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Pottinger TD, Motelow JE, Povysil G, Moreno CAM, Ren Z, Phatnani H, Aitman TJ, Santoyo-Lopez J, Mitsumoto H, Goldstein DB, Harms MB. Rare variant analyses validate known ALS genes in a multi-ethnic population and identifies ANTXR2 as a candidate in PLS. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:651. [PMID: 38951798 PMCID: PMC11218304 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting over 300,000 people worldwide. It is characterized by the progressive decline of the nervous system that leads to the weakening of muscles which impacts physical function. Approximately, 15% of individuals diagnosed with ALS have a known genetic variant that contributes to their disease. As therapies that slow or prevent symptoms continue to develop, such as antisense oligonucleotides, it is important to discover novel genes that could be targets for treatment. Additionally, as cohorts continue to grow, performing analyses in ALS subtypes, such as primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), becomes possible due to an increase in power. These analyses could highlight novel pathways in disease manifestation. METHODS Building on our previous discoveries using rare variant association analyses, we conducted rare variant burden testing on a substantially larger multi-ethnic cohort of 6,970 ALS patients, 166 PLS patients, and 22,524 controls. We used intolerant domain percentiles based on sub-region Residual Variation Intolerance Score (subRVIS) that have been described previously in conjunction with gene based collapsing approaches to conduct burden testing to identify genes that associate with ALS and PLS. RESULTS A gene based collapsing model showed significant associations with SOD1, TARDBP, and TBK1 (OR = 19.18, p = 3.67 × 10-39; OR = 4.73, p = 2 × 10-10; OR = 2.3, p = 7.49 × 10-9, respectively). These genes have been previously associated with ALS. Additionally, a significant novel control enriched gene, ALKBH3 (p = 4.88 × 10-7), was protective for ALS in this model. An intolerant domain-based collapsing model showed a significant improvement in identifying regions in TARDBP that associated with ALS (OR = 10.08, p = 3.62 × 10-16). Our PLS protein truncating variant collapsing analysis demonstrated significant case enrichment in ANTXR2 (p = 8.38 × 10-6). CONCLUSIONS In a large multi-ethnic cohort of 6,970 ALS patients, collapsing analyses validated known ALS genes and identified a novel potentially protective gene, ALKBH3. A first-ever analysis in 166 patients with PLS found a candidate association with loss-of-function mutations in ANTXR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess D Pottinger
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, 622 West 168 , New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Joshua E Motelow
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gundula Povysil
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Zhong Ren
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hemali Phatnani
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J Aitman
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Hiroshi Mitsumoto
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David B Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew B Harms
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Archana CA, Sekar YS, Suresh KP, Subramaniam S, Sagar N, Rani S, Anandakumar J, Pandey RK, Barman NN, Patil SS. Investigating the Influence of ANTXR2 Gene Mutations on Protective Antigen Binding for Heightened Anthrax Resistance. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:426. [PMID: 38674361 PMCID: PMC11049084 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is the bacterium responsible for causing the zoonotic disease called anthrax. The disease presents itself in different forms like gastrointestinal, inhalation, and cutaneous. Bacterial spores are tremendously adaptable, can persist for extended periods and occasionally endanger human health. The Anthrax Toxin Receptor-2 (ANTXR2) gene acts as membrane receptor and facilitates the entry of the anthrax toxin into host cells. Additionally, mutations in the ANTXR2 gene have been linked to various autoimmune diseases, including Hyaline Fibromatosis Syndrome (HFS), Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), Juvenile Hyaline Fibromatosis (JHF), and Infantile Systemic Hyalinosis (ISH). This study delves into the genetic landscape of ANTXR2, aiming to comprehend its associations with diverse disorders, elucidate the impacts of its mutations, and pinpoint minimal non-pathogenic mutations capable of reducing the binding affinity of the ANTXR2 gene with the protective antigen. Recognizing the pivotal role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in shaping genetic diversity, we conducted computational analyses to discern highly deleterious and tolerated non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) in the ANTXR2 gene. The Mutpred2 server determined that the Arg465Trp alteration in the ANTXR2 gene leads to altered DNA binding (p = 0.22) with a probability of a deleterious mutation of 0.808; notably, among the identified deleterious SNPs, rs368288611 (Arg465Trp) stands out due to its significant impact on altering the DNA-binding ability of ANTXR2. We propose these SNPs as potential candidates for hypertension linked to the ANTXR2 gene, which is implicated in blood pressure regulation. Noteworthy among the tolerated substitutions is rs200536829 (Ala33Ser), recognized as less pathogenic; this highlights its potential as a valuable biomarker, potentially reducing side effects on the host while also reducing binding with the protective antigen protein. Investigating these SNPs holds the potential to correlate with several autoimmune disorders and mitigate the impact of anthrax disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamalapura Ashwathama Archana
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, India; (C.A.A.); (Y.S.S.); (N.S.); (S.R.); (J.A.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Yamini Sri Sekar
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, India; (C.A.A.); (Y.S.S.); (N.S.); (S.R.); (J.A.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, India; (C.A.A.); (Y.S.S.); (N.S.); (S.R.); (J.A.); (S.S.P.)
| | | | - Ningegowda Sagar
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, India; (C.A.A.); (Y.S.S.); (N.S.); (S.R.); (J.A.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Swati Rani
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, India; (C.A.A.); (Y.S.S.); (N.S.); (S.R.); (J.A.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Jayashree Anandakumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, India; (C.A.A.); (Y.S.S.); (N.S.); (S.R.); (J.A.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Nagendra Nath Barman
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University (AAU), Guwahati 781022, India;
| | - Sharanagouda S. Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, India; (C.A.A.); (Y.S.S.); (N.S.); (S.R.); (J.A.); (S.S.P.)
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Huang X, Zhang L, Luo W, Zeng Y, Li X, Yang N, Huang W, Ding BS. Endothelial anthrax toxin receptor 2 plays a protective role in liver fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1278968. [PMID: 38322497 PMCID: PMC10844529 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1278968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the leading cancers worldwide and is a potential consequence of fibrosis. Therefore, the identification of key cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in liver fibrosis is an important goal for the development of new strategies to control liver-related diseases. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing data (GSE136103 and GES181483) of clinical liver non-parenchymal cells were analyzed to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis. The proportion of endothelial subpopulations in cirrhotic livers was significantly higher than that in healthy livers. Gene ontology and gene set enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in the endothelial subgroups revealed that extracellular matrix (ECM)-related pathways were significantly enriched. Since anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2) interacts with the ECM, the expression of ANTXR2 in the liver endothelium was analyzed. ANTXR2 expression in the liver endothelium of wild-type (WT) mice significantly decreased after a 4-time sequential injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to induce liver fibrosis. Next, conditional knockout mice selectively lacking Antxr2 in endothelial cells were generated. After endothelial-specific Antxr2 knockout mice were subjected to the CCl4 model, the degree of liver fibrosis in the knockout group was significantly more severe than that in the control group. In addition, ANTXR2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells promoted matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) activation to degrade the ECM in vitro. Finally, endothelial-specific overexpression of Antxr2 alleviated the development of liver fibrosis following adeno-associated virus treatment. Collectively, these results suggested that endothelial ANTXR2 plays a protective role in liver fibrosis. This function of ANTXR2 may be achieved by promoting MMP2 activation to degrade the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Pottinger TD, Motelow JE, Povysil G, Moreno CAM, Ren Z, Phatnani H, Aitman TJ, Santoyo-Lopez J, Mitsumoto H, Goldstein DB, Harms MB. Rare variant analyses validate known ALS genes in a multi-ethnic population and identifies ANTXR2 as a candidate in PLS. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3721598. [PMID: 38196621 PMCID: PMC10775375 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3721598/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting over 30,000 people in the United States. It is characterized by the progressive decline of the nervous system that leads to the weakening of muscles which impacts physical function. Approximately, 15% of individuals diagnosed with ALS have a known genetic variant that contributes to their disease. As therapies that slow or prevent symptoms, such as antisense oligonucleotides, continue to develop, it is important to discover novel genes that could be targets for treatment. Additionally, as cohorts continue to grow, performing analyses in ALS subtypes, such as primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), becomes possible due to an increase in power. These analyses could highlight novel pathways in disease manifestation. Methods Building on our previous discoveries using rare variant association analyses, we conducted rare variant burden testing on a substantially larger cohort of 6,970 ALS patients from a large multi-ethnic cohort as well as 166 PLS patients, and 22,524 controls. We used intolerant domain percentiles based on sub-region Residual Variation Intolerance Score (subRVIS) that have been described previously in conjunction with gene based collapsing approaches to conduct burden testing to identify genes that associate with ALS and PLS. Results A gene based collapsing model showed significant associations with SOD1, TARDBP, and TBK1 (OR=19.18, p = 3.67 × 10-39; OR=4.73, p = 2 × 10-10; OR=2.3, p = 7.49 × 10-9, respectively). These genes have been previously associated with ALS. Additionally, a significant novel control enriched gene, ALKBH3 (p = 4.88 × 10-7), was protective for ALS in this model. An intolerant domain based collapsing model showed a significant improvement in identifying regions in TARDBP that associated with ALS (OR=10.08, p = 3.62 × 10-16). Our PLS protein truncating variant collapsing analysis demonstrated significant case enrichment in ANTXR2 (p=8.38 × 10-6). Conclusions In a large multi-ethnic cohort of 6,970 ALS patients, rare variant burden testing validated known ALS genes and identified a novel potentially protective gene, ALKBH3. A first-ever analysis in 166 patients with PLS found a candidate association with loss-of-function mutations in ANTXR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess D. Pottinger
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joshua E. Motelow
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gundula Povysil
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Zhong Ren
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hemali Phatnani
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- New York Genome Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Timothy J. Aitman
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Mitsumoto
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - David B. Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Harms
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Wu H, Wu Z, Ye D, Li H, Dai Y, Wang Z, Bao J, Xu Y, He X, Wang X, Dai X. Prognostic value analysis of cholesterol and cholesterol homeostasis related genes in breast cancer by Mendelian randomization and multi-omics machine learning. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1246880. [PMID: 38023262 PMCID: PMC10661325 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1246880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The high incidence of breast cancer (BC) prompted us to explore more factors that might affect its occurrence, development, treatment, and also recurrence. Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism has been widely observed in BC; however, the detailed role of how cholesterol metabolism affects chemo-sensitivity, and immune response, as well as the clinical outcome of BC is unknown. Methods With Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, the potential causal relationship between genetic variants of cholesterol and BC risk was assessed first. Then we analyzed 73 cholesterol homeostasis-related genes (CHGs) in BC samples and their expression patterns in the TCGA cohort with consensus clustering analysis, aiming to figure out the relationship between cholesterol homeostasis and BC prognosis. Based on the CHG analysis, we established a CAG_score used for predicting therapeutic response and overall survival (OS) of BC patients. Furthermore, a machine learning method was adopted to accurately predict the prognosis of BC patients by comparing multi-omics differences of different risk groups. Results We observed that the alterations in plasma cholesterol appear to be correlative with the venture of BC (MR Egger, OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.35-0.84, p<0.006). The expression patterns of CHGs were classified into two distinct groups(C1 and C2). Notably, the C1 group exhibited a favorable prognosis characterized by a suppressed immune response and enhanced cholesterol metabolism in comparison to the C2 group. In addition, high CHG score were accompanied by high performance of tumor angiogenesis genes. Interestingly, the expression of vascular genes (CDH5, CLDN5, TIE1, JAM2, TEK) is lower in patients with high expression of CHGs, which means that these patients have poorer vascular stability. The CAG_score exhibits robust predictive capability for the immune microenvironment characteristics and prognosis of patients(AUC=0.79). It can also optimize the administration of various first-line drugs, including AKT inhibitors VIII Imatinib, Crizotinib, Saracatinib, Erlotinib, Dasatinib, Rapamycin, Roscovitine and Shikonin in BC patients. Finally, we employed machine learning techniques to construct a multi-omics prediction model(Risklight),with an area under the feature curve (AUC) of up to 0.89. Conclusion With the help of CAG_score and Risklight, we reveal the signature of cholesterol homeostasis-related genes for angiogenesis, immune responses, and the therapeutic response in breast cancer, which contributes to precision medicine and improved prognosis of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Burns and Skin Repair Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhixuan Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Burns and Skin Repair Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daijiao Ye
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongfeng Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yinwei Dai
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ziqiong Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingxia Bao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiying Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei He
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Department of Burns and Skin Repair Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuanxuan Dai
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Cryan LM, Tsang TM, Stiles J, Bazinet L, Lee SL, Garrard S, Madrian E, Roberts C, Payne J, Jensen A, Frankel AE, Ackroyd PC, Christensen KA, Rogers MS. Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) mediates growth factor-induced angiogenesis by regulating endothelial cell chemotaxis. Angiogenesis 2022; 25:397-410. [PMID: 35212873 PMCID: PMC9250616 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-022-09833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax protective antigen (PA) is a potent inhibitor of pathological angiogenesis with an unknown mechanism. In anthrax intoxication, PA interacts with capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) and tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8). Here, we show that CMG2 mediates the antiangiogenic effects of PA and is required for growth-factor-induced chemotaxis. Using specific inhibitors of CMG2 and TEM8 interaction with natural ligand, as well as mice with the CMG2 or TEM8 transmembrane and intracellular domains disrupted, we demonstrate that inhibiting CMG2, but not TEM8 reduces growth-factor-induced angiogenesis in the cornea. Furthermore, the antiangiogenic effect of PA was abolished when the CMG2, but not the TEM8, gene was disrupted. Binding experiments demonstrated a broad ligand specificity for CMG2 among extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Ex vivo experiments demonstrated that CMG2 (but not TEM8) is required for PA activity in human dermal microvascular endothelial cell (HMVEC-d) network formation assays. Remarkably, blocking CMG2-ligand binding with PA or CRISPR knockout abolishes endothelial cell chemotaxis but not chemokinesis in microfluidic migration assays. These effects are phenocopied by Rho inhibition. Because CMG2 mediates the chemotactic response of endothelial cells to peptide growth factors in an ECM-dependent fashion, CMG2 is well-placed to integrate growth factor and ECM signals. Thus, CMG2 targeting is a novel way to inhibit angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna M Cryan
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 11.211 Karp Family Research Bldg., 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tsz-Ming Tsang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Jessica Stiles
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 11.211 Karp Family Research Bldg., 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lauren Bazinet
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 11.211 Karp Family Research Bldg., 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sai Lun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Samuel Garrard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.,Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 11.211 Karp Family Research Bldg., 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Erika Madrian
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 11.211 Karp Family Research Bldg., 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cody Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Jessie Payne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Andrew Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Arthur E Frankel
- Department of Medicine, West Palm Beach VA Medical Center, 7305 N Military Trail, West Palm Beach, FL, 33410, USA
| | - P Christine Ackroyd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Kenneth A Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Michael S Rogers
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 11.211 Karp Family Research Bldg., 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Al Kaissi A, Hilmi M, Betadolova Z, Bouchoucha S, Trofimova S, Shboul M, Rustamov G, Dwera W, Sigl K, Kenis V, Kircher SG. Infantile systemic hyalinosis: Variable grades of severity. Afr J Paediatr Surg 2021; 18:224-230. [PMID: 34341308 PMCID: PMC8423165 DOI: 10.4103/ajps.ajps_162_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infantile systemic hyalinosis (ISH) is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder. The classical natural history of the disease is characterised by hypotonia, multiple contractures, skin lesions, osteopenia, joint pain, bone fractures, persistent diarrhoea and growth deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two children manifested the severe type of ISH underwent genotypic confirmation. In order to identify which other family members have inherited the disease. We included siblings and cousins in this study. The baseline tool to study other family subjects was based on the phenotypic characterisations of each child. RESULTS . Two children with the severe type of ISH showed craniosynostosis (brachycephaly and scaphocephaly) associated with multiple contractures, progressive joint osteolysis ending up with multiple joint dislocations. The full exome sequencing was carried out, revealing a previously reported heterozygous nonsense mutation с.1294С>Т and a novel heterozygous non-synonymous substitution c. 58T>A in ANTRX2 gene. Three children (sibling and cousins) manifested variable clinical manifestations relevant to ISH. Specifically, asymptoamtic skin and skeletal abnormalities of hypoplastic clavicles and 'shepherd's crook' deformity and coxa vara. CONCLUSION It is mandatory to perform extensive family pedigree search to detect asymptomatic clinical features in siblings and cousins in families with first degree related marriages. Interestingly, in the mild and the moderate types of ISH, we observed undescribed combination of asymptomatic skin and skeletal abnormalities. This is a comparative study between the severe and the mild/moderate types in a group of children from consanguineous families. Our current study extends the phenotypic characterisations of ISH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al Kaissi
- Orthopedic Hospital of Spesing, Pediatric Department, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marwa Hilmi
- Family Medicine Operations, Omar Bin Al Khatab Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zulfiya Betadolova
- Pediatric clinic «Kidney», Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - Sami Bouchoucha
- Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, The Béchir-Hamza Children's Hospital or Bab Saadoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Svetlana Trofimova
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Neuroorthopaedics and Systemic Disorders, Pediatric Orthopedic Institute N.A. H. Turner, Parkovaya Str., 64-68, Pushkin, Saint, Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mohammad Shboul
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Guseyn Rustamov
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, State hospital of Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - Wiam Dwera
- The Béchir-Hamza Children's Hospital or Bab Saadoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Katharina Sigl
- Head of the Muscuol-Skeletal Group Ordens-Klinikum, Linz, Austria
| | - Vladimir Kenis
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Neuroorthopaedics and Systemic Disorders, Pediatric Orthopedic Institute N.A. H. Turner, Parkovaya Str., 64-68, Pushkin, Saint, Petersburg, Russia
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Meng L, Yuan W, Chi H, Han R, Zhang Y, Pan X, Meng J, Liu Y, Song J, Zhong J, Liu X. Genetic deletion of CMG2 exacerbates systemic-to-pulmonary shunt-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21421. [PMID: 33749907 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000299r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) secondary to congenital heart disease (CHD-PAH) with systemic-to-pulmonary shunt (SPS) is characterized by proliferative vascular remodeling. Capillary morphogenesis gene-2 (CMG2) plays a key role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. This study aimed to determine the role of CMG2 in the pathogenesis of SPS-induced PAH. CMG2 levels were significantly downregulated in pulmonary arterioles from patients with Eisenmenger syndrome and rats with SPS-induced PAH. CMG2 was highly expressed in several cells including human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs). CMG2-/- rats exhibited more severe PAH and pulmonary vascular remodeling than wild-type rats when exposed to SPS for 8 weeks. Overexpression of CMG2 significantly inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of HPASMCs, while knockdown of CMG2 promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis. Next-generation sequencing and subsequent validation results suggested that PI3K-AKT was the most prominent signaling pathway regulated by differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CMG2-/- rat lungs. Our work identified a novel role for CMG2 in SPS-induced PAH based on the findings that CMG2 deficiency exacerbates SPS-induced vascular remodeling in the development of PAH, indicating that CMG2 might act as a potential target for the treatment of CHD-PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liukun Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Medical Research Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Chi
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijuan Han
- Department of Cardiology, Baotou Central hospital, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yeping Zhang
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangbin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Song
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuchang Zhong
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Medical Research Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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9
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Favara DM, Liebscher I, Jazayeri A, Nambiar M, Sheldon H, Banham AH, Harris AL. Elevated expression of the adhesion GPCR ADGRL4/ELTD1 promotes endothelial sprouting angiogenesis without activating canonical GPCR signalling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8870. [PMID: 33893326 PMCID: PMC8065136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ADGRL4/ELTD1 is an orphan adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) expressed in endothelial cells that regulates tumour angiogenesis. The majority of aGPCRs are orphan receptors. The Stachel Hypothesis proposes a mechanism for aGPCR activation, in which aGPCRs contain a tethered agonist (termed Stachel) C-terminal to the GPCR-proteolytic site (GPS) cleavage point which, when exposed, initiates canonical GPCR signalling. This has been shown in a growing number of aGPCRs. We tested this hypothesis on ADGRL4/ELTD1 by designing full length (FL) and C-terminal fragment (CTF) ADGRL4/ELTD1 constructs, and a range of potential Stachel peptides. Constructs were transfected into HEK293T cells and HTRF FRET, luciferase-reporter and Alphascreen GPCR signalling assays were performed. A stable ADGRL4/ELTD1 overexpressing HUVEC line was additionally generated and angiogenesis assays, signalling assays and transcriptional profiling were performed. ADGRL4/ELTD1 has the lowest GC content in the aGPCR family and codon optimisation significantly increased its expression. FL and CTF ADGRL4/ELTD1 constructs, as well as Stachel peptides, did not activate canonical GPCR signalling. Furthermore, stable overexpression of ADGRL4/ELTD1 in HUVECs induced sprouting angiogenesis, lowered in vitro anastomoses, and decreased proliferation, without activating canonical GPCR signalling or MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, JNK, JAK/HIF-1α, beta catenin or STAT3 pathways. Overexpression upregulated ANTXR1, SLC39A6, HBB, CHRNA, ELMOD1, JAG1 and downregulated DLL4, KIT, CCL15, CYP26B1. ADGRL4/ELTD1 specifically regulates the endothelial tip-cell phenotype through yet undefined signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Favara
- Balliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3BJ, UK.
- Department of Oncology and Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Oncology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ali Jazayeri
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, UK
- OMass Therapeutics, Oxford, OX4 4GE, UK
| | - Madhulika Nambiar
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, UK
- Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Helen Sheldon
- Department of Oncology and Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alison H Banham
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of Oncology and Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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10
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Proteomic profiling of MIN6 cell-derived exosomes. J Proteomics 2020; 224:103841. [PMID: 32461166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes have been widely used in research on the early clinical diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of various cancers due to their features of small size (30-120 nm), non-immunogenicity and ability to cross biological barriers. However, few studies have investigated exosomes involved in metabolic diseases. Early studies have found that adipose tissue can be a source of exosomes regulating metabolism, but the related functions of exosomes secreted by other tissues in the regulation of metabolic diseases have not been determined. In addition, islets were found to be able to secrete miRNA via exosomes, suggesting that islet exosomes may be among the sources of exosomes involved in the regulation of metabolic diseases and that the relevant protein profiles have not been characterized to date. Therefore, identifying the protein contents of pancreatic β cell-derived exosomes would benefit further research investigating the protein functions and mechanisms associated with diabetes-related metabolic diseases. SIGNIFICANCE: Exosomes are emerging tools for investigating metabolic diseases in recent years, but little research has been done. In our work, functional identification of MIN6 cell-derived exosomal proteins and comparative analysis of islet β cell exosomal protein data from different cell lines or from different species revealed that exosomes secreted by islet β cells may be involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism. These results may suggest that intercellular communication induced by exosome transfer among tissues may account for the major reason of diabetic metabolic disorder. In addition, these results may provide a theoretical basis for the study of the physiological and pathological functions of islet β cell exosomes for the future studies.
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11
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Finnell JG, Tsang TM, Cryan L, Garrard S, Lee SL, Ackroyd PC, Rogers MS, Christensen KA. A Canstatin-Derived Peptide Provides Insight into the Role of Capillary Morphogenesis Gene 2 in Angiogenic Regulation and Matrix Uptake. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:587-596. [PMID: 32003961 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Capillary Morphogenesis Gene 2 protein (CMG2) is a transmembrane, integrin-like receptor and the primary receptor for the anthrax toxin. CMG2 also plays a role in angiogenic processes. However, the molecular mechanism that mediates the observed CMG2-related angiogenic effects is not fully elucidated. Previous studies have reported that CMG2 binds type IV collagen (Col-IV), a vital component of the vascular basement membrane, as well as other ECM proteins. Here, we further characterize the interaction between CMG2 and individual peptides from Col-IV and explore the effects of this interaction on angiogenesis. Using a peptide array, we observed that CMG2 preferentially binds peptide fragments of the NC1 (noncollagenous domain 1) domains of Col-IV. These domains are also known as the fragments arresten (from the α1 chain) and canstatin (from the α2 chain) and have documented antiangiogenic properties. A second peptide array was probed to map a putative peptide-binding epitope onto the Col-IV structure. A top hit from the initial array, a canstatin-derived peptide, binds to the CMG2 ligand-binding von Willebrand factor A (vWA) domain with a submicromolar affinity (peptide S16, Kd = 400 ± 200 nM). This peptide competes with anthrax protective antigen (PA) for CMG2 binding and does not bind CMG2 in the presence of EDTA. Together these data suggest that, like PA, S16 interacts with CMG2 at the metal-ion dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) of its vWA domain. CMG2 specifically mediates endocytic uptake of S16; both CMG2-/- endothelial cells and WT cells treated with PA show markedly reduced S16 uptake. Furthermore, S16 dramatically reduces directional endothelial cell migration with no impact on cell proliferation. These data demonstrate that this canstatin-derived peptide acts via CMG2 to elicit a marked effect on a critical process required for angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan G. Finnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Tsz-Ming Tsang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Lorna Cryan
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Samuel Garrard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Sai-Lun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - P. Christine Ackroyd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Michael S. Rogers
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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12
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Wang Q, Zhang Q, Gan Z, Li H, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Screening for reproductive biomarkers in Bactrian camel via iTRAQ analysis of proteomes. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:189-199. [PMID: 31840896 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bactrian camel is an ancient and precious species of livestock; that is, unique resources exist in the desert and have important economic and scientific value. In recent years, the number of Bactrian camels has declined sharply. Due to its long reproductive cycle and seasonal oestrus, the mechanism of oestrus is unknown. To identify candidate biomarkers of reproduction, we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis of serum from Bactrian camel in oestrus and non-oestrus, using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 359 proteins, of which 32 were differentially expressed: 11 were up-regulated and 21 were down-regulated in samples from camels in oestrus. We validated the differential expression of a subset of these proteins using qPCR and Western blot. Gene ontology annotation identified that the differentially expressed proteins function in cellular processes, metabolic processes and immune system processes. Notably, five of the differentially expressed proteins, PCGF5, histone H1.2, RBP4, FOLR1 and ANTXR2, are involved in reproductive regulatory processes in other animals. KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated significant enrichment in several cardiac-related pathways, such as 'dilated cardiomyopathy', 'hypertrophic cardiomyopathy', 'cardiac muscle contraction' and 'adrenergic signalling in cardiomyopathy'. Our results suggest that candidate biomarker (PCGF5, histone H1.2, RBP4, FOLR1 and ANTXR2) discovery can aid in understanding reproduction in Bactrian camels. We conclude that the profiling of serum proteomes, followed by the measurement of selected proteins using more targeted methods, offers a promising approach for studying mechanisms of oestrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Quanwei Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ze Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haijiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
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13
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Xiong S, Zhou T, Zheng F, Liang X, Cao Y, Wang C, Feng Z, Tang Q, Zhu J. Different mechanisms of two anti-anthrax protective antigen antibodies and function comparison between them. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:940. [PMID: 31699037 PMCID: PMC6836657 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus anthracis causes a highly lethal infectious disease primarily due to toxin-mediated injury. Antibiotics are no longer effective to treat the accumulation of anthrax toxin, thereby new strategies of antibody treatment are essential. Two anti- anthrax protective antigen (PA) antibodies, hmPA6 and PA21, have been reported by our lab previously. METHODS The mechanisms of the two antibodies were elucidated by Electrophoresis, Competitive Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay, Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation test, and in vitro, in vivo (F344 rats) treatment test. The epitopes of the two antibodies were proved by Western blot and Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay with different domains of PA. RESULTS In this study, we compared affinity and neutralization of these two antibodies. PA21 was better in protecting cells and rats, whereas hmPA6 had higher affinity. Furthermore, the neutralization mechanisms of the two antibodies and their recognition domains of PA were studied. The results showed that hmPA6 recognized domain IV, thus PA could not bind to cell receptors. Conversely, PA21 recognized domain II, thereby limiting heptamer oligomerization of PA63 in cells. CONCLUSIONS Our studies elucidated the mechanisms and epitopes of hmPA6 and PA21. The present investigation can advance future use of the two antibodies in anthrax treatment or prophylaxis, and potentially as a combination treatment as the antibodies target different epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siping Xiong
- Epidemiological Department, Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, 210002, China.,Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Department of Pathology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Epidemiological Department, Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Epidemiological Department, Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Xudong Liang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yongping Cao
- Epidemiological Department, Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Epidemiological Department, Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Zhengqin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Jin Zhu
- Epidemiological Department, Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, 210002, China. .,Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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14
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Increased Soluble CMG2 Serum Protein Concentration is Associated with the Progression of Prostate Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081059. [PMID: 31357506 PMCID: PMC6721319 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate carcinoma (PCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in males, but biomarkers for the prognosis are rare. Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) is a modulator of extracellular matrix remodeling during angiogenesis. Four isoforms of CMG2 have been described so far, one secreted in the serum as soluble CMG2 (sCMG2). The aim of this study was to evaluate the sCMG2 serum concentrations in 179 PCa patients and 163 age-matched control subjects by ELISA and correlate it to clinical and demographic parameters. We observed that sCMG2 concentration is increased in the serum of PCa patients with metastases, while no significant differences in the concentrations were detected between the control subjects and patients with localized PCa. Furthermore, elevated sCMG2 concentrations were significantly associated with the highest T stage. Increased sCMG2 serum concentrations tended to be associated with a worsened overall and disease-specific survival of the PCa patients. In conclusion, sCMG2 may be an interesting additive biomarker for the prediction of the progression of PCa and the patients' outcome.
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15
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Crawford T, Fletcher N, Veitch M, Gonzalez Cruz JL, Pett N, Brereton I, Wells JW, Mobli M, Tesiram Y. Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Shows High Specificity for a UV Induced Mouse Model of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:22. [PMID: 30809524 PMCID: PMC6379334 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for the majority of non-melanoma skin cancer related deaths, particularly in immunosuppressed persons. Identification of biomarkers that could be used to identify or treat SCC would be of significant benefit. The anthrax toxin receptors, Tumor Endothelial Marker 8 (TEM8) and Capillary Morphogenesis Gene 2 (CMG2), are endothelial receptors involved in extracellular matrix homeostasis and angiogenesis that are selectively upregulated on numerous tumors. One method of targeting these receptors is Protective Antigen (PA), a protein produced by B. anthracis that mediates binding and translocation of anthrax toxins into cells. PA targeted toxins have been demonstrated to selectively inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis, but tumor selectivity of PA is currently unknown. In this work fluorescently labeled PA was shown to maintain receptor dependent binding and internalization in vitro. Utilizing a human papillomavirus transgenic mouse model that develops cutaneous SCC in response to ultraviolet irradiation we identified tumor uptake of PA in vivo. The intravenously administered PA resulted in tumor specific localization, with exclusive tumor detection 24 h post injection. Ex vivo analysis identified significantly higher fluorescence in the tumor compared to adjacent healthy tissue and major clearance organs, demonstrating low non-specific uptake and rapid clearance. While both TEM8 and CMG2 were observed to be overexpressed in SCC tumor sections compared to control skin, the intravenously administered PA was primarily co-localized with TEM8. These results suggest that PA could be systemically administered for rapid identification of cutaneous SCC, with potential for further therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Crawford
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Margaret Veitch
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jazmina L Gonzalez Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicola Pett
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian Brereton
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James W Wells
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yasvir Tesiram
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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16
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Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis Show a Weak Association between ANTXR2 Polymorphisms and Ankylosing Spondylitis in Chinese Han. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2018:8365173. [PMID: 30255098 PMCID: PMC6145054 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8365173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated associations of ANTXR2 gene polymorphisms with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). These associations differ depending on the ethnic populations and AS subgroups studied. Purposes of the current study were to evaluate the associations of 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ANTXR2 gene with susceptibility to AS alone or AS in combination with acute anterior uveitis (AAU) in Chinese Han. Therefore, a case-control association study was performed in 880 AS+AAU−, 860 AS+AAU+, and 1700 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed using the iPLEXGold genotyping assay. Our results showed a weak association of rs6534639 AA genotype with AS+AAU+ patients (p=0.042), which was lost after correction for multiple comparisons. No other association was found between SNPs of ANTXR2 and susceptibility of AS+AAU− or AS+AAU+. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the associations of polymorphisms in the ANTXR2 gene with AS. Results showed a weak association of rs4389526 with AS susceptibility in all studies but failed to show an association of rs6534639 with AS in Chinese Han. Taken together, this study shows no association between ANTXR2 polymorphisms and AS susceptibility in a Chinese Han population, but meta-analysis showed that rs4389526 in the ANTXR2 gene was weakly associated with AS susceptibility in both Caucasian and Chinese Han patients.
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17
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Casas-Alba D, Martínez-Monseny A, Pino-Ramírez RM, Alsina L, Castejón E, Navarro-Vilarrubí S, Pérez-Dueñas B, Serrano M, Palau F, García-Alix A. Hyaline fibromatosis syndrome: Clinical update and phenotype-genotype correlations. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1752-1763. [PMID: 30176098 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyaline fibromatosis syndrome (HFS) is the unifying term for infantile systemic hyalinosis and juvenile hyaline fibromatosis. HFS is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the connective tissue caused by mutations in the gene for anthrax toxin receptor-2 (ANTXR2). It is characterized by abnormal growth of hyalinized fibrous tissue with cutaneous, mucosal, osteoarticular, and systemic involvement. We reviewed the 84 published cases and their molecular findings, aiming to gain insight into the clinical features, prognostic factors, and phenotype-genotype correlations. Extreme pain at minimal handling in a newborn is the presentation pattern most frequently seen in grade 4 patients (life-limiting disease). Gingival hypertrophy and subcutaneous nodules are some of the disease hallmarks. Though painful joint stiffness and contractures are almost universal, weakness and hypotonia may also be present. Causes of death are intractable diarrhea, recurrent infections, and organ failure. Median age of death of grade 4 cases is 15.0 months (p25-p75: 9.5-24.0). This review provides evidence to reinforce the previous hypothesis that missense mutations in exons 1-12 and mutations leading to a premature stop codon lead to the severe form of the disease, while missense pathogenic variants in exons 13-17 lead to the mild form of the disease. Multidisciplinary team approach is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dídac Casas-Alba
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez-Monseny
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Pino-Ramírez
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Alsina
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esperanza Castejón
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Navarro-Vilarrubí
- Department of Pediatric Palliative Care, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez-Dueñas
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Serrano
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Palau
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Alix
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Relator RT, Terada A, Sese J. Identifying statistically significant combinatorial markers for survival analysis. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:31. [PMID: 29697363 PMCID: PMC5918465 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Survival analysis methods have been widely applied in different areas of health and medicine, spanning over varying events of interest and target diseases. They can be utilized to provide relationships between the survival time of individuals and factors of interest, rendering them useful in searching for biomarkers in diseases such as cancer. However, some disease progression can be very unpredictable because the conventional approaches have failed to consider multiple-marker interactions. An exponential increase in the number of candidate markers requires large correction factor in the multiple-testing correction and hide the significance. Methods We address the issue of testing marker combinations that affect survival by adapting the recently developed Limitless Arity Multiple-testing Procedure (LAMP), a p-value correction technique for statistical tests for combination of markers. LAMP cannot handle survival data statistics, and hence we extended LAMP for the log-rank test, making it more appropriate for clinical data, with newly introduced theoretical lower bound of the p-value. Results We applied the proposed method to gene combination detection for cancer and obtained gene interactions with statistically significant log-rank p-values. Gene combinations with orders of up to 32 genes were detected by our algorithm, and effects of some genes in these combinations are also supported by existing literature. Conclusion The novel approach for detecting prognostic markers presented here can identify statistically significant markers with no limitations on the order of interaction. Furthermore, it can be applied to different types of genomic data, provided that binarization is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa T Relator
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Aika Terada
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Jun Sese
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan. .,AIST-Tokyo Tech Real World Big-Data Computation Open Innovation Laboratory (RWBC-OIL), 2-12-1 Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.
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Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 maintains gastric cancer stem-like cell phenotype by activating a Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Oncogene 2018; 37:3953-3966. [PMID: 29662192 PMCID: PMC6053357 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence shows that the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC) is mainly associated to the presence of gastric cancer stem-like cells (GCSLCs). However, it is unclear how GCSLC population is maintained. This study aimed to explore the role of capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) in GCSLC maintenance and the relevance to GC progression. We found that CMG2 was highly expressed in GC tissues and the expression levels were associated with the invasion depth and lymph node metastasis of GC, and inversely correlated with the survival of GC patients. Sorted CMG2High GC cells preferentially clustered in CD44High stem-like cell population, which expressed high levels of stemness-related genes with increased capabilities of self-renewal and tumorigenicity. Depletion of CMG2 gene resulted in reduction of GCSLC population with attenuated stemness and decrease of invasive and metastatic capabilities with subdued epithelial–mesenchymal transition phenotype in GC cells. Mechanistically, CMG2 interacted with LRP6 in GCSLCs to activate a Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, our results demonstrate that CMG2 promotes GC progression by maintaining GCSLCs and can serve as a new prognostic indicator and a target for human GC therapy.
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Tan J, Liu M, Zhang JY, Yao YL, Wang YX, Lin Y, Song K, Tan J, Wu JR, Cui YH, Wang Y, Bian XW. Capillary morphogenesis protein 2 is a novel prognostic biomarker and plays oncogenic roles in glioma. J Pathol 2018; 245:160-171. [PMID: 29473166 DOI: 10.1002/path.5062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2) was originally identified through its participation in capillary morphogenesis, and subsequently identified as the second receptor for anthrax toxin (ANTXR2). Although tumor-associated functions of CMG2 have also been reported, the clinical significance and functional mechanism of CMG2 in glioma remain to be elucidated. We assessed the clinicopathological relevance of CMG2 in a cohort of 48 glioma patients as well as through public glioma databases, and explored the function of CMG2 using glioblastoma (GBM) models in vitro and in vivo. CMG2 overexpression was associated with increased tumor grade and poor patient survival. CMG2 promoted G2/M-phase transition during the cell cycle of GBM cells in vitro and contributed to tumor growth in vivo. We also observed that CMG2 is implicated in the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion in GBM cells. Transcriptomic analysis of GBM cells with or without CMG2 overexpression indicated that a panel of oncogenic signaling pathways was altered with CMG2 upregulation, implying that CMG2 might orchestrate these signaling pathways to regulate the growth of GBM cells. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) activity was enhanced by CMG2 overexpression but suppressed with CMG2 deficiency. Since YAP1 is critically implicated in GBM, the oncogenic roles of CMG2 in GBM cells might thus be mediated, at least partially, by YAP1. Altogether, CMG2 functioned as an oncogene in glioma cells and is a potential prognostic biomarker or therapeutic target for the clinical treatment of glioma. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tan
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jun-Ying Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yue-Liang Yao
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yong Lin
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Kang Song
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jiao Tan
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jin-Rong Wu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
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Greither T, Wedler A, Rot S, Keßler J, Kehlen A, Holzhausen HJ, Bache M, Würl P, Taubert H, Kappler M. CMG2 Expression Is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Soft Tissue Sarcoma Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122648. [PMID: 29215551 PMCID: PMC5751250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2), also known as the anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2), is a transmembrane protein putatively involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion and tissue remodeling. CMG2 promotes endothelial cell proliferation and exhibits angiogenic properties. Its downregulation is associated with a worsened survival of breast carcinoma patients. Aim of this study was to analyze the CMG2 mRNA and protein expression in soft tissue sarcoma and their association with patient outcome. CMG2 mRNA was measured in 121 tumor samples of soft tissue sarcoma patients using quantitative real-time PCR. CMG2 protein was evaluated in 52 tumor samples by ELISA. CMG2 mRNA was significantly correlated with the corresponding CMG2 protein expression (rs = 0.31; p = 0.027). CMG2 mRNA expression was associated with the mRNA expressions of several ECM and tissue remodeling enzymes, among them CD26 and components of the uPA system. Low CMG2 mRNA expression was correlated with a worsened patients’ disease-specific survival in Kaplan-Meier analyses (mean patient survival was 25 vs. 96 months; p = 0.013), especially in high-stage tumors. A decreased CMG2 expression is a negative prognostic factor for soft tissue sarcoma patients. CMG2 may be an interesting candidate gene for the further exploration of soft tissue sarcoma genesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Greither
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Martin Luther University, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Alice Wedler
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Martin Luther University, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Swetlana Rot
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Jacqueline Keßler
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Astrid Kehlen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Hans-Jürgen Holzhausen
- Institute of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Matthias Bache
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Peter Würl
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital Dessau, 06847 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | - Helge Taubert
- Clinic of Urology, FA University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kappler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Abstract
Engineered tumor-targeted anthrax lethal toxin proteins have been shown to strongly suppress growth of solid tumors in mice. These toxins work through the native toxin receptors tumor endothelium marker-8 and capillary morphogenesis protein-2 (CMG2), which, in other contexts, have been described as markers of tumor endothelium. We found that neither receptor is required for tumor growth. We further demonstrate that tumor cells, which are resistant to the toxin when grown in vitro, become highly sensitive when implanted in mice. Using a range of tissue-specific loss-of-function and gain-of-function genetic models, we determined that this in vivo toxin sensitivity requires CMG2 expression on host-derived tumor endothelial cells. Notably, engineered toxins were shown to suppress the proliferation of isolated tumor endothelial cells. Finally, we demonstrate that administering an immunosuppressive regimen allows animals to receive multiple toxin dosages and thereby produces a strong and durable antitumor effect. The ability to give repeated doses of toxins, coupled with the specific targeting of tumor endothelial cells, suggests that our strategy should be efficacious for a wide range of solid tumors.
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23
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Rabideau AE, Pentelute BL. Delivery of Non-Native Cargo into Mammalian Cells Using Anthrax Lethal Toxin. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1490-501. [PMID: 27055654 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular delivery of peptide and protein therapeutics is a major challenge due to the plasma membrane, which acts as a barrier between the extracellular environment and the intracellular milieu. Over the past two decades, a nontoxic PA/LFN delivery platform derived from anthrax lethal toxin has been developed for the transport of non-native cargo into the cytosol of cells in order to understand the translocation process through a protective antigen (PA) pore and to probe intracellular biological functions. Enzyme-mediated ligation using sortase A and native chemical ligation are two facile methods used to synthesize these non-native conjugates, inaccessible by recombinant technology. Cargo molecules that translocate efficiently include enzymes from protein toxins, antibody mimic proteins, and peptides of varying lengths and non-natural amino acid compositions. The PA pore has been found to effectively convey over 30 known cargos other than native lethal factor (LF; i.e., non-native) with diverse sequences and functionalities on the LFN transporter protein. All together these studies demonstrated that non-native cargos must adopt an unfolded or extended conformation and contain a suitable charge composition in order to efficiently pass through the PA pore. This review provides insight into design parameters for the efficient delivery of new cargos using PA and LFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Rabideau
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley Lether Pentelute
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Liao J, Wei B, Chen H, Liu Y, Wang J. Bioinformatics investigation of therapeutic mechanisms of Xuesaitong capsule treating ischemic cerebrovascular rat model with comparative transcriptome analysis. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:2438-2449. [PMID: 27347353 PMCID: PMC4891458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xuesaitong soft capsule (XST) which consists of panax notoginseng saponin (PNS) has been used to treat ischemic cerebrovascular diseases in China. The therapeutic mechanism of XST has not been elucidated yet from prospective of genomics and bioinformatics. METHODS A transcriptome analysis was performed to review series concerning middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model and XST intervention after MCAO from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were compared between blank group and model group, model group and XST group. Functional enrichment and pathway analysis were performed. Protein-Protein interaction network was constructed. The overlapping genes from two DEGs sets were screened out and profound analysis was performed. RESULTS Two series including 22 samples were obtained. 870 DEGs were identified between blank group and model group, and 1189 DEGs were identified between model group and XST group. GO terms and KEGG pathways of MCAO and XST intervention were significantly enriched. PPI networks were constructed to demonstrate the gene-gene interactions. The overlapping genes from two DEGs sets were highlighted. ANTXR2, FHL3, PRCP, TYROBP, TAF9B, FGFR2, BCL11B, RB1CC1 and MBNL2 were the pivotal genes and possible action sites of XST therapeutic mechanisms. CONCLUSION MCAO is a pathological process with multiple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangquan Liao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesNo. 5 Beixiange Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineNo. 11 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Benjun Wei
- Hubei University of Chinese MedicineNo. 1 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Hengwen Chen
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesNo. 5 Beixiange Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesNo. 5 Beixiange Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesNo. 5 Beixiange Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
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25
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Inoue M, Iwai R, Yamanishi E, Yamagata K, Komabayashi-Suzuki M, Honda A, Komai T, Miyachi H, Kitano S, Watanabe C, Teshima W, Mizutani KI. Deletion of Prdm8 impairs development of upper-layer neocortical neurons. Genes Cells 2015; 20:758-70. [PMID: 26283595 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Upper-layer (UL) neocortical neurons are the most prominent distinguishing features of the mammalian neocortex compared with those of the avian dorsal cortex and are vastly expanded in primates. However, little is known about the identities of the genes that control the specification of UL neurons. Here, we found that Prdm8, a member of the PR (PRDI-BF1 and RIZ homology) domain protein family, was specifically expressed in the postnatal UL neocortex, particular those in late-born RORß-positive layer IV neurons. We generated homozygous Prdm8 knockout (Prdm8 KO) mice and found that the deletion of Prdm8 causes growth retardation and a reduced brain weight, although the brain weight-to-body weight ratio is unchanged at postnatal day 8 (P8). Immunohistochemistry showed that the relative UL thickness, but not the thickness of the deep layer (DL), was significantly reduced in Prdm8 KO mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, we found that a number of late-born Brn2-positive UL neurons were significantly decreased in Prdm8 KO mice. To identify genes regulated by Prdm8 during neocortical development, we compared expression profiling analysis in Prdm8 KO and WT mice, and identified some candidate genes. These results suggest that the proper expression of Prdm8 is required for the normal development and construction of UL neurons in the mammalian neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Inoue
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan.,Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryota Iwai
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan
| | - Emiko Yamanishi
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yamagata
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan
| | - Mariko Komabayashi-Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan
| | - Aya Honda
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan
| | - Tae Komai
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kitano
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Chisato Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan
| | - Waka Teshima
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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Fullerton PT, Creighton CJ, Matzuk MM. Insights Into SMAD4 Loss in Pancreatic Cancer From Inducible Restoration of TGF-β Signaling. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1440-53. [PMID: 26284758 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth-leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The TGF-β signaling protein SMAD family member 4 is lost in 60% of PDAC, and this has been associated with poorer prognosis. However, the mechanisms by which SMAD4 loss promotes PDAC development are not fully understood. We expressed SMAD4 in human PDAC cell lines BxPC3 and CFPAC1 by selection of stable clones containing an inducible SMAD4 tetracycline inducible expression system construct. After 24 hours of SMAD4 expression, TGF-β signaling-dependent G1 arrest was observed in BxPC3 cells with an increase in the G1 phase fraction from 48.9% to 71.5%. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A by small interfering RNA eliminated the antiproliferative effect, indicating that up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A/p21 by TGF-β signaling is necessary for the phenotype. SMAD4 expression had no impact on invasion in BxPC3 cells, but reduced migration. Microarray analysis of gene expression at 8, 24, and 48 hours after SMAD4 expression characterized the regulatory impact of SMAD4 expression in a SMAD4-null PDAC cell line and identified novel targets of TGF-β signaling. Among the novel TGF-β targets identified are anthrax toxin receptor 2 (3.58× at 8 h), tubulin, β-3 class III (7.35× at 8 h), cell migration inducing protein, hyaluronan binding (8.07× at 8 h), IL-1 receptor-like 1 (0.403× at 8 h), regulator of G protein signaling 4 (0.293× at 8 h), and THAP domain containing 11 (0.262× at 8 h). The gene expression changes we observed upon restoration of TGF-β signaling provide numerous new targets for future investigations into PDAC biology and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Fullerton
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Pathology and Immunology (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Molecular and Cellular Biology (M.M.M.), Pharmacology (M.M.M.), and Medicine (C.J.C.); the Center for Drug Discovery (P.T.F., M.M.M.); and the Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center (P.T.F., C.J.C., M.M.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Pathology and Immunology (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Molecular and Cellular Biology (M.M.M.), Pharmacology (M.M.M.), and Medicine (C.J.C.); the Center for Drug Discovery (P.T.F., M.M.M.); and the Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center (P.T.F., C.J.C., M.M.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Martin M Matzuk
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Pathology and Immunology (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Molecular and Cellular Biology (M.M.M.), Pharmacology (M.M.M.), and Medicine (C.J.C.); the Center for Drug Discovery (P.T.F., M.M.M.); and the Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center (P.T.F., C.J.C., M.M.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Xia Y, Chen K, Zhang MH, Wang LC, Ma CY, Lin YL, Zhao YR. MicroRNA-124 involves in ankylosing spondylitis by targeting ANTXR2. Mod Rheumatol 2015; 25:784-9. [PMID: 25736362 DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2015.1023887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A recent genome-wide association study or GWAS identified that anthrax roxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2) was one of the risk loci for ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Previous study also showed that ANTXR2 could potentially affect new bone formation. This study aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms of ANTXR2 involved in AS pathogenesis. METHODS The expression level of ANTXR2 and miR-124 in peripheral blood was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or qRT-PCR. ANTXR2 was predicted to be a target gene of miR-124 by TargetScan, which was confirmed by luciferase reporter assays. Western blot analysis was used to further investigate the effect of miR-124 on c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and evaluate the activated status of autophagy. RESULTS We evidenced that ANTXR2 was downregulated and miR-124 was upregulated in peripheral blood from AS patients. Intriguingly, miR-124 targeted ANTXR2 and overexpression of miR-124 in Jurkat cells notably inhibited ANTXR2 expression. ANTXR2 inhibition by miR-124 promoted JNK activation and induced autophagy. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that miR-124 might induce autophagy to participate in AS by targeting ANTXR2, which might be implicated in pathological process of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- a Department of Central Laboratory , Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , China
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28
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Cherkaoui Jaouad I, Guaoua S, Hajjioui A, Sefiani A. Hyaline fibromatosis syndrome with mutation c.1074delT of the CMG2 gene: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2014; 8:291. [PMID: 25186005 PMCID: PMC4158768 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis and infantile systemic hyalinosis are variants of the same autosomal recessive syndrome; hyaline fibromatosis syndrome, characterized by papulonodular skin lesions, gingival hypertrophy, flexion contractures of joints, osteolytic bone lesions and stunted growth. Infantile systemic hyalinosis is distinguished from juvenile hyaline fibromatosis by its more severe phenotype, which includes hyaline deposits in multiple organs, recurrent infections and death within the first two years of life.Hyaline fibromatosis syndrome is due to mutations of the gene-encoding capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2). Cases have been reported in different countries but to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported Moroccan patient with hyaline fibromatosis syndrome and carrying the CMG2 mutation. CASE PRESENTATION We report the case of an eight-year-old Moroccan male patient with typical features of hyaline fibromatosis syndrome: multiple recurring subcutaneous tumors, gingival hypertrophy, joint contractures and other anomalies carrying a homozygous mutation in the CMG2 gene. The identification of the mutation in our patient allowed us to do a presymptomatic diagnosis in our patient's sister, a two-day-old newborn, who is carrying the familial mutation in the heterozygous state. Early recognition of this condition is important for genetic counseling and early treatment. CONCLUSIONS Hyaline fibromatosis syndrome might be underdiagnosed. Molecular diagnosis will help clinicians and geneticists, firstly to conduct genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis and early treatment, and secondly to gain better understanding of the disease and genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Cherkaoui Jaouad
- Centre de Génomique Humaine, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V Souissi, Av. Mohamed Belarbi El Alaoui, Rabat 6203 Rabat, Morocco
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Av. Ibn Batouta, BP 769, CP 11400 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Soukaina Guaoua
- Centre de Génomique Humaine, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V Souissi, Av. Mohamed Belarbi El Alaoui, Rabat 6203 Rabat, Morocco
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Av. Ibn Batouta, BP 769, CP 11400 Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Abdelaziz Sefiani
- Centre de Génomique Humaine, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V Souissi, Av. Mohamed Belarbi El Alaoui, Rabat 6203 Rabat, Morocco
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Av. Ibn Batouta, BP 769, CP 11400 Rabat, Morocco
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Zou J, Xu L, Ju Y, Zhang P, Wang Y, Zhang B. Cholesterol depletion induces ANTXR2-dependent activation of MMP-2 via ERK1/2 phosphorylation in neuroglioma U251 cell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:186-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ye L, Sun PH, Sanders AJ, Martin TA, Lane J, Mason MD, Jiang WG. Therapeutic potential of capillary morphogenesis gene 2 extracellular vWA domain in tumour‑related angiogenesis. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1565-73. [PMID: 24993339 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) is a receptor of anthrax toxin and plays an important role in angiogenesis. It has been shown to be involved in the cell adhesion and motility of various cell types, including epithelia and endothelia. The present study aimed to examine the therapeutic potential of targeting CMG2 to prevent tumour‑related new vasculature. The full-length coding sequence of the human CMG2 gene and different fragments of the CMG2 vWA domain were amplified and constructed into a mammalian expression plasmid vector. The effect of CMG2 and its vWA domain on endothelial cells and angiogenesis was assessed using relevant in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. The overexpression of CMG2 enhanced the adhesion of endothelial cells to extracellular matrix, but was negatively associated with cell migration. Overexpression of CMG2 and the vWA domain fragments inhibited the tubule formation and migration of endothelial cells. Small peptides based on the amino acid sequence of the CMG2 vWA domain fragments potently inhibited in vitro tubule formation and ex vivo angiogenesis. One of the polypeptides, LG20, showed an inhibitory effect on in vivo tumour growth of cancer cells which were co-inoculated with the vascular endothelial cells. CMG2 is a potential target for treating tumour‑related angiogenesis. The polypeptides based on the CMG2 vWA domain can potently inhibit in vitro and ex vivo angiogenesis, which may contribute to the inhibitory effect on in vivo tumour growth. Further investigations are required to shed light on the machinery and may provide a novel therapeutic approach for inhibition of angiogenesis in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ping-Hui Sun
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tracey A Martin
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jane Lane
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Malcolm D Mason
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Park SY, Lee HJ, Ji SM, Kim ME, Jigden B, Lim JE, Oh B. ANTXR2 is a potential causative gene in the genome-wide association study of the blood pressure locus 4q21. Hypertens Res 2014; 37:811-7. [PMID: 24739539 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease worldwide, but its genetic basis is poorly understood. Recently, genome-wide association studies identified 33 genetic loci that are associated with blood pressure. However, it has been difficult to determine whether these loci are causative owing to the lack of functional analyses. Of these 33 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) loci, the 4q21 locus, known as the fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) locus, has been linked to blood pressure in Asians and Europeans. Using a mouse model, we aimed to identify a causative gene in the 4q21 locus, in which four genes (anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2), PR domain-containing 8 (PRDM8), FGF5 and chromosome 4 open reading frame 22 (C4orf22)) were near the lead single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs16998073). Initially, we examined Fgf5 gene by measuring blood pressure in Fgf5-knockout mice. However, blood pressure did not differ between Fgf5 knockout and wild-type mice. Therefore, the other candidate genes were studied by in vivo small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing in mice. Antxr2 siRNA was pretreated with polyethylenimine and injected into mouse tail veins, causing a significant decrease in Antxr2 mRNA by 22% in the heart. Moreover, blood pressure measured under anesthesia in Antxr2 siRNA-injected mice rose significantly compared with that of the controls. These results suggest that ANTXR2 is a causative gene in the human 4q21 GWAS-blood pressure locus. Additional functional studies of ANTXR2 in blood pressure may identify a novel genetic pathway, thus increasing our understanding of the etiology of essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Min Ji
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Marina E Kim
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Baigalmaa Jigden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bermseok Oh
- 1] Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea [2] Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea [3] Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Ye L, Sanders AJ, Sun PH, Mason MD, Jiang WG. Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 regulates adhesion and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:2149-2153. [PMID: 24932305 PMCID: PMC4049711 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2), also known as anthrax toxin receptor 2, has been indicated in the formation of new vasculature and in the internalisation of the anthrax toxin. Anti-angiogenesis therapy that targets this molecule has been investigated. However, our recent studies of this molecule have indicated that this gene may also play certain roles in cancer cells. The present study aimed to examine the expression of CMG2 in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines, and also its impact on cellular functions. The expression of CMG2 was detectable in normal and prostate cancer tissues. The prostate cancer cell lines appeared to have relatively high expression compared with the prostatic epithelial cells. Knockdown of CMG2 impaired the adherence of the prostate cancer cells. CMG2 overexpression resulted in decreasing invasiveness, while the knockdown of CMG2 contrastingly enhanced this ability. The altered expression of CMG2 in the prostate cancer cells did not affect the in vitro or in vivo growth of the cells. Taken together, these results show that CMG2 is expressed in prostatic epithelia and cancer cells. In addition to its role in the angiogenesis and the internalisation of anthrax toxin, CMG2 also plays an important role in regulating the adhesion and invasion of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ping-Hui Sun
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Malcolm D Mason
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 inhibits growth of breast cancer cells and is inversely correlated with the disease progression and prognosis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:957-67. [PMID: 24667935 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) also known as anthrax toxin receptor 2 was identified as a gene being up-regulated in capillary morphogenesis. It has been shown to be involved in cell adhesion and motility which are critical functions for cancerous cells to disseminate. The present study aimed to examine the expression of CMG2 in breast cancer and its implication in the disease progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Breast primary tumours and background tissues were collected immediately after surgery and stored at -80 °C with approval by the local ethics committee, and written consent obtained from patients. The expression of CMG2 in 127 breast cancer tumour samples and 34 normal mammary tissues was determined using real-time PCR. Knockdown and over-expression in breast cancer cells were established using constructed plasmid vectors carrying either anti-CMG2 ribozyme or full-coding sequence of human CMG2. The effect on growth of breast cancer cells was examined using in vitro and in vivo models. RESULTS The CMG2 transcript levels were reduced in advanced tumours compared with its expression in tumours of early stage according to their TNM staging. The reduced expression was associated with shorter overall survival, p = 0.004 compared with patients who had higher expression. The knockdown of CMG2 resulted in an increased in vitro growth of MDA-MB-231 cells which express this gene at relatively higher levels. This is consistent with the finding from MCF-7 cells which express lower levels of CMG2 and exhibited reduced growth following over-expression of CMG2. The over-expression of CMG2 also demonstrated an inhibitory effect on in vivo growth of MCF-7 cells. CONCLUSION Reduced expression of CMG2 is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis of breast cancer. CMG2 has an inhibitory effect on growth of breast cancer cells. Further investigation is required to shed light on the prognostic and therapeutic potential of targeting this molecule.
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Yoshida K, Reeves C, Vink J, Kitajewski J, Wapner R, Jiang H, Cremers S, Myers K. Cervical collagen network remodeling in normal pregnancy and disrupted parturition in Antxr2 deficient mice. J Biomech Eng 2014; 136:021017. [PMID: 24390076 PMCID: PMC4023666 DOI: 10.1115/1.4026423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The remodeling of the cervix from a rigid barrier into a compliant structure, which dilates to allow for delivery, is a critical process for a successful pregnancy. Changes in the mechanical properties of cervical tissue during remodeling are hypothesized to be related to the types of collagen crosslinks within the tissue. To further understand normal and abnormal cervical remodeling, we quantify the material properties and collagen crosslink density of cervical tissue throughout pregnancy from normal wild-type and Anthrax Toxin Receptor 2 knockout (Antxr2-/-) mice. Antxr2-/- females are known to have a parturition defect, in part, due to an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the cervix, particularly collagen. In this study, we determined the mechanical properties in gestation-timed cervical samples by osmotic loading and measured the density of mature collagen crosslink, pyridinoline (PYD), by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS). The equilibrium material response of the tissue to loading was investigated using a hyperelastic material model where the stresses in the material are balanced by the osmotic swelling tendencies of the glycosaminoglycans and the tensile restoring forces of a randomly-oriented crosslinked collagen fiber network. This study shows that the swelling response of the cervical tissue increased with decreasing PYD density in normal remodeling. In the Antxr2-/- mice, there was no significant increase in swelling volume or significant decrease in crosslink density with advancing gestation. By comparing the ECM-mechanical response relationships in normal and disrupted parturition mouse models this study shows that a reduction of collagen crosslink density is related to cervical softening and contributes to the cervical remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Yoshida
- Graduate Research AssistantDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,Columbia University,New York, NY 10027e-mail:
| | - Claire Reeves
- Associate Managing EditorBioScience Writers, LLC,Houston, TX 77025 e-mail:
| | - Joy Vink
- Assistant Clinical ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY 10032 e-mail:
| | - Jan Kitajewski
- Charles and Marie Robertson ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY 10032 e-mail:
| | - Ronald Wapner
- Vice Chairman for ResearchDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY 10032 e-mail:
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Associate Research ScientistIrving Institute for Clinicaland Translational Research,Department of Medicine,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY 10032 e-mail:
| | - Serge Cremers
- Assistant Professor of Medical SciencesIrving Institute for Clinicaland Translational Research,Department of Medicine,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY 10032e-mail:
| | - Kristin Myers
- Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,Columbia University, New York, NY 10027e-mail:
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Vink JY, Charles-Horvath PC, Kitajewski JK, Reeves CV. Anthrax toxin receptor 2 promotes human uterine smooth muscle cell viability, migration and contractility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 210:154.e1-8. [PMID: 24060446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previously we demonstrated anthrax toxin receptor 2 knockout (Antxr2(-/-)) mice are fertile but fail to deliver their pups at term. This parturition defect is associated with overaccumulation of extracellular matrix proteins and decreased myometrial cell content in the uterus. Myometrial cell loss in Antxr2(-/-) uterine tissue prompted us to evaluate if ANTXR2 is essential for human uterine smooth muscle cell viability and function. STUDY DESIGN We subjected human uterine smooth muscle cell to lentiviral-mediated knock down or retroviral-mediated overexpression of ANTXR2. Flow cytometry confirmed lentiviral-mediated knock down or retroviral-mediated overexpression in cell lines vs control. Cell behavior and function in control, lentiviral-mediated knock down and retroviral-mediated overexpression cells were evaluated for apoptosis via TUNEL assay, migration via Boyden chamber assay and with oxytocin-mediated collagen contraction assays. Matrix metalloproteinase activity was evaluated using gelatin zymography. Cell lines and samples were run in duplicate. Student t test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS ANTXR2 is expressed by human uterine smooth muscle cell. Human uterine smooth muscle cell-lentiviral-mediated knock down cells exhibited increased apoptosis (P < .05) and decreased migration (P < .05), although human uterine smooth muscle cell-retroviral-mediated overexpression cells exhibited no change in apoptosis (P = .91) and increased migration (P = .05) vs control. Human uterine smooth muscle cell-lentiviral-mediated knock down cells contracted significantly less than control, although human uterine smooth muscle cell-retroviral-mediated overexpression cells showed no difference in contractility vs control. Matrix metalloproteinase activity 2 activity appeared slightly decreased in human uterine smooth muscle cell-lentiviral-mediated knock down cells and increased in human uterine smooth muscle cell-retroviral-mediated overexpression cells vs control. CONCLUSION ANTXR2 is expressed by human uterine smooth muscle cell and appears important for normal human uterine smooth muscle cell viability, migration and contractility. Further studies are needed to delineate if ANTXR2 is important for normal and abnormal labor patterns.
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Cryan LM, Bazinet L, Habeshian KA, Cao S, Clardy J, Christensen KA, Rogers MS. 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose inhibits angiogenesis via inhibition of capillary morphogenesis gene 2. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1940-5. [PMID: 23394144 PMCID: PMC3600088 DOI: 10.1021/jm301558t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) is a transmembrane extracellular matrix binding protein that is also an anthrax toxin receptor. We have shown that high-affinity CMG2 binders can inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth. We recently described a high-throughput FRET assay to identify CMG2 inhibitors. We now report the serendipitous discovery that PGG (1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose) is a CMG2 inhibitor with antiangiogenic activity. PGG is a gallotannin produced by a variety of medicinal plants that exhibits a wide variety of antitumor and other activities. We find that PGG inhibits CMG2 with a submicromolar IC50 and it also inhibits the migration of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells at similar concentrations in vitro. Finally, oral or intraperitoneal administration of PGG inhibits angiogenesis in the mouse corneal micropocket assay in vivo. Together, these results suggest that a portion of the in vivo antitumor activity of PGG may be the result of antiangiogenic activity mediated by inhibition of CMG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna M. Cryan
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lauren Bazinet
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kaiane A. Habeshian
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Michael S. Rogers
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Studies in mice reveal a role for anthrax toxin receptors in matrix metalloproteinase function and extracellular matrix homeostasis. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:315-26. [PMID: 23389402 PMCID: PMC3640537 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genes encoding Anthrax Toxin Receptors (ANTXRs) were originally identified based on expression in endothelial cells suggesting a role in angiogenesis. The focus of this review is to discuss what has been learned about the physiological roles of these receptors through evaluation of the Antxr knockout mouse phenotypes. Mice mutant in Antxr genes have defects in extracellular matrix homeostasis. We discuss how knowledge of physiological ANTXR function relates to what is already known about anthrax intoxication.
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Abstract
Oriented mitosis is essential during tissue morphogenesis. The Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) pathway orients mitosis in a number of developmental systems, including dorsal epiblast cell divisions along the animal-vegetal (A-V) axis during zebrafish gastrulation. How Wnt signalling orients the mitotic plane is, however, unknown. Here we show that, in dorsal epiblast cells, anthrax toxin receptor 2a (Antxr2a) accumulates in a polarized cortical cap, which is aligned with the embryonic A-V axis and forecasts the division plane. Filamentous actin (F-actin) also forms an A-V polarized cap, which depends on Wnt/PCP and its effectors RhoA and Rock2. Antxr2a is recruited to the cap by interacting with actin. Antxr2a also interacts with RhoA and together they activate the diaphanous-related formin zDia2. Mechanistically, Antxr2a functions as a Wnt-dependent polarized determinant, which, through the action of RhoA and zDia2, exerts torque on the spindle to align it with the A-V axis.
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Binz N, Ali Rahman IS, Chinnery HR, McKeone R, Simpson KM, Speed TP, Lai CM, Rakoczy PE. Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor upregulation on retinal gene expression in the Kimba mouse. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 41:251-62. [PMID: 22788671 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2012.02845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Kimba mouse carries a human vascular endothelial growth factor transgene causing retinal neovascularisation similar to that seen in diabetic retinopathy. Here, we examine the relationship between differential gene expression induced by vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression and the architectural changes that occur in the retinae of these mice. METHODS Retinal gene expression changes in juvenile and adult Kimba mice were assayed by microarray and compared with age-matched wild-type littermates. Transcription of selected genes was validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein translation was determined using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Semaphorin 3C was upregulated, and nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group 3, member 3 (Nr2e3) was downregulated in juvenile Kimba mice. Betacellulin and endothelin 2 were upregulated in adults. Semaphorin 3C colocalized with glial fibrillary acidic protein in Müller cells of Kimba retinae at greater signal intensities than in wild type. Endothelin 2 colocalised to Müller cell end feet and extended into the outer limiting membrane. Endothelin receptor type B staining was most pronounced in the inner nuclear layer, the region containing Müller cell somata. CONCLUSIONS An early spike in vascular endothelial growth factor induced significant long-term retinal neovascularisation associated with changes to the retinal ganglion, photoreceptor and Müller cells. Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor led to dysregulation of photoreceptor metabolism through differential expression of Nr2e3, endothelin 2, betacellulin and semaphorin 3C. Alterations in the expression of these genes may therefore play key roles in the pathological mechanisms that result from retinal neovascularisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Binz
- Department of Molecular Ophthalmology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
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Vargas M, Karamsetty R, Leppla SH, Chaudry GJ. Broad expression analysis of human ANTXR1/TEM8 transcripts reveals differential expression and novel splizce variants. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43174. [PMID: 22912819 PMCID: PMC3422265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8; ANTXR1) is one of two anthrax toxin receptors; the other is capillary morphogenesis gene 2 protein (CMG2; ANTXR2). TEM8 shows enhanced expression in certain tumor endothelia, and is thought to be a player in tumor vasculature formation. However, a comprehensive expression profile of individual TEM8 variants in normal or cancerous tissues is lacking. In this work we carried out an extensive analysis of all splice variants of human TEM8 in 12 digestive tissues, and 8 each fetal and adult tissues, 6 of them cognate pairs. Using variant-specific primers, we first ascertained the status of full-length transcripts by nested PCR. We then carried out quantitative analysis of each transcript by real-time PCR. Three splice variants of TEM8 were reported before, two single-pass integral membrane forms (V1 and V2) and one secreted (V3). Our analysis has revealed two new variants, one encoding a membrane-bound form of the receptor and the other secreted, which we have designated V4 and V5, respectively. All tissues had V1, V2, V3, and V4, but only prostate had V5. Real-time PCR revealed that all variants are present at different levels in various tissues. V3 appeared the most abundant of all. To ascertain its functionality for anthrax toxin, we expressed the newly identified form V4 in a receptor-negative host cell, and included V1 and V2 for comparison. Cytotoxicity, toxin binding, and internalization assays showed V4 to be as efficient a receptor as V1 and V2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Vargas
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Raghavendra Karamsetty
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Leppla
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, The Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - G. Jilani Chaudry
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Phenolic compounds as antiangiogenic CMG2 inhibitors from Costa Rican endophytic fungi. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5885-8. [PMID: 22910038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeting and inhibiting CMG2 (Capillary Morphogenesis Gene protein 2) represents a new strategy for therapeutic agents for cancer and retinal diseases due to CMG2's role in blood vessel growth (angiogenesis). A high throughput FRET (Förster Resonance Energy Transfer) assay was developed for the identification of CMG2 inhibitors as anti-angiogenetic agents. Bioassay-guided separation led to the isolation and identification of two new compounds (1 and 2) from CR252M, an endophytic fungus Coccomyces proteae collected from a Costa Rican rainforest, and one known compound (3) from CR1207B (Aurapex penicillata). Secondary in vitro assays indicated anti-angiogenic activity. Compound 3 inhibited the endothelial cell migration at 52 μM, but did not show any endothelial cell antiproliferative effect at 156 μM. The structure of the two new compounds, A (1) and B (2), were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments.
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Bacillus anthracis factors for phagosomal escape. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:536-53. [PMID: 22852067 PMCID: PMC3407891 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4070536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of phagosome escape by intracellular pathogens is an important step in the infectious cycle. During the establishment of anthrax, Bacillus anthracis undergoes a transient intracellular phase in which spores are engulfed by local phagocytes. Spores germinate inside phagosomes and grow to vegetative bacilli, which emerge from their resident intracellular compartments, replicate and eventually exit from the plasma membrane. During germination, B. anthracis secretes multiple factors that can help its resistance to the phagocytes. Here the possible role of B. anthracis toxins, phospholipases, antioxidant enzymes and capsules in the phagosomal escape and survival, is analyzed and compared with that of factors of other microbial pathogens involved in the same type of process.
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Stünkel W, Pan H, Chew SB, Tng E, Tan JH, Chen L, Joseph R, Cheong CY, Ong ML, Lee YS, Chong YS, Saw SM, Meaney MJ, Kwek K, Sheppard AM, Gluckman PD, Holbrook JD. Transcriptome changes affecting Hedgehog and cytokine signalling in the umbilical cord: implications for disease risk. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39744. [PMID: 22808055 PMCID: PMC3393728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Babies born at lower gestational ages or smaller birthweights have a greater risk of poorer health in later life. Both the causes of these sub-optimal birth outcomes and the mechanism by which the effects are transmitted over decades are the subject of extensive study. We investigated whether a transcriptomic signature of either birthweight or gestational age could be detected in umbilical cord RNA. METHODS The gene expression patterns of 32 umbilical cords from Singaporean babies of Chinese ethnicity across a range of birthweights (1698-4151 g) and gestational ages (35-41 weeks) were determined. We confirmed the differential expression pattern by gestational age for 12 genes in a series of 127 umbilical cords of Chinese, Malay and Indian ethnicity. RESULTS We found that the transcriptome is substantially influenced by gestational age; but less so by birthweight. We show that some of the expression changes dependent on gestational age are enriched in signal transduction pathways, such as Hedgehog and in genes with roles in cytokine signalling and angiogenesis. We show that some of the gene expression changes we report are reflected in the epigenome. CONCLUSIONS We studied the umbilical cord which is peripheral to disease susceptible tissues. The results suggest that soma-wide transcriptome changes, preserved at the epigenetic level, may be a mechanism whereby birth outcomes are linked to the risk of adult metabolic and arthritic disease and suggest that greater attention be given to the association between premature birth and later disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Stünkel
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Pan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew Boom Chew
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emilia Tng
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Hao Tan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Chen
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roy Joseph
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clara Y. Cheong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mei-Lyn Ong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Kwek
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Peter D. Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Joanna D. Holbrook
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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Rogers MS, Cryan LM, Habeshian KA, Bazinet L, Caldwell TP, Ackroyd PC, Christensen KA. A FRET-based high throughput screening assay to identify inhibitors of anthrax protective antigen binding to capillary morphogenesis gene 2 protein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39911. [PMID: 22768167 PMCID: PMC3386954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapies are effective for the treatment of cancer, a variety of ocular diseases, and have potential benefits in cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and psoriasis. We have previously shown that anthrax protective antigen (PA), a non-pathogenic component of anthrax toxin, is an inhibitor of angiogenesis, apparently as a result of interaction with the cell surface receptors capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) protein and tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8). Hence, molecules that bind the anthrax toxin receptors may be effective to slow or halt pathological vascular growth. Here we describe development and testing of an effective homogeneous steady-state fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) high throughput screening assay designed to identify molecules that inhibit binding of PA to CMG2. Molecules identified in the screen can serve as potential lead compounds for the development of anti-angiogenic and anti-anthrax therapies. The assay to screen for inhibitors of this protein–protein interaction is sensitive and robust, with observed Z' values as high as 0.92. Preliminary screens conducted with a library of known bioactive compounds identified tannic acid and cisplatin as inhibitors of the PA-CMG2 interaction. We have confirmed that tannic acid both binds CMG2 and has anti-endothelial properties. In contrast, cisplatin appears to inhibit PA-CMG2 interaction by binding both PA and CMG2, and observed cisplatin anti-angiogenic effects are not mediated by interaction with CMG2. This work represents the first reported high throughput screening assay targeting CMG2 to identify possible inhibitors of both angiogenesis and anthrax intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Rogers
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lorna M. Cryan
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kaiane A. Habeshian
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lauren Bazinet
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Caldwell
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - P. Christine Ackroyd
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Lowe DE, Glomski IJ. Cellular and physiological effects of anthrax exotoxin and its relevance to disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:76. [PMID: 22919667 PMCID: PMC3417473 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, secretes a tri-partite exotoxin that exerts pleiotropic effects on the host. The purification of the exotoxin components, protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor allowed the rapid characterization of their physiologic effects on the host. As molecular biology matured, interest focused on the molecular mechanisms and cellular alterations induced by intoxication. Only recently have researchers begun to connect molecular and cellular knowledge back to the broader physiological effects of the exotoxin. This review focuses on the progress that has been made bridging molecular knowledge back to the exotoxin’s physiological effects on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Lowe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville VA, USA
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46
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Reeves CV, Wang X, Charles-Horvath PC, Vink JY, Borisenko VY, Young JAT, Kitajewski JK. Anthrax toxin receptor 2 functions in ECM homeostasis of the murine reproductive tract and promotes MMP activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34862. [PMID: 22529944 PMCID: PMC3328497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax Toxin Receptor proteins function as receptors for anthrax toxin, however physiological activity remains unclear. To evaluate the biological role of Antxr2, we generated Antxr2-/- mice. Antxr2-/- mice were viable, however Antxr2 is required for parturition in young females and for preserving fertility in older female mice. Histological analysis of the uterus and cervix revealed aberrant deposition of extracellular matrix proteins such as type I collagen, type VI collagen and fibronectin. A marked disruption of both the circular and longitudinal myometrial cell layers was evident in Antxr2-/- mice. These changes progressed as the mice aged, resulting in a thickened, collagen dense, acellular stroma and the disappearance of normal uterine architecture. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the uterine fibrosis we performed immunoblotting for MMP2 using uterine lysates and zymography using conditioned medium from Antxr2-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts and found reduced levels of activated MMP2 in both. This prompted us to investigate MT1-MMP status, as MMP2 processing is regulated by MT1-MMP. We found MT1-MMP activity, as measured by MMP2 processing and activation, was enhanced by expression of either ANTXR1 or ANTXR2. We identified an ANTXR2/MT1-MMP complex and demonstrated that MT1-MMP activity is dependent on ANTXR2 expression levels in cells. Thus, we have discovered that ANTXR1 and ANTXR2 function as positive regulators of MT1-MMP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire V. Reeves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pelisa C. Charles-Horvath
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joy Y. Vink
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Valeriya Y. Borisenko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John A. T. Young
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jan K. Kitajewski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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47
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Chaudhary A, Hilton MB, Seaman S, Haines DC, Stevenson S, Lemotte PK, Tschantz WR, Zhang XM, Saha S, Fleming T, Croix BS. TEM8/ANTXR1 blockade inhibits pathological angiogenesis and potentiates tumoricidal responses against multiple cancer types. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:212-26. [PMID: 22340594 PMCID: PMC3289547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Current antiangiogenic agents used to treat cancer only partially inhibit neovascularization and cause normal tissue toxicities, fueling the need to identify therapeutic agents that are more selective for pathological angiogenesis. Tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8), also known as anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), is a highly conserved cell-surface protein overexpressed on tumor-infiltrating vasculature. Here we show that genetic disruption of Tem8 results in impaired growth of human tumor xenografts of diverse origin including melanoma, breast, colon, and lung cancer. Furthermore, antibodies developed against the TEM8 extracellular domain blocked anthrax intoxication, inhibited tumor-induced angiogenesis, displayed broad antitumor activity, and augmented the activity of clinically approved anticancer agents without added toxicity. Thus, TEM8 targeting may allow selective inhibition of pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Chaudhary
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mary Beth Hilton
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Research Program, SAIC, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Steven Seaman
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Diana C. Haines
- Veterinary Pathology Section, Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, SAIC, NCI, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Susan Stevenson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Peter K. Lemotte
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyan M. Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Saurabh Saha
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tony Fleming
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Brad St. Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Abstract
The outcome of exposure to infectious microbes or their toxins is influenced by both microbial and host genes. Some host genes encode defense mechanisms, whereas others assist pathogen functions. Genomic analyses have associated host gene mutations with altered infectious disease susceptibility, but evidence for causality is limited. Here we demonstrate that human genetic variation affecting capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2), which encodes a host membrane protein exploited by anthrax toxin as a principal receptor, dramatically alters toxin sensitivity. Lymphoblastoid cells derived from a HapMap Project cohort of 234 persons of African, European, or Asian ancestry differed in sensitivity mediated by the protective antigen (PA) moiety of anthrax toxin by more than four orders of magnitude, with 99% of the cohort showing a 250-fold range of sensitivity. We find that relative sensitivity is an inherited trait that correlates strongly with CMG2 mRNA abundance in cells of each ethnic/geographical group and in the combined population pool (P = 4 × 10(-11)). The extent of CMG2 expression in transfected murine macrophages and human lymphoblastoid cells affected anthrax toxin binding, internalization, and sensitivity. A CMG2 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) occurring frequently in African and European populations independently altered toxin uptake, but was not statistically associated with altered sensitivity in HapMap cell populations. Our results reveal extensive human diversity in cell lethality dependent on PA-mediated toxin binding and uptake, and identify individual differences in CMG2 expression level as a determinant of this diversity. Testing of genomically characterized human cell populations may offer a broadly useful strategy for elucidating effects of genetic variation on infectious disease susceptibility.
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49
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Deuquet J, Lausch E, Superti-Furga A, van der Goot FG. The dark sides of capillary morphogenesis gene 2. EMBO J 2012; 31:3-13. [PMID: 22215446 PMCID: PMC3252584 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) is a type I membrane protein involved in the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix. While it shares interesting similarities with integrins, its exact molecular role is unknown. The interest and knowledge about CMG2 largely stems from the fact that it is involved in two diseases, one infectious and one genetic. CMG2 is the main receptor of the anthrax toxin, and knocking out this gene in mice renders them insensitive to infection with Bacillus anthracis spores. On the other hand, mutations in CMG2 lead to a rare but severe autosomal recessive disorder in humans called Hyaline Fibromatosis Syndrome (HFS). We will here review what is known about the structure of CMG2 and its ability to mediate anthrax toxin entry into cell. We will then describe the limited knowledge available concerning the physiological role of CMG2. Finally, we will describe HFS and the consequences of HFS-associated mutations in CMG2 at the molecular and cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deuquet
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Global Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ekkehart Lausch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Global Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
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50
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Guo C, Xia Y, Yang Q, Qiu R, Zhao H, Liu Q. Association of the ANTXR2 gene polymorphism and ankylosing spondylitis in Chinese Han. Scand J Rheumatol 2011; 41:29-32. [PMID: 22118297 DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2011.600700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory disease of unknown origin. Both genetic and environmental factors are involved. A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) found anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2) to be associated with AS in Caucasians. We aimed to investigate whether the ANTXR2 polymorphism is also associated with AS in a Chinese Shandong Han population. METHODS From 2008 to 2009, we recruited 309 patients with AS and 384 age- and sex-matched controls of Han nationality. We selected six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ANTXR2 (rs4333130, rs6534708, rs6818557, rs12646132, rs12509658, and rs13140055) and genotyped them by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and Taqman methods. We analysed linkage disequilibrium and constructed haplotypes. RESULTS Cases and controls did not differ in the frequency of ANTXR2 alleles, genotypes, or haplotypes. Thus, the six SNPs of ANTXR2 are not associated with AS in our Chinese Shandong Han population. CONCLUSIONS ANTXR2 might not be a susceptibility gene of AS in Chinese Han.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guo
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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