany
| | - Nathan J. McDannold
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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16
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Luo JJ, Wallace W, Kusiak JW. A tough trek in the development of an anti-amyloid therapy for Alzheimer's disease: Do we see hope in the distance? J Neurol Sci 2022; 438:120294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Tripathi SK, Kesharwani K, Kaul G, Akhir A, Saxena D, Singh R, Mishra NK, Pandey A, Chopra S, Joshi KB. Amyloid-β Inspired Short Peptide Amphiphile Facilitates Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Antibacterial Agents. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200251. [PMID: 35684988 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An amyloid-β inspired biocompatible short peptide amphiphile (sPA) molecule was used for controlled and targeted delivery of bioactive silver nanoparticles via transforming sPA nanostructures. Such sPA-AgNPs hybrid structures can be further used to develop antibacterial materials to combat emerging bacterial resistance. Due to the excellent antibacterial activity of silver, the growth of clinically relevant bacteria was inhibited in the presence of AgNPs-sPA hybrids. Bacterial tests demonstrated that the high biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity of the designed sPA allow it to work as a model drug delivery agent. It therefore shows great potential in locally addressing bacterial infections. The results of our study suggest that these nanodevices have the potential to trap and then engage in the facile delivery of their chemical payload at the target site, thereby working as potential delivery materials. This system has potential therapeutic value for the treatment of microbiota triggered progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra K Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Dr.Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Khushboo Kesharwani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Dr.Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Grace Kaul
- Department of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Abdul Akhir
- Department of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, India
| | - Deepanshi Saxena
- Department of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, India
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Dr.Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Narendra K Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Archna Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Dr.Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Department of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Khashti B Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Dr.Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP, 470003, India
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18
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Du F, Zhao H, Yao M, Yang Y, Jiao J, Li C. Deer antler extracts reduce amyloid-beta toxicity in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114850. [PMID: 34801608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Velvet antler extracts (VAE) are composed of a variety of active substances and growth factors, and have been reported to improve sleep quality and memory. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to explore the protective effects and mechanism of action for VAE on Alzheimer's disease (AD) using a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model. MATERIALS AND METHODS C. elegans were cultivated at 40% relative humidity on solid nematode growth medium (NGM) containing live E. coli (OP50) as the food source, with Strain N2 (normal) held at 20 °C and the CL4176s (transgenic) held at 16 °C. AD-like aggregation of Aβ peptide in the CL4176s strain is induced by lifting the temperature to 25 °C. Nematodes were treated with three types of VAEs and Resveratrol (positive control). Analyses included qRT-PCR for quantification of gene transcripts of interest; ELISA for measuring levels of amyloid-β protein; Thioflavin T fluorescent staining for localizing Aβ depositions; assays for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD). RESULTS VAEs reduced β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) toxicity in the transgenic C. elegans model. An enzymatically-digested VAE (EDVAE) was superior to both a cold-water VAE (CWVAE) and a hot-water VAE (HWVAE) from the same velvet antler. EDVAE treatment reduced the severity of the Aβ-induced paralysis phenotype and decreased the amount of Aβ deposits in the AD model nematodes, and these effects were found to be significantly better than that of the positive control Resveratrol. In addition, EDVAE treatment reduced production of ROS (induced by Aβ), enhanced SOD activity, and elevated expression levels of antioxidant-related transcription factors, although it is not known whether these effects were achieved directly or indirectly. CONCLUSION EDVAE had a protective role in Aβ-induced toxicity in the transgenic AD nematodes, possibly through reducing accumulation of toxic Aβ and enhancing the ability of nematodes to resist oxidative stress. Thus, EDVAE has potential to be an effective treatment to relieve the symptoms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Du
- Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, 130600, China.
| | - Haiping Zhao
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Mengjie Yao
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. 4899 Juye Street, Changchun, 130112, China.
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Jingxue Jiao
- Ophthalmology Department, Secondary Hospital, Jilin University, China.
| | - Chunyi Li
- Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, 130600, China.
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Application of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030798. [PMID: 35160250 PMCID: PMC8836442 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is reportedly a potential tool to understand the neural network; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cognitive function change remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the cognitive function changes by rTMS over the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We evaluated the feasibility of rTMS application for mild cognitive dysfunction in patients with AD in an open-label trial (UMIN000027013). An rTMS session involved 15 trains at 120% resting motor threshold on each side (40 pulses/train at 10 Hz). Efficacy outcome measures were changes from baseline in cognitive function, assessed based on the AD Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale, Mini-Mental State Examination, Japanese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-J), Behavioral and Psychological Symptom of Dementia, and Instrumental Activity of Daily Living scores. Sixteen patients with AD underwent five daily sessions of high-frequency rTMS over the bilateral DLPFC for 2 weeks. All participants completed the study; no major adverse effects were recorded. The MoCA-J score increased by 1.4 points (±0.15%) following 2 weeks of stimulation. At 1 month following rTMS cessation, all cognitive functional scores returned to the original state. Our findings suggest that the DLPFC plays an important role in the neural network in AD.
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20
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Joshi C, Sivaprakasam K, Christley S, Ireland S, Rivas J, Zhang W, Sader D, Logan R, Lambracht-Washington D, Rosenberg R, Cullum M, Hitt B, Li QZ, Barber R, Greenberg B, Cowell L, Zhang R, Stowe A, Huebinger R, Kelley B, Monson N. CSF-Derived CD4 + T-Cell Diversity Is Reduced in Patients With Alzheimer Clinical Syndrome. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/1/e1106. [PMID: 34848502 PMCID: PMC8631792 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Patients with Alzheimer dementia display evidence of amyloid-related neurodegeneration. Our focus was to determine whether such patients also display evidence of a disease-targeting adaptive immune response mediated by CD4+ T cells. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the CSF immune profiles of patients with Alzheimer clinical syndrome (ACS), who display clinically defined dementia. METHODS Innate and adaptive immune profiles of patients with ACS were measured using multicolor flow cytometry. CSF-derived CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell receptor repertoire genetics were measured using next-generation sequencing. Brain-specific autoantibody signatures of CSF-derived antibody pools were measured using array technology or ELISA. CSF from similar-age healthy controls (HCs) was used as a comparator cohort. RESULTS Innate cells were expanded in the CSF of patients with ACS in comparison to HCs, and innate cell expansion increased with age in the patients with ACS, but not HCs. Despite innate cell expansion in the CSF, the frequency of total CD4+ T cells reduced with age in the patients with ACS. T-cell receptor repertoire genetics indicated that T-cell clonal expansion is enhanced, and diversity is reduced in the patients with ACS compared with similar-age HCs. DISCUSSION Examination of CSF indicates that CD4+ T cell-mediated adaptive immune responses are altered in patients with ACS. Understanding the underlying mechanisms affecting adaptive immunity will help move us toward the goal of slowing cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Joshi
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Karthigayini Sivaprakasam
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Scott Christley
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sara Ireland
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Jacqueline Rivas
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Wei Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Danielle Sader
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Rebecca Logan
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Doris Lambracht-Washington
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Roger Rosenberg
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Munro Cullum
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Brian Hitt
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Robert Barber
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Benjamin Greenberg
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Lindsay Cowell
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Rong Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ann Stowe
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ryan Huebinger
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Brendan Kelley
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Nancy Monson
- From the Department of Neurology (C.J., S.I., J.R., W.Z., D.S., R.L., D.L.-W., R.R., M.C., B.H., B.G., R.Z., B.K., N.M.), Department of Neuroscience (K.S.), Department of Population and Data Sciences, (S.C., L.C.), Department of Psychiatry (M.C.), Department of Immunology (Q-Z.L, N.M.) and Department of Surgery (R.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center UNT Health Science Center (R.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
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Hussain A, Rafeeq H, Munir N, Jabeen Z, Afsheen N, Rehman KU, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Dendritic Cell-Targeted Therapies to Treat Neurological Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:603-619. [PMID: 34743292 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the immune system's highly specialized antigen-presenting cells. When DCs are sluggish and mature, self-antigen presentation results in tolerance; however, when pathogen-associated molecular patterns stimulate mature DCs, antigen presentation results in the development of antigen-specific immunity. DCs have been identified in various vital organs of mammals (e.g., the skin, heart, lungs, intestines, and spleen), but the brain has long been thought to be devoid of DCs in the absence of neuroinflammation. However, neuroinflammation is becoming more recognized as a factor in a variety of brain illnesses. DCs are present in the brain parenchyma in trace amounts under healthy circumstances, but their numbers rise during neuroinflammation. New therapeutics are being developed that can reduce dendritic cell immunogenicity by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production and T cell co-stimulatory pathways. Additionally, innovative ways of regulating dendritic cell growth and differentiation and harnessing their tolerogenic capability are being explored. Herein, we described the function of dendritic cells in neurological disorders and discussed the potential for future therapeutic techniques that target dendritic cells and dendritic cell-related targets in the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Rafeeq
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Nimra Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Zara Jabeen
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Afsheen
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Khalil Ur Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, Mexico.
