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Li X, Zou J, Lin A, Chi J, Hao H, Chen H, Liu Z. Oxidative Stress, Endothelial Dysfunction, and N-Acetylcysteine in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:968-989. [PMID: 38497734 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Endothelial dysfunction is closely associated with the development and progression of CVDs. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) especially type 2 DM (T2DM) exhibit a significant endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction with substantially increased risk for CVDs. Recent Advances: Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress are important contributing factors to EC dysfunction and subsequent CVDs. ROS production is significantly increased in DM and is critically involved in the development of endothelial dysfunction in diabetic patients. In this review, efforts are made to discuss the role of excessive ROS and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and the mechanisms for excessive ROS production and oxidative stress in T2DM. Critical Issues: Although studies with diabetic animal models have shown that targeting ROS with traditional antioxidant vitamins C and E or other antioxidant supplements provides promising beneficial effects on endothelial function, the cardiovascular outcomes of clinical studies with these antioxidant supplements have been inconsistent in diabetic patients. Future Directions: Preclinical and limited clinical data suggest that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment may improve endothelial function in diabetic patients. However, well-designed clinical studies are needed to determine if NAC supplementation would effectively preserve endothelial function and improve the clinical outcomes of diabetic patients with reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. With better understanding on the mechanisms of ROS generation and ROS-mediated endothelial damages/dysfunction, it is anticipated that new selective ROS-modulating agents and effective personalized strategies will be developed for the management of endothelial dysfunction in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Junyong Zou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Aiping Lin
- Center for Precision Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jingshu Chi
- Center for Precision Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Hong Hao
- Center for Precision Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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2
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Engin A. Adipose Tissue Hypoxia in Obesity: Clinical Reappraisal of Hypoxia Hypothesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1460:329-356. [PMID: 39287857 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Obese subjects exhibit lower adipose tissue oxygen consumption in accordance with the lower adipose tissue blood flow. Thereby, compared to lean subjects, obese individuals have almost half lower capillary density and more than half lower vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The VEGF expression together with hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) activity also requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated signaling. Especially HIF-1α is an important signaling molecule for hypoxia to induce the inflammatory responses. Hypoxia contributes to several biological functions, such as angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and insulin resistance (IR). Pathogenesis of obesity-related comorbidities is attributed to intermittent hypoxia (IH), which is mostly observed in visceral obesity. Proinflammatory phenotype of the adipose tissue is a crucial link between IH and the development of IR. Inhibition of adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) in hypoxia increases β cell death. Moreover, deletion of HIF-1α worsens β cell function. Oxidative stress, as well as the release of proinflammatory cytokines/adipokines in obesity, is proportional to the severity of IH. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation at mitochondria is responsible for propagation of the hypoxic signal; however, mitochondrial ROS production is required for hypoxic HIF-1α protein stabilization. Alterations in oxygen availability of adipose tissue directly affect the macrophage polarization and are responsible for the dysregulated adipocytokines production in obesity. Hypoxia both inhibits adipocyte differentiation from preadipocytes and macrophage migration from the hypoxic adipose tissue. Upon reaching a hypertrophic threshold beyond the adipocyte fat loading capacity, excess extracellular matrix (ECM) components are deposited, causing fibrosis. HIF-1α initiates the whole pathological process of fibrosis and inflammation in the obese adipose tissue. In addition to stressed adipocytes, hypoxia contributes to immune cell migration and activation which further aggravates adipose tissue fibrosis. Therefore, targeting HIF-1α might be an efficient way to suppress hypoxia-induced pathological changes in the ECM. The fibrosis score of adipose tissue correlates negatively with the body mass index and metabolic parameters. Inducers of browning/beiging adipocytes and adipokines, as well as modulations of matrix remodeling enzyme inhibitors, and associated gene regulators, are potential pharmacological targets for treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
- Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) oil supplementation ameliorates liver oxidative stress in high-fat diet-fed mice through PPAR-γ and Nrf2 upregulation. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
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4
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Wei A, Gao Q, Chen F, Zhu X, Chen X, Zhang L, Su X, Dai J, Shi Y, Cao W. Inhibition of DNA methylation derepresses PPARγ and attenuates pulmonary fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1304-1318. [PMID: 34378791 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Development of pulmonary fibrosis is associated with altered DNA methylation modifications of fibrogenic gene expressions; however, their causal relationships and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates the critical role of DNA methylation aberration-associated suppression of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma) in pulmonary fibrosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Expressions of PPARγ and bioactive DNA methyltranferases, and PPARγ promoter methylation status were examined from fibrotic lungs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients and bleomycin (Blm)-treated mice. DNA demethylating agent 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5aza) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) derived from medicinal plant were assessed for their PPARγ derepression and anti-pulmonary fibrosis activities. PPARγ knockout mice were created to determine the critical role of PPARγ in the protections. KEY RESULTS Lung PPARγ expressions were markedly suppressed in IPF patients and Blm mice, accompanied by increased methyltransferase (DNMT) 1/DNMT3a and PPARγ promoter hypermethylation. Administrations of 5aza and GA similarly demethylated PPARγ promoter, recovered the PPARγ loss and alleviated the fibrotic lung pathologies, including structural alterations and adverse expressions of fibrotic mediators and inflammatory cytokines. In cultured lung fibroblast and alveolar epithelial cells, GA alleviated the fibrotic PPARγ suppression in a gain of DNMT-sensitive manner, and in PPARγ knockout mice, the anti-fibrotic effects of 5aza and GA were significantly reduced, suggesting that PPARγ is a critical mediator of epigenetic pulmonary fibrogenesis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Aberrant DNMT1/3a elevations and the resultant PPARγ suppression contribute significantly to the development of pulmonary fibrosis, and strategies targeting DNMT/PPARγ axis by synthetic or natural small compounds might benefit patients with pulmonary fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Wei
- Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingren Chen
- Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinghong Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangsen Cao
- Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Ruggiero AD, Key CCC, Kavanagh K. Adipose Tissue Macrophage Polarization in Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity. Front Nutr 2021; 8:625331. [PMID: 33681276 PMCID: PMC7925825 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.625331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 650 million adults are obese (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) worldwide. Obesity is commonly associated with several comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. However, compiled estimates suggest that from 5 to 40% of obese individuals do not experience metabolic or cardiovascular complications. The existence of the metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) and the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotypes suggests that underlying differences exist in both tissues and overall systemic function. Macrophage accumulation in white adipose tissue (AT) in obesity is typically associated with insulin resistance. However, as plastic cells, macrophages respond to stimuli in their microenvironments, altering their polarization between pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes, depending on the state of their surroundings. The dichotomous nature of MHO and MUO clinical phenotypes suggests that differences in white AT function dictate local inflammatory responses by driving changes in macrophage subtypes. As obesity requires extensive AT expansion, we posit that remodeling capacity with adipose expansion potentiates favorable macrophage profiles in MHO as compared with MUO individuals. In this review, we discuss how differences in adipogenesis, AT extracellular matrix deposition and breakdown, and AT angiogenesis perpetuate altered AT macrophage profiles in MUO compared with MHO. We discuss how non-autonomous effects of remote organ systems, including the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system, interact with white adipose favorably in MHO. Preferential AT macrophage profiles in MHO stem from sustained AT function and improved overall fitness and systemic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistaire D Ruggiero
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Chia-Chi Chuang Key
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Guo X, Cheng L, Yang S, Che H. Pro-inflammatory immunological effects of adipose tissue and risk of food allergy in obesity: Focus on immunological mechanisms. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2020; 48:306-312. [PMID: 31477390 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, the number of obese people has risen steadily. The chronic low-grade inflammatory state and the non-specific activation of the immune system have contributed greatly to the development of obesity-related immunology. Food allergy as a kind of inflammatory disease with abnormal immune response may be associated with obesity. This review begins with the pro-inflammatory immunological effects of adipose tissue in obesity, and explains the possible effects of obesity on food allergy. In short, obesity not only directly causes imbalance of allergic-related immune cells in adipose tissue, but also indirectly causes this consequence through affecting expression of adipocytokines and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in adipose tissue. As a result, circulating levels of pro-inflammatory factors which are partly derived from adipose tissue increase, which might cause intestinal barrier injury. Therefore, obesity may increase the risk of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Guo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, China
| | - L Cheng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, China
| | - S Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, China
| | - H Che
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, China.
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Oxidative and inflammatory effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with bronchiectasis. A prospective, randomized study. NUTR HOSP 2020; 37:6-13. [PMID: 31960695 DOI: 10.20960/nh.02763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Background: systemic inflammation and oxidative stress are important factors in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is recommended for bronchiectasis, but there is no data about its effect on the inflammatory and REDOX status of these patients. Aims: to investigate the effect of PR in non-cystic-fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB) patients, and to compare it with the effect of PR plus a hyperproteic oral nutritional supplement (PRS) enriched with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on serum inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers. Materials and methods: this was an open randomized, controlled trial. Thirty individuals (65 years old or younger with a body mass index over 18.5, older than 65 years with a body mass index over 20) were recruited from September 2013 to September 2014, and randomly assigned to receive PR or PRS. Total neutrophils, and inflammatory and oxidative biomarker levels were measured at baseline, and then at 3 and 6 months. Results: in the PRS group neutrophil levels were decreased from baseline at 6 months. A significantly different fold change was found between the PR and PRS groups. In the PR group, IL-6 and adiponectin were increased by the end of the study while TNFα levels were decreased from baseline at 6 months. REDOX biomarkers remained stable throughout the study except for 8-isoprostane levels, which were increased from baseline at 6 months in both groups of patients. Conclusions: a PR program induced a pro-oxidative effect accompanied by changes in circulating inflammatory cytokine levels in NCFB patients. Our results would also suggest a possible beneficial effect of the HMB enriched supplement on neutrophil level regulation in these patients. The information provided in this study could be useful for choosing the right therapeutic approach in the management of bronchiectasis.
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Shepard CR. TLR9 in MAFLD and NASH: At the Intersection of Inflammation and Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:613639. [PMID: 33584545 PMCID: PMC7880160 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.613639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) is an ancient receptor integral to the primordial functions of inflammation and metabolism. TLR9 functions to regulate homeostasis in a healthy system under acute stress. The literature supports that overactivation of TLR9 under the chronic stress of obesity is a critical driver of the pathogenesis of NASH and NASH-associated fibrosis. Research has focused on the core contributions of the parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in the liver, adipose, and gut compartments. TLR9 is activated by endogenous circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Chronically elevated circulating levels of mtDNA, caused by the stress of overnutrition, are observed in obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and NASH. Clinical evidence is supportive of TLR9 overactivation as a driver of disease. The role of TLR9 in metabolism and energy regulation may have an underappreciated contribution in the pathogenesis of NASH. Antagonism of TLR9 in NASH and NASH-associated fibrosis could be an effective therapeutic strategy to target both the inflammatory and metabolic components of such a complex disease.
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9
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Busquets O, Ettcheto M, Eritja À, Espinosa-Jiménez T, Verdaguer E, Olloquequi J, Beas-Zarate C, Castro-Torres RD, Casadesús G, Auladell C, Bulló M, Folch J, Camins A. c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 1 ablation protects against metabolic-induced hippocampal cognitive impairments. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1723-1733. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7-Hydroxymatairesinol improves body weight, fat and sugar metabolism in C57BJ/6 mice on a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:751-762. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518001824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract7-Hydroxymatairesinol (7-HMR) is a plant lignan abundant in various concentrations in plant foods. The objective of this study was to test HMRLignan™, a purified form of 7-HMR, and the correspondingPicea abiesextract (total extractP. abies; TEP) as dietary supplements on a background of a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome in mice and in the 3T3-L1 adipogenesis model. Mice, 3 weeks old, were fed a HFD for 60 d. Subgroups were treated with 3 mg/kg body weight 7-HMR (HMRLignan™) or 10 mg/kg body weight TEP by oral administration. 7-HMR and TEP limited the increase in body weight (−11 and −13 %) and fat mass (−11 and −18 %) in the HFD-fed mice. Epididymal adipocytes were 19 and −12 % smaller and the liver was less steatotic (−62 and −65 %). Serum lipids decreased in TEP-treated mice (−11 % cholesterol, −23 % LDL and −15 % TAG) and sugar metabolism was ameliorated by both lignan preparations, as shown by a more than 70 % decrease in insulin secretion and insulin resistance. The expression of several metabolic genes was modulated by the HFD with an effect that was reversed by lignan. In 3T3-L1 cells, the 7-HMR metabolites enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END) showed a 40 % inhibition of cell differentiation accompanied by the inhibited expression of the adipogenic genesPPARγ,C/EBPαandaP2. Furthermore, END and ENL caused a 10 % reduction in TAG uptake in HEPA 1–6 hepatoma cells. In conclusion, 7-HMR and TEP reduce metabolic imbalances typical of the metabolic syndrome and obesity in male mice, whereas their metabolites inhibit adipogenesis and lipid uptakein vitro.
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y. Crosstalk Between Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma and the Canonical WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress During Carcinogenesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:745. [PMID: 29706964 PMCID: PMC5908886 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are common and co-substantial pathological processes accompanying, promoting, and even initiating numerous cancers. The canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) generally work in opposition. If one of them is upregulated, the other one is downregulated and vice versa. WNT/β-catenin signaling is upregulated in inflammatory processes and oxidative stress and in many cancers, although there are some exceptions for cancers. The opposite is observed with PPARγ, which is generally downregulated during inflammation and oxidative stress and in many cancers. This helps to explain in part the opposite and unidirectional profile of the canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling and PPARγ in these three frequent and morbid processes that potentiate each other and create a vicious circle. Many intracellular pathways commonly involved downstream will help maintain and amplify inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer. Thus, many WNT/β-catenin target genes such as c-Myc, cyclin D1, and HIF-1α are involved in the development of cancers. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NFκB) can activate many inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, TGF-β, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, MMP, vascular endothelial growth factor, COX2, Bcl2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. These factors are often associated with cancerous processes and may even promote them. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated by cellular alterations, stimulate the production of inflammatory factors such as NFκB, signal transducer and activator transcription, activator protein-1, and HIF-α. NFκB inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and therefore activates the canonical WNT pathway. ROS activates the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling in many cancers. PI3K/Akt also inhibits GSK-3β. Many gene mutations of the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway giving rise to cancers have been reported (CTNNB1, AXIN, APC). Conversely, a significant reduction in the expression of PPARγ has been observed in many cancers. Moreover, PPARγ agonists promote cell cycle arrest, cell differentiation, and apoptosis and reduce inflammation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, invasion, and cell migration. All these complex and opposing interactions between the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARγ appear to be fairly common in inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), Meaux, France
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Zhong J, Gong W, Chen J, Qing Y, Wu S, Li H, Huang C, Chen Y, Wang Y, Xu Z, Liu W, Li H, Long H. Micheliolide alleviates hepatic steatosis in db/db mice by inhibiting inflammation and promoting autophagy via PPAR-γ-mediated NF-кB and AMPK/mTOR signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:197-208. [PMID: 29656210 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anticancer effects of micheliolide (MCL) isolated from Michelia champaca were previously reported, but its role and underlying mechanisms in relieving liver steatosis remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the effects of MCL on hepatic steatosis using a db/db mouse model and lipid mixture (LM)-induced AML12 and LO2 cells. The body and liver weights, food consumption, lipid content and liver aminotransferase levels in serum, the lipid content and inflammatory cytokine levels in liver tissue, and the extent of hepatic steatosis in db/db mice were increased compared with those in db/m mice, and these increases were reversed by MCL treatment. Similarly, MCL also attenuated the inflammatory responses and lipid accumulation in LM-treated AML12 and L02 cells by upregulating PPAR-γ and decreasing p-IкBα and p-NF-κB/p65, thereby inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and reducing lipotoxicity. Furthermore, MCL administration increased LC3B, Atg7 and Beclin-1 expression and the LC3B-II/I ratio in db/db mouse livers and LM-treated AML12 and L02 cells, and these MCL-induced increases were mediated by the activation of PPAR-γ and p-AMPK and inhibition of p-mTOR and induce autophagy. These effects were blocked by PPAR-γ and AMPK inhibitors. Our findings suggest that MCL ameliorates liver steatosis by upregulating PPAR-γ expression, thereby inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammation and activating AMPK/mTOR-dependent autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi 530022, PR China
| | - Wangqiu Gong
- Nephropathy Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- Laboratory Medicine Center, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Yao Qing
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi 530022, PR China
| | - Shuyue Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi 530022, PR China
| | - Hongbei Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi 530022, PR China
| | - Chunxi Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi 530022, PR China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Nephropathy Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Yuxian Wang
- Nephropathy Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Zhaozhong Xu
- Nephropathy Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Wenting Liu
- Nephropathy Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - HongYu Li
- Nephropathy Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Haibo Long
- Nephropathy Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China.
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Moreno-Santos I, Castellano-Castillo D, Lara MF, Fernandez-Garcia JC, Tinahones FJ, Macias-Gonzalez M. IGFBP-3 Interacts with the Vitamin D Receptor in Insulin Signaling Associated with Obesity in Visceral Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2349. [PMID: 29112142 PMCID: PMC5713318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue has traditionally only been considered as an energy storage organ. Nevertheless, the importance of this tissue in systemic physiology and, especially, in systemic inflammation has been highlighted in recent years. Adipose tissue expresses proteins related to vitamin D (VD) metabolism, and it has been proposed that it can act as a VD storage tissue. The active form of VD, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)₂D₃), is able to modify adipocyte and adipose tissue physiology via the VD receptor (VDR), decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue. Moreover, VD deficiency and VDR has been reported to be associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the results of the different studies are not conclusive. Insulin growth binding proteins (IGFBPs) have been identified in adipose tissue, but their roles are poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the plasma levels of VD and the gene expression of VDR in the adipose tissue of subjects with morbid obesity (MO) and with different degrees of insulin resistance (IR), as well as the functionality of direct interaction between IGFBP-3 and VDR, which could explain its inhibitory role in adipogenesis. Our results show a novel role of the VD system in the regulation and activation of IGFBP-3 in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of patients with MO, as a new and alternative mechanism proposed in the insulin signaling associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Moreno-Santos
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria)/Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CB06/03), 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Daniel Castellano-Castillo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria)/Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CB06/03), 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - María Fernanda Lara
- Department of Urology, Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria)/Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Jose Carlos Fernandez-Garcia
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria)/Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CB06/03), 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Francisco Jose Tinahones
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria)/Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CB06/03), 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Manuel Macias-Gonzalez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria)/Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CB06/03), 29010 Málaga, Spain.
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14
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Olveira C, Padilla A, Dorado A, Contreras V, Garcia-Fuentes E, Rubio-Martin E, Porras N, Doña E, Carmona A, Olveira G. Inflammation and Oxidation Biomarkers in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: The Influence of Azithromycin. Eurasian J Med 2017. [PMID: 28638254 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2017.17010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In addition to their antibiotic effect, macrolides appear to modulate the inflammatory response in cystic fibrosis (CF) and could influence oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to assess oxidation biomarkers and levels of inflammation and to determine whether there is an association between these parameters and the intake of macrolides. MATERIALS AND METHODS The subjects included in this cross-sectional study were, on the one hand, clinically stable patients with CF and, on the other, healthy controls. The following serum and plasma inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured: interleukin-6 (IL-6), reactive C protein (RCP), tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), together with markers of lipid peroxidation (8-isoprostanes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]). Clinical, anthropometric, lung function, radiological, and analytical variables (albumin, prealbumin, vitamins, and zinc) were also recorded. RESULTS We studied 36 adults with CF and 41 controls. No differences were observed in age, gender, or anthropometric variables. The patients had significantly higher levels of IL-6, TNF-α, RCP, TBARS, and isoprostanes, and lower levels of SOD than the controls. Twenty-three of the patients were treated with azithromycin, and they had more severe clinical and radiological parameters than those who were not but nevertheless presented significantly lower levels of TNF-α. No differences were observed in the markers of oxidation. CONCLUSION Inflammation and oxidation biomarkers were increased in patients with CF compared with controls. The use of azithromycin was associated with reduced TNF-α levels and did not influence oxidation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casilda Olveira
- Pneumology Service, IBIMA (Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga), Regional University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alicia Padilla
- Pneumology Unit, The Costa del Sol Health Agency, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Dorado
- Pneumology Service, Hospital Regional University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoria Contreras
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, IBIMA (Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga), Regional University Hospital of Málaga University, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Fuentes
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, IBIMA (Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga), Regional University Hospital of Málaga University, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elehazara Rubio-Martin
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, IBIMA (Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga), Regional University Hospital of Málaga University, Málaga, Spain
| | - Nuria Porras
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, IBIMA (Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga), Regional University Hospital of Málaga University, Málaga, Spain
| | - Esperanza Doña
- Pneumology Unit, High Resolution Hospital of Benalmádena, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Carmona
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Málaga University Faculty of Medicine, Málaga, Spain
| | - Gabriel Olveira
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, IBIMA (Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga), Regional University Hospital of Málaga University, Málaga, Spain.,CIBERDEM (CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases)
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15
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Changes in SCD gene DNA methylation after bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients are associated with free fatty acids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46292. [PMID: 28393901 PMCID: PMC5385880 DOI: 10.1038/srep46292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stearoyl CoA Desaturase-1 (SCD) is considered as playing an important role in the explanation of obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the DNA methylation SCD gene promoter is associated with the metabolic improvement in morbidly obese patients after bariatric surgery. The study included 120 subjects with morbid obesity who underwent a laparoscopic Roux-en Y gastric by-pass (RYGB) and a control group of 30 obese subjects with a similar body mass index (BMI) to that found in morbidly obese subjects six months after RYGB. Fasting blood samples were obtained before and at six months after RYGB. DNA methylation was measured by pyrosequencing technology. DNA methylation levels of the SCD gene promoter were lower in morbidly obese subjects before bariatric surgery but increased after RYGB to levels similar to those found in the control group. Changes of DNA methylation SCD gene were associated with the changes of free fatty acids levels (r = −0.442, p = 0.006) and HOMA-IR (r = −0.249, p = 0.035) after surgery. RYGB produces an increase in the low SCD methylation promoter levels found in morbidly obese subjects. This change of SCD methylation levels is associated with changes in FFA and HOMA-IR.
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16
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Adipose Tissue Hypoxia in Obesity and Its Impact on Preadipocytes and Macrophages: Hypoxia Hypothesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:305-326. [PMID: 28585205 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obese subjects exhibit lower adipose tissue oxygen consumption in accordance with the lower adipose tissue blood flow. Thus, compared with lean subjects, obese subjects have 44% lower capillary density and 58% lower vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The VEGF expression together with hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 (HIF-1) activity also requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)- and target of rapamycin (TOR)-mediated signaling. HIF-1alpha is an important signaling molecule for hypoxia to induce the inflammatory responses. Hypoxia affects a number of biological functions, such as angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation and insulin resistance. Additionally, reactive oxygen radical (ROS) generation at mitochondria is responsible for propagation of the hypoxic signal. Actually mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, but not oxygen consumption is required for hypoxic HIF-1alpha protein stabilization. Adipocyte mitochondrial oxidative capacity is reduced in obese compared with non-obese adults. In this respect, mitochondrial dysfunction of adipocyte is associated with the overall adiposity. Furthermore, hypoxia also inhibits macrophage migration from the hypoxic adipose tissue. Alterations in oxygen availability of adipose tissue directly affect the macrophage polarization and are responsible from dysregulated adipocytokines production in obesity. Hypoxia also inhibits adipocyte differentiation from preadipocytes. In addition to stressed adipocytes, hypoxia contributes to immune cell immigration and activation which further aggravates adipose tissue fibrosis. Fibrosis is initiated in response to adipocyte hypertrophy in obesity.
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17
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Jayakumar V, Ahmed SSSJ, Ebenezar KK. Multivariate analysis and molecular interaction of curcumin with PPARγ in high fructose diet induced insulin resistance in rats. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1732. [PMID: 27777867 PMCID: PMC5053957 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of curcumin on the multivariate and docking analysis on peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ, the rats were fed with high fructose diet (Group 2) to induce insulin resistance and curcumin was co-administered orally (Group 4) for a period of 8 weeks and measured the biochemical parameters in blood, kidney and liver tissues. The results showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the level of creatinine, glucose, insulin, low density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, uric acid, very low density lipoprotein and decreased albumin, high density lipoprotein and total protein level in the blood of Group 2 when compared with Group 1 control rats. Further, analysis on liver and kidney tissues showed a significant decrease in antioxidants, hexokinase and increased glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, hydroperoxides and TBARS in Group 2 rats. Furthermore, the multivariate and loading coefficient analysis showed that albumin, HDL, catalase, glutathione reductase, hexokinase and vitamin E are the most contributing factors in blood, liver and kidney. Subsequently, molecular docking was carried out to determine the binding efficiency of curcumin as agonist of PPARγ showed high affinity compared to pioglitazone. The histology of liver and kidney were also studied and the administration of curcumin along with fructose protects the organs from the abnormal changes and also prevents the fat accumulation. Overall, these results demonstrate the preventive role of curcumin on diet induced insulin resistant in rats by ameliorating the altered levels of metabolic changes and potential binding of curcumin with PPARγ as agonist in the treatment of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthi Jayakumar
- Molecular Physiology Lab, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103 India
| | - Shiek S. S. J. Ahmed
- Drug Discovery Lab, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103 India
| | - Kesavarao Kumar Ebenezar
- Molecular Physiology Lab, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103 India
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18
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Hatami M, Saidijam M, Yadegarzari R, Borzuei S, Soltanian A, Arian MS, Goodarzi MT. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γGene Expression and Its Association with Oxidative Stress in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Chonnam Med J 2016; 52:201-6. [PMID: 27689030 PMCID: PMC5040769 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2016.52.3.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) gene plays an important role in controlling the metabolism of lipids and inflammatory processes. Therefore, it can be associated with the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of this gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in patients with metabolic syndrome. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), mRNA expression of PPAR-γ was found in PBMC from 37 subjects with MetS and 30 healthy controls. Serum levels of glucose and lipid profiles were measured. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured using the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) test. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined using a fluorimetric method. Total oxidant status (TOS) in serum was assayed according to oxidation of ferric to ferrous in the presence of methyl orange. Super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured using a Randox kit. Expression of PPAR-γ gene was significantly increased in patients with MetS compared to the control subjects (p=0.002). There was no difference in serum levels of TAC, MDA and SOD between the two study groups, but a significant difference was observed in the TOS (p=0.03). Serum levels of triglycerides and glucose were significantly higher in subjects with MetS. According to the results of our study, an increase in the expression of PPAR-γ in subjects with MetS indicated a possible role of PPAR-γ in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hatami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reza Yadegarzari
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shiva Borzuei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Soltanian
- Department of Biostatistics, Health School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Safi Arian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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19
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Commonalities in the Association between PPARG and Vitamin D Related with Obesity and Carcinogenesis. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:2308249. [PMID: 27579030 PMCID: PMC4992792 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2308249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The PPAR nuclear receptor family has acquired great relevance in the last decade, which is formed by three different isoforms (PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPAR ϒ). Those nuclear receptors are members of the steroid receptor superfamily which take part in essential metabolic and life-sustaining actions. Specifically, PPARG has been implicated in the regulation of processes concerning metabolism, inflammation, atherosclerosis, cell differentiation, and proliferation. Thus, a considerable amount of literature has emerged in the last ten years linking PPARG signalling with metabolic conditions such as obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and, more recently, cancer. This review paper, at crossroads of basic sciences, preclinical, and clinical data, intends to analyse the last research concerning PPARG signalling in obesity and cancer. Afterwards, possible links between four interrelated actors will be established: PPARG, the vitamin D/VDR system, obesity, and cancer, opening up the door to further investigation and new hypothesis in this fascinating area of research.
