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Eor JY, Lee CS, Moon SH, Cheon JY, Pathiraja D, Park B, Shin MJ, Kim JY, Kim S, Noh Y, Kim Y, Choi IG, Kim SH. Effect of Probiotic-Fortified Infant Formula on Infant Gut Health and Microbiota Modulation. Food Sci Anim Resour 2023; 43:659-673. [PMID: 37484007 PMCID: PMC10359846 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2023.e26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to infant formula, breast milk is the best source of nutrition for infants; it not only improves the neonatal intestinal function, but also regulates the immune system and gut microbiota composition. However, probiotic-fortified infant formula may further enhance the infant gut environment by overcoming the limitations of traditional infant formula. We investigated the probiotic formula administration for one month by comparing 118 Korean infants into the following three groups: infants in each group fed with breast milk (50), probiotic formula (35), or placebo formula-fed group (33). Probiotic formula improved stool consistency and defecation frequency compared to placebo formula-fed group. The probiotic formula helped maintaining the level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), which had remarkably decreased over time in placebo formula-fed infants (compared to weeks 0 and 4). Moreover, probiotic formula decreased the acidity of stool and considerably increased the butyrate concentration. Furthermore, the fecal microbiota of each group was evaluated at weeks 0 and 4. The microbial composition was distinct between each groups, and the abundance of health-promoting bacteria increased in the probiotic formula compared to the placebo formula-fed group. In summary, supplementation of probiotic infant formula can help optimize the infant gut environment, microbial composition, and metabolic activity of the microbiota, mimicking those of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Eor
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Chul Sang Lee
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute of Life Sciences and Natural
Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Moon
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ju Young Cheon
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Duleepa Pathiraja
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Byeonghyeok Park
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Min Jae Shin
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute of Life Sciences and Natural
Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | | | | | | | - In-Geol Choi
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute of Life Sciences and Natural
Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sae Hun Kim
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute of Life Sciences and Natural
Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Lemoine A, Tounian P, Adel-Patient K, Thomas M. Pre-, pro-, syn-, and Postbiotics in Infant Formulas: What Are the Immune Benefits for Infants? Nutrients 2023; 15:1231. [PMID: 36904230 PMCID: PMC10004767 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The first objective of infant formulas is to ensure the healthy growth of neonates and infants, as the sole complete food source during the first months of life when a child cannot be breastfed. Beyond this nutritional aspect, infant nutrition companies also try to mimic breast milk in its unique immuno-modulating properties. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiota under the influence of diet shapes the maturation of the immune system and influences the risk of atopic diseases in infants. A new challenge for dairy industries is, therefore, to develop infant formulas inducing the maturation of immunity and the microbiota that can be observed in breastfed delivered vaginally, representing reference infants. Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938, Bifidobacterium breve (BC50), Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12, Lactobacillus fermentum (CECT5716), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) are some of the probiotics added to infant formula, according to a literature review of the past 10 years. The most frequently used prebiotics in published clinical trials are fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs), and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). This review sums up the expected benefits and effects for infants of pre-, pro-, syn-, and postbiotics added to infant formula regarding the microbiota, immunity, and allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Lemoine
- Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Trousseau Hospital, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France
- UMR1319, Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, F-75571 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Tounian
- Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Trousseau Hospital, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Karine Adel-Patient
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI/Laboratoire d’Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAe, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Muriel Thomas
- UMR1319, Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, F-75571 Paris, France
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Mathews T, Hayer SS, Dinkel D, Hanish A, Poppert Cordts KM, Rasmussen H, Moore T. Maternal-Child Microbiome and Impact on Growth and Neurodevelopment in Infants and Children: A Scoping Review. Biol Res Nurs 2023:10998004221151179. [PMID: 36607703 DOI: 10.1177/10998004221151179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathologic changes in the microbiome (dysbiosis) have been implicated in affecting the growth and neurodevelopment of infants and children. There is evidence to suggest that prenatal and postnatal stressors may be a factor in dysbiosis and there is also a growing body of evidence to suggest that interventions may reduce this negative impact. A scoping review was undertaken to identify association between maternal and/or child microbiome with child growth and neurodevelopment. Additionally, intervention studies such as use of nutritional supplementation and its impact on the microbiome, growth and neurodevelopment were reviewed. METHODS An exhaustive literature search identified 654 relevant citations. After review of abstracts, 557 were eliminated, and 97 remained for full text review. We identified and reported on 42 articles which met inclusion criteria. RESULTS Seven studies examined associations between microbiome and neurodevelopment and 36 studies evaluated anthropometric measurements, most commonly weight, and microbiota relationships. One study evaluated both growth and neurodevelopment and microbiota. Fourteen studies evaluated supplemental nutrients. Preterm, low birth weight (LBW), and very low birth weight (VLBW) infants were most studied. Findings were inconclusive for consistent associations between microbiota and growth and neurodevelopment. Further, there were no consistent conclusive changes with prescribed treatment interventions. DISCUSSION There is a need for high-quality longitudinal studies evaluating repeated developmental assessment measures using consistent microbial analysis techniques to inform conclusions regarding the association between microbiome and infant and child growth and neurodevelopment. Additional intervention studies that may mitigate dysbiosis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Mathews
- College of Nursing, 12284University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shivdeep S Hayer
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, 169231University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Danae Dinkel
- School of Health and Kinesiology, 14720University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Alyson Hanish
- College of Nursing, 12284University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Katrina M Poppert Cordts
- College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 12284University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Heather Rasmussen
- College of Education & Human Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Tiffany Moore
- College of Nursing, 12284University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Indrio F, Gutierrez Castrellon P, Vandenplas Y, Cagri Dinleyici E, Francavilla R, Mantovani MP, Grillo A, Beghetti I, Corvaglia L, Aceti A. Health Effects of Infant Formula Supplemented with Probiotics or Synbiotics in Infants and Toddlers: Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:5175. [PMID: 36501205 PMCID: PMC9739048 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of infant and follow-up formula with probiotics or synbiotics has become a common practice. In 2011 and 2017, the evidence regarding the impact of these interventions was analysed systematically. Recently new evidence was published. To evaluate through a systematic review with network meta-analysis the evidence on the impact of infant formula supplemented with probiotics or synbiotics for healthy infants and 36-month-old toddlers. RCTs published between 1999-2019 for infant formulas supplemented with probiotics alone or synbiotics in healthy infants and toddlers were identified. Data analysis included clinical (gastrointestinal symptoms, risk reduction of infectious diseases, use of antibiotics, weight/height gain and frequency of adverse events) and non-clinical outcomes (changes in faecal microbiota and immune parameters). A random effect model was used. Hedges' standard mean difference (SMD) and risk ratio (RR) were calculated. Rank analysis was performed to evaluate the superiority of each intervention. Twenty-six randomised controlled trials with 35 direct comparisons involving 1957 children receiving probiotic-supplemented formula and 1898 receiving control formula were reviewed. The mean duration of intervention was 5.6 ± 2.84 months. Certain strains demonstrated a reduction in episodes of colic, number of days with fever and use of antibiotics; however, there was considerable heterogeneity which reduced the level of certainty of effect. No significant effects were observed on weight, height or changes in faecal proportions of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides or Clostridia. Although there is some evidence that may support a potential benefit of probiotic or synbiotic supplementation of infant formulas, variation in the quality of existing trials and the heterogeneity of the data preclude the establishment of robust recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Indrio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science Pediatric Section, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Pedro Gutierrez Castrellon
- Centro de Investigación Translacional en Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, 14080 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- UZ Brussel, KidZ Health Castle, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ener Cagri Dinleyici
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26480, Turkey
| | - Ruggiero Francavilla
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Pediatric Section, Children’s Hospital ‘Giovanni XXIII’, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Assunta Grillo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science Pediatric Section, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Isadora Beghetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS AOUBO, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Corvaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS AOUBO, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Aceti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS AOUBO, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhäuser‐Berthold M, Poulsen M, Prieto Maradona M, Schlatter JR, van Loveren H, Colombo P, Noriega Fernández E, Knutsen HK. Safety of 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) sodium salt produced by derivative strains of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07645. [PMID: 36507098 PMCID: PMC9728050 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) sodium salt as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human-identical milk oligosaccharide (HiMO) 6'-SL, but it also contains d-lactose, 6'-sialyllactulose, sialic acid, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and a small fraction of other related oligosaccharides. The NF is produced by fermentation with two genetically modified strains of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), the production strain and the optional degradation strain. The information provided on the identity, manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF to a variety of foods, including infant formula and follow-on formula, food for special medical purposes and food supplements. The target population is the general population. In some scenarios at the maximum use levels, the estimated intakes per kg body weight were higher than the high average natural intake of 6'-SL from human milk. However, given the intrinsic nature of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the wide range of intakes from human milk, and considering that infants are naturally exposed to similar amounts of these substances, the Panel considers that the consumption of the NF at the proposed conditions of use does not raise safety concerns. The intake of 6'-SL in breastfed infants on a body weight basis is also expected to be safe for other population groups. The intake of other carbohydrate-type compounds structurally related to 6'-SL is also considered of no safety concern. Food supplements are not intended to be used if other foods with added 6'-SL or human milk are consumed on the same day. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use.
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Exploring the Potential of Human Milk and Formula Milk on Infants’ Gut and Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173554. [PMID: 36079814 PMCID: PMC9460722 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life gut microbiota plays a role in determining the health and risk of developing diseases in later life. Various perinatal factors have been shown to contribute to the development and establishment of infant gut microbiota. One of the important factors influencing the infant gut microbial colonization and composition is the mode of infant feeding. While infant formula milk has been designed to resemble human milk as much as possible, the gut microbiome of infants who receive formula milk differs from that of infants who are fed human milk. A diverse microbial population in human milk and the microbes seed the infant gut microbiome. Human milk contains nutritional components that promote infant growth and bioactive components, such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulins, which contribute to immunological development. In an attempt to encourage the formation of a healthy gut microbiome comparable to that of a breastfed infant, manufacturers often supplement infant formula with prebiotics or probiotics, which are known to have a bifidogenic effect and can modulate the immune system. This review aims to elucidate the roles of human milk and formula milk on infants’ gut and health.
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7
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He J, Li W, Deng J, Lin Q, Bai J, Zhang L, Fang Y. An insight into the health beneficial of probiotics dairy products: a critical review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:11290-11309. [PMID: 35730254 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2090493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic dairy products satisfy people's pursuit of health, and are widely favored because of their easy absorption, high nutritional value, and various health benefits. However, its effectiveness and safety are still controversial. This proposal aims to analyze the effect of probiotics on the quality characteristics of dairy products, clarify a series of physiological functions of probiotic dairy products and critically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of probiotic dairy products. Also, dairy products containing inactivated microorganisms were compared with probiotic products. The addition of probiotics enables dairy products to obtain unique quality characteristics, and probiotic dairy products have better health-promoting effects. This review will promote the further development of probiotic dairy products, provide directions for the research and development of probiotic-related products, and help guide the general public to choose and purchase probiotic fermentation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinTao He
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - QinLu Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Bai
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhäuser‐Berthold M, Poulsen M, Prieto Maradona M, Schlatter JR, van Loveren H, Colombo P, Noriega Fernández E, Knutsen HK. Safety of 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) sodium salt produced by derivative strains of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) as a Novel Food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07331. [PMID: 35646166 PMCID: PMC9131611 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) sodium salt as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human-identical milk oligosaccharide (HiMO) 3'-SL, but it also contains d-lactose, 3'-sialyllactulose, sialic acid, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and a small fraction of other related oligosaccharides. The NF is produced by fermentation with two genetically modified strains of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), the production strain and the optional degradation strain. The information provided on the manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF to a variety of foods, including infant formula and follow-on formula, food for infants and young children, food for special medical purposes and food supplements. The target population is the general population. The anticipated daily intake of 3'-SL from both proposed and combined (authorised and proposed) uses at their respective maximum use levels in all population categories does not exceed the highest intake level of 3'-SL from human milk in infants on a body weight basis. The intake of 3'-SL in breastfed infants on a body weight basis is expected to be safe also for other population groups. The intake of other carbohydrate-type compounds structurally related to 3'-SL is also considered of no safety concern. Food supplements are not intended to be used if other foods with added 3'-SL or human milk are consumed on the same day. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use.
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Ferro LE, Crowley LN, Bittinger K, Friedman ES, Decker JE, Russel K, Katz S, Kim JK, Trabulsi J. Effects of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on the infant gut microbiota and other health outcomes: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:5620-5642. [PMID: 37667870 PMCID: PMC10480560 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2022595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the literature regarding the effect of pre-, pro-, or synbiotic supplementation in infant formula on the gastrointestinal microbiota. The Cochrane methodology for systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was employed. Five databases were searched and 32 RCTs (2010-2021) were identified for inclusion: 20 prebiotic, 6 probiotic, and 6 synbiotic. The methods utilized to evaluate gastrointestinal microbiota varied across studies and included colony plating, fluorescence in situ hybridization, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, or tagged sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Fecal Bifidobacterium levels increased with supplementation of prebiotics and synbiotics but not with probiotics alone. Probiotic and synbiotic supplementation generally increased fecal levels of the bacterial strain supplemented in the formula. Across all pre-, pro-, and synbiotic-supplemented formulas, results were inconsistent regarding fecal Clostridium levels. Fecal pH was lower with some prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation; however, no difference was seen with probiotics. Softer stools were often reported in infants supplemented with pre- and synbiotics, yet results were inconsistent for probiotic-supplemented formula. Limited evidence demonstrates that pre- and synbiotic supplementation increases fecal Bifidobacterium levels. Future studies utilizing comprehensive methodologies and additional studies in probiotics and synbiotics are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn E. Ferro
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Liana N. Crowley
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elliot S. Friedman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica E. Decker
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Kathryn Russel
- Metropolitan Area Neighborhood Nutrition Alliance, 420 N 20 Street, Philadelphia, PA 19130, USA
| | - Sarah Katz
- Reference and Instructional Services Department, University of Delaware, 181 S. College Avenue, Newark, DE 19717, USA
| | - Jae Kyeom Kim
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Jillian Trabulsi
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
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10
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Infant formula containing bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides supports age-appropriate growth and improves stooling pattern. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1485-1492. [PMID: 33958719 PMCID: PMC9197766 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adding bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides (MOS) enhances the oligosaccharide profile of infant formula. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a MOS-supplemented infant formula. METHODS In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, healthy infants 21-26 days old were either assigned to bovine milk-based, alpha-lactalbumin, and sn-2 palmitate enriched infant formula (control, n = 115) or the same formula with 7.2 g MOS/L (test, n = 115) until aged 6 months. Co-primary endpoints were weight gain through 4 months and stool consistency (validated scale: 1 = watery to 5 = hard). Secondary endpoints included parent-reported GI tolerance, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS Weight gain was similar (p = 0.695); the difference between test and control (mean; 95% CI: 0.29; -1.15, 1.73 g/day) was above the non-inferiority margin (-3 g/day). Test had softer stools than control (mean difference in stool consistency score: -0.31; 95% CI: -0.42, -0.21; P < 0.0001); fewer parental reports of harder stools (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.49; P < 0.0001) and less difficulties in passing stool (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.65; P = 0.005). Parent-reported GI tolerance and HRQoL were similar between groups as were the overall low AEs. CONCLUSIONS MOS-supplemented infant formula is safe and well-tolerated while supporting normal infant growth and promotes softer stooling pattern without increasing parent-reported and physician-confirmed adverse health concerns. IMPACT This is the first study investigating the addition of bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides to an infant formula enriched with alpha-lactalbumin and elevated levels of sn-2 palmitate, providing safety and efficacy data for such a formula. Term infant formula supplemented with 7.2 g bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides per liter supported normal infant growth, was well-tolerated and safe. Addition of bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides to term infant formula promoted softer stooling pattern and reduced difficulties in passing stool. The study shows that bovine milk-derived oligosaccharide supplemented infant formula is a safe and effective option for healthy term infants who are formula-fed.
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11
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Catania J, Pandit NG, Ehrlich JM, Zaman M, Stone E, Franceschi C, Smith A, Tanner-Smith E, Zackular JP, Bhutta ZA, Imdad A. Probiotic Supplementation for Promotion of Growth in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 14:83. [PMID: 35010959 PMCID: PMC8746675 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are commonly prescribed to promote a healthy gut microbiome in children. Our objective was to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on growth outcomes in children 0-59 months of age. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis which included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that administered probiotics to children aged 0-59 months, with growth outcomes as a result. We completed a random-effects meta-analysis and calculated a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) or relative risk (RR) and reported with a 95% confidence interval (CI). We included 79 RCTs, 54 from high-income countries (HIC), and 25 from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). LMIC data showed that probiotics may have a small effect on weight (SMD: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.11-0.42, grade-certainty = low) and height (SMD 0.16, 95% CI: 0.06-0.25, grade-certainty = moderate). HIC data did not show any clinically meaningful effect on weight (SMD: 0.01, 95% CI: -0.04-0.05, grade-certainty = moderate), or height (SMD: -0.01, 95% CI: -0.06-0.04, grade-certainty = moderate). There was no evidence that probiotics affected the risk of adverse events. We conclude that in otherwise healthy children aged 0-59 months, probiotics may have a small but heterogenous effect on weight and height in LMIC but not in children from HIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Catania
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Natasha G. Pandit
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Julie M. Ehrlich
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Muizz Zaman
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Elizabeth Stone
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Courtney Franceschi
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Abigail Smith
- Health Science Library, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
| | | | - Joseph P. Zackular
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada;
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Imdad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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12
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Schoch SF, Castro-Mejía JL, Krych L, Leng B, Kot W, Kohler M, Huber R, Rogler G, Biedermann L, Walser JC, Nielsen DS, Kurth S. From Alpha Diversity to Zzz: Interactions among sleep, the brain, and gut microbiota in the first year of life. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 209:102208. [PMID: 34923049 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders have been linked to alterations of gut microbiota composition in adult humans and animal models, but it is unclear how this link develops. With longitudinal assessments in 162 healthy infants, we present a so far unrecognized sleep-brain-gut interrelationship. First, we report a link between sleep habits and gut microbiota: daytime sleep is associated with bacterial diversity, and nighttime sleep fragmentation and variability link with bacterial maturity and enterotype. Second, we demonstrate a sleep-brain-gut link: bacterial diversity and enterotype are associated with sleep neurophysiology. Third, we show that the sleep-brain-gut link is relevant in development: sleep habits and bacterial markers predict behavioral-developmental outcomes. Our results demonstrate the dynamic interplay between sleep, gut microbiota, and the maturation of brain and behavior during infancy, which aligns with the lately emerging concept of a sleep-brain-gut axis. Importantly, sleep and gut microbiota represent promising health targets since both can be modified non-invasively. As many adult diseases root in early childhood, leveraging protective factors of adequate sleep and age-appropriate gut microbiota in infancy could constitute a health promoting factor across the entire human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Schoch
- Department of PulmonOlogy, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - L Krych
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Leng
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kohler
- Department of PulmonOlogy, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Huber
- Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G Rogler
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Biedermann
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J C Walser
- Genetic Diversity Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D S Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Kurth
- Department of PulmonOlogy, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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13
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Terahara M, Nakamura Y, Tsuboi M, Jinno S, Tsukahara T, Miyake T, Shimojo N. Effects of the intake of non-live Bifidobacterium bifidum on the faecal IgA of full-term infants: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2021; 40:196-203. [PMID: 34631331 PMCID: PMC8484005 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2021-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 (OLB6378) was selected as a strain that
enhances the production of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) in vitro.
This ability of non-live OLB6378 has been shown by a clinical trial in preterm infants. In
the present study, we examined whether non-live OLB6378 also enhances the production of
secretory IgA, even in full-term infants. One hundred full-term infants were allocated to
receive formula with (BbF group, 49 infants) or without non-live OLB6378 (PF group, 51
infants). Breastfeeding was prioritised, so infant formula was used for infants with
breastfeeding difficulties. The intervention was initiated by five days of age. The faecal
IgA concentration and OLB6378 level were determined at one, two, four, and eight weeks of
age. Faecal IgA in the BbF group (1.04 ± 0.47 mg/g of faeces, n=45) was significantly
higher than that in the PF group (0.85 ± 0.42 mg/g of faeces, n=49) at four weeks of age
(p=0.047). OLB6378 was not detected in faeces at any age. This indicated that production
of secretory IgA in full-term infants may also be enhanced by non-live OLB6378 intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Terahara
- R&D Management Department, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nakamura
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Misato Tsuboi
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Shinji Jinno
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Tsukahara
- Kyoto Institute of Nutrition & Pathology Inc., 7-2 Furuiketani, Tachikawa, Ujitawara, Tsuzuki-gun, Kyoto 610-0231, Japan
| | - Takao Miyake
- Miyake Women's Clinic, 1-18-5 Oyuminochuo, Midori-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 266-0032, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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14
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Estorninos E, Lawenko RB, Palestroque E, Sprenger N, Benyacoub J, Kortman GAM, Boekhorst J, Bettler J, Cercamondi CI, Berger B. Term infant formula supplemented with milk-derived oligosaccharides shifts the gut microbiota closer to that of human milk-fed infants and improves intestinal immune defense: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 115:142-153. [PMID: 34617558 PMCID: PMC8755036 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides (MOS) containing primarily galacto-oligosaccharides with inherent concentrations of sialylated oligosaccharides can be added to infant formula to enhance the oligosaccharide profile. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of an MOS-supplemented infant formula on gut microbiota and intestinal immunity. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, healthy term formula-fed infants aged 21-26 d either received an intact protein cow milk-based formula (control group, CG, n = 112) or the same formula containing 7.2 g MOS/L (experimental group, EG, n = 114) until the age of 6 mo. Exclusively human milk-fed infants (HFI, n = 70) from an observational study served as the reference. Fecal samples collected at baseline, and the ages of 2.5 and 4 mo were assessed for microbiota (16S ribosomal RNA-based approaches), metabolites, and biomarkers of gut health and immune response. RESULTS Aged 2.5 and 4 mo, redundancy analysis (P = 0.002) and average phylogenetic distance (P < 0.05) showed that the overall microbiota composition in EG was different from CG and closer to that of HFI. Similarly, EG caesarean-born infants were different from CG caesarean- or vaginally born infants and approaching HFI vaginally born infants. Relative bifidobacteria abundance was higher in EG compared with CG (P < 0.05) approaching HFI. At the age of 4 mo, counts of Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens were ∼90% (P < 0.001) and ∼65% (P < 0.01) lower in EG compared with CG, respectively. Geometric LS mean (95% CI) fecal secretory IgA in EG was twice that of CG [70 (57, 85) compared with 34 (28, 42) mg/g, P < 0.001] and closer to HFI. Fecal oral polio vaccine-specific IgA was ∼50% higher in EG compared with CG (P = 0.065). Compared with CG, EG and HFI had lower fecal calcium excretion (by ∼30%, P < 0.005) and fecal pH (P < 0.001), and higher lactate concentration (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Infant formula with MOS shifts the gut microbiota and metabolic signature closer to that of HFI, has a strong bifidogenic effect, reduces fecal pathogens, and improves the intestinal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Norbert Sprenger
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Jodi Bettler
- Nestlé Product Technology Center—Nutrition, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
| | | | - Bernard Berger
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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In Vitro Study of Cricket Chitosan's Potential as a Prebiotic and a Promoter of Probiotic Microorganisms to Control Pathogenic Bacteria in the Human Gut. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102310. [PMID: 34681361 PMCID: PMC8534966 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, cricket chitosan was used as a prebiotic. Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis were identified as probiotic bacteria. Cricket chitin was deacetylated to chitosan and added to either De Man Rogosa and Sharpe or Salmonella/Shigella bacterial growth media at the rates of 1%, 5%, 10%, or 20% to obtain chitosan-supplemented media. The growth of the probiotic bacteria was monitored on chitosan-supplemented media after 6, 12, 24, and 48 h upon incubation at 37 °C. Growth of Salmonella typhi in the presence of probiotic bacteria in chitosan-supplemented media was evaluated under similar conditions to those of the growth of probiotic bacteria by measuring growth inhibition zones (in mm) around the bacterial colonies. All chitosan concentrations significantly increased the populations of probiotic bacteria and decreased the populations of pathogenic bacteria. During growth, there was a significant pH change in the media with all probiotic bacteria. Inhibition zones from probiotic bacteria growth supernatant against Salmonella typhi were most apparent at 16 mm and statistically significant in connection with a 10% chitosan concentration. This study suggests cricket-derived chitosan can function as a prebiotic, with an ability to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in the presence of probiotic bacteria.
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16
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HOSSAIN MN, RANADHEERA CS, FANG Z, AJLOUNI S. Healthy chocolate enriched with probiotics: a review. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.11420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Iddrisu I, Monteagudo-Mera A, Poveda C, Pyle S, Shahzad M, Andrews S, Walton GE. Malnutrition and Gut Microbiota in Children. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082727. [PMID: 34444887 PMCID: PMC8401185 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition continues to threaten the lives of millions across the world, with children being hardest hit. Although inadequate access to food and infectious disease are the primary causes of childhood malnutrition, the gut microbiota may also contribute. This review considers the evidence on the role of diet in modifying the gut microbiota, and how the microbiota impacts childhood malnutrition. It is widely understood that the gut microbiota of children is influenced by diet, which, in turn, can impact child nutritional status. Additionally, diarrhoea, a major contributor to malnutrition, is induced by pathogenic elements of the gut microbiota. Diarrhoea leads to malabsorption of essential nutrients and reduced energy availability resulting in weight loss, which can lead to malnutrition. Alterations in gut microbiota of severe acute malnourished (SAM) children include increased Proteobacteria and decreased Bacteroides levels. Additionally, the gut microbiota of SAM children exhibits lower relative diversity compared with healthy children. Thus, the data indicate a link between gut microbiota and malnutrition in children, suggesting that treatment of childhood malnutrition should include measures that support a healthy gut microbiota. This could be of particular relevance in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia where prevalence of malnutrition remains a major threat to the lives of millions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishawu Iddrisu
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
| | - Andrea Monteagudo-Mera
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
| | - Carlos Poveda
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
| | - Simone Pyle
- Unilever R&D, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK;
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan;
| | - Simon Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK;
| | - Gemma Emily Walton
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Pastor-Villaescusa B, Blanco-Rojo R, Olivares M. Evaluation of the Effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 on Gastrointestinal Infections in Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071412. [PMID: 34208893 PMCID: PMC8305821 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the incidence of gastrointestinal infections (GIs) that occur at early stages to mitigate hospitalizations and treatments with adverse effects is a promising strategy for providing well-being to infants and their families. This systematic review and meta-analysis explores whether the early administration of Limosilactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 might be effective as a preventive therapy for GIs. We reviewed the literature to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effectiveness of milk formulas supplemented with L. fermentum CECT5716 administered to infants at early stages to reduce the incidence of GIs. The MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science (WoS), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (via CENTRAL) databases were searched up to 15 June 2021. GI data from the included studies were synthesized in a random-effects model. Three RCTs were finally selected including 435 infants. There was a significant reduction in the incidence rate of GIs for those receiving L. fermentum CECT5716 compared with those receiving placebo (IRR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.36-0.74, p = 0.0004). Heterogeneity between studies was moderate (I2 = 54.5%). Based on the present systematic review and meta-analysis, the administration of L. fermentum CECT5716 at doses from 1 × 109 to 8.4 × 108 cfu/day in milk formulas may prevent GIs in infants up to 12 months old. Longer-term studies including a higher number of infants are needed to determine whether the use of this probiotic during the early stages of life is an efficient way to reduce the incidence of GIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Pastor-Villaescusa
- Metabolism in Childhood Research Group, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
- Biosearch Life SA, Camino de Purchil 66, 18004 Granada, Spain;
| | | | - Mónica Olivares
- Biosearch Life SA, Camino de Purchil 66, 18004 Granada, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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19
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Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides and Human Milk Oligosaccharides Modulate the Gut Microbiota Composition and Volatile Fatty Acid Concentrations in a Preclinical Neonatal Model. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050884. [PMID: 33919138 PMCID: PMC8143120 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (OS) shape microbiome structure and function, but their relative abundances differ between species. Herein, the impact of the human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) (2′-fucosyllactose [2′FL] and lacto-N-neotetraose [LNnT]) and OS isolated from bovine milk (BMOS) on microbiota composition and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in ascending colon (AC) contents and feces was assessed. Intact male piglets received diets either containing 6.5 g/L BMOS (n = 12), 1.0 g/L 2′FL + 0.5 g/L LNnT (HMO; n = 12), both (HMO + BMOS; n = 10), or neither (CON; n = 10) from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 34. Microbiota were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and real-time PCR, and VFA were measured by gas chromatography. The microbiota was affected by OS in an intestine region-specific manner. BMOS reduced (p < 0.05) microbial richness in the AC, microbiota composition in the AC and feces, and acetate concentrations in AC, regardless of HMO presence. HMO alone did not affect overall microbial composition, but increased (p < 0.05) the relative proportion of specific taxa, including Blautia, compared to other groups. Bacteroides abundance was increased (p < 0.05) in the AC by BMOS and synergistically by BMOS + HMO in the feces. Distinct effects of HMO and BMOS suggest complementary and sometimes synergistic benefits of supplementing a complex mixture of OS to formula.