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22
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Pursuit of precision medicine: Systems biology approaches in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 161:105558. [PMID: 34767943 PMCID: PMC10112395 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disease that is mediated by numerous factors and manifests in various forms. A systems biology approach to studying AD involves analyses of various body systems, biological scales, environmental elements, and clinical outcomes to understand the genotype to phenotype relationship that potentially drives AD development. Currently, there are many research investigations probing how modifiable and nonmodifiable factors impact AD symptom presentation. This review specifically focuses on how imaging modalities can be integrated into systems biology approaches using model mouse populations to link brain level functional and structural changes to disease onset and progression. Combining imaging and omics data promotes the classification of AD into subtypes and paves the way for precision medicine solutions to prevent and treat AD.
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Ullah R, Park TJ, Huang X, Kim MO. Abnormal amyloid beta metabolism in systemic abnormalities and Alzheimer's pathology: Insights and therapeutic approaches from periphery. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101451. [PMID: 34450351 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated, multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that is incurable. Despite recent success in treatments that partially improve symptomatic relief, they have failed in most clinical trials. Re-holding AD for accurate diagnosis and treatment is widely known as a challenging task. Lack of knowledge of basic molecular pathogenesis might be a possible reason for ineffective AD treatment. Historically, a majority of therapy-based studies have investigated the role of amyloid-β (Aβ peptide) in the central nervous system (CNS), whereas less is known about Aβ peptide in the periphery in AD. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of Aβ peptide metabolism (anabolism and catabolism) in the brain and periphery. We show that the abnormal metabolism of Aβ peptide is significantly linked with central-brain and peripheral abnormalities; the interaction between peripheral Aβ peptide metabolism and peripheral abnormalities affects central-brain Aβ peptide metabolism, suggesting the existence of significant communication between these two pathways of Aβ peptide metabolism. This close interaction between the central brain and periphery in abnormal Aβ peptide metabolism plays a key role in the development and progression of AD. In conclusion, we need to obtain a full understanding of the dynamic roles of Aβ peptide at the molecular level in both the brain and periphery in relation to the pathology of AD. This will not only provide new information regarding the complex disease pathology, but also offer potential new clues to improve therapeutic strategies and diagnostic biomarkers for the successful treatment of AD.
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Mahdiabadi S, Momtazmanesh S, Perry G, Rezaei N. Immune modulations and immunotherapies for Alzheimer's disease: a comprehensive review. Rev Neurosci 2021; 33:365-381. [PMID: 34506700 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is characterized by progressive cognitive and memory impairment ensued from neuronal dysfunction and eventual death. Intraneuronal deposition of tau proteins and extracellular senile amyloid-β plaques have ruled as the supreme postulations of AD for a relatively long time, and accordingly, a wide range of therapeutics, especially immunotherapies have been implemented. However, none of them resulted in significant positive cognitive outcomes. Especially, the repetitive failure of anti-amyloid therapies proves the inefficiency of the amyloid cascade hypothesis, suggesting that it is time to reconsider this hypothesis. Thus, for the time being, the focus is being shifted to neuroinflammation as a third core pathology in AD. Neuroinflammation was previously considered a result of the two aforementioned phenomena, but new studies suggest that it might play a causal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Neuroinflammation can act as a double-edged sword in the pathogenesis of AD, and the activation of glial cells is indispensable for mediating such attenuating or detrimental effects. The association of immune-related genes polymorphisms with the clinical phenotype of AD as well as the protective effect of anti-inflammatory drugs like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs supports the possible causal role of neuroinflammation in AD. Here, we comprehensively review immune-based therapeutic approaches toward AD, including monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. We also discuss their efficacy and underlying reasons for shortcomings. Lastly, we highlight the capacity of modulating the neuroimmune interactions and targeting neuroinflammation as a promising opportunity for finding optimal treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mahdiabadi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Children's Medical Center, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14194, Iran
| | - Sara Momtazmanesh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Children's Medical Center, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14194, Iran
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology and Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Children's Medical Center, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14194, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
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Yan C, Wang C, Shao X, Shu Q, Hu X, Guan P, Teng Y, Cheng Y. Dual-targeted carbon-dot-drugs nanoassemblies for modulating Alzheimer's related amyloid- β aggregation and inhibiting fungal infection. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100167. [PMID: 34901820 PMCID: PMC8639470 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid aggregation and fungal infection, especially amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and Candida albicans are considered as two of the crucial pathogenic agents in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this work, we propose an innovative treatment strategy for AD, targeting at not only Aβ aggregation but also Candida albicans infection. Here, a high-performance nanomaterial, namely gCDs-E, have been prepared by self-assembled of glycosylated carbon dots (gCDs) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Surprisingly, gCDs-E can not only suppress the fibrillation of Aβ and disaggregate Aβ fibrils, but also effectively inhibit the activity of Candida albicans. More importantly, the prepared gCDs-E can effectively cut down the cytotoxicity of amyloid aggregations, and the cell viability reached to 99.2%. In addition, the capability of the gCDs-E for blood brain barrier (BBB) penetration was also observed using a normal mice model. Above all, the gCDs-E greatly cleaned Aβ deposition and improved memory impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic AD model mice, confirming its potential as therapeutic agent for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoren Yan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Chaoli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, PR China
| | - Xu Shao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Qi Shu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Ping Guan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Yonggang Teng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Monash Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Victoria, 3800, Melbourne, Australia
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Prins S, Zhuparris A, Hart EP, Doll RJ, Groeneveld GJ. A cross-sectional study in healthy elderly subjects aimed at development of an algorithm to increase identification of Alzheimer pathology for the purpose of clinical trial participation. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:132. [PMID: 34274005 PMCID: PMC8286577 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background In the current study, we aimed to develop an algorithm based on biomarkers obtained through non- or minimally invasive procedures to identify healthy elderly subjects who have an increased risk of abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid beta42 (Aβ) levels consistent with the presence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. The use of the algorithm may help to identify subjects with preclinical AD who are eligible for potential participation in trials with disease modifying compounds being developed for AD. Due to this pre-selection, fewer lumbar punctures will be needed, decreasing overall burden for study subjects and costs. Methods Healthy elderly subjects (n = 200; age 65–70 (N = 100) and age > 70 (N = 100)) with an MMSE > 24 were recruited. An automated central nervous system test battery was used for cognitive profiling. CSF Aβ1-42 concentrations, plasma Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, neurofilament light, and total Tau concentrations were measured. Aβ1-42/1-40 ratio was calculated for plasma. The neuroinflammation biomarker YKL-40 and APOE ε4 status were determined in plasma. Different mathematical models were evaluated on their sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value. A logistic regression algorithm described the data best. Data were analyzed using a 5-fold cross validation logistic regression classifier. Results Two hundred healthy elderly subjects were enrolled in this study. Data of 154 subjects were used for the per protocol analysis. The average age of the 154 subjects was 72.1 (65–86) years. Twenty-four (27.3%) were Aβ positive for AD (age 65–83). The results of the logistic regression classifier showed that predictive features for Aβ positivity/negativity in CSF consist of sex, 7 CNS tests, and 1 plasma-based assay. The model achieved a sensitivity of 70.82% (± 4.35) and a specificity of 89.25% (± 4.35) with respect to identifying abnormal CSF in healthy elderly subjects. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed an AUC of 65% (± 0.10). Conclusion This algorithm would allow for a 70% reduction of lumbar punctures needed to identify subjects with abnormal CSF Aβ levels consistent with AD. The use of this algorithm can be expected to lower overall subject burden and costs of identifying subjects with preclinical AD and therefore of total study costs. Trial registration ISRCTN.org identifier: ISRCTN79036545 (retrospectively registered). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00874-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Prins
- Centre for Human drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ellen P Hart
- Centre for Human drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Geert Jan Groeneveld
- Centre for Human drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands. .,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Sun T, Shi Q, Zhang Y, Power C, Hoesch C, Antonelli S, Schroeder MK, Caldarone BJ, Taudte N, Schenk M, Hettmann T, Schilling S, McDannold NJ, Lemere CA. Focused ultrasound with anti-pGlu3 Aβ enhances efficacy in Alzheimer's disease-like mice via recruitment of peripheral immune cells. J Control Release 2021; 336:443-456. [PMID: 34186148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamate-3 amyloid-β (pGlu3 Aβ) is an N-terminally modified, pathogenic form of amyloid-β that is present in cerebral amyloid plaques and vascular deposits. Here, we used focused ultrasound (FUS) with microbubbles to enhance the intravenous delivery of an Fc-competent anti-pGlu3 Aβ monoclonal antibody, 07/2a mAb, across the blood brain barrier (BBB) in an attempt to improve Aβ removal and memory in aged APP/PS1dE9 mice, an Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like model of amyloidogenesis. First, we demonstrated that bilateral hippocampal FUS-BBB disruption (FUS-BBBD) led to a 5.5-fold increase of 07/2a mAb delivery to the brains compared to non-sonicated mice 72 h following a single treatment. Then, we determined that three weekly treatments with 07/2a mAb alone improved spatial learning and memory in aged, plaque-rich APP/PS1dE9 mice, and that this improvement occurred faster and in a higher percentage of animals when combined with FUS-BBBD. Mice given the combination treatment had reduced hippocampal plaque burden compared to PBS-treated controls. Furthermore, synaptic protein levels were higher in hippocampal synaptosomes from mice given the combination treatment compared to sham controls, and there were more CA3 synaptic puncta labeled in the APP/PS1dE9 mice given the combination treatment compared to those given mAb alone. Plaque-associated microglia were present in the hippocampi of APP/PS1dE9 mice treated with 07/2a mAb with and without FUS-BBBD. However, we discovered that plaque-associated Ly6G+ monocytes were only present in the hippocampi of APP/PS1dE9 mice that were given FUS-BBBD alone or even more so, the combination treatment. Lastly, FUS-BBBD did not increase the incidence of microhemorrhage in mice with or without 07/2a mAb treatment. Our findings suggest that FUS is a useful tool to enhance delivery and efficacy of an anti-pGlu3 Aβ mAb for immunotherapy either via an additive effect or an independent mechanism. We revealed a potential novel mechanism wherein the combination of 07/2a mAb with FUS-BBBD led to greater monocyte infiltration and recruitment to plaques in this AD-like model. Overall, these effects resulted in greater plaque removal, sparing of synapses and improved cognitive function without causing overt damage, suggesting the possibility of FUS-BBBD as a noninvasive method to increase the therapeutic efficacy of drugs or biologics in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Qiaoqiao Shi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases in the Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Chanikarn Power
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Camilla Hoesch
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases in the Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Shawna Antonelli
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases in the Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Maren K Schroeder
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases in the Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Barbara J Caldarone
- Harvard Medical School Mouse Behavior Core, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nadine Taudte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mathias Schenk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Stephan Schilling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, Halle (Saale), Germany; Vivoryon Therapeutics AG, Halle (Saale), Germany; Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Köthen, Germany
| | - Nathan J McDannold
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases in the Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
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Hesperetin Nanocrystals Improve Mitochondrial Function in a Cell Model of Early Alzheimer Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071003. [PMID: 34201544 PMCID: PMC8300699 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a hallmark of both brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer disease (AD). AD-related mitochondrial dysfunction is characterized by an impaired electron transport chain (ETC), subsequent decreased adenosine triphoshpate (ATP) levels, and elevated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The bioactive citrus flavanone hesperetin (Hst) is known to modulate inflammatory response, to function as an antioxidant, and to provide neuroprotective properties. The efficacy in improving mitochondrial dysfunction of Hst nanocrystals (HstN) with increased bioavailability has not yet been investigated. Human SH-SY5Y cells harboring neuronal amyloid precursor protein (APP695) acted as a model for the initial phase of AD. MOCK-transfected cells served as controls. The energetic metabolite ATP was determined using a luciferase-catalyzed bioluminescence assay. The activity of mitochondrial respiration chain complexes was assessed by high-resolution respirometry using a Clarke electrode. Expression levels of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex genes were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The levels of amyloid β-protein (Aβ1-40) were measured using homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF). ROS levels, peroxidase activity, and cytochrome c activity were determined using a fluorescence assay. Compared to pure Hst dissolved in ethanol (HstP), SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells incubated with HstN resulted in significantly reduced mitochondrial dysfunction: ATP levels and respiratory chain complex activity significantly increased. Gene expression levels of RCC I, IV, and V were significantly upregulated. In comparison, the effects of HstN on SY5Y-MOCK control cells were relatively small. Pure Hst dissolved in ethanol (HstP) had almost no effect on both cell lines. Neither HstN nor HstP led to significant changes in Aβ1-40 levels. HstN and HstP were both shown to lower peroxidase activity significantly. Furthermore, HstN significantly reduced cytochrome c activity, whereas HstP had a significant effect on reducing ROS in SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells. Thus, it seems that the mechanisms involved may not be linked to altered Aβ production. Nanoflavonoids such as HstN have the potential to prevent mitochondria against dysfunction. Compared to its pure form, HstN showed a greater effect in combatting mitochondrial dysfunction. Further studies should evaluate whether HstN protects against age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and thus may contribute to late-onset AD.