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20
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Araújo TG, Oliveira AG, Vecina JF, Marin RM, Franco ES, Abdalla Saad MJ, de Sousa Maia MB. Treatment with Parkinsonia aculeata combats insulin resistance-induced oxidative stress through the increase in PPARγ/CuZn-SOD axis expression in diet-induced obesity mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 419:93-101. [PMID: 27372351 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Caesalpiniaceae) is a traditional ethnomedicine and has been used for the empiric treatment of hyperglycemia, without scientific background. Mechanistic analyses at molecular level from the antioxidant mechanism observed by P. aculeata are required. Herein the effects of the treatment by hydroethanolic extract partitioned with ethyl acetate of P. aculeata aerial parts (HEPa/EtOAc) in mice fed a high-fat diet that share many obesity phenotypes with humans were evaluated. The animals were treated orally with HEPa/EtOAc (125 and 250 mg/kg/day) and pioglitazone (5 mg/kg/day), for 16 days. After the treatment, HEPa/EtOAc reduced fasting serum glucose and insulin levels, as well as homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance. In addition, an improvement in glucose intolerance was also observed. Indeed, a reduction in the circulating levels of TNF-α and IL-6 was also observed. Furthermore, at molecular level, it was demonstrated that the HEPa/EtOAc treatment was able to improve these physiological parameters, through the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) per si, as well as the enhancement of antioxidant mechanism by an increase in PPARγ/Cu(2+), Zn(2+)-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) axis expression in liver and adipose tissue. In sum, P. aculeata is effective to improve insulin resistance in a mouse model of obesity and this effect seems to involve the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms through the increase in PPARγ/CuZn-SOD axis expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Gomes Araújo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13081-970, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Gabarra Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13081-970, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Falcato Vecina
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13081-970, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Miguel Marin
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13081-970, Brazil
| | - Eryvelton Souza Franco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Mario J Abdalla Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13081-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Bernadete de Sousa Maia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
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21
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The pro-/anti-inflammatory effects of different fatty acids on visceral adipocytes are partially mediated by GPR120. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1743-1752. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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The expression of genes involved in jejunal lipogenesis and lipoprotein synthesis is altered in morbidly obese subjects with insulin resistance. J Transl Med 2015; 95:1409-17. [PMID: 26367490 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an important risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, until now little attention has been paid to the role that the intestine might have. The aim of this research was to determine the relation between insulin resistance and intestinal de novo lipogenesis/lipoprotein synthesis in morbidly obese subjects and to study the effect of insulin on these processes. Jejunal mRNA expression of the different genes involved in the intestinal de novo lipogenesis/lipoprotein synthesis was analyzed in three groups of morbidly obese subjects: Group 1 with low insulin resistance (MO-low-IR), group 2 with high insulin resistance (MO-high-IR), and group 3 with T2DM and treatment with metformin (MO-metf-T2DM). In addition, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) from MO-low-IR were incubated with different doses of insulin/glucose. In Group 2 (MO-high-IR), the jejunal mRNA expression levels of apo A-IV, ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) beta (PDHB), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) were significantly higher and acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACC1) and fatty-acid synthase lower than in Group 1 (MO-low-IR). In Group 3 (MO-metf-T2DM), only the ACLY and PDHB mRNA expressions were significantly higher than in Group 1 (MO-low-IR). The mRNA expression of most of the genes studied was significantly linked to insulin and glucose levels. The incubation of IEC with different doses of insulin and glucose produced a higher expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, apo A-IV, SREBP-1c, and ACC1 when both, glucose and insulin, were at a high concentration. However, with only high insulin levels, there were higher apo A-IV, PDHB and SREBP-1c expressions, and a lower ACLY expression. In conclusion, the jejunum of MO-high-IR has a decreased mRNA expression of genes involved in de novo fatty-acid synthesis and an increase of genes involved in acetyl-CoA and lipoprotein synthesis. This effect is attenuated by metformin. In addition, the expression of most of the genes studied was found to be regulated by insulin.
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23
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Görlach A, Dimova EY, Petry A, Martínez-Ruiz A, Hernansanz-Agustín P, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM, Kietzmann T. Reactive oxygen species, nutrition, hypoxia and diseases: Problems solved? Redox Biol 2015; 6:372-385. [PMID: 26339717 PMCID: PMC4565025 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the last twenty years the view on reactive oxygen species (ROS) has changed; they are no longer only considered to be harmful but also necessary for cellular communication and homeostasis in different organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals. In the latter, ROS were shown to modulate diverse physiological processes including the regulation of growth factor signaling, the hypoxic response, inflammation and the immune response. During the last 60–100 years the life style, at least in the Western world, has changed enormously. This became obvious with an increase in caloric intake, decreased energy expenditure as well as the appearance of alcoholism and smoking; These changes were shown to contribute to generation of ROS which are, at least in part, associated with the occurrence of several chronic diseases like adiposity, atherosclerosis, type II diabetes, and cancer. In this review we discuss aspects and problems on the role of intracellular ROS formation and nutrition with the link to diseases and their problematic therapeutical issues. Oxidative stress is linked to overnutrition, obesity and associated diseases or cancer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucially involved in modulation of signaling cascades. NOX proteins and hypoxia contribute to formation of ROS under different nutrient regimes. ROS are powerful post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulators. Treatment of obesity with antioxidants requires more, larger, and better monitored clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Görlach
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Elitsa Y Dimova
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Andreas Petry
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Martínez-Ruiz
- Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Hernansanz-Agustín
- Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anabela P Rolo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Palmeira
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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24
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Moreno-Indias I, Tinahones FJ. Impaired adipose tissue expandability and lipogenic capacities as ones of the main causes of metabolic disorders. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:970375. [PMID: 25922847 PMCID: PMC4398959 DOI: 10.1155/2015/970375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is considered a major health problem. However, mechanisms involved and its comorbidities are not elucidated. Recent theories concerning the causes of obesity have focused on a limit to the functional capacity of adipose tissue, comparing it with other vital organs. This assumption has been the central point of interest in our laboratory. We proposed that the failure of adipose tissue is initiated by the difficulty of this tissue to increase its cellularity due to excess in fat contribution, owing to genetic or environmental factors. Nevertheless, why the adipose tissue reduces its capacity to make new adipocytes via mesenchymal cells of the stroma has not yet been elucidated. Thus, we suggest that this tissue ceases fulfilling its main function, the storage of excess fat, thereby affecting some of the key factors involved in lipogenesis, some of which are reviewed in this paper (PPARγ, ROR1, FASN, SCD1, Rab18, BrCa1, ZAG, and FABP4). On the other hand, mechanisms involved in adipose tissue expandability are also impaired, predominating hypertrophy via an increase in apoptosis and a decrease in adipogenesis and angiogenesis. However, adipose tissue failure is only part of this great orchestra, only a chapter of this nightmare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Moreno-Indias