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20
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Fleming SA, Hauser J, Yan J, Donovan SM, Wang M, Dilger RN. A Mediation Analysis to Identify Links between Gut Bacteria and Memory in Context of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Microorganisms 2021; 9:846. [PMID: 33920826 PMCID: PMC8071191 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating relationships between the gut and brain is of intense research focus. Multiple studies have demonstrated that modulation of the intestinal environment via prebiotics or probiotics can induce cognitively beneficial effects, such as improved memory or reduced anxiety. However, the mechanisms by which either act remain largely unknown. We previously demonstrated that different types of oligosaccharides affected short- and long-term memory in distinct ways. Given that the oligosaccharide content of human milk is highly variable, and that formula-fed infants typically do not consume similar amounts or types of oligosaccharides, their potential effects on brain development warrant investigation. Herein, a mediation analysis was performed on existing datasets, including relative abundance of bacterial genera, gene expression, brain volume, and cognition in young pigs. Analyses revealed that numerous bacterial genera in both the colon and feces were related to short- and/or long-term memory. Relationships between genera and memory appeared to differ between diets. Mediating variables frequently included GABAergic and glutamatergic hippocampal gene expression. Other mediating variables included genes related to myelination, transcription factors, brain volume, and exploratory behavior. Overall, this analysis identified multiple pathways between the gut and brain, with a focus on genes related to excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Hauser
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Jian Yan
- Nestlé Product Technology Center Nutrition, CH-1800 Vevey, Switzerland;
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.M.D.); (M.W.)
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.M.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Ryan N. Dilger
- Traverse Science, Inc., Champaign, IL 61820, USA;
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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21
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Sánchez C, Franco L, Regal P, Lamas A, Cepeda A, Fente C. Breast Milk: A Source of Functional Compounds with Potential Application in Nutrition and Therapy. Nutrients 2021; 13:1026. [PMID: 33810073 PMCID: PMC8005182 DOI: 10.3390/nu13031026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is an unbeatable food that covers all the nutritional requirements of an infant in its different stages of growth up to six months after birth. In addition, breastfeeding benefits both maternal and child health. Increasing knowledge has been acquired regarding the composition of breast milk. Epidemiological studies and epigenetics allow us to understand the possible lifelong effects of breastfeeding. In this review we have compiled some of the components with clear functional activity that are present in human milk and the processes through which they promote infant development and maturation as well as modulate immunity. Milk fat globule membrane, proteins, oligosaccharides, growth factors, milk exosomes, or microorganisms are functional components to use in infant formulas, any other food products, nutritional supplements, nutraceuticals, or even for the development of new clinical therapies. The clinical evaluation of these compounds and their commercial exploitation are limited by the difficulty of isolating and producing them on an adequate scale. In this work we focus on the compounds produced using milk components from other species such as bovine, transgenic cattle capable of expressing components of human breast milk or microbial culture engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez
- Pharmacy Faculty, San Pablo-CEU University, 28003 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Luis Franco
- Medicine Faculty, Santiago de Compostela University, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Patricia Regal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Alexandre Lamas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Cristina Fente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
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22
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Imdad A, Rehman F, Davis E, Ranjit D, Surin GSS, Attia SL, Lawler S, Smith AA, Bhutta ZA. Effects of neonatal nutrition interventions on neonatal mortality and child health and development outcomes: A systematic review. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2021; 17:e1141. [PMID: 37133295 PMCID: PMC8356300 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Background The last two decades have seen a significant decrease in mortality for children <5 years of age in low and middle-income countries (LMICs); however, neonatal (age, 0-28 days) mortality has not decreased at the same rate. We assessed three neonatal nutritional interventions that have the potential of reducing morbidity and mortality during infancy in LMICs. Objectives To determine the efficacy and effectiveness of synthetic vitamin A, dextrose oral gel, and probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period. Search Methods We conducted electronic searches for relevant studies on the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS, SCOPUS, and CENTRAL, Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials, up to November 27, 2019. Selection Criteria We aimed to include randomized and quasi-experimental studies. The target population was neonates in LMICs. The interventions included synthetic vitamin A supplementation, oral dextrose gel supplementation, and probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period. We included studies from the community and hospital settings irrespective of the gestational age or birth weight of the neonate. Data Collection and Analysis Two authors screened the titles and extracted the data from selected studies. The risk of bias (ROB) in the included studies was assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes were neonatal sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), prevention and treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia, adverse events, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Data were meta-analyzed by random effect models to obtain relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference with 95% CI for continuous outcomes. The overall rating of evidence was determined by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Main Results Sixteen randomized studies (total participants 169,366) assessed the effect of vitamin A supplementation during the neonatal period. All studies were conducted in low- and middle-income (LMIC) countries. Thirteen studies were conducted in the community setting and three studies were conducted in the hospital setting, specifically in neonatal intensive care units. Studies were conducted in 10 different countries including India (four studies), Guinea-Bissau (three studies), Bangladesh (two studies), and one study each in China, Ghana, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. The overall ROB was low in most of the included studies for neonatal vitamin A supplementation. The pooled results from the community based randomized studies showed that there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality in the vitamin A (intervention) group compared to controls at 1 month (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.90-1.08; six studies with 126,548 participants, statistical heterogeneity I 2 0%, funnel plot symmetrical, grade rating high), 6 months (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.89-1.07; 12 studies with 154,940 participants, statistical heterogeneity I 2 43%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high) and 12 months of age (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.94-1.14; eight studies with 118,376 participants, statistical heterogeneity I 2 46%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). Neonatal vitamin A supplementation increased the incidence of bulging fontanelle by 53% compared to control (RR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.12-2.09; six studies with 100,256 participants, statistical heterogeneity I 2 65%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). We did not identify any experimental study that addressed the use of dextrose gel for the prevention and/or treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia in LMIC. Thirty-three studies assessed the effect of probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period (total participants 11,595; probiotics: 5854 and controls: 5741). All of the included studies were conducted in LMIC and were randomized. Most of the studies were done in the hospital setting and included participants who were preterm (born < 37 weeks gestation) and/or low birth weight (<2500 g birth weight). Studies were conducted in 13 different countries with 10 studies conducted in India, six studies in Turkey, three studies each in China and Iran, two each in Mexico and South Africa, and one each in Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, and Thailand. Three studies were at high ROB due to lack of appropriate randomization sequence or allocation concealment. Combined data from 25 studies showed that probiotic supplementation reduced all-cause mortality by 20% compared to controls (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.96; total number of participants 10,998, number needed to treat 100, statistical heterogeneity I 2 0%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). Twenty-nine studies reported the effect of probiotics on the incidence of NEC, and the combined results showed a relative reduction of 54% in the intervention group compared to controls (RR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.35-0.59; total number of participants 5574, number needed to treat 17, statistical heterogeneity I 2 24%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). Twenty-one studies assessed the effect of probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period on neonatal sepsis, and the combined results showed a relative reduction of 22% in the intervention group compared to controls (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.70-0.86; total number of participants 9105, number needed to treat 14, statistical heterogeneity I 2 23%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). Authors' Conclusions Vitamin A supplementation during the neonatal period does not reduce all-cause neonatal or infant mortality in LMICs in the community setting. However, neonatal vitamin A supplementation increases the risk of Bulging Fontanelle. No experimental or quasi-experimental studies were available from LMICs to assess the effect of dextrose gel supplementation for the prevention or treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period seems to reduce all-cause mortality, NEC, and sepsis in babies born with low birth weight and/or preterm in the hospital setting. There was clinical heterogeneity in the use of probiotics, and we could not recommend any single strain of probiotics for wider use based on these results. There was a lack of studies on probiotic supplementation in the community setting. More research is needed to assess the effect of probiotics administered to neonates in-home/community setting in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Imdad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionSUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Faseeha Rehman
- Department of MedicineRaritan Bay Medical CenterPerth AmboyNew YorkUSA
| | - Evans Davis
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Prevention and ControlUniversity of BuffaloBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Deepika Ranjit
- College of MedicineSUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Suzanna L. Attia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Sarah Lawler
- Health Science LibrarySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Abigail A. Smith
- Health Science LibraraySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child HealthThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
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Hurtado-Romero A, Del Toro-Barbosa M, Garcia-Amezquita LE, García-Cayuela T. Innovative technologies for the production of food ingredients with prebiotic potential: Modifications, applications, and validation methods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fleming SA, Mudd AT, Hauser J, Yan J, Metairon S, Steiner P, Donovan SM, Dilger RN. Human and Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides Elicit Improved Recognition Memory Concurrent With Alterations in Regional Brain Volumes and Hippocampal mRNA Expression. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:770. [PMID: 32903658 PMCID: PMC7438728 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains a unique profile of oligosaccharides (OS) and preliminary evidence suggests they impact brain development. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of bovine and/or human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) (2′-fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-neotetraose) on cognition, brain development, and hippocampal gene expression. Beginning on postnatal day (PND) 2, male pigs received one of four milk replacers containing bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOS), HMO, both (BMOS + HMO), or neither. Pigs were tested on the novel object recognition task using delays of 1- or 48-h at PND 22. At PND 32–33, magnetic resonance imaging procedures were used to assess structural brain development and hippocampal tissue was collected for analysis of mRNA expression. Pigs consuming only HMO exhibited recognition memory after a 1-h delay and those consuming BMOS + HMO exhibited recognition memory after a 48-h delay. Both absolute and relative volumes of cortical and subcortical brain regions were altered by diet. Hippocampal mRNA expression of GABRB2, SLC1A7, CHRM3, and GLRA4 were most strongly affected by diet. HMO and BMOS had distinct effects on brain structure and cognitive performance. These data suggest different mechanisms underlie their influence on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Fleming
- Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Austin T Mudd
- Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | - Jian Yan
- Nestlé Product Technology Center Nutrition, Vevey, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Marsaux B, Van den Abbeele P, Ghyselinck J, Prioult G, Marzorati M, Bogićević B. Synbiotic Effect of Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I-3446 and Bovine Milk-Derived Oligosaccharides on Infant Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2268. [PMID: 32751149 PMCID: PMC7468906 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the impact of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis CNCM I-3446, Bovine Milk-derived OligoSaccharides (BMOS) and their combination on infant gut microbiota in vitro. In addition, a novel strategy consisting of preculturing B. lactis with BMOS to further enhance their potential synbiotic effects was assessed. METHOD Short-term fecal batch fermentations (48 h) were used to assess the microbial composition and activity modulated by BMOS alone, B. lactis grown on BMOS or dextrose alone, or their combinations on different three-month-old infant microbiota. RESULTS BMOS alone significantly induced acetate and lactate production (leading to pH decrease) and stimulated bifidobacterial growth in 10 donors. A further in-depth study on two different donors proved B. lactis ability to colonize the infant microbiota, regardless of the competitiveness of the environment. BMOS further enhanced this engraftment, suggesting a strong synbiotic effect. This was also observed at the microbiota activity level, especially in a donor containing low initial levels of bifidobacteria. In this donor, preculturing B. lactis with BMOS strengthened further the early modulation of microbiota activity observed after 6 h. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the strong synbiotic effect of BMOS and B. lactis on the infant gut microbiota, and suggests a strategy to improve its effectiveness in an otherwise low-Bifidobacterium microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Marsaux
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.M.); (M.M.)
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (P.V.d.A.); (J.G.)
| | | | - Jonas Ghyselinck
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (P.V.d.A.); (J.G.)
| | - Guénolée Prioult
- Nestlé Research and Development Konolfingen, Nestléstrasse 3, 3510 Konolfingen, Switzerland;
| | - Massimo Marzorati
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.M.); (M.M.)
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (P.V.d.A.); (J.G.)
