Role of miR-223 in the pathophysiology of liver diseases. Exp Mol Med. 2018;50:128. [PMID: 30258086 PMCID: PMC6158210 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0153-7]

Role of Neutrophils in the Development of Steatotic Liver Disease

This review explores the biological aspects of neutrophils, their contributions to the development of steatotic liver disease, and their potential as therapeutic targets for the disease. Although alcohol-associated and metabolic dysfunction-associated liver diseases originate from distinct etiological factors, the two diseases frequently share excessive lipid accumulation as a common contributor to their pathogenesis, thereby classifying them as types of steatotic liver disease. Dysregulated lipid deposition in the liver induces hepatic injury, triggering the activation of the innate immunity, partially through neutrophil recruitment. Traditionally recognized for their role in microbial clearance, neutrophils have recently garnered attention for their involvement in sterile inflammation, a pivotal component of steatotic liver disease pathogenesis. In conclusion, technological innovations, including single-cell RNA sequencing, have gradually disclosed the existence of various neutrophil subsets; however, how the distinct subsets of neutrophil population contribute differentially to the development of steatotic liver disease remains unclear.

MicroRNA-223-3p levels in serum-derived extracellular vesicles predict regression of M2BPGi-based liver fibrosis after hepatitis C virus eradication by direct-acting antiviral agents

BACKGROUND

We retrospectively investigated microRNA (miRNA) levels in serum-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as predictive indicators for regression of liver fibrosis, after achievement of a sustained virological response (SVR) by direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for chronic hepatitis C (CHC).

METHODS

The study subjects were recruited from a historical cohort of 108 CHC patients whose pretreatment serum Mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) levels were ≥ 2.0 cut-off index (COI). We classified patients with M2BPGi levels < 1.76 and ≥ 1.76 COI at 2 years after the end of treatment (EOT) into the regression and non-regression groups, respectively. Eleven of the patients were assigned to the discovery set, and we comprehensively investigated the miRNAs contained in serum-derived EVs at 24 weeks after the EOT (EOT24W), using RNA sequencing. The remaining 97 patients were assigned to the validation set, and reproducibility was verified by quantitative real-time PCR.

RESULTS

Through analysis of the discovery and validation sets, we identified miR-223-3p and miR-1290 as candidate predictors. Subsequently, we analyzed various clinical data, including these candidate miRNAs. Multivariate analyses revealed that the levels of miR-223-3p at EOT24W were significantly associated with regression of M2BPGi-based liver fibrosis (Odds ratio: 1.380; P = 0.024). Consistent results were obtained, even when the serum M2BPGi levels were aligned by propensity score matching and in patients with advanced M2BPGi-based liver fibrosis (pretreatment M2BPGi levels ≥ 3.3 COI).

CONCLUSIONS

The miR-223-3p level in serum-derived EVs at EOT24W is a feasible predictor of regression of M2BPGi-based liver fibrosis after achievement of an SVR by DAA therapy.

Emerging role of exosomal microRNA in liver cancer in the era of precision medicine; potential and challenges

Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have great potential in the fight against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In this study, we explored the various applications of these small molecules while analyzing their complex roles in tumor development, metastasis, and changes in the tumor microenvironment. We also discussed the complex interactions that exist between exosomal miRNAs and other non-coding RNAs such as circular RNAs, and show how these interactions coordinate important biochemical pathways that propel the development of HCC. The possibility of targeting exosomal miRNAs for therapeutic intervention is paramount, even beyond their mechanistic significance. We also highlighted their growing potential as cutting-edge biomarkers that could lead to tailored treatment plans by enabling early identification, precise prognosis, and real-time treatment response monitoring. This thorough analysis revealed an intricate network of exosomal miRNAs lead to HCC progression. Finally, strategies for purification and isolation of exosomes and advanced biosensing techniques for detection of exosomal miRNAs are also discussed. Overall, this comprehensive review sheds light on the complex web of exosomal miRNAs in HCC, offering valuable insights for future advancements in diagnosis, prognosis, and ultimately, improved outcomes for patients battling this deadly disease.

MicroRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: Charting the path forward

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized for their involvement in the regulation of gene expression and exhibit significant potential in both the prognostic assessment and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC, like other tumors, seldom occurs in isolation; instead, it evolves within a microenvironment featuring oncogenic and tumor-suppressive elements. When combined with suitable delivery vehicles, miRNA technology provides the capability to directly engage with these elements, thereby hindering tumor formation and progression. Ongoing research in this domain holds the promise of enabling a more efficacious and multi-modal treatment approach for HCC in the near future.

MiRNAs in Alcohol-Related Liver Diseases and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Step toward New Therapeutic Approaches?

Alcohol-related Liver Disease (ALD) is the primary cause of chronic liver disorders and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in developed countries and thus represents a major public health concern. Unfortunately, few therapeutic options are available for ALD and HCC, except liver transplantation or tumor resection for HCC. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of these diseases is therefore of major importance to identify early biomarkers and to design efficient therapeutic options. Increasing evidence indicate that epigenetic alterations play a central role in the development of ALD and HCC. Among them, microRNA importantly contribute to the development of this disease by controlling the expression of several genes involved in hepatic metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis at the post-transcriptional level. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about miRNAs' functions in the different stages of ALD and their role in the progression toward carcinogenesis. We highlight that each stage of ALD is associated with deregulated miRNAs involved in hepatic carcinogenesis, and thus represent HCC-priming miRNAs. By using in silico approaches, we have uncovered new miRNAs potentially involved in HCC. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting miRNAs for the treatment of these diseases.

The Crosstalk between Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells and Hepatocytes in Homeostasis and under Stress

Liver diseases, characterized by high morbidity and mortality, represent a substantial medical problem globally. The current therapeutic approaches are mainly aimed at reducing symptoms and slowing down the progression of the diseases. Organ transplantation remains the only effective treatment method in cases of severe liver pathology. In this regard, the development of new effective approaches aimed at stimulating liver regeneration, both by activation of the organ's own resources or by different therapeutic agents that trigger regeneration, does not cease to be relevant. To date, many systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been published confirming the effectiveness of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation in the treatment of liver diseases of various severities and etiologies. However, despite the successful use of MSCs in clinical practice and the promising therapeutic results in animal models of liver diseases, the mechanisms of their protective and regenerative action remain poorly understood. Specifically, data about the molecular agents produced by these cells and mediating their therapeutic action are fragmentary and often contradictory. Since MSCs or MSC-like cells are found in all tissues and organs, it is likely that many key intercellular interactions within the tissue niches are dependent on MSCs. In this context, it is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying communication between MSCs and differentiated parenchymal cells of each particular tissue. This is important both from the perspective of basic science and for the development of therapeutic approaches involving the modulation of the activity of resident MSCs. With regard to the liver, the research is concentrated on the intercommunication between MSCs and hepatocytes under normal conditions and during the development of the pathological process. The goals of this review were to identify the key factors mediating the crosstalk between MSCs and hepatocytes and determine the possible mechanisms of interaction of the two cell types under normal and stressful conditions. The analysis of the hepatocyte-MSC interaction showed that MSCs carry out chaperone-like functions, including the synthesis of the supportive extracellular matrix proteins; prevention of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis; support of regeneration; elimination of lipotoxicity and ER stress; promotion of antioxidant effects; and donation of mitochondria. The underlying mechanisms suggest very close interdependence, including even direct cytoplasm and organelle exchange.

The pathological and therapeutically role of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosome in degenerative diseases; Particular focus on LncRNA and microRNA

By releasing exosomes, which create the ideal milieu for the resolution of inflammation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) enhance tissue healing and have strong immunomodulatory capabilities. MSCs-derived exosome also can affect tumor progress by a myriad of mechanisms. Exosomes function as a cell-cell communication tool to affect cellular activity in recipient cells and include an array of efficient bioactive chemicals. Understanding the fundamental biology of inflammation ablation, tissue homeostasis, and the creation of therapeutic strategies is particularly interested in the horizontal transfer of exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and microRNAs (miRNAs) to recipient cells, where they affect target gene expression. Herein, we propose an exosomal lncRNA and microRNA profile in neurological, renal, cardiac, lung, and liver diseases as well as skin wounds and arthritis.

MicroRNA based combinatorial therapy against TKIs resistant CML by inactivating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: a review

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by presence of Philadelphia chromosome, which harbors BCR-ABL oncogene responsible for encoding BCR-ABL oncoprotein. This oncoprotein interferes with cellular signaling pathways, resulting in tumor progression. Among these pathways, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is significantly upregulated in CML. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are current standard therapy for CML, and they have shown remarkable efficacy. However, emergence of TKIs drug resistance has necessitated investigation of novel therapeutic approaches. Components of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway have emerged as attractive targets in this context, as this pathway is known to be activated in TKIs-resistant CML cells/patients. Inhibiting this pathway may provide a complementary approach to improving TKIs' efficacy and treatment outcomes. Given previous research indicating that miRNAs play an inhibitory role in cancer, current study used computational tools to identify miRNAs that specifically target pathway's core components. A comprehensive analysis was performed, resulting in identification of 111 miRNAs that potentially target PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. From this extensive list, 7 miRNAs was selected for further investigation based on their consistent downregulation across leukemia subtypes. Except for hsa-miR-199a-3p, remaining six miRNAs have been extensively studied in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Given high similarity between AML and CML, it is believed that six miRNAs which are not studied in context of CML may also be advantageous for curing chemoresistance in CML. Building upon this knowledge, it is reasonable to speculate that a combination therapy approach involving use of miRNAs alongside TKIs may offer improved therapy for TKIs-resistant CML compared to TKIs monotherapy alone.

miR-223: a key regulator of pulmonary inflammation

Small noncoding RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRNAs), are vital for the regulation of diverse biological processes. miR-223, an evolutionarily conserved anti-inflammatory miRNA expressed in cells of the myeloid lineage, has been implicated in the regulation of monocyte-macrophage differentiation, proinflammatory responses, and the recruitment of neutrophils. The biological functions of this gene are regulated by its expression levels in cells or tissues. In this review, we first outline the regulatory role of miR-223 in granulocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DCs). Then, we summarize the possible role of miR-223 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute lung injury (ALI), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other pulmonary inflammatory diseases to better understand the molecular regulatory networks in pulmonary inflammatory diseases.

MiRNAs as Potential Regulators of Enthesis Healing: Findings in a Rodent Injury Model

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA sequences with the ability to inhibit the expression of a target mRNA at the post-transcriptional level, acting as modulators of both the degenerative and regenerative processes. Therefore, these molecules constitute a potential source of novel therapeutic tools. In this study, we investigated the miRNA expression profile that presented in enthesis tissue upon injury. For this, a rodent enthesis injury model was developed by creating a defect at a rat's patellar enthesis. Following injury, explants were collected on days 1 (n = 10) and 10 (n = 10). Contra lateral samples (n = 10) were harvested to be used for normalization. The expression of miRNAs was investigated using a "Fibrosis" pathway-focused miScript qPCR array. Later, target prediction for the aberrantly expressed miRNAs was performed by means of the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and the expression of mRNA targets relevant for enthesis healing was confirmed using qPCRs. Additionally, the protein expression levels of collagens I, II, III, and X were investigated using Western blotting. The mRNA expression pattern of EGR1, COL2A1, RUNX2, SMAD1, and SMAD3 in the injured samples indicated their possible regulation by their respective targeting miRNA, which included miR-16, -17, -100, -124, -133a, -155 and -182. Furthermore, the protein levels of collagens I and II were reduced directly after the injury (i.e., day 1) and increased 10 days post-injury, while collagens III and X showed the opposite pattern of expression.

Genetic and Epigenetic Basis of Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a rare but severe adverse drug reaction seen in pharmacotherapy and a major cause of postmarketing drug withdrawals. Advances in genome-wide studies indicate that genetic and epigenetic diversity can lead to inter-individual differences in drug response and toxicity. It is necessary to identify how the genetic variations, in the presence of environmental factors, can contribute to development and progression of DILI. Studies on microRNA, histone modification, DