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Lecoutre S, Maqdasy S, Lambert M, Breton C. The Impact of Maternal Obesity on Adipose Progenitor Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3252. [PMID: 38137473 PMCID: PMC10741630 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) postulates that adult-onset metabolic disorders may originate from suboptimal conditions during critical embryonic and fetal programming windows. In particular, nutritional disturbance during key developmental stages may program the set point of adiposity and its associated metabolic diseases later in life. Numerous studies in mammals have reported that maternal obesity and the resulting accelerated growth in neonates may affect adipocyte development, resulting in persistent alterations in adipose tissue plasticity (i.e., adipocyte proliferation and storage) and adipocyte function (i.e., insulin resistance, impaired adipokine secretion, reduced thermogenesis, and higher inflammation) in a sex- and depot-specific manner. Over recent years, adipose progenitor cells (APCs) have been shown to play a crucial role in adipose tissue plasticity, essential for its development, maintenance, and expansion. In this review, we aim to provide insights into the developmental timeline of lineage commitment and differentiation of APCs and their role in predisposing individuals to obesity and metabolic diseases. We present data supporting the possible implication of dysregulated APCs and aberrant perinatal adipogenesis through epigenetic mechanisms as a primary mechanism responsible for long-lasting adipose tissue dysfunction in offspring born to obese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lecoutre
- Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approach Research Group, Nutriomics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Salwan Maqdasy
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet Hospital, C2-94, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Mélanie Lambert
- U978 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-93022 Bobigny, France;
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Alliance Sorbonne Paris Cité, Labex Inflamex, F-93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Christophe Breton
- Maternal Malnutrition and Programming of Metabolic Diseases, Université de Lille, EA4489, F-59000 Lille, France
- U1283-UMR8199-EGID, Université de Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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2
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Busebee B, Ghusn W, Cifuentes L, Acosta A. Obesity: A Review of Pathophysiology and Classification. Mayo Clin Proc 2023; 98:1842-1857. [PMID: 37831039 PMCID: PMC10843116 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial, and morbid disease. In the United States, 69% of adults are overweight or have obesity, and the global prevalence of obesity is increasing. Obesity is influenced by genetic, neurologic, metabolic, enteric, and behavioral processes. It remains a key modifiable risk factor for many comorbid diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Whereas there are recent and significant advances in obesity therapy, including diets, lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapies, endoscopic procedures, and bariatric surgeries, there is an immense need for a better understanding of the heterogeneity in the pathophysiologic process of obesity and outcomes. Here we review salient pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the development and morbidity of obesity as well as pathophysiologically based classification systems that inform current obesity management and may inform improved and individualized management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wissam Ghusn
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lizeth Cifuentes
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Andres Acosta
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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Osorio-Conles Ó, Olbeyra R, Vidal J, Ibarzabal A, Balibrea JM, de Hollanda A. Expression of Adipose Tissue Extracellular Matrix-Related Genes Predicts Weight Loss after Bariatric Surgery. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091262. [PMID: 37174662 PMCID: PMC10177079 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the association between white adipose tissue parameters before bariatric surgery (BS) and post-surgical weight loss, with an especial focus on extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression. METHODS Paired samples from subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were obtained from 144 subjects undergoing BS. The association between total body weight loss (%TBWL) at 12 months after BS and the histological characteristics and gene expression of selected genes in SAT and VAT was analyzed. RESULTS Fat cell area, size-frequency distribution, and fibrosis in SAT or VAT prior to surgery were not associated with %TBWL. On the contrary, the SAT expression of COL5A1 and COL6A3 was associated with %TBWL after BS (both p < 0.001), even after adjusting for age, gender, baseline BMI, and type 2 diabetes status (T2D). Furthermore, in logistic regression analyses, the expression of these genes was significantly associated with insufficient WL (IWL = TBWL < 20%) after BS (respectively, p = 0.030 and p = 0.031). Indeed, in ROC analysis, the prediction of IWL based on sex, age, BMI, T2D, and the type of surgery (AUC = 0.71) was significantly improved with the addition of SAT-COL5A1 gene expression (AUC = 0.88, Z = 2.13, p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the expression of SAT ECM-related genes may help explain the variability in TBWL following BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Osorio-Conles
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Monforte de Lemos Ave. 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló Street 149, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romina Olbeyra
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló Street 149, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Monforte de Lemos Ave. 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló Street 149, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Obesity Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel Street 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainitze Ibarzabal
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel Street 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Balibrea
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel Street 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana de Hollanda
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló Street 149, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Obesity Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel Street 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Monforte de Lemos Ave. 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Dickson E, Fryklund C, Soylu-Kucharz R, Sjögren M, Stenkula KG, Björkqvist M. Altered Adipocyte Cell Size Distribution Prior to Weight Loss in the R6/2 Model of Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2023; 12:253-266. [PMID: 37718850 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-230587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic alterations contribute to disease onset and prognosis of Huntington's disease (HD). Weight loss in the R6/2 mouse model of HD is a consistent feature, with onset in mid-to-late stage of disease. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we aimed to investigate molecular and functional changes in white adipose tissue (WAT) that occur at weight loss in R6/2 mice. We further elaborated on the effect of leptin-deficiency and early obesity in R6/2 mice. METHODS We performed analyses at 12 weeks of age; a time point that coincides with the start of weight loss in our R6/2 mouse colony. Gonadal (visceral) and inguinal (subcutaneous) WAT depot weights were monitored, as well as adipocyte size distribution. Response to isoprenaline-stimulated glycerol release and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes from gonadal WAT was assessed. RESULTS In R6/2 mice, WAT depot weights were comparable to wildtype (WT) mice, and the response to insulin and isoprenaline in gonadal adipocytes was unaltered. Leptin-deficient R6/2 mice exhibited distinct changes compared to leptin-deficient WT mice. At 12 weeks, female leptin-deficient R6/2 mice had reduced body weight accompanied by an increased proportion of smaller adipocytes, while in contrast; male mice displayed a shift towards larger adipocyte sizes without a significant body weight reduction at this timepoint. CONCLUSIONS We here show that there are early sex-specific changes in adipocyte cell size distribution in WAT of R6/2 mice and leptin-deficient R6/2 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elna Dickson
- Brain Disease Biomarker Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Claes Fryklund
- Glucose Transport and Protein Trafficking, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rana Soylu-Kucharz
- Brain Disease Biomarker Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marie Sjögren
- Brain Disease Biomarker Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin G Stenkula
- Glucose Transport and Protein Trafficking, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Björkqvist
- Brain Disease Biomarker Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Ye RZ, Richard G, Gévry N, Tchernof A, Carpentier AC. Fat Cell Size: Measurement Methods, Pathophysiological Origins, and Relationships With Metabolic Dysregulations. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:35-60. [PMID: 34100954 PMCID: PMC8755996 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The obesity pandemic increasingly causes morbidity and mortality from type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and many other chronic diseases. Fat cell size (FCS) predicts numerous obesity-related complications such as lipid dysmetabolism, ectopic fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disorders. Nevertheless, the scarcity of systematic literature reviews on this subject is compounded by the use of different methods by which FCS measurements are determined and reported. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of the current literature on the relationship between adipocyte hypertrophy and obesity-related glucose and lipid dysmetabolism, ectopic fat accumulation, and cardiovascular disorders. We also review the numerous mechanistic origins of adipocyte hypertrophy and its relationship with metabolic dysregulation, including changes in adipogenesis, cell senescence, collagen deposition, systemic inflammation, adipokine secretion, and energy balance. To quantify the effect of different FCS measurement methods, we performed statistical analyses across published data while controlling for body mass index, age, and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Zhou Ye
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Richard
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gévry
- Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Québec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Wegeberg AM, Meldgaard T, Baek A, Drewes AM, Vyberg M, Jessen N, Brock B, Brock C. Subcutaneous adipose tissue composition and function are unaffected by liraglutide-induced weight loss in adults with type 1 diabetes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 128:773-782. [PMID: 33624417 PMCID: PMC8251841 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the primary energy reservoir of the human body, which also possesses endocrine functions. The glucagon‐like peptide agonist liraglutide produces weight loss, although the specific effects on adipose tissue are unknown. We aimed to characterize the white adipose tissue composition and pericellular fibrosis of subcutaneous adipose tissue in response to liraglutide treatment. Furthermore, we explored the level of circulating free fatty acids, cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163) macrophage marker, leptin and adiponectin. Thirty‐nine adults with type 1 diabetes and polyneuropathy were randomly assigned to 26 weeks of liraglutide or placebo treatment. Biopsies of subcutaneous tissue were formalin‐fixed stained with picrosirius red to visualize collagen or immunohistochemically stained for CD163. Serum concentrations of free fatty acids, CD163, leptin and adiponectin were assessed with immunoassays or multiplex panels. In comparison with placebo, liraglutide induced weight loss (3.38 kg, 95% CI −5.29; −1.48, P < 0.001), but did not cause any differences in cell size, distribution of CD163‐positive cells, pericellular fibrosis and serum levels of free fatty acids, CD163, leptin or adiponectin (all P < 0.1). Additionally, no associations between weight loss, cell size and serum markers were found (all P > 0.08). In conclusion, despite liraglutide's effect on weight loss, sustained alterations in subcutaneous adipose tissue did not seem to appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Wegeberg
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Theresa Meldgaard
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Amanda Baek
- The Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Asbjørn Mohr Drewes
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mogens Vyberg
- Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- The Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Christina Brock
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Galanin I, Nicu C, Tower JI. Facial Fat Fitness: A New Paradigm to Understand Facial Aging and Aesthetics. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:151-163. [PMID: 32914326 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-020-01933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, facial adipose tissue has been perceived and treated as a homogenous volume-occupying subcutaneous depot. However, recent research from across disciplines is converging to reveal a far more anatomically organized and functionally dynamic role of facial adipose tissue. In this narrative review, we will discuss new insights into adipocyte function and facial adipose anatomy that have far-reaching implications for the practice of aesthetic facial plastic surgery. These concepts are synthesized into a "facial fat fitness" model which can be used to explain clinical observations in facial aging and aesthetic surgery. Fat fitness relates to the quality of facial adipose tissue, as opposed to quantity, and describes whether adipose tissue is in a predominantly healthy hyperplastic or unhealthy hypertrophic state. Fat fitness is modulated by lifestyle factors, and may be impacted positively or negatively by facial aesthetic treatments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carina Nicu
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jacob I Tower
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lenox Hill Hospital, 130 East 77th Street, 10th Floor, New York, NY, USA.
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Mazidi M, Shekoohi N, Katsiki N, Rakowski M, Mikhailidis DP, Banach M. Serum anti-inflammatory and inflammatory markers have no causal impact on telomere length: a Mendelian randomization study. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:739-751. [PMID: 34025845 PMCID: PMC8130476 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/119965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers and telomere length (TL), a biological index of aging, is still poorly understood. By applying a 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR), we investigated the causal associations between adiponectin, bilirubin, C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, and serum uric acid (SUA) with TL. MATERIAL AND METHODS MR was implemented by using summary-level data from the largest ever genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted on our interested exposure and TL. Inverse variance weighted method (IVW), weighted median (WM)-based method, MR-Egger, MR-Robust Adjusted Profile Score (RAPS), and MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (PRESSO) were applied. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the leave-one-out method. RESULTS With regard to adiponectin, CRP, leptin, and SUA levels, we found no effect on TL for all 4 types of tests (all p > 0.108). Results of the MR-Egger (p = 0.892) and IVW (p = 0.124) showed that bilirubin had no effect on telomere maintenance, whereas the results of the WM (p = 0.030) and RAPS (p = 0.022) were negative, with higher bilirubin concentrations linked to shorter TL. There was a low likelihood of heterogeneity for all the estimations, except for bilirubin (IVW p = 0.026, MR Egger p = 0.018). MR-PRESSO highlighted no outlier. For all the estimations, we observed negligible intercepts that were indicative of low likelihood of the pleiotropy (all p > 0.161). The results of leave-one-out method demonstrated that the links are not driven because of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight that neither the anti-inflammatory nor pro-inflammatory markers tested have any significant causal effect on TL. The casual role of bilirubin on TL still needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mazidi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Strand, London, UK
| | - Niloofar Shekoohi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michal Rakowski
- Polish Lipid Association (PoLA) & Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group
| | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
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Dragan J, Kania J, Salagierski M. Active surveillance in prostate cancer management: where do we stand now? Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:805-811. [PMID: 34025851 PMCID: PMC8130493 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.85252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men, with a steadily rising incidence, affecting on average one in six men during their lifetime. The increase in morbidity is related to the increasing overall life expectancy, prostate-specific antigen testing, implementation of new molecular markers for cancer detection and the more frequent application of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. There is growing evidence demonstrating that active surveillance (AS) is an alternative to immediate intervention in patients with very low- and low-risk prostate cancer. Ongoing reports from multiple studies have consistently demonstrated a very low rate of metastases and prostate cancer specific mortality in selected cohorts of patients. As a matter of fact, AS has been adopted by many institutions as a safe and effective management strategy. The aim of our review is to summarize the contemporary data on AS in patients affected with PCa with the intention to present the most clinically useful and pertinent AS protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Dragan
- Urology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Jagoda Kania
- Urology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Maciej Salagierski
- Urology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
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10
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Lee J, Walter MF, Korach KS, Noguchi CT. Erythropoietin reduces fat mass in female mice lacking estrogen receptor alpha. Mol Metab 2020; 45:101142. [PMID: 33309599 PMCID: PMC7809438 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Erythropoietin (EPO), the cytokine required for erythropoiesis, contributes to metabolic regulation of fat mass and glycemic control. EPO treatment in mice on high-fat diets (HFD) improved glucose tolerance and decreased body weight gain via reduced fat mass in males and ovariectomized females. The decreased fat accumulation with EPO treatment during HFD in ovariectomized females was abrogated with estradiol supplementation, providing evidence for estrogen-related gender-specific EPO action in metabolic regulation. In this study, we examined the cross-talk between estrogen mediated through estrogen receptor α (ERα) and EPO for the regulation of glucose metabolism and fat mass accumulation. Methods Wild-type (WT) mice and mouse models with ERα knockout (ERα−/−) and targeted deletion of ERα in adipose tissue (ERαadipoKO) were used to examine EPO treatment during high-fat diet feeding and after diet-induced obesity. Results ERα−/− mice on HFD exhibited increased fat mass and glucose intolerance. EPO treatment on HFD reduced fat accumulation in male WT and ERα−/− mice and female ERα−/− mice but not female WT mice. EPO reduced HFD increase in adipocyte size in WT mice but not in mice with deletion of ERα independent of EPO-stimulated reduction in fat mass. EPO treatment also improved glucose and insulin tolerance significantly greater in female ERα−/− mice and female ERαadipoKO compared with WT controls. Increased metabolic activity by EPO was associated with browning of white adipocytes as shown by reductions in white fat-associated genes and induction of brown fat-specific uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Conclusions This study clearly identified the role of estrogen signaling in modifying EPO regulation of glucose metabolism and the sex-differential EPO effect on fat mass regulation. Cross-talk between EPO and estrogen was implicated for metabolic homeostasis and regulation of body mass in female mice. Erythropoietin regulates fat mass in male but not female mice on high-fat diets. Female estrogen receptor alpha deletion restores erythropoietin fat mass regulation. Estrogen receptor alpha deletion increases erythropoietin regulation of glucose tolerance. Erythropoietin reduced white fat-associated genes and increased uncoupling protein 1. Erythropoietin and estrogen cross-talk is implicated for metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyoung Lee
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary F Walter
- Clinical Laboratory Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Constance Tom Noguchi
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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11
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Nono Nankam PA, Blüher M, Kehr S, Klöting N, Krohn K, Adams K, Stadler PF, Mendham AE, Goedecke JH. Distinct abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue transcriptome signatures are altered by exercise training in African women with obesity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10240. [PMID: 32581226 PMCID: PMC7314771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The differential associations of adipose depots with metabolic risk during obesity have been proposed to be controlled by environmental and genetic factors. We evaluated the regional differences in transcriptome signatures between abdominal (aSAT) and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (gSAT) in obese black South African women and tested the hypothesis that 12-week exercise training alters gene expression patterns in a depot-specific manner. Twelve young women performed 12-weeks of supervised aerobic and resistance training. Pre- and post-intervention measurements included peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), whole-body composition and unbiased gene expression analysis of SAT depots. VO2peak increased, body weight decreased, and body fat distribution improved with exercise training (p < 0.05). The expression of 15 genes, mainly associated with embryonic development, differed between SAT depots at baseline, whereas 318 genes were differentially expressed post-training (p < 0.05). Four developmental genes were differentially expressed between these depots at both time points (HOXA5, DMRT2, DMRT3 and CSN1S1). Exercise training induced changes in the expression of genes associated with immune and inflammatory responses, and lipid metabolism in gSAT, and muscle-associated processes in aSAT. This study showed differences in developmental processes regulating SAT distribution and expandability of distinct depots, and depot-specific adaptation to exercise training in black South African women with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Nono Nankam
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kehr
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Knut Krohn
- Core Unit DNA-Technologies, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin Adams
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter F Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amy E Mendham
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
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12
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Hartman ML, Sanyal AJ, Loomba R, Wilson JM, Nikooienejad A, Bray R, Karanikas CA, Duffin KL, Robins DA, Haupt A. Effects of Novel Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide on Biomarkers of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:1352-1355. [PMID: 32291277 PMCID: PMC7245348 DOI: 10.2337/dc19-1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of tirzepatide, a dual agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors, on biomarkers of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Patients with T2DM received either once weekly tirzepatide (1, 5, 10, or 15 mg), dulaglutide (1.5 mg), or placebo for 26 weeks. Changes from baseline in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), keratin-18 (K-18), procollagen III (Pro-C3), and adiponectin were analyzed in a modified intention-to-treat population. RESULTS Significant (P < 0.05) reductions from baseline in ALT (all groups), AST (all groups except tirzepatide 10 mg), K-18 (tirzepatide 5, 10, 15 mg), and Pro-C3 (tirzepatide 15 mg) were observed at 26 weeks. Decreases with tirzepatide were significant compared with placebo for K-18 (10 mg) and Pro-C3 (15 mg) and with dulaglutide for ALT (10, 15 mg). Adiponectin significantly increased from baseline with tirzepatide compared with placebo (10, 15 mg). CONCLUSIONS In post hoc analyses, higher tirzepatide doses significantly decreased NASH-related biomarkers and increased adiponectin in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Hartman
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Ross Bray
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Kevin L Duffin
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Axel Haupt
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN
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Nono Nankam PA, Mendham AE, De Smidt MF, Keswell D, Olsson T, Blüher M, Goedecke JH. Changes in systemic and subcutaneous adipose tissue inflammation and oxidative stress in response to exercise training in obese black African women. J Physiol 2020; 598:503-515. [PMID: 31873952 DOI: 10.1113/jp278669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Inflammation and oxidative stress are interrelated during obesity and contribute to the development of insulin resistance; and exercise training represents a key component in the management of these conditions. Black African women, despite high gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and less visceral fat, are less insulin sensitive than their white counterparts. Exercise training improved systemic oxidative stress in obese black women, which was related to gynoid fat reduction and not insulin sensitivity. Inflammatory markers changed depot-specifically in response to exercise training, increasing in gluteal SAT without changing in abdominal SAT. The increase of inflammatory state in gluteal SAT after exercise training is suggested to result from tissue remodelling consecutive to the reduction of gynoid fat but does not contribute to the improvement of whole-body insulin sensitivity in obese black South African women. ABSTRACT Inflammation and oxidative stress are interrelated during obesity and contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Exercise training represents a key component in the management of obesity. We evaluated the effects of 12 weeks' combined resistance and aerobic exercise training on systemic and abdominal vs. gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) inflammatory and oxidative status in obese black South African women. Before and after the intervention, body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), cardio-respiratory fitness ( VO 2 peak ), serum and SAT inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were measured from 15 (control group) and 20 (exercise group) women and insulin sensitivity (SI ; frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test) was estimated. Following the intervention, VO 2 peak (9.8%), body fat composition (1-3%) and SI (9%) improved, serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) decreased (6.5%), and catalase activity increased (23%) in the exercise compared to the control group (P < 0.05), without changes in circulating inflammatory markers. The mRNA content of interleukin-10, tumour necrosis factor α, nuclear factor κB and macrophage migration inhibitory factor increased in the gluteal SAT exercise compared to the control group P < 0.05), with no changes in abdominal SAT. These changes of inflammatory profile in gluteal SAT, in addition to the reduction of circulating TBARS, correlated with the reduction of gynoid fat, but not with the improvement of SI . The changes in systemic oxidative stress markers and gluteal SAT inflammatory genes correlated with the reduction in gynoid fat but were not directly associated with the exercise-induced improvements in SI .
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Nono Nankam
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amy E Mendham
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melony F De Smidt
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dheshnie Keswell
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tommy Olsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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14
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Muir LA, Baker NA, Washabaugh AR, Neeley CK, Flesher CG, DelProposto JB, Geletka LM, Ghaferi AA, Finks JF, Singer K, Varban OA, Lumeng CN, O'Rourke RW. Adipocyte hypertrophy-hyperplasia balance contributes to weight loss after bariatric surgery. Adipocyte 2017; 6:134-140. [PMID: 28425841 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1287639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictors of weight loss responses are not well-defined. We hypothesized that adipose tissue phenotypic features related to remodeling would be associated with bariatric surgery weight loss responses. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues collected from patients during bariatric surgery were studied with flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and QRTPCR, and results correlated with weight loss outcomes. Age, male sex, and a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes were associated with less weight loss. Adipocyte size was increased and preadipocyte frequency was decreased in visceral adipose tissue from diabetic subjects. Decreased adipose tissue preadipocyte frequency was associated with less weight loss in women but not men. These data suggest that phenotypic features of adipose tissue remodeling may predict responses to weight loss interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Muir
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicki A. Baker
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexandra R. Washabaugh
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christopher K. Neeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carmen G. Flesher
- Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer B. DelProposto
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lynn M. Geletka
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amir A. Ghaferi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor Veteran's Administration Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan F. Finks
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kanakadurga Singer
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Oliver A. Varban
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carey N. Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert W. O'Rourke
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor Veteran's Administration Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Murphy J, Moullec G, Santosa S. Factors associated with adipocyte size reduction after weight loss interventions for overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-regression. Metabolism 2017; 67:31-40. [PMID: 28081776 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Enlarged adipocytes are a prime feature of adipose tissue dysfunction, and may be an appropriate target to decrease disease risk in obesity. We aimed to assess the change in adipocyte size in response to lifestyle and surgical weight loss interventions for overweight or obesity; and to explore whether certain participant and intervention characteristics influence this response. METHODS We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane electronic databases to identify weight loss studies that quantified adipocyte size before and after the intervention. Using meta-regression analysis, we assessed the independent effects of weight loss, age, sex, adipocyte region, and intervention type (surgical vs. lifestyle) on adipocyte size reduction. We repeated the model as a sensitivity analysis including only the lifestyle interventions. RESULTS Thirty-five studies met our eligibility criteria. In our main model, every 1.0% weight loss was associated with a 0.64% reduction in adipocyte size (p=0.003); and adipocytes from the upper body decreased 5% more in size than those in the lower body (p=0.009). These relationships were no longer significant when focusing only on lifestyle interventions. Moreover, age, sex and intervention type did not independently affect adipocyte size reduction in either model. CONCLUSIONS Weight loss in obese individuals is consistently associated with a decrease in adipocyte size that is more pronounced in upper-body adipocytes. It remains to be clarified how biological differences and intervention characteristics influence this relationship, and whether it corresponds with reductions in other aspects of adipose tissue dysfunction and disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Murphy
- Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4B 1R6; Nutrition, Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7200 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4B 1R6; Centre de Recherche - Axe Maladies Chroniques, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4J 1C5
| | - Grégory Moullec
- Centre de Recherche - Axe Maladies Chroniques, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4J 1C5; École de Santé Publique - Département de Médecine Sociale et Preventive, Université de Montréal, 7101 du Parc Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3N 1X9
| | - Sylvia Santosa
- Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4B 1R6; Nutrition, Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7200 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4B 1R6; Centre de Recherche - Axe Maladies Chroniques, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4J 1C5.
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Gallagher D, Kelley DE, Thornton J, Boxt L, Pi-Sunyer X, Lipkin E, Nyenwe E, Janumala I, Heshka S. Changes in skeletal muscle and organ size after a weight-loss intervention in overweight and obese type 2 diabetic patients. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:78-84. [PMID: 27881389 PMCID: PMC5183727 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.139188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of a weight-loss intervention on the masses of lean tissues and organs in humans is not well known. OBJECTIVE We studied the effects of a diet and exercise weight-loss intervention on skeletal muscle (SM) mass and selected organs over 2 y using MRI in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN Participants were 53 women and 39 men [mean ± SD: age 58 ± 7 y; body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) 32 ± 3] enrolled in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial and randomly assigned to an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) or diabetes support and education (DSE) on whom 2 y of data were collected. MRI-derived measurements of SM, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and pancreas were acquired. RESULTS Adjusted for baseline weight, height, age, sex, and ethnicity, the ILI group weighed (mean ± SE) 6.6 ± 0.7 kg less after 1 y and 5.2 ± 0.7 kg less after 2 y, whereas the DSE group did not change significantly (-0.4 ± 0.6 and -1.0 ± 0.7 kg after 1 and 2 y, respectively; P-interaction < 0.001). Total SM decreased in both groups during year 1 (-1.4 ± 0.2 kg; P < 0.001) with appendicular SM regained during year 2. Liver and spleen masses decreased in the ILI group (-0.12 ± 0.02 and -0.006 ± 0.003 kg, respectively) but were unchanged in the DSE group (0.00 ± 0.02 and 0.004 ± 0.003 kg, respectively). Kidney mass decreased by 0.013 ± 0.003 kg (P < 0.001) over 2 y in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Decreases in liver (in Caucasians but not African Americans) and spleen were detected after a 6.2-kg weight reduction compared with a control group. SM and kidney mass decreased in both groups. Appendicular SM was regained during the second year whereas trunk SM was not. No evidence of a disproportionate loss of high-metabolic rate organs (heart, liver, kidney, spleen) compared with SM was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dympna Gallagher
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center and .,Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - David E Kelley
- Obesity and Nutrition Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Lawrence Boxt
- Department of Radiology, St. Luke’s Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Xavier Pi-Sunyer
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center and,Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Edward Lipkin
- Division of Metabolism, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Ebenezer Nyenwe
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Tennessee, Martin, TN
| | | | - Stanley Heshka
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center and,Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
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18
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Michaud A, Laforest S, Pelletier M, Nadeau M, Simard S, Daris M, Lebœuf M, Vidal H, Géloën A, Tchernof A. Abdominal adipocyte populations in women with visceral obesity. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:227-39. [PMID: 26578637 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral obesity is independently related to numerous cardiometabolic alterations, with adipose tissue dysfunction as a central feature. OBJECTIVE To examine whether omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SC) adipocyte size populations in women relate to visceral obesity, cardiometabolic risk factors and adipocyte lipolysis independent of total adiposity. DESIGN AND METHODS OM and SC fat samples were obtained during gynecological surgery in 60 women (mean age, 46.1±5.9 years; mean BMI, 27.1±4.5 kg/m² (range, 20.3-41. kg/m²)). Fresh samples were treated with osmium tetroxide and were analyzed with a Multisizer Coulter. Cell size distributions were computed for each sample with exponential and Gaussian function fits. RESULTS Computed tomography-measured visceral fat accumulation was the best predictor of larger cell populations as well as the percentage of small cells in both OM and SC fat (P<0.0001 for all). Accordingly, women with visceral obesity had larger cells in the main population and higher proportion of small adipocytes independent of total adiposity (P≤0.05). Using linear regression analysis, we found that women characterized by larger-than-predicted adipocytes in either OM or SC adipose tissue presented higher visceral adipose tissue area, increased percentage of small cells and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index as well as higher OM adipocyte isoproterenol-, forskolin- and dbcAMP-stimulated lipolysis compared to women with smaller-than-predicted adipocytes, independent of total adiposity (P≤0.05). CONCLUSION Excess visceral adipose tissue accumulation is a strong marker of both adipocyte hypertrophy and increased number of small cells in either fat compartment, which relates to higher insulin resistance index and lipolytic response, independent of total adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Michaud
- Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Sofia Laforest
- Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Nadeau
- Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Serge Simard
- Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Marleen Daris
- Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Lebœuf
- Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Hubert Vidal
- Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Géloën
- Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - André Tchernof
- Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France Endocrinology and NephrologyCHU de Quebec-Laval University, 2705 Laurier Blvd. (R-4779), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G2School of NutritionLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaInstitut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de QuébecQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaGynecology UnitCHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaUniversity of LyonCARMEN INSERM U1060, INSA-Lyon, F-69621, Lyon, France
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Bucci M, Karmi AC, Iozzo P, Fielding BA, Viljanen A, Badeau RM, Borra R, Saunavaara V, Pham T, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski K, Haaparanta-Solin M, Viljanen T, Parkkola R, Frayn KN, Nuutila P. Enhanced fatty acid uptake in visceral adipose tissue is not reversed by weight loss in obese individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 2015; 58:158-64. [PMID: 25331375 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Obesity causes an imbalance in fat mass distribution between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) depots. We tested the hypothesis that this relates to increased NEFA uptake between these depots in obese compared with healthy participants. Second, we hypothesised that a diet very low in energy (very low calorie diet [VLCD]) decreases fat mass in obese participants and that this is associated with the decline in NEFA uptake. METHODS NEFA uptake in AT depots was measured with [(18)F]-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid ((18)F-FTHA) and positron emission tomography (PET) in 18 obese participants with the metabolic syndrome before and after a 6 week VLCD. Whole body fat oxidation was measured using indirect calorimetry and [U-(13)C]palmitate. Sixteen non-obese participants were controls. RESULTS Obese participants had >100% higher (p < 0.0001) NEFA uptake in the visceral and subcutaneous abdominal AT depots than controls. VLCD decreased AT mass in all regions (12% to 21%), but NEFA uptake was decreased significantly (18%; p < 0.006) only in the femoral AT. Whole body carbohydrate oxidation decreased, while fat oxidation increased. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The data demonstrate that weight loss caused by VLCD does not affect abdominal fasting NEFA uptake rates. We found that visceral fat takes up more NEFAs than subcutaneous AT depots, even after weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bucci
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, FI-20521, Turku, Finland,
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Musil F, Blaha V, Ticha A, Hyspler R, Haluzik M, Lesna J, Smahelova A, Sobotka L. Effects of body weight reduction on plasma leptin and adiponectin/leptin ratio in obese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Physiol Res 2014; 64:221-8. [PMID: 25317681 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the changes in the adipokines leptin and adiponectin in obese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who underwent seven days of fasting and 21 days of low-calorie diet (LCD). The plasma leptin and adiponectin concentrations were measured in 14 obese patients with T1DM at baseline, immediately after 7 days of fasting, and after 21 days of LCD. 13 non-obese patients with T1DM were studied only after an overnight fasting. Bioimpedance technique was used for determination of body composition. Obese T1DM patients lost 6.0 kg (6.0; 6.8) (median, 25 %; 75 %) and decreased their fat tissue after fasting and LCD. Plasma leptin in obese T1DM was significantly higher than in non-obese T1DM patients: 9.10 (5.06; 25.89) vs. 1.71 (1.12; 7.08) microg . l(-1) and transiently decreased immediately after fasting: 3.45 microg . l(-1) (1.47; 7.00), (P<0.05). Adiponectin/leptin ratio in obese T1DM was significantly lower than in non-obese T1DM patients: 0.67 (0.57; 1.49) vs. 3.50 (2.46; 6.30) . 10(3) and transiently increased immediately after fasting: 2.22 (1.26; 3.24) . 10(3), (P<0.05). We conclude that obese patients with T1DM are characterized by hyperleptinemia that is reduced by prolonged fasting, but only slightly affected by low calorie diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Musil
- Department of Metabolic Care and Gerontology, University Hospital Hradec Králové and Medical Faculty Charles University in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Kawasumi K, Kashiwado N, Okada Y, Sawamura M, Sasaki Y, Iwazaki E, Mori N, Yamamoto I, Arai T. Age effects on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride profiles and metabolite concentrations in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:57. [PMID: 24597741 PMCID: PMC3946593 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In dogs, occurrence of lipid metabolism disorders such as obesity and diabetes mellitus has increased markedly in recent years. Hyperlipidemia has been regarded as a common characteristic for obese animals and hyperlipidemic condition may be associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and lipid composition changes. In this study, we investigated the changes in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) profiles and metabolite concentrations in 24 dogs (young group: 0-7 years old, n = 12, aged group: 8-13 years old, n = 12). Results Plasma adiponectin (ADN) concentrations were significantly lower in aged dogs than those in young dogs (mean ± SD, 17.2 ± 10.0 μg mL-1 vs 29.3 ± 12.5 μg mL-1, respectively; P <0.05). Although there were no significant differences statistically, aged dogs showed significantly higher plasma alpha1- acid glycoprotein (alpah1-AG) levels compared to those in young dogs. Plasma cholesterol lipoprotein and TG lipoprotein were divided into four fractions by biphasic agarose gel electrophoresis technique. The levels of the third TG-lipoprotein fraction from the positive pole (TG Fraction 3) were significantly higher in aged dogs than in young dogs (mean ± SD, 143.0 ± 109.3 mg dL-1 vs 55.2 ± 31.3 mg dL-1, respectively; P <0.05). On the correlation coefficient analysis by Peason’s method, moderate positive correlations were seen between the age and TG (r = 0.446, P = 0.029), TG Fraction 3 (r = 0.516, P = 0.010), malondialdehyde (r = 0.146, P = 0.043), alpha-1 AG (r = 0.448, P = 0.028) levels, respectively. Moderate negative correlations were seen the age and total cholesterol (TC) Fraction 2 (r = -0.446, P = 0.029), glucose (r = -0.637, P = 0.001), ADN (r = -0.408, P = 0.048), respectively. Conclusions Present data suggest biochemical characteristics of lipid metabolism disorder may be affected by aging in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Kawasumi
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
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Heilbronn LK, Campbell LV, Xu A, Samocha-Bonet D. Metabolically protective cytokines adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor-21 are increased by acute overfeeding in healthy humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78864. [PMID: 24205333 PMCID: PMC3799638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Circulating levels of metabolically protective and adverse cytokines are altered in obese humans and rodent models. However, it is not clear whether these cytokines are altered rapidly in response to over-nutrition, or as a later consequence of the obese state. METHODS Forty sedentary healthy individuals were examined prior to and at 3 and 28 days of high fat overfeeding (+1250 kCal/day, 45% fat). Insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp), adiposity, serum levels of adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21), fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP4), lipocalin-2 and plasminogen activator factor-1 (PAI1) were assessed. Statistics were performed by repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS Overfeeding increased weight, body fat and liver fat, fasting glucose, insulin and reduced insulin sensitivity by clamp (all P <0.05). Metabolically protective cytokines, adiponectin and FGF21 were increased at day 3 of overfeeding (P ≤0.001) and adiponectin was also elevated at day 28 (P=0.001). FABP4, lipocalin-2 and PAI-1 were not changed by overfeeding at either time point. CONCLUSION Metabolically protective cytokines, adiponectin and FGF-21, were increased by over nutrition and weight gain in healthy humans, despite increases in insulin resistance. We speculate that this was in attempt to maintain glucose homeostasis in a state of nutritional excess. PAI-I, FABP4 and lipocalin 2 were not altered by overfeeding suggesting that changes in these cytokines may be a later consequence of the obese state. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00562393).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie K. Heilbronn
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Research Center for Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Lesley V. Campbell
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, and Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Ageing, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dorit Samocha-Bonet
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Meyer LK, Ciaraldi TP, Henry RR, Wittgrove AC, Phillips SA. Adipose tissue depot and cell size dependency of adiponectin synthesis and secretion in human obesity. Adipocyte 2013; 2:217-26. [PMID: 24052897 PMCID: PMC3774697 DOI: 10.4161/adip.24953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is an insulin sensitizing fat cell (FC) hormone whose levels are related to adipose tissue (AT) mass and depot distribution. We hypothesized that the nature of AT expansion (hypertrophy vs. hyperplasia) contributes to obesity-related reductions in serum adiponectin and that this effect is influenced by the regional distribution of AT to subcutaneous (S) and visceral (V) depots. Thirteen obese subjects provided paired AT biopsies. Serum total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin levels were determined by ELISA. Secretion was quantified following 24-h explant culture. FC size, number, % large, and % small FC were determined by microscopic analysis. Secretion of total adiponectin was highest by SAT (P = 0.008) and correlated more strongly with serum adiponectin (total: P = 0.015, r = 0.77; HMW: P = 0.005, r = 0.83) than did secretion by VAT (P = 0.05, r = 0.66 for both). FC size was greatest in SAT and correlated negatively with both serum (total: P = 0.01, r = −0.74; HMW: P = 0.03, r = −0.69) and secreted (total: P = 0.05, r = −0.72; HMW: P = 0.02, r = −0.87) adiponectin. The % small FC in SAT correlated positively with both serum (total: P = 0.006, r = 0.87; HMW: P = 0.009, r = 0.79) and secreted (total: P = 0.03, r = 0.75; HMW: P = 0.01, r = 0.92) adiponectin. VAT FC size correlated negatively with serum HMW adiponectin (P = 0.01, r = −0.76) but not with any measure of secretion. VAT had the greatest % small FC, which related positively to serum HMW (P = 0.004, r = 0.81) and to secreted total adiponectin (P = 0.02, r = 0.78). These studies indicate that differences in fat cell size and depot distribution of AT expansion are important influences on adiponectin in obesity.
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Yang Y, Smith DL, Hu HH, Zhai G, Nagy TR. Chemical-shift water-fat MRI of white adipose depots: inability to resolve cell size differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BODY COMPOSITION RESEARCH 2013; 11:9-16. [PMID: 23667321 PMCID: PMC3649013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adipocyte cell size varies among individuals and importantly, is inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity, and modifiable by weight loss or pharmaceutical agents. However, there are no non-invasive, in vivo methods for adipocyte cell size determination. Here we apply Chemical-Shift Water-Fat MRI to in vivo measures of subcutaneous (inguinal) and visceral (gonadal) white adipose tissue (WAT) to determine whether the fat-signal fraction (FF) is a sensitive indicator of adipocyte cell size. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J male mice (8 weeks old) were singly housed and fed a low-fat diet, high-fat diet or very high-fat diet (n = 16 or 15/group) for 8 weeks. Food intake, body weight and composition were measured; CS-MRI was performed on a 9.4 Tesla Bruker magnet with respiratory gating and anesthesia. Histology was acquired for gonadal WAT; both gonadal and inguinal WAT were fixed with osmium tetroxide and then measured through Image J for cell size. RESULTS Mice fed with higher fat content diets gained significantly more body weight, fat and lean mass while maintaining higher energy intakes over the 8 weeks. There was no significant difference in fat fraction for either gonadal (P = 0.1295) or inguinal (P = 0.4704) WAT among the three groups, despite significantly larger adipocytes (P <0.0001) in mice on high fat diets. CONCLUSION Although diet-induced obesity significantly increased the amount of fat mass, as well as mean and overall white adipocyte cell size, the CS-MRI measured fat fraction between groups were not significantly different. These results do not support the utility of CS-MRI measured FF for in vivo determination of adipocyte cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Yang
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Daniel L. Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Diabetes Research Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Houchun H. Hu
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guihua Zhai
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tim R. Nagy
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Diabetes Research Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Monickaraj F, Gokulakrishnan K, Prabu P, Sathishkumar C, Anjana RM, Rajkumar JS, Mohan V, Balasubramanyam M. Convergence of adipocyte hypertrophy, telomere shortening and hypoadiponectinemia in obese subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:1432-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Hypocaloric diet is a key component of the weight-reducing treatment of obesity and obesity-related disorders. Hypocaloric diets and the associated weight reduction promote improvement of metabolic profile of obese individuals. Among the mechanisms that underlie this beneficial metabolic outcome, the diet-induced modifications of morphological and functional characteristics of human adipose tissue (AT) are believed to have an important role. Prospective studies of hypocaloric weight-reducing dietary intervention demonstrate effects on adipocyte metabolism, namely lipolysis and lipogenesis, and associated changes of the adipocyte size. The endocrine function of AT, which involves cytokine and adipokine production by adipocytes, as well as by cells of stromavascular fraction, is also regulated by dietary intervention. Related inflammatory status of AT is modulated also as a consequence of the changes in recruitment of immune cells, mainly macrophages, in AT. Here, we give an overview of metabolic and endocrine modifications in human AT induced by a variety of hypocaloric diets.