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Navarro-Tapia E, Sebastiani G, Sailer S, Toledano LA, Serra-Delgado M, García-Algar Ó, Andreu-Fernández V. Probiotic Supplementation During the Perinatal and Infant Period: Effects on Gut Dysbiosis and Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2243. [PMID: 32727119 PMCID: PMC7468726 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The perinatal period is crucial to the establishment of lifelong gut microbiota. The abundance and composition of microbiota can be altered by several factors such as preterm delivery, formula feeding, infections, antibiotic treatment, and lifestyle during pregnancy. Gut dysbiosis affects the development of innate and adaptive immune responses and resistance to pathogens, promoting atopic diseases, food sensitization, and infections such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Recent studies have indicated that the gut microbiota imbalance can be restored after a single or multi-strain probiotic supplementation, especially mixtures of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. Following the systematic search methodology, the current review addresses the importance of probiotics as a preventive or therapeutic tool for dysbiosis produced during the perinatal and infant period. We also discuss the safety of the use of probiotics in pregnant women, preterm neonates, or infants for the treatment of atopic diseases and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Navarro-Tapia
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - Giorgia Sebastiani
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Sailer
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Almeida Toledano
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- BCNatal, Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Serra-Delgado
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- BCNatal, Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar García-Algar
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Andreu-Fernández
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Chouraqui JP. Does the contribution of human milk oligosaccharides to the beneficial effects of breast milk allow us to hope for an improvement in infant formulas? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1503-1514. [PMID: 32393048 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1761772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is a source of nutrients and contains many distinct bioactive components. Among these, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have attracted considerable attention and are being investigated as a "novel foods". Human milk is unique in its oligosaccharide composition. Recent research has focused on the complexity of HMOs by highlighting their diversity, structural variability, concentration variance, and structure-function relationships. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that HMOs drive infant gut microbiota, improve intestinal barrier functions, and modulate cell receptor signaling, thereby contributing to the development of infant immunity. These studies, combined with epidemiological data, indicate that some HMO may confer health benefits by preventing infections and diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis and allergies. However, randomized controlled trials are restricted to structurally simple compounds such as 2' fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose. More controlled clinical trials are needed to justify routine supplementation of formula. It is felt that a better understanding of the role of HMOs leading to the development of inexpensive methods for large-scale HMO production is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Chouraqui
- Division of Pediatrics, Woman, Mother and Child Department, Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Moore RE, Townsend SD. Temporal development of the infant gut microbiome. Open Biol 2019; 9:190128. [PMID: 31506017 PMCID: PMC6769289 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of organisms that inhabit the human body reside in the gut. Since babies are born with an immature immune system, they depend on a highly synchronized microbial colonization process to ensure the correct microbes are present for optimal immune function and development. In a balanced microbiome, symbiotic and commensal species outcompete pathogens for resources. They also provide a protective barrier against chemical signals and toxic metabolites. In this targeted review we will describe factors that influence the temporal development of the infant microbiome, including the mode of delivery and gestational age at birth, maternal and infant perinatal antibiotic infusions, and feeding method-breastfeeding versus formula feeding. We will close by discussing wider environmental pressures and early intimate contact, particularly between mother and child, as they play a pivotal role in early microbial acquisition and community succession in the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven D. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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29
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Abstract
Probiotics have been explored in an exponentially increasing number of clinical trials for their health effects. Drawing conclusions from the published literature for the medical practitioner is difficult since rarely more than two clinical trials were conducted with the same probiotic strain against the same medical condition. Consequently, the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) made a few recommendations restricting it to probiotic use against acute gastroenteritis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Recent studies also made a strong case for probiotic use against sepsis in preterm and term infants from developing countries. Conclusions on the value of probiotics are best based on detailed meta-analyses (MA) of randomized controlled trials (RCT). Outcomes of MA are discussed in the present review for a number of gastroenterology conditions. Since these MA pool data from trials using different probiotic species, large RCT published sometimes come to different conclusions than MA including these studies. This is not necessarily a contradiction but may only mean that the specific probiotic species did not work under the specified conditions. Positive or negative generalization about probiotics and prebiotics should be avoided. Credible effects are those confirmed in independent trials with a specified probiotic strain or chemically defined prebiotic in a specified patient population under the specified treatment conditions. Even distinct technological preparations of the same probiotic strain might affect clinical outcomes if they alter bacterial surface structures. Underpowered clinical trials are another problem in the probiotic field. Data obtained with sophisticated omics technologies, but derived from less than ten human subjects should be interpreted with caution even when published in high impact journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Brüssow
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven University, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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30
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Enzymatic synthesis of β-galactosyl fucose using recombinant bifidobacterial β-galactosidase and its prebiotic effect. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:199-209. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09871-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Adak A, Khan MR. An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:473-493. [PMID: 30317530 PMCID: PMC11105460 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota has evolved along with their hosts and is an integral part of the human body. Microbiota acquired at birth develops in parallel as the host develops and maintains its temporal stability and diversity through adulthood until death. Recent developments in genome sequencing technologies, bioinformatics and culturomics have enabled researchers to explore the microbiota and in particular their functions at more detailed level than before. The accumulated evidences suggest that though a part of the microbiota is conserved, the dynamic members vary along the gastrointestinal tract, from infants to elderly, primitive tribes to modern societies and in different health conditions. Though the gut microbiota is dynamic, it performs some basic functions in the immunological, metabolic, structural and neurological landscapes of the human body. Gut microbiota also exerts significant influence on both physical and mental health of an individual. An in-depth understanding of the functioning of gut microbiota has led to some very exciting developments in therapeutics, such as prebiotics, probiotics, drugs and faecal transplantation leading to improved health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Adak
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Science Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
| | - Mojibur R Khan
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Science Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India.
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do Carmo MS, Santos CID, Araújo MC, Girón JA, Fernandes ES, Monteiro-Neto V. Probiotics, mechanisms of action, and clinical perspectives for diarrhea management in children. Food Funct 2019; 9:5074-5095. [PMID: 30183037 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diarrhea is the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age in the underdeveloped areas of the world. Conventional treatment consists of rehydration, which may be coupled with antimicrobial agents in more severe bacterial infections or with antiprotozoal agents. In the last few decades, research on the use of probiotic strains, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53013 (LGG), Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Saccharomyces boulardii, has gained much attention to prevent and treat diarrheal diseases. However, they are rarely used in the clinical routine, perhaps because there are still gaps in the knowledge about the effective benefit to the patient in terms of the reduction of the duration of diarrhea and its prevention. Furthermore, only a few probiotic strains are safely indicated for usage in pediatric practice. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the antimicrobial mechanisms of probiotics on distinct enteropathogens and their role in stimulating host defense mechanisms against intestinal infections. In addition, we highlight the potential of probiotics for the treatment and prevention of diarrhea in children. We conclude that the use of probiotics is beneficial for both the treatment and prevention of diarrhea in children and that the identification of other candidate probiotics might represent an important advance to a greater reduction in hospital stays and to prevent infectious diarrhea in a larger portion of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Santos do Carmo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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Nutraceuticals Inspiring the Current Therapy for Lifestyle Diseases. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2019; 2019:6908716. [PMID: 30755770 PMCID: PMC6348880 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6908716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are the pharmaceutically blended products that possess both nutritional as well as the medicinal value. Such a product is designed to improve the physical health, fight against day-to-day challenges such as stress, increase longevity, etc. Nowadays, emphasis is given to those herbs which are used as food and medicine due to its greater acceptance. Due to dynamic action, the popularity of nutraceuticals among people as well as healthcare providers has been increased over medicines and health supplements. This review documents herbs with a wide variety of therapeutic values such as immunity booster, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and gastroprotective. These herbs could be better options to formulate as nutraceuticals. Several nutraceuticals are described based on their availability as food, chemical nature, and mechanism of action.