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- *Isabel Moreno-Indias: and
| | - Francisco José Tinahones
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- *Francisco José Tinahones:
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25
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Garrido-Sánchez L, Roca-Rodríguez MDM, Fernández-Veledo S, Vendrell J, Yubero-Serrano EM, Ocaña-Wilhelmi L, García-Fuentes E, Tinahones FJ. CCNG2 and CDK4 is associated with insulin resistance in adipose tissue. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2014; 10:691-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Rodriguez-Pacheco F, Garcia-Serrano S, Garcia-Escobar E, Gutierrez-Repiso C, Garcia-Arnes J, Valdes S, Gonzalo M, Soriguer F, Moreno-Ruiz FJ, Rodriguez-Cañete A, Gallego-Perales JL, Martinez-Ferriz A, Rojo-Martínez G, Garcia-Fuentes E. Effects of obesity/fatty acids on the expression of GPR120. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1852-60. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Rodriguez-Pacheco
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
| | - Sara Garcia-Serrano
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
| | - Eva Garcia-Escobar
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
| | - Carolina Gutierrez-Repiso
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
| | - Juan Garcia-Arnes
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
| | - Sergio Valdes
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
| | - Montserrat Gonzalo
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
| | - Federico Soriguer
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
- CIBEROBN; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
| | - Francisco J. Moreno-Ruiz
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Cirugía General; Digestiva y Trasplantes; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
| | - Alberto Rodriguez-Cañete
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Cirugía General; Digestiva y Trasplantes; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
| | - Jose L. Gallego-Perales
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Cirugía General; Digestiva y Trasplantes; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
| | - Abelardo Martinez-Ferriz
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Cirugía General; Digestiva y Trasplantes; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
| | - Gemma Rojo-Martínez
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
- CIBEROBN; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
- CIBEROBN; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
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Samoylenko A, Hossain JA, Mennerich D, Kellokumpu S, Hiltunen JK, Kietzmann T. Nutritional countermeasures targeting reactive oxygen species in cancer: from mechanisms to biomarkers and clinical evidence. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2157-96. [PMID: 23458328 PMCID: PMC3869543 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert various biological effects and contribute to signaling events during physiological and pathological processes. Enhanced levels of ROS are highly associated with different tumors, a Western lifestyle, and a nutritional regime. The supplementation of food with traditional antioxidants was shown to be protective against cancer in a number of studies both in vitro and in vivo. However, recent large-scale human trials in well-nourished populations did not confirm the beneficial role of antioxidants in cancer, whereas there is a well-established connection between longevity of several human populations and increased amount of antioxidants in their diets. Although our knowledge about ROS generators, ROS scavengers, and ROS signaling has improved, the knowledge about the direct link between nutrition, ROS levels, and cancer is limited. These limitations are partly due to lack of standardized reliable ROS measurement methods, easily usable biomarkers, knowledge of ROS action in cellular compartments, and individual genetic predispositions. The current review summarizes ROS formation due to nutrition with respect to macronutrients and antioxidant micronutrients in the context of cancer and discusses signaling mechanisms, used biomarkers, and its limitations along with large-scale human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Samoylenko
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jubayer Al Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Daniela Mennerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Motavallian A, Andalib S, Vaseghi G, Mirmohammad-Sadeghi H, Amini M. Association between PRO12ALA polymorphism of the PPAR-γ2 gene and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iranian patients. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2013; 19:239-44. [PMID: 24019628 PMCID: PMC3758733 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.116126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs) have been identified as ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. It has been shown that an association exists between Proline 12 alanine (Pro12Ala) polymorphism of PPAR-GAMMA2 (PPAR-γ2) gene and increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in different populations. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the association between Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPAR-γ2 gene and T2DM in an Iranian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred unrelated people, including 100 healthy controls and 100 diabetic patients were recruited diagnosed based on American Diabetes Association criteria. Blood samples were used for isolation of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Having extracted the genomic DNA from human blood leukocytes by means of High Pure polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Template preparation kit, we carried out polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) on each blood sample. Then, Genomic DNA was digested by BstU-I restriction enzyme. Thereafter, restriction products were analyzed by means of Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stained by Ethidium Bromide. RESULTS: We found that the frequency of Ala allele in healthy subjects was significantly higher than in diabetic subjects (P = 0003). Moreover, the genotype frequency of Ala/Ala in healthy subjects was significantly higher than in diabetic subjects (P < 0.001). However, the genotype frequency of Ala/Pro in diabetic subjects was significantly higher than in healthy subjects (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that polymorphism of PPAR-γ2 gene is associated with T2DM. Furthermore, Ala allele is significantly found in non-diabetic individual’s Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Motavallian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Li Y, Periwal V. Synergy in free radical generation is blunted by high-fat diet induced alterations in skeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism. Biophys J 2013; 104:1127-41. [PMID: 23473496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their role in cellular energetics and metabolism, skeletal muscle mitochondria appear to play a key role in the development of insulin resistance and type II diabetes. High-fat diet can induce higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), evidenced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) emission from mitochondria, which may be causal for insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. The underlying mechanisms are unclear. Recent published data on single substrate (pyruvate, succinate, fat) metabolism in both normal diet (CON) and high-fat diet (HFD) states of skeletal muscle allowed us to develop an integrated mathematical model of skeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism. Model simulations suggested that long-term HFD may affect specific metabolic reaction/pathways by altering enzyme activities. Our model allows us to predict oxygen consumption and ROS generation for any combination of substrates. In particular, we predict a synergy between (iso-membrane potential) combinations of pyruvate and fat in ROS production compared to the sum of ROS production with each substrate singly in both CON and HFD states. This synergy is blunted in the HFD state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Garrido-Sanchez L, Escote X, Coin-Aragüez L, Fernandez-Garcia JC, El Bekay R, Vendrell J, Garcia-Fuentes E, Tinahones FJ. Munc18c in adipose tissue is downregulated in obesity and is associated with insulin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63937. [PMID: 23700440 PMCID: PMC3659121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Munc18c is associated with glucose metabolism and could play a relevant role in obesity. However, little is known about the regulation of Munc18c expression. We analyzed Munc18c gene expression in human visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue and its relationship with obesity and insulin. Materials and Methods We evaluated 70 subjects distributed in 12 non-obese lean subjects, 23 overweight subjects, 12 obese subjects and 23 nondiabetic morbidly obese patients (11 with low insulin resistance and 12 with high insulin resistance). Results The lean, overweight and obese persons had a greater Munc18c gene expression in adipose tissue than the morbidly obese patients (p<0.001). VAT Munc18c gene expression was predicted by the body mass index (B = −0.001, p = 0.009). In SAT, no associations were found by different multiple regression analysis models. SAT Munc18c gene expression was the main determinant of the improvement in the HOMA-IR index 15 days after bariatric surgery (B = −2148.4, p = 0.038). SAT explant cultures showed that insulin produced a significant down-regulation of Munc18c gene expression (p = 0.048). This decrease was also obtained when explants were incubated with liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) agonist, either without (p = 0.038) or with insulin (p = 0.050). However, Munc18c gene expression was not affected when explants were incubated with insulin plus a sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) inhibitor (p = 0.504). Conclusions Munc18c gene expression in human adipose tissue is down-regulated in morbid obesity. Insulin may have an effect on the Munc18c expression, probably through LXRα and SREBP-1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Garrido-Sanchez