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Levites Y, Funk C, Wang X, Chakrabarty P, McFarland KN, Bramblett B, O'Neal V, Liu X, Ladd T, Robinson M, Allen M, Carrasquillo MM, Dickson D, Cruz P, Ryu D, Li HD, Price ND, Ertekin-Taner NI, Golde TE. Modulating innate immune activation states impacts the efficacy of specific Aβ immunotherapy. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:32. [PMID: 33957936 PMCID: PMC8103631 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Passive immunotherapies targeting Aβ continue to be evaluated as Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics, but there remains debate over the mechanisms by which these immunotherapies work. Besides the amount of preexisting Aβ deposition and the type of deposit (compact or diffuse), there is little data concerning what factors, independent of those intrinsic to the antibody, might influence efficacy. Here we (i) explored how constitutive priming of the underlying innate activation states by Il10 and Il6 might influence passive Aβ immunotherapy and (ii) evaluated transcriptomic data generated in the AMP-AD initiative to inform how these two cytokines and their receptors' mRNA levels are altered in human AD and an APP mouse model. METHODS rAAV2/1 encoding EGFP, Il6 or Il10 were delivered by somatic brain transgenesis to neonatal (P0) TgCRND8 APP mice. Then, at 2 months of age, the mice were treated bi-weekly with a high-affinity anti-Aβ1-16 mAb5 monoclonal antibody or control mouse IgG until 6 months of age. rAAV mediated transgene expression, amyloid accumulation, Aβ levels and gliosis were assessed. Extensive transcriptomic data was used to evaluate the mRNA expression levels of IL10 and IL6 and their receptors in the postmortem human AD temporal cortex and in the brains of TgCRND8 mice, the later at multiple ages. RESULTS Priming TgCRND8 mice with Il10 increases Aβ loads and blocks efficacy of subsequent mAb5 passive immunotherapy, whereas priming with Il6 priming reduces Aβ loads by itself and subsequent Aβ immunotherapy shows only a slightly additive effect. Transcriptomic data shows that (i) there are significant increases in the mRNA levels of Il6 and Il10 receptors in the TgCRND8 mouse model and temporal cortex of humans with AD and (ii) there is a great deal of variance in individual mouse brain and the human temporal cortex of these interleukins and their receptors. CONCLUSIONS The underlying immune activation state can markedly affect the efficacy of passive Aβ immunotherapy. These results have important implications for ongoing human AD immunotherapy trials, as they indicate that underlying immune activation states within the brain, which may be highly variable, may influence the ability for passive immunotherapy to alter Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Levites
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA.
| | - Cory Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, WA, 98109, Seattle, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Florida, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Karen N McFarland
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Baxter Bramblett
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Veronica O'Neal
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Xufei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Thomas Ladd
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Max Robinson
- Institute for Systems Biology, WA, 98109, Seattle, USA
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Dennis Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Pedro Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Danny Ryu
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Hong-Dong Li
- Center for Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, 410083, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | | | - NIlüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA.
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Dyne E, Prakash PS, Li J, Yu B, Schmidt TL, Huang S, Kim MH. Mild magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia promotes the disaggregation and microglia-mediated clearance of beta-amyloid plaques. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 34:102397. [PMID: 33857686 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques is a classical hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that is associated with the promotion of neuroinflammation and subsequent neurotoxicity. Given the limited therapeutic options for targeting and clearing Aβ plaques in AD, there is an urgent need to develop effective approaches to reduce plaque accumulation. The objective of this study was to validate mild magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) hyperthermia technology as a strategy to clear Aβ deposits and determine the impact on microglia functionality. Our results demonstrated that the heating of MNPs localized to Aβ aggregates upon exposure to high frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF) was sufficient to disrupt Aβ plaques, resulting in its fragmentation. Importantly, this could facilitate the phagocytic clearance of Aβ as well as attenuate pro-inflammatory responses by human microglial cells. Our results support the feasibility of mild MNP/AMF hyperthermia as a new strategy for reducing beta-amyloid burdens in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dyne
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Praneetha Sundar Prakash
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA; Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Junfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Thorsten-Lars Schmidt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA; Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Songping Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
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31
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Zhang X, Ma C, Sun L, He Z, Feng Y, Li X, Gan J, Chen X. Effect of policosanol from insect wax on amyloid β-peptide-induced toxicity in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model of Alzheimer's disease. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:103. [PMID: 33785017 PMCID: PMC8011155 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative disorder and a serious public health concern, is mainly caused by β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced toxicity. Currently, a limited number of drugs are effective against AD, and only a few are used for its treatment. According to traditional Chinese medicine, white wax is mainly composed of policosanol, hexacosanol, and octacosanol. Policosanol has been shown to reduce lipid levels in blood and alleviate the symptoms associated with diabetic complications and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and AD. However, the efficacy of policosanol depends on the purity and composition of the preparation, and the therapeutic efficacy of policosanol derived from insect wax (PIW) in AD is unknown. Methods Here, we identified the main components of PIW and investigated the effects of PIW on Aβ-induced toxicity and life-span in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model of AD, CL4176. Furthermore, we estimated the expression of amyloid precursor-like protein (apl-1) and the genes involved in various pathways associated with longevity and alleviation of AD-related symptoms in PIW-fed CL4176. Results PIW mainly consists of tetracosanol, hexacosanol, octacosanol, and triacontanol; it could decrease the Aβ-induced paralysis rate from 86.87 to 66.97% (P < 0.01) and extend the life-span from 6.2 d to 7.8 d (P < 0.001) in CL4176 worms. Furthermore, PIW downregulated apl-1, a gene known to be associated with the levels of Aβ deposits in C. elegans. Additionally, our results showed that PIW modulated the expression of genes associated with longevity-related pathways such as heat shock response, anti-oxidative stress, and glutamine cysteine synthetase. Conclusion Our findings suggest that PIW may be a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of AD. However, its effects on murine models and patients with AD need to be explored further. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03278-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Chenjing Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Long Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Zhao He
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Ying Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650224, China.
| | - Xian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Jin Gan
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650224, China
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Modification of Glial Cell Activation through Dendritic Cell Vaccination: Promises for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1410-1424. [PMID: 33713321 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded tau, amyloid β (Aβ), and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) proteins is the fundamental contributor to many neurodegenerative diseases, namely Parkinson's (PD) and AD. Such protein aggregations trigger activation of immune mechanisms in neuronal and glial, mainly M1-type microglia cells, leading to release of pro-inflammatory mediators, and subsequent neuronal dysfunction and apoptosis. Despite the described neurotoxic features for glial cells, recruitment of peripheral leukocytes to the brain and their conversion to neuroprotective M2-type microglia can mitigate neurodegeneration by clearing extracellular protein accumulations or residues. Based on these observations, it was speculated that Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination, by making use of DCs as natural adjuvants, could be used for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. DCs potentiated by disease-specific antigens can also enhance T helper 2 (Th2)-specific immune response and by production of specific antibodies contribute to clearance of intracellular aggregations, as well as enhancing regulatory T cell response. Thus, enhancement of immune response by DC vaccine therapy can potentially augment glial polarization into the neuroprotective phenotype, enhance antibody production, and at the same time balance neuronal cells' repair, renewal, and protection. The characteristic feature of this method of treatment is to maintain the equilibrium in the immune response rather than targeting a single mediator in the disease and their application in other neurodegenerative diseases should be addressed. However, the safety of these methods should be investigated by clinical trials.
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33
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Goyal D, Ali SA, Singh RK. Emerging role of gut microbiota in modulation of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration with emphasis on Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110112. [PMID: 32949638 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multifactorial disease involving chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. It has been recently recognized that gut microbiota interacts with the brain, and it is termed as microbiota-gut-brain axis. Modulation of this axis has been recently reported to affect the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. Gut microbiota has a pivotal role in regulating multiple neuro-chemical pathways through the highly interconnected gut-brain axis. Recent emerging evidences have highlighted that the intestinal microflora takes part in bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Due to this, the researchers have suggested that human gut microflora may even act as the "second brain" and may be responsible for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota can induce increased intestinal permeability and systemic inflammation. This may lead to the development of AD pathologies and cognitive impairment via the neural, immune, endocrine, and metabolic pathways. Thus, the modulation of gut microbiota through personalized diet, oral bacteriotherapy may lead to alteration of gut microbiota their products including amyloid protein. It has been demonstrated that modulation of the gut microbiota induces beneficial effects on neuronal pathways consequently leading to delay the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, this approach may provide a novel therapeutic option for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit campus, Bijnour-sisendi road, Sarojini nagar, Lucknow 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Syed Afroz Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit campus, Bijnour-sisendi road, Sarojini nagar, Lucknow 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit campus, Bijnour-sisendi road, Sarojini nagar, Lucknow 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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34
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Ghai R, Nagarajan K, Arora M, Grover P, Ali N, Kapoor G. Current Strategies and Novel Drug Approaches for Alzheimer Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:676-690. [PMID: 32679025 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200717091513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a chronic, devastating dysfunction of neurons in the brain leading to dementia. It mainly arises due to neuronal injury in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus area of the brain and is clinically manifested as a progressive mental failure, disordered cognitive functions, personality changes, reduced verbal fluency and impairment of speech. The pathology behind AD is the formation of intraneuronal fibrillary tangles, deposition of amyloid plaque and decline in choline acetyltransferase and loss of cholinergic neurons. Tragically, the disease cannot be cured, but its progression can be halted. Various cholinesterase inhibitors available in the market like Tacrine, Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine, etc. are being used to manage the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. The paper's objective is to throw light not only on the cellular/genetic basis of the disease, but also on the current trends and various strategies of treatment including the use of phytopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Enormous literature survey was conducted and published articles of PubMed, Scifinder, Google Scholar, Clinical Trials.org and Alzheimer Association reports were studied intensively to consolidate the information on the strategies available to combat Alzheimer's disease. Currently, several strategies are being investigated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Immunotherapies targeting amyloid-beta plaques, tau protein and neural pathways are undergoing clinical trials. Moreover, antisense oligonucleotide methodologies are being approached as therapies for its management. Phytopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals are also gaining attention in overcoming the symptoms related to AD. The present review article concludes that novel and traditional therapies simultaneously promise future hope for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Ghai
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad-Meerut Road, NH-58, Ghaziabad, UP-201206, India
| | - Kandasamy Nagarajan
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad-Meerut Road, NH-58, Ghaziabad, UP-201206, India
| | - Meenakshi Arora
- University of Pittsburgh, 3459, Fifth Ave, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Parul Grover
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad-Meerut Road, NH-58, Ghaziabad, UP-201206, India
| | - Nazakat Ali
- Dabur Research Foundation, Plot-22, Site-4, Industrial area, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, UP-201010, India
| | - Garima Kapoor
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad-Meerut Road, NH-58, Ghaziabad, UP-201206, India
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Rahim NS, Lim SM, Mani V, Hazalin NAMN, Majeed ABA, Ramasamy K. Virgin Coconut Oil-Induced Neuroprotection in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Rats is Mediated, in Part, Through Cholinergic, Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:655-681. [PMID: 33962540 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1830223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with neuronal cell death and could lead to chronic neurodegeneration. This study investigated the neuroprotective potential of virgin coconut oil (VCO) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytotoxicity of neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. The findings were validated using Wistar rats, which were fed with 1-10 g/kg VCO for 31 days, exposed to LPS (0.25 mg/kg) and subjected to the Morris Water Maze Test. Brain homogenate was subjected to biochemical analyses and gene expression studies. α-Tocopherol (α-T; 150 mg/kg) served as the positive control. VCO (100 µg/mL) significantly (p < 0.01) improved SK-N-SH viability (+57%) and inhibited reactive oxygen species (-31%) in the presence of LPS. VCO (especially 10 g/kg) also significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced spatial memory of LPS-challenged rats. Brain homogenate of VCO-fed rats was presented with increased acetylcholine (+33%) and reduced acetylcholinesterase (-43%). The upregulated antioxidants may have reduced neuroinflammation [malondialdehyde (-51%), nitric oxide (-49%), Cox-2 (-64%) and iNos (-63%)] through upregulation of IL-10 (+30%) and downregulation of IL-1β (-65%) and Interferon-γ (-25%). There was also reduced expression of Bace-1 (-77%). VCO-induced neuroprotection, which was comparable to α-T, could be mediated, in part, through inflammatory, cholinergic and amyloidogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syafiqah Rahim
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Siong Meng Lim
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nurul Aqmar Mohamad Nor Hazalin
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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36
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Behl T, Kaur I, Fratila O, Brata R, Bungau S. Exploring the Potential of Therapeutic Agents Targeted towards Mitigating the Events Associated with Amyloid-β Cascade in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207443. [PMID: 33050199 PMCID: PMC7589257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most commonly occurring neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD), encompasses the loss of cognitive and memory potential, impaired learning, dementia and behavioral defects, and has been prevalent since the 1900s. The accelerating occurrence of AD is expected to reach 65.7 million by 2030. The disease results in neural atrophy and disrupted inter-neuronal connections. Amongst multiple AD pathogenesis hypotheses, the amyloid beta (Aβ) cascade is the most relevant and accepted form of the hypothesis, which suggests that Aβ monomers are formed as a result of the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP), followed by the conversion of these monomers to toxic oligomers, which in turn develop β-sheets, fibrils and plaques. The review targets the events in the amyloid hypothesis and elaborates suitable therapeutic agents that function by hindering the steps of plaque formation and lowering Aβ levels in the brain. The authors discuss treatment possibilities, including the inhibition of β- and γ-secretase-mediated enzymatic cleavage of APP, the immune response generating active immunotherapy and passive immunotherapeutic approaches targeting monoclonal antibodies towards Aβ aggregates, the removal of amyloid aggregates by the activation of enzymatic pathways or the regulation of Aβ circulation, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-mediated curbed accumulation and the neurotoxic potential of Aβ aggregates, bapineuzumab-mediated vascular permeability alterations, statin-mediated Aβ peptide degradation, the potential role of ibuprofen and the significance of natural drugs and dyes in hindering the amyloid cascade events. Thus, the authors aim to highlight the treatment perspective, targeting the amyloid hypothesis, while simultaneously emphasizing the need to conduct further investigations, in order to provide an opportunity to neurologists to develop novel and reliable treatment therapies for the retardation of AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.); Tel.: +40-726-776-588 (S.B.)
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Ovidiu Fratila
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea 410073, Romania; (O.F.); (R.B.)
| | - Roxana Brata
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea 410073, Romania; (O.F.); (R.B.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea 410028, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.); Tel.: +40-726-776-588 (S.B.)
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Kawarabayashi T, Terakawa T, Takahashi A, Hasegawa H, Narita S, Sato K, Nakamura T, Seino Y, Hirohata M, Baba N, Ueda T, Harigaya Y, Kametani F, Maruyama N, Ishimoto M, St George-Hyslop P, Shoji M. Oral Immunization with Soybean Storage Protein Containing Amyloid-β 4-10 Prevents Spatial Learning Decline. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:487-503. [PMID: 31177217 PMCID: PMC6700641 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Because AD pathologies begin two decades before the onset of dementia, prevention of Aβ amyloidosis has been proposed as a mean to block the pathological cascade. Here, we generate a transgenic plant-based vaccine, a soybean storage protein containing Aβ4–10, named Aβ+, for oral Aβ immunization. One mg of Aβ+ or control protein (Aβ–) was administered to TgCRND8 mice once a week from 9 weeks up to 58 weeks. Aβ+ immunization raised both anti-Aβ antibodies and cellular immune responses. Spatial learning decline was prevented in the Aβ+ immunized group in an extended reference memory version of Morris water maze test from 21 to 57 weeks. In Tris-buffered saline (TBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and formic acid (FA) serial extractions, all sets of Aβ species from Aβ monomer, low to high molecular weight Aβ oligomers, and Aβ smears had different solubility in TgCRND8 brains. Aβ oligomers decreased in TBS fractions, corresponding to an increase in high molecular weight Aβ oligomers in SDS extracts and Aβ smears in FA fraction of the Aβ+ treated group. There was significant inhibition of histological Aβ burden, especially in diffuse plaques, and suppression of microglial inflammation. Processing of amyloid-β protein precursor was not different between Aβ+ and Aβ– groups. No evidence of amyloid-related inflammatory angiopathy was observed. Thus, Aβ+ oral immunization could be a promising, cheap, and long-term safe disease-modifying therapy to prevent the pathological process in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawarabayashi
- Department of Neurology, Geriatrics Research Institute Hospital, Maebashi, Aomori, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Terakawa
- Hokko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.,Inplanta Innovations Inc. Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Sakiko Narita
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sato
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Takumi Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Mie Hirohata
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Nobue Baba
- Bioanalysis Department, LSI Medience Corporation, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ueda
- Bioanalysis Department, LSI Medience Corporation, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Harigaya
- Department of Neurology, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Kametani
- Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masao Ishimoto
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Departments of Medicine, Medical Biophysics and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikio Shoji
- Department of Neurology, Geriatrics Research Institute Hospital, Maebashi, Aomori, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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38
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Wang H, Shen Y, Chuang H, Chiu C, Ye Y, Zhao L. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: Microglia, Molecular Participants and Therapeutic Choices. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:659-674. [PMID: 31580243 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190503151648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the world's most common dementing illness. It is pathologically characterized by β-amyloid accumulation, extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formation, and neuronal necrosis and apoptosis. Neuroinflammation has been widely recognized as a crucial process that participates in AD pathogenesis. In this review, we briefly summarized the involvement of microglia in the neuroinflammatory process of Alzheimer's disease. Its roles in the AD onset and progression are also discussed. Numerous molecules, including interleukins, tumor necrosis factor alpha, chemokines, inflammasomes, participate in the complex process of AD-related neuroinflammation and they are selectively discussed in this review. In the end of this paper from an inflammation- related perspective, we discussed some potential therapeutic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yin Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haoyu Chuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tainan Municipal An-Nan Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Bei-Gang Hospital, Yun-Lin, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chengdi Chiu
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Youfan Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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39
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Ikenoue T, Aprile FA, Sormanni P, Ruggeri FS, Perni M, Heller GT, Haas CP, Middel C, Limbocker R, Mannini B, Michaels TCT, Knowles TPJ, Dobson CM, Vendruscolo M. A rationally designed bicyclic peptide remodels Aβ42 aggregation in vitro and reduces its toxicity in a worm model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15280. [PMID: 32943652 PMCID: PMC7498612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicyclic peptides have great therapeutic potential since they can bridge the gap between small molecules and antibodies by combining a low molecular weight of about 2 kDa with an antibody-like binding specificity. Here we apply a recently developed in silico rational design strategy to produce a bicyclic peptide to target the C-terminal region (residues 31–42) of the 42-residue form of the amyloid β peptide (Aβ42), a protein fragment whose aggregation into amyloid plaques is linked with Alzheimer’s disease. We show that this bicyclic peptide is able to remodel the aggregation process of Aβ42 in vitro and to reduce its associated toxicity in vivo in a C. elegans worm model expressing Aβ42. These results provide an initial example of a computational approach to design bicyclic peptides to target specific epitopes on disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ikenoue
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Francesco A Aprile
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Pietro Sormanni
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Francesco S Ruggeri
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Michele Perni
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Gabriella T Heller
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Christian P Haas
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Christoph Middel
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Ryan Limbocker
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, 10996, USA
| | - Benedetta Mannini
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Thomas C T Michaels
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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40
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Significance of Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: Sensitivity, Specificity and Potential for Clinical Use. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030116. [PMID: 32911755 PMCID: PMC7565390 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, affecting more than 5 million Americans, with steadily increasing mortality and incredible socio-economic burden. Not only have therapeutic efforts so far failed to reach significant efficacy, but the real pathogenesis of the disease is still obscure. The current theories are based on pathological findings of amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles that accumulate in the brain parenchyma of affected patients. These findings have defined, together with the extensive neurodegeneration, the diagnostic criteria of the disease. The ability to detect changes in the levels of amyloid and tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) first, and more recently in blood, has allowed us to use these biomarkers for the specific in-vivo diagnosis of AD in humans. Furthermore, other pathological elements of AD, such as the loss of neurons, inflammation and metabolic derangement, have translated to the definition of other CSF and blood biomarkers, which are not specific of the disease but, when combined with amyloid and tau, correlate with the progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD dementia, or identify patients who will develop AD pathology. In this review, we discuss the role of current and hypothetical biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, their specificity, and the caveats of current high-sensitivity platforms for their peripheral detection.
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41
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Stephen Inbaraj B, Chen BH. An overview on recent in vivo biological application of cerium oxide nanoparticles. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:558-575. [PMID: 33193860 PMCID: PMC7610205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) possess a great potential as therapeutic agents due to their ability to self-regenerate by reversibly switching between two valences +3 and +4. This article reviews recent articles dealing with in vivo studies of CNPs towards Alzheimer's disease, obesity, liver inflammation, cancer, sepsis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, acute kidney injury, radiation-induced tissue damage, hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury, retinal diseases and constipation. In vivo anti-cancer studies revealed the effectiveness of CNPs to reduce tumor growth and angiogenesis in melanoma, ovarian, breast and retinoblastoma cancer cell-induced mice, with their conjugation with folic acid, doxorubicin, CPM, or CXC receptor-4 antagonist ligand eliciting higher efficiency. After conjugation with triphenylphosphonium or magnetite nanoparticles, CNPs were shown to combat Alzheimer's disease by reducing amyloid-β, glial fibrillary acidic protein, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in mice. By improving muscle function and longevity, the citrate/EDTA-stabilized CNPs could ameliorate amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Also, they could effectively reduce obesity in mice by scavenging ROS and reducing adipogenesis, triglyceride synthesis, GAPDH enzyme activity, leptin and insulin levels. In CCl4-induced rats, stress signaling pathways due to inflammatory cytokines, liver enzymes, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum messengers could be attenuated by CNPs. Commercial CNPs showed protective effects on rats with hepatic ischemia reperfusion and peritonitis-induced hepatic/cardiac injuries by decreasing oxidative stress and hepatic/cardiac inflammation. The same CNPs could improve kidney function by diminishing renal superoxide, hyperglycemia and tubular damage in peritonitis-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Radiation-induced lung and testicular tissue damage could be alleviated in mice, with the former showing improvement in pulmonary distress and bronchoconstriction and the latter exhibiting restoration in spermatogenesis rate and spermatid/spermatocyte number. Through enhancement of gastrointestinal motility, the CNPs could alleviate constipation in both young and old rats. They could also protect rat from light-induced retinal damage by slowing down neurodegenerative process and microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bing-Huei Chen
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242
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42