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Mohammadkhah AI, Simpson EB, Patterson SG, Ferguson JF. Development of the Gut Microbiome in Children, and Lifetime Implications for Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E160. [PMID: 30486462 PMCID: PMC6306821 DOI: 10.3390/children5120160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that microbiome composition and function is associated with development of obesity and metabolic disease. Microbial colonization expands rapidly following birth, and microbiome composition is particularly variable during infancy. Factors that influence the formation of the gut microbiome during infancy and childhood may have a significant impact on development of obesity and metabolic dysfunction, with life-long consequences. In this review, we examine the determinants of gut microbiome composition during infancy and childhood, and evaluate the potential impact on obesity and cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica I Mohammadkhah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Eoin B Simpson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Stephanie G Patterson
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Jane F Ferguson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Oh SY, Youn SY, Park MS, Baek NI, Ji GE. Synthesis of Stachyobifiose Using Bifidobacterial α-Galactosidase Purified from Recombinant Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1184-1190. [PMID: 29363955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The prebiotic effects of GOS (galactooligosaccharides) are known to depend on the glycosidic linkages, degree of polymerization (DP), and the monosaccharide composition. In this study, a novel form of α-GOS with a potentially improved prebiotic effect was synthesized using bifidobacterial α-galactosidase (α-Gal) purified from recombinant Escherichia coli. The carbohydrate produced was identified as α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-d-fructofuranoside] and was termed stachyobifiose. Among 17 nonprobiotics, 16 nonprobiotics showed lower growth on stachyobifiose than β-GOS. In contrast, among the 16 probiotics, 6 probiotics showed higher growth on stachyobifiose than β-GOS. When compared with raffinose, stachyobifiose was used less by nonprobiotics than raffinose. Moreover, compared with stachyose, stachyobifiose was used less by Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Clostridium butyricum. The average amounts of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced were in the order of stachyobifiose > stachyose > raffinose > β-GOS. Taken together, stachyobifiose is expected to contribute to beneficial changes of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Youn
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Soo Park
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co. Ltd., Kangwon 250-804, Republic of Korea
- Department of Hotel Culinary Arts, Yeonsung University , Gyeonggi 14011, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam In Baek
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Eog Ji
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co. Ltd., Kangwon 250-804, Republic of Korea
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Bazanella M, Maier TV, Clavel T, Lagkouvardos I, Lucio M, Maldonado-Gòmez MX, Autran C, Walter J, Bode L, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Haller D. Randomized controlled trial on the impact of early-life intervention with bifidobacteria on the healthy infant fecal microbiota and metabolome. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:1274-1286. [PMID: 28877893 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.157529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Early-life colonization of the intestinal tract is a dynamic process influenced by numerous factors. The impact of probiotic-supplemented infant formula on the composition and function of the infant gut microbiota is not well defined.Objective: We sought to determine the effects of a bifidobacteria-containing formula on the healthy human intestinal microbiome during the first year of life.Design: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of newborn infants assigned to a standard whey-based formula containing a total of 107 colony-forming units (CFU)/g of Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, B. longum subspecies infantis (intervention), or to a control formula without bifidobacteria (placebo). Breastfed controls were included. Diversity and composition of fecal microbiota were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing, and metabolite profiles were analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry over a period of 2 y.Results: Infants (n = 106) were randomly assigned to either the interventional (n = 48) or placebo (n = 49) group; 9 infants were exclusively breastfed throughout the entire intervention period of 12 mo. Infants exposed to bifidobacteria-supplemented formula showed decreased occurrence of Bacteroides and Blautia spp. associated with changes in lipids and unknown metabolites at month 1. Microbiota and metabolite profiles of intervention and placebo groups converged during the study period, and long-term colonization (24 mo) of the supplemented Bifidobacterium strains was not detected. Significant differences in microbiota and metabolites were detected between infants fed breast milk and those fed formula (P < 0.005) and between infants birthed vaginally and those birthed by cesarean delivery (P < 0.005). No significant differences were observed between infant feeding groups regarding growth, antibiotic uptake, or other health variables (P > 0.05).Conclusion: The supplementation of bifidobacteria to infant diet can modulate the occurrence of specific bacteria and metabolites during early life with no detectable long-term effects. This trial was registered at germanctr.de as DRKS00003660.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja V Maier
- Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Marianna Lucio
- Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Chloe Autran
- Divisions of Neonatology and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MoMICoRE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jens Walter
- Chair for Nutrition, Microbes and Gastrointestinal Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Lars Bode
- Divisions of Neonatology and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MoMICoRE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, .,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, and
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Watkins C, Stanton C, Ryan CA, Ross RP. Microbial Therapeutics Designed for Infant Health. Front Nutr 2017; 4:48. [PMID: 29124056 PMCID: PMC5662644 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acknowledgment of the gut microbiome as a vital asset to health has led to multiple studies attempting to elucidate its mechanisms of action. During the first year of life, many factors can cause fluctuation in the developing gut microbiome. Host genetics, maternal health status, mode of delivery, gestational age, feeding regime, and perinatal antibiotic usage, are known factors which can influence the development of the infant gut microbiome. Thus, the microbiome of vaginally born, exclusively breastfed infants at term, with no previous exposure to antibiotics, either directly or indirectly from the mother, is to be considered the "gold standard." Moreover, the use of prebiotics as an aid for the development of a healthy gut microbiome is equally as important in maintaining gut homeostasis. Breastmilk, a natural prebiotic source, provides optimal active ingredients for the growth of beneficial microbial species. However, early life disorders such as necrotising enterocolitis, childhood obesity, and even autism have been associated with an altered/disturbed gut microbiome. Subsequently, microbial therapies have been introduced, in addition to suitable prebiotic ingredients, which when administered, may aid in the prevention of a microbial disturbance in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this mini-review is to highlight the beneficial effects of different probiotic and prebiotic treatments in early life, with particular emphasis on the different conditions which negatively impact microbial colonisation at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Watkins
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - C. Anthony Ryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
- School of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, Prescott SL, Reimer RA, Salminen SJ, Scott K, Stanton C, Swanson KS, Cani PD, Verbeke K, Reid G. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:491-502. [PMID: 28611480 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2744] [Impact Index Per Article: 392.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In December 2016, a panel of experts in microbiology, nutrition and clinical research was convened by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics to review the definition and scope of prebiotics. Consistent with the original embodiment of prebiotics, but aware of the latest scientific and clinical developments, the panel updated the definition of a prebiotic: a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit. This definition expands the concept of prebiotics to possibly include non-carbohydrate substances, applications to body sites other than the gastrointestinal tract, and diverse categories other than food. The requirement for selective microbiota-mediated mechanisms was retained. Beneficial health effects must be documented for a substance to be considered a prebiotic. The consensus definition applies also to prebiotics for use by animals, in which microbiota-focused strategies to maintain health and prevent disease is as relevant as for humans. Ultimately, the goal of this Consensus Statement is to engender appropriate use of the term 'prebiotic' by relevant stakeholders so that consistency and clarity can be achieved in research reports, product marketing and regulatory oversight of the category. To this end, we have reviewed several aspects of prebiotic science including its development, health benefits and legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Robert Hutkins
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 258 Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6205, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, 7119 S. Glencoe Court, Centennial, Colorado 80122, USA
| | - Susan L Prescott
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2500 University Drive, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Seppo J Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Karen Scott
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, 73 Avenue E Mounier, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Targid - Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, BE 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gregor Reid
- Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, Ontario, N6A 4V2, Canada
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