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Gilardini L, Vallone L, Cottafava R, Redaelli G, Croci M, Conti A, Pasqualinotto L, Invitti C. Insulin sensitivity deteriorates after short-term lifestyle intervention in the insulin sensitive phenotype of obesity. Obes Facts 2012; 5:68-76. [PMID: 22433619 DOI: 10.1159/000336926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a 3-month lifestyle intervention on insulin sensitivity and its related cardiometabolic factors in obese patients. METHODS Anthropometry, body composition, oral glucose tolerance test, lipids, alanine aminotransferase, insulin sensitivity (insulinogenic index (ISI), homeostasis model assessment, β-cell performance (disposition index)) were evaluated in 263 obese women and 93 obese men before and after 3 months of hypocaloric low fat/high protein diet associated with physical activity 30 min/day. RESULTS Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the intervention-induced ISI changes: group 1 (decrease), group 2 (stability) and group 3 (increase). Insulin sensitivity and the disposition index were significantly higher before the intervention in group 1 than in group 3. BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass significantly decreased in groups 1 and 3 in both sexes. β-cell performance decreased in group 1 and increased in group 3. Metabolic variables improved in group 3, whereas glucose levels increased in women of group 1. The post-intervention insulin sensitivity was lower in group 1 than in group 3. CONCLUSION Lifestyle intervention induces changes in insulin sensitivity and metabolic factors that depend on the pre-intervention degree of insulin sensitivity. Weight loss leads to metabolic benefits in insulin-resistant, obese patients, whereas it may paradoxically worsen the metabolic conditions in the insulin-sensitive phenotype of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Gilardini
- Department of Medical Sciences and Rehabilitation, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Ariosto 13, Milan, Italy
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Tanaka T, Kono T, Terasaki F, Yasui K, Soyama A, Otsuka K, Fujita S, Yamane K, Manabe M, Usui K, Kohda Y. Thiamine prevents obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders in OLETF rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011; 56:335-46. [PMID: 21422702 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.56.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We previously found that thiamine mitigates metabolic disorders in spontaneously hypertensive rats, harboring defects in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Mutation of thiamine transporter gene SLC19A2 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus. The current study extends our hypothesis that thiamine intervention may impact metabolic abnormalities in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, exhibiting obesity and metabolic disorders similar to human metabolic syndrome. Male OLETF rats (4 wk old) were given free access to water containing either 0.2% or 0% of thiamine for 21 and 51 wk. At the end of treatment, blood parameters and cardiac functions were analyzed. After sacrifice, organs weights, histological findings, and hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity in the liver were evaluated. Thiamine intervention averted obesity and prevented metabolic disorders in OLETF rats which accompanied mitigation of reduced lipid oxidation and increased hepatic PDH activity. Histological evaluation revealed that thiamine alleviated adipocyte hypertrophy, steatosis in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle, sinusoidal fibrosis with formation of basement membranes (called pseudocapillarization) which accompanied significantly reduced expression of laminin β1 and nidogen-1 mRNA, interstitial fibrosis in the heart and kidney, fatty degeneration in the pancreas, thickening of the basement membrane of the vasculature, and glomerulopathy and mononuclear cell infiltration in the kidney. Cardiac and renal functions were preserved in thiamine treatment. Thiamine has a potential to prevent obesity and metabolic disorders in OLETF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Japan
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Kabir M, Stefanovski D, Hsu IR, Iyer M, Woolcott OO, Zheng D, Catalano KJ, Chiu JD, Kim SP, Harrison LN, Ionut V, Lottati M, Bergman RN, Richey JM. Large size cells in the visceral adipose depot predict insulin resistance in the canine model. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:2121-9. [PMID: 21836643 PMCID: PMC4423825 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adipocyte size plays a key role in the development of insulin resistance. We examined longitudinal changes in adipocyte size and distribution in visceral (VIS) and subcutaneous (SQ) fat during obesity-induced insulin resistance and after treatment with CB-1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant (RIM) in canines. We also examined whether adipocyte size and/or distribution is predictive of insulin resistance. Adipocyte morphology was assessed by direct microscopy and analysis of digital images in previously studied animals 6 weeks after high-fat diet (HFD) and 16 weeks of HFD + placebo (PL; n = 8) or HFD + RIM (1.25 mg/kg/day; n = 11). At 6 weeks, mean adipocyte diameter increased in both depots with a bimodal pattern only in VIS. Sixteen weeks of HFD+PL resulted in four normally distributed cell populations in VIS and a bimodal pattern in SQ. Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression with random-effects model of repeated measures showed that size combined with share of adipocytes >75 µm in VIS only was related to hepatic insulin resistance. VIS adipocytes >75 µm were predictive of whole body and hepatic insulin resistance. In contrast, there was no predictive power of SQ adipocytes >75 µm regarding insulin resistance. RIM prevented the formation of large cells, normalizing to pre-fat status in both depots. The appearance of hypertrophic adipocytes in VIS is a critical predictor of insulin resistance, supporting the deleterious effects of increased VIS adiposity in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Kabir
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Kim SM, Cho GJ, Yannakoulia M, Hwang TG, Kim IH, Park EK, Mantzoros CS. Lifestyle modification increases circulating adiponectin concentrations but does not change vaspin concentrations. Metabolism 2011; 60:1294-9. [PMID: 21489569 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of a 10-month lifestyle intervention on the components of the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) in Koreans with MetSyn as well as on blood concentrations of adiponectin and vaspin. One hundred thirty-eight patients with MetSyn, recruited from a community health care center, were consecutively enrolled in the study; 12 patients dropped of the intervention, leaving 126 subjects (76 men and 50 women; age, 65.3 ± 9.0 years). All participants followed a 10-month lifestyle modification interventional program, including dietary counseling, advice on increasing physical activity, and recommendations to stop or limit smoking and alcohol drinking. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters related to the components of the MetSyn, including blood concentrations of adiponectin and vaspin, were assessed pre- and postintervention. At baseline, adiponectin concentrations were moderately negatively correlated to insulin concentrations and insulin resistance evaluated by the homeostasis model assessment. In response to lifestyle modification, statistically significant changes were found in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and insulin concentrations, as well as in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Adiponectin concentrations postintervention, compared with the preintervention levels, increased (7.2 ± 4.0 vs 6.8 ± 3.9 μg/mL, respectively; P < .05), whereas vaspin concentrations remained unchanged (0.25 ± 0.19 vs 0.26 ± 0.20 ng/mL, respectively; P = .64). A 10-month lifestyle modification program in Korean patients with MetSyn led to favorable changes in metabolic parameters and adiponectin but not vaspin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Mee Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 152-703, South Korea.
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Buechler C, Wanninger J, Neumeier M. Adiponectin, a key adipokine in obesity related liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2801-11. [PMID: 21734787 PMCID: PMC3120939 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i23.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprising hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and progressive liver fibrosis is considered the most common liver disease in western countries. Fatty liver is more prevalent in overweight than normal-weight people and liver fat positively correlates with hepatic insulin resistance. Hepatic steatosis is regarded as a benign stage of NAFLD but may progress to NASH in a subgroup of patients. Besides liver biopsy no diagnostic tools to identify patients with NASH are available, and no effective treatment has been established. Visceral obesity is a main risk factor for NAFLD and inappropriate storage of triglycerides in adipocytes and higher concentrations of free fatty acids may add to increased hepatic lipid storage, insulin resistance, and progressive liver damage. Most of the adipose tissue-derived proteins are elevated in obesity and may contribute to systemic inflammation and liver damage. Adiponectin is highly abundant in human serum but its levels are reduced in obesity and are even lower in patients with hepatic steatosis or NASH. Adiponectin antagonizes excess lipid storage in the liver and protects from inflammation and fibrosis. This review aims to give a short survey on NAFLD and the hepatoprotective effects of adiponectin.
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Muller G. Take-over: multiple mechanisms of inter-adipocyte communication. J Mol Cell Biol 2011; 3:81-90. [DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjr003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Or-Tzadikario S, Sopher R, Gefen A. Quantitative monitoring of lipid accumulation over time in cultured adipocytes as function of culture conditions: toward controlled adipose tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 16:1167-81. [PMID: 20163242 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue engineering is investigated for native fat substitutes and wound healing model systems. Research and clinical applications of bioartificial fat require a quantitative and objective method to continuously measure adipogenesis in living cultures as opposed to currently used culture-destructive techniques that stain lipid droplet (LD) accumulation. To allow standardization, automatic quantification of LD size is further needed, but currently LD size is measured mostly manually. We developed an image processing-based method that does not require staining to monitor adipose cell maturation in vitro nondestructively using optical micrographs taken consecutively during culturing. We employed our method to monitor LD accumulation in 3T3-L1 and mesenchymal stem cells over 37 days. For each cell type, percentage of lipid area, number of droplets per cell, and droplet diameter were obtained every 2-3 days. In 3T3-L1 cultures, high insulin concentration (10 microg/mL) yielded a significantly different (p < 0.01) time course of all three outcome measures. In mesenchymal stem cell cultures, high fetal bovine serum concentration (12.5%) produced significantly more lipid area (p < 0.01). Our method was able to successfully characterize time courses and extents of adipogenesis and is useful for a wide range of applications testing the effects of biochemical, mechanical, and thermal stimulations in tissue engineering of bioartificial fat constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Or-Tzadikario
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Varlamov O, Somwar R, Cornea A, Kievit P, Grove KL, Roberts CT. Single-cell analysis of insulin-regulated fatty acid uptake in adipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E486-96. [PMID: 20570821 PMCID: PMC2944284 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00330.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased body fat correlates with the enlargement of average fat cell size and reduced adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. It is currently unclear whether adipocytes, as they accumulate more triglycerides and grow in size, gradually become less insulin sensitive or whether obesity-related factors independently cause both the enlargement of adipocyte size and reduced adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. In the first instance, large and small adipocytes in the same tissue would exhibit differences in insulin sensitivity, whereas, in the second instance, adipocyte size per se would not necessarily correlate with insulin response. To analyze the effect of adipocyte size on insulin sensitivity, we employed a new single-cell imaging assay that resolves fatty acid uptake and insulin response in single adipocytes in subcutaneous adipose tissue explants. Here, we report that subcutaneous adipocytes are heterogeneous in size and intrinsic insulin sensitivity. Whereas smaller adipocytes respond to insulin by increasing lipid uptake, adipocytes with cell diameters larger than 80-100 microm are insulin resistant. We propose that, when cell size approaches a critical boundary, adipocytes lose insulin-dependent fatty acid transport. This negative feedback mechanism may protect adipocytes from lipid overload and restrict further expansion of adipose tissue, which leads to obesity and metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, 97006, USA
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Albu JB, Heilbronn LK, Kelley DE, Smith SR, Azuma K, Berk ES, Pi-Sunyer FX, Ravussin E. Metabolic changes following a 1-year diet and exercise intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2010; 59:627-33. [PMID: 20028945 PMCID: PMC2828653 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the relationships among long-term improvements in peripheral insulin sensitivity (glucose disposal rate [GDR]), fasting glucose, and free fatty acids (FFAs) and concomitant changes in weight and adipose tissue mass and distribution induced by lifestyle intervention in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured GDR, fasting glucose, and FFAs during a euglycemic clamp and adipose tissue mass and distribution, organ fat, and adipocyte size by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, CT scan, and adipose tissue biopsy in 26 men and 32 women in the Look-AHEAD trial before and after 1 year of diet and exercise aimed at weight loss. RESULTS Weight and fasting glucose decreased significantly (P < 0.0001) and significantly more in men than in women (-12 vs. -8% and -16 vs. -7%, respectively; P < 0.05), while FFAs during hyperinsulinemia decreased and GDR increased significantly (P < 0.00001) and similarly in both sexes (-53 vs. -41% and 63 vs. 43%; P = NS). Men achieved a more favorable fat distribution by losing more from upper compared with lower and from deeper compared with superficial adipose tissue depots (P < 0.01). Decreases in weight and adipose tissue mass predicted improvements in GDR but not in fasting glucose or fasting FFAs; however, decreases in FFAs during hyperinsulinemia significantly determined GDR improvements. Hepatic fat was the only regional fat measure whose change contributed independently to changes in metabolic variables. CONCLUSIONS Patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing a 1-year lifestyle intervention had significant improvements in GDR, fasting glucose, FFAs and adipose tissue distribution. However, changes in overall weight (adipose tissue mass) and hepatic fat were the most important determinants of metabolic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine B Albu
- Department of Medicine, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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