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Rahman MS, Behl T, Jeandet P, Ashraf GM, Najda A, Bin-Jumah MN, El-Seedi HR, Abdel-Daim MM. Revisiting the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis: From Anti-Aβ Therapeutics to Auspicious New Ways for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165858. [PMID: 32824102 PMCID: PMC7461598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder related to age, characterized by the cerebral deposition of fibrils, which are made from the amyloid-β (Aβ), a peptide of 40–42 amino acids. The conversion of Aβ into neurotoxic oligomeric, fibrillar, and protofibrillar assemblies is supposed to be the main pathological event in AD. After Aβ accumulation, the clinical symptoms fall out predominantly due to the deficient brain clearance of the peptide. For several years, researchers have attempted to decline the Aβ monomer, oligomer, and aggregate levels, as well as plaques, employing agents that facilitate the reduction of Aβ and antagonize Aβ aggregation, or raise Aβ clearance from brain. Unluckily, broad clinical trials with mild to moderate AD participants have shown that these approaches were unsuccessful. Several clinical trials are running involving patients whose disease is at an early stage, but the preliminary outcomes are not clinically impressive. Many studies have been conducted against oligomers of Aβ which are the utmost neurotoxic molecular species. Trials with monoclonal antibodies directed against Aβ oligomers have exhibited exciting findings. Nevertheless, Aβ oligomers maintain equivalent states in both monomeric and aggregation forms; so, previously administered drugs that precisely decrease Aβ monomer or Aβ plaques ought to have displayed valuable clinical benefits. In this article, Aβ-based therapeutic strategies are discussed and several promising new ways to fight against AD are appraised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +880-171-022-0110
| | - Md. Tanvir Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Sohanur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit, Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims CEDEX 2, France;
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Laboratory of Quality of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - May N. Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koom 32512, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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43
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Paroni G, Bisceglia P, Seripa D. Understanding the Amyloid Hypothesis in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:493-510. [PMID: 30883346 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis (AH) is still the most accepted model to explain the pathogenesis of inherited Alzheimer's disease (IAD). However, despite the neuropathological overlapping with the non-inherited form (NIAD), AH waver in explaining NIAD. Thus, 30 years after its first statement several questions are still open, mainly regarding the role of amyloid plaques (AP) and apolipoprotein E (APOE). Accordingly, a pathogenetic model including the role of AP and APOE unifying IAD and NIAD pathogenesis is still missing. In the present understanding of the AH, we suggested that amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides production and AP formation is a physiological aging process resulting from a systemic age-related decrease in the efficiency of the proteins catabolism/clearance machinery. In this pathogenetic model Aβ peptides act as neurotoxic molecules, but only above a critical concentration [Aβ]c. A threshold mechanism triggers IAD/NIAD onset only when [Aβ]≥[Aβ]c. In this process, APOE modifies [Aβ]c threshold in an isoform-specific way. Consequently, all factors influencing Aβ anabolism, such as amyloid beta precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) gene mutations, and/or Aβ catabolism/clearance could contribute to exceed the threshold [Aβ]c, being characteristic of each individual. In this model, AP formation does not depend on [Aβ]c. The present interpretation of the AH, unifying the pathogenetic theories for IAD and NIAD, will explain why AP and APOE4 may be observed in healthy aging and why they are not the cause of AD. It is clear that further studies are needed to confirm our pathogenetic model. Nevertheless, our suggestion may be useful to better understand the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Paroni
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paola Bisceglia
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
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44
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Young D. The NMDA Receptor Antibody Paradox: A Possible Approach to Developing Immunotherapies Targeting the NMDA Receptor. Front Neurol 2020; 11:635. [PMID: 32719654 PMCID: PMC7347966 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) play a key role in brain development and function, including contributing to the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders. Immunization against the GluN1 subunit of the NMDAR and the production of GluN1 antibodies is associated with neuroprotective and seizure-protective effects in rodent models of stroke and epilepsy, respectively. Whilst these data suggest the potential for the development of GluN1 antibody therapy, paradoxically GluN1 autoantibodies in humans are associated with the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. This review discusses possible reasons for the differential effects of GluN1 antibodies on NMDAR physiology that could contribute to these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Young
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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45
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Hanif S, Muhammad P, Chesworth R, Rehman FU, Qian RJ, Zheng M, Shi BY. Nanomedicine-based immunotherapy for central nervous system disorders. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:936-953. [PMID: 32467570 PMCID: PMC7468531 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders represent a broad spectrum of brain ailments with short- and long-term disabilities, and nanomedicine-based approaches provide a new therapeutic approach to treating CNS disorders. A variety of potential drugs have been discovered to treat several neuronal disorders; however, their therapeutic success can be limited by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, unique immune functions within the CNS provide novel target mechanisms for the amelioration of CNS diseases. Recently, various therapeutic approaches have been applied to fight brain-related disorders, with moderate outcomes. Among the various therapeutic strategies, nanomedicine-based immunotherapeutic systems represent a new era that can deliver useful cargo with promising pharmacokinetics. These approaches exploit the molecular and cellular targeting of CNS disorders for enhanced safety, efficacy, and specificity. In this review, we focus on the efficacy of nanomedicines that utilize immunotherapy to combat CNS disorders. Furthermore, we detailed summarize nanomedicine-based pathways for CNS ailments that aim to deliver drugs across the BBB by mimicking innate immune actions. Overview of how nanomedicines can utilize multiple immunotherapy pathways to combat CNS disorders. ![]()
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46
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Xie J, Gonzalez-Carter D, Tockary TA, Nakamura N, Xue Y, Nakakido M, Akiba H, Dirisala A, Liu X, Toh K, Yang T, Wang Z, Fukushima S, Li J, Quader S, Tsumoto K, Yokota T, Anraku Y, Kataoka K. Dual-Sensitive Nanomicelles Enhancing Systemic Delivery of Therapeutically Active Antibodies Specifically into the Brain. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6729-6742. [PMID: 32431145 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Delivering therapeutic antibodies into the brain across the blood-brain barrier at a therapeutic level is a promising while challenging approach in the treatment of neurological disorders. Here, we present a polymeric nanomicelle (PM) system capable of delivering therapeutically effective levels of 3D6 antibody fragments (3D6-Fab) into the brain parenchyma for inhibiting Aβ aggregation. PM assembly was achieved by charge-converting 3D6-Fab through pH-sensitive citraconylation to allow complexation with reductive-sensitive cationic polymers. Brain targeting was achieved by functionalizing the PM surface with glucose molecules to allow interaction with recycling glucose transporter (Glut)-1 proteins. Consequently, 41-fold enhanced 3D6-Fab accumulation in the brain was achieved by using the PM system compared to free 3D6-Fab. Furthermore, therapeutic benefits were obtained by successfully inhibiting Aβ1-42 aggregation in Alzheimer's disease mice systemically treated with 3D6-Fab-loaded glucosylated PM. Hence, this nanocarrier system represents a promising method for effectively delivering functional antibody agents into the brain and treating neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbing Xie
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Carter
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Theofilus A Tockary
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakamura
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yonger Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchun Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroki Akiba
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Anjaneyulu Dirisala
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Xueying Liu
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kazuko Toh
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Tao Yang
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Zengtao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchun Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shigeto Fukushima
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Junjie Li
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Sabina Quader
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Anraku
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
- Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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47
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Petrushina I, Hovakimyan A, Harahap-Carrillo IS, Davtyan H, Antonyan T, Chailyan G, Kazarian K, Antonenko M, Jullienne A, Hamer MM, Obenaus A, King O, Zagorski K, Blurton-Jones M, Cribbs DH, Lander H, Ghochikyan A, Agadjanyan MG. Characterization and preclinical evaluation of the cGMP grade DNA based vaccine, AV-1959D to enter the first-in-human clinical trials. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104823. [PMID: 32119976 PMCID: PMC8772258 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA vaccine, AV-1959D, targeting N-terminal epitope of Aβ peptide, has been proven immunogenic in mice, rabbits, and non-human primates, while its therapeutic efficacy has been shown in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we report for the first time on IND-enabling biodistribution and safety/toxicology studies of cGMP-grade AV-1959D vaccine in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD. We also tested acute neuropathology safety profiles of AV-1959D in another AD disease model, Tg-SwDI mice with established vascular and parenchymal Aβ pathology in a pre-clinical translational study. Biodistribution studies two days after the injection demonstrated high copy numbers of AV-1959D plasmid after single immunization of Tg2576 mice at the injection sites but not in the tissues of distant organs. Plasmids persisted at the injection sites of some mice 60 days after vaccination. In Tg2576 mice with established amyloid pathology, we did not observe short- or long-term toxicities after multiple immunizations with three doses of AV-1959D. Assessment of the repeated dose acute safety of AV-1959D in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) prone Tg-SwDI mice did not reveal any immunotherapy-induced vasogenic edema detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or increased microhemorrhages. Multiple immunizations of Tg-SwDI mice with AV-1959D did not induce T and B cell infiltration, glial activation, vascular deposition of Aβ, or neuronal degeneration (necrosis and apoptosis) greater than that in the control group determined by immunohistochemistry of brain tissues. Taken together, the safety data from two different mouse models of AD substantiate a favorable safety profile of the cGMP grade AV-1959D vaccine supporting its progression to first-in-human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Petrushina
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Armine Hovakimyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | | | - Hayk Davtyan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tatevik Antonyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Gor Chailyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Konstantin Kazarian
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Maxim Antonenko
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Amandine Jullienne
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mary M Hamer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Preclinical and Translational Imaging Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Olga King
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Karen Zagorski
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David H Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Harry Lander
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA.
| | - Michael G Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA.