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Joan XXIII University Hospital, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Xavier Escote
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Joan XXIII University Hospital, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Leticia Coin-Aragüez
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Rajaa El Bekay
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Joan XXIII University Hospital, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Fuentes
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain
- * E-mail: (EGF); (FT)
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain
- * E-mail: (EGF); (FT)
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Tinahones FJ, Garrido-Sánchez L, Murri M, García-Fuentes E, Cardona F. Particular characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in patients with morbid obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 60:127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Queipo-Ortuño MI, Escoté X, Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Garrido-Sanchez L, Miranda M, Clemente-Postigo M, Pérez-Pérez R, Peral B, Cardona F, Fernández-Real JM, Tinahones FJ, Vendrell J. FABP4 dynamics in obesity: discrepancies in adipose tissue and liver expression regarding circulating plasma levels. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48605. [PMID: 23139800 PMCID: PMC3489666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FABP4 is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue, and its circulating levels are linked with obesity and a poor atherogenic profile. OBJECTIVE In patients with a wide BMI range, we analyze FABP4 expression in adipose and hepatic tissues in the settings of obesity and insulin resistance. Associations between FABP4 expression in adipose tissue and the FABP4 plasma level as well as the main adipogenic and lipolytic genes expressed in adipose tissue were also analyzed. METHODS The expression of several lipogenic, lipolytic, PPAR family and FABP family genes was analyzed by real time PCR. FABP4 protein expression in total adipose tissues and its fractions were determined by western blot. RESULTS In obesity FABP4 expression was down-regulated (at both mRNA and protein levels), with its levels mainly predicted by ATGL and inversely by the HOMA-IR index. The BMI appeared as the only determinant of the FABP4 variation in both adipose tissue depots. FABP4 plasma levels showed a significant progressive increase according to BMI but no association was detected between FABP4 circulating levels and SAT or VAT FABP4 gene expression. The gene expression of FABP1, FABP4 and FABP5 in hepatic tissue was significantly higher in tissue from the obese IR patients compared to the non-IR group. CONCLUSION The inverse pattern in FABP4 expression between adipose and hepatic tissue observed in morbid obese patients, regarding the IR context, suggests that both tissues may act in a balanced manner. These differences may help us to understand the discrepancies between circulating plasma levels and adipose tissue expression in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Queipo-Ortuño
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria (Fundación IMABIS), Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Escoté
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit.Joan XXIII University Hospital, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Ceperuelo-Mallafré
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria (Fundación IMABIS), Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sanchez
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit.Joan XXIII University Hospital, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Merce Miranda
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit.Joan XXIII University Hospital, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Clemente-Postigo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria (Fundación IMABIS), Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael Pérez-Pérez
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belen Peral
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Cardona
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria (Fundación IMABIS), Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Fernández-Real
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit.Joan XXIII University Hospital, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Lipoic acid prevents liver metabolic changes induced by administration of a fructose-rich diet. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2226-32. [PMID: 23085069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate whether co-administration of R/S-α-lipoic acid can prevent the development of oxidative stress and metabolic changes induced by a fructose-rich diet (F). METHODS We assessed glycemia in the fasting state and during an oral glucose tolerance test, triglyceridemia and insulinemia in rats fed with standard diet (control) and fructose without or with R/S-α-lipoic acid. Insulin resistance and hepatic insulin sensitivity were also calculated. In liver, we measured reduced glutathione, protein carbonyl groups, antioxidant capacity by ABTS assay, antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase 1 and 2), uncoupling protein 2, PPARδ and PPARγ protein expressions, SREBP-1c, fatty acid synthase and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-1 gene expression, and glucokinase activity. RESULTS R/S-α-lipoic acid co-administration to F-fed rats a) prevented hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, b) improved hepatic insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, c) decreased liver oxidative stress and increased antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes expression, d) decreased uncoupling protein 2 and PPARδ protein expression and increased PPARγ levels, e) restored the basal gene expression of PPARδ, SREBP-1c and the lipogenic genes fatty acid synthase and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, and f) decreased the fructose-mediated enhancement of glucokinase activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that fructose-induced oxidative stress is an early phenomenon associated with compensatory hepatic metabolic mechanisms, and that treatment with an antioxidant prevented the development of such changes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This knowledge would help to better understand the mechanisms involved in liver adaptation to fructose-induced oxidative stress and to develop effective strategies to prevent and treat, at early stages, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, Salah HA, Abu Rashid BE. The Combined Effect of Sleep Deprivation and Western Diet on Spatial Learning and Memory: Role of BDNF and Oxidative Stress. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 50:124-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Cellular and plasma oxidative stress biomarkers are raised in adults with bronchiectasis. Clin Nutr 2012; 32:112-7. [PMID: 22749311 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Oxidative stress is believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of bronchiectasis. The aims of this study were to evaluate the oxidative stress status in bronchiectasis patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 90 clinically stable adults with bronchiectasis of any aetiology (36 with cystic fibrosis [CF] and 54 without CF) plus 50 healthy controls. Plasma and serum oxidative stress biomarkers were measured using commercial kits. Cellular oxidative stress biomarkers in white blood cells (mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular glutathione, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide) were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the catalase activity and lipid peroxidation (TBARs and 8-isoprostanes) were significantly increased in the patient group and the total antioxidant capacity and the activity of superoxide dismutase were decreased. Intracellular superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide were significantly elevated in the patients versus the controls in total leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils. Compared to the controls, the mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly lower in neutrophils and intracellular glutathione in monocytes. No significant differences were observed between CF and non-CF bronchiectasis patients in the oxidative stress biomarkers studied. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers of oxidative stress, both in plasma and intracellular were raised in patients with bronchiectasis compared with controls. No differences were seen in the CF patients compared with the others.
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Garrido-Sánchez L, García-Fuentes E, Fernández-García D, Escoté X, Alcaide J, Perez-Martinez P, Vendrell J, Tinahones FJ. Zinc-alpha 2-glycoprotein gene expression in adipose tissue is related with insulin resistance and lipolytic genes in morbidly obese patients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33264. [PMID: 22442679 PMCID: PMC3307730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Zinc-α2 glycoprotein (ZAG) stimulates lipid loss by adipocytes and may be involved in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism. However, to date no studies have been made in the most extreme of obesity. The aims of this study are to analyze ZAG expression levels in adipose tissue from morbidly obese patients, and their relationship with lipogenic and lipolytic genes and with insulin resistance (IR). Methods mRNA expression levels of PPARγ, IRS-1, IRS-2, lipogenic and lipolytic genes and ZAG were quantified in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of 25 nondiabetic morbidly obese patients, 11 with low IR and 14 with high IR. Plasma ZAG was also analyzed. Results The morbidly obese patients with low IR had a higher VAT ZAG expression as compared with the patients with high IR (p = 0.023). In the patients with low IR, the VAT ZAG expression was greater than that in SAT (p = 0.009). ZAG expression correlated between SAT and VAT (r = 0.709, p<0.001). VAT ZAG expression was mainly predicted by insulin, HOMA-IR, plasma adiponectin and expression of adiponectin and ACSS2. SAT ZAG expression was only predicted by expression of ATGL. Conclusions ZAG could be involved in modulating lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and is associated with insulin resistance. These findings suggest that ZAG may be a useful target in obesity and related disorders, such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- CIBERDEM, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Pere Virgili Institute, Tarragona, Spain
- * E-mail: (LGS); (EGF)
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Fundación IMABIS, Malaga, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Malaga, Spain
- * E-mail: (LGS); (EGF)
| | - Diego Fernández-García
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Malaga, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
| | - Xavier Escoté
- CIBERDEM, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Pere Virgili Institute, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Juan Alcaide
- Fundación IMABIS, Malaga, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Perez-Martinez
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Malaga, Spain
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- CIBERDEM, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Pere Virgili Institute, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Malaga, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
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Clemente-Postigo M, Queipo-Ortuño MI, Fernandez-Garcia D, Gomez-Huelgas R, Tinahones FJ, Cardona F. Adipose tissue gene expression of factors related to lipid processing in obesity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24783. [PMID: 21966368 PMCID: PMC3178563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose tissue lipid storage and processing capacity can be a key factor for obesity-related metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and diabetes. Lipid uptake is the first step to adipose tissue lipid storage. The aim of this study was to analyze the gene expression of factors involved in lipid uptake and processing in subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue according to body mass index (BMI) and the degree of insulin resistance (IR). Methods and Principal Findings VLDL receptor (VLDLR), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), acylation stimulating protein (ASP), LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) gene expression was measured in VAT and SAT from 28 morbidly obese patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) or high IR, 10 morbidly obese patients with low IR, 10 obese patients with low IR and 12 lean healthy controls. LPL, FABP4, LRP1 and ASP expression in VAT was higher in lean controls. In SAT, LPL and FABP4 expression were also higher in lean controls. BMI, plasma insulin levels and HOMA-IR correlated negatively with LPL expression in both VAT and SAT as well as with FABP4 expression in VAT. FABP4 gene expression in SAT correlated inversely with BMI and HOMA-IR. However, multiple regression analysis showed that BMI was the main variable contributing to LPL and FABP4 gene expression in both VAT and SAT. Conclusions Morbidly obese patients have a lower gene expression of factors related with lipid uptake and processing in comparison with healthy lean persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Clemente-Postigo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga (Fundación IMABIS), Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Queipo-Ortuño
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga (Fundación IMABIS), Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Spain
| | - Diego Fernandez-Garcia
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Spain
- Servicio Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gomez-Huelgas
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Spain
- Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Regional Carlos Haya, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Spain
- Servicio Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Cardona
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga (Fundación IMABIS), Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Adrenal cortex. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18:231-3. [PMID: 21522003 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283457c7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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García-Serrano S, Moreno-Santos I, Garrido-Sánchez L, Gutierrez-Repiso C, García-Almeida JM, García-Arnés J, Rivas-Marín J, Gallego-Perales JL, García-Escobar E, Rojo-Martinez G, Tinahones F, Soriguer F, Macias-Gonzalez M, García-Fuentes E. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 is associated with insulin resistance in morbidly obese subjects. Mol Med 2011; 17:273-80. [PMID: 21060977 PMCID: PMC3060976 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have revealed the association between stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) and obesity and insulin resistance. However, only a few studies have been undertaken in humans. We studied SCD1 in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from morbidly obese patients and their association with insulin resistance, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and ATPase p97, proteins involved in SCD1 synthesis and degradation. The insulin resistance was calculated in 40 morbidly obese patients and 11 overweight controls. Measurements were made of VAT and SAT SCD1, SREBP-1 and ATPase p97 mRNA expression and protein levels. VAT and SAT SCD1 mRNA expression levels in the morbidly obese patients were significantly lower than in the controls (P = 0.006), whereas SCD1 protein levels were significantly higher (P < 0.001). In the morbidly obese patients, the VAT SCD1 protein levels were decreased in patients with higher insulin resistance (P = 0.007). However, SAT SCD1 protein levels were increased in morbidly obese patients with higher insulin resistance (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regressions in the morbidly obese patients showed that the variable associated with the SCD1 protein levels in VAT was insulin resistance, and the variables associated with SCD1 protein levels in SAT were body mass index (BMI) and ATPase p97. In conclusion, these data suggest that the regulation of SCD1 is altered in individuals with morbid obesity and that the SCD1 protein has a different regulation in the two adipose tissues, as well as being closely linked to the degree of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jose M García-Almeida
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arnés
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Carlos Haya University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Rivas-Marín
- Surgery Service, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Eva García-Escobar
- CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Gemma Rojo-Martinez
- CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Spain
- IMABIS Foundation, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Tinahones
- CIBER Physiopathology Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Federico Soriguer
- CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Carlos Haya University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Macias-Gonzalez
- IMABIS Foundation, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- IMABIS Foundation, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Carlos Haya University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
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Tinahones FJ, Garrido-Sanchez L, Miranda M, García-Almeida JM, Macias-Gonzalez M, Ceperuelo V, Gluckmann E, Rivas-Marin J, Vendrell J, García-Fuentes E. Obesity and insulin resistance-related changes in the expression of lipogenic and lipolytic genes in morbidly obese subjects. Obes Surg 2011; 20:1559-67. [PMID: 20512427 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-010-0194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The storage capacity of adipose tissue may be an important factor linking obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and associated morbidities. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of lipogenic and lipolytic genes in adipose tissue and the influence of IR. METHODS We studied the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and lipogenic and lipolytic enzymes in the visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from 23 morbidly obese patients (MO; 13 with low IR and ten with high IR) and from 15 healthy, lean controls. RESULTS In the VAT and SAT from the MO, we found an increased expression of PPARγ (p = 0.001 and p = 0.022, respectively), acyl-coenzyme A (CoA)/cholesterol acyltransferase (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001), aquaporin 7 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003), and adipose triglyceride lipase (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001) and a reduced expression of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001), independently of the state of IR. The expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and acyl-CoA synthetase, however, was significantly lower in the MO with high IR (p < 0.05). Glycerol kinase (p = 0.010), hormone-sensitive lipase (p < 0.001), and perilipin (p = 0.006) were only significantly increased in VAT. Acyl-CoA synthetase (p = 0.012) and fatty acid binding protein-4 (p = 0.003) were only significantly decreased in SAT. The expression of the genes studied was only greater in the SAT than the VAT in the controls. CONCLUSION Our results show an upregulation of genes facilitating triglyceride/fatty acid cycling and a reduction in the genes involved in de novo synthesis of fatty acids in morbid obesity. The expression of some of the genes studied seems to be related with the state of IR. VAT and SAT differ metabolically and also between controls and MO.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
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Murri M, García-Fuentes E, García-Almeida JM, Garrido-Sánchez L, Mayas MD, Bernal R, Tinahones FJ. Changes in Oxidative Stress and Insulin Resistance in Morbidly Obese Patients After Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2009; 20:363-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-009-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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