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48
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Tauopathy Analysis in P301S Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease Immunized With DNA and MVA Poxvirus-Based Vaccines Expressing Human Full-Length 4R2N or 3RC Tau Proteins. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010127. [PMID: 32183198 PMCID: PMC7157204 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive memory loss and cognitive decline that has been associated with an accumulation in the brain of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and extracellular senile plaques formed by β-amyloid peptides. Currently, there is no cure for AD and after the failure of anti β-amyloid therapies, active and passive tau immunotherapeutic approaches have been developed in order to prevent, reduce or ideally reverse the disease. Vaccination is one of the most effective approaches to prevent diseases and poxviruses, particularly modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), are one of the most promising viral vectors used as vaccines against several human diseases. Thus, we present here the generation and characterization of the first MVA vectors expressing human tau genes; the full-length 4R2N tau protein or a 3RC tau fragment containing 3 tubulin-binding motifs and the C-terminal region (termed MVA-Tau4R2N and MVA-Tau3RC, respectively). Both MVA-Tau recombinant viruses efficiently expressed the human tau 4R2N or 3RC proteins in cultured cells, being detected in the cytoplasm of infected cells and co-localized with tubulin. These MVA-Tau vaccines impacted the innate immune responses with a differential recruitment of innate immune cells to the peritoneal cavity of infected mice. However, no tau-specific T cell or humoral immune responses were detected in vaccinated mice. Immunization of transgenic P301S mice, a mouse model for tauopathies, with a DNA-Tau prime/MVA-Tau boost approach showed no significant differences in the hyperphosphorylation of tau, motor capacity and survival rate, when compared to non-vaccinated mice. These findings showed that a well-established and potent protocol of T and B cell activation based on DNA/MVA prime/boost regimens using DNA and MVA vectors expressing tau full-length 4R2N or 3RC proteins is not sufficient to trigger tau-specific T and B cell immune responses and to induce a protective effect against tauopathy in this P301S murine model. In the pursuit of AD vaccines, our results highlight the need for novel optimized tau immunogens and additional modes of presentation of tau protein to the immune system.
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49
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Crehan H, Liu B, Kleinschmidt M, Rahfeld JU, Le KX, Caldarone BJ, Frost JL, Hettmann T, Hutter-Paier B, O'Nuallain B, Park MA, DiCarli MF, Lues I, Schilling S, Lemere CA. Effector function of anti-pyroglutamate-3 Aβ antibodies affects cognitive benefit, glial activation and amyloid clearance in Alzheimer's-like mice. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:12. [PMID: 31931873 PMCID: PMC6958628 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyroglutamate-3 Aβ (pGlu-3 Aβ) is an N-terminally truncated and post-translationally modified Aβ species found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Its increased peptide aggregation propensity and toxicity make it an attractive emerging treatment strategy for AD. We address the question of how the effector function of an anti-pGlu-3 Aβ antibody influences the efficacy of immunotherapy in mouse models with AD-like pathology. METHODS We compared two different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes of the same murine anti-pGlu-3 Aβ mAb (07/1 IgG1 and 07/2a IgG2a) and a general N-terminal Aβ mAb (3A1 IgG1) for their ability to clear Aβ and protect cognition in a therapeutic passive immunotherapy study in aged, plaque-rich APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 transgenic (Tg) mice. We also compared the ability of these antibodies and a CDC-mutant form of 07/2a (07/2a-k), engineered to avoid complement activation, to clear Aβ in an ex vivo phagocytosis assay and following treatment in APPSLxhQC double Tg mice, and to activate microglia using longitudinal microPET imaging with TSPO-specific 18F-GE180 tracer following a single bolus antibody injection in young and old Tg mice. RESULTS We demonstrated significant cognitive improvement, better plaque clearance, and more plaque-associated microglia in the absence of microhemorrhage in aged APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 Tg mice treated with 07/2a, but not 07/1 or 3A1, compared to PBS in our first in vivo study. All mAbs cleared plaques in an ex vivo assay, although 07/2a promoted the highest phagocytic activity. Compared with 07/2a, 07/2a-k showed slightly reduced affinity to Fcγ receptors CD32 and CD64, although the two antibodies had similar binding affinities to pGlu-3 Aβ. Treatment of APPSLxhQC mice with 07/2a and 07/2a-k mAbs in our second in vivo study showed significant plaque-lowering with both mAbs. Longitudinal 18F-GE180 microPET imaging revealed different temporal patterns of microglial activation for 3A1, 07/1, and 07/2a mAbs and no difference between 07/2a-k and PBS-treated Tg mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that attenuation of behavioral deficits and clearance of amyloid is associated with strong effector function of the anti-pGlu-3 Aβ mAb in a therapeutic treatment paradigm. We present evidence that antibody engineering to reduce CDC-mediated complement binding facilitates phagocytosis of plaques without inducing neuroinflammation in vivo. Hence, the results provide implications for tailoring effector function of humanized antibodies for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Crehan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale BTM 9002S, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale BTM 9002S, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Kleinschmidt
- Vivoryon Therapeutics AG, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Department Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Vivoryon Therapeutics AG, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Department Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kevin X Le
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale BTM 9002S, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Barbara J Caldarone
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Mouse Behavior Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Frost
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale BTM 9002S, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Brian O'Nuallain
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale BTM 9002S, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mi-Ae Park
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcelo F DiCarli
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Inge Lues
- Vivoryon Therapeutics AG, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Vivoryon Therapeutics AG, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Department Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale BTM 9002S, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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50
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Huang YM, Hong XZ, Shen J, Geng LJ, Pan YH, Ling W, Zhao HL. Amyloids in Site-Specific Autoimmune Reactions and Inflammatory Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2980. [PMID: 31993048 PMCID: PMC6964640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid deposition is a histological hallmark of common human disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes. Although some reports highlight that amyloid fibrils might activate the innate immunity system via pattern recognition receptors, here, we provide multiple lines of evidence for the protection by site-specific amyloid protein analogs and fibrils against autoimmune attacks: (1) strategies targeting clearance of the AD-related brain amyloid plaque induce high risk of deadly autoimmune destructions in subjects with cognitive dysfunction; (2) administration of amyloidogenic peptides with either full length or core hexapeptide structure consistently ameliorates signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; (3) experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is exacerbated following genetic deletion of amyloid precursor proteins; (4) absence of islet amyloid coexists with T-cell-mediated insulitis in autoimmune diabetes and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome; (5) use of islet amyloid polypeptide agonists rather than antagonists improves diabetes care; and (6) common suppressive signaling pathways by regulatory T cells are activated in both local and systemic amyloidosis. These findings indicate dual modulation activity mediated by amyloid protein monomers, oligomers, and fibrils to maintain immune homeostasis. The protection from autoimmune destruction by amyloid proteins offers a novel therapeutic approach to regenerative medicine for common degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Huang
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Area of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xue-Zhi Hong
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Area of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Area of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Li-Jun Geng
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Area of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yan-Hong Pan
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Area of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Wei Ling
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Area of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hai-Lu Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Area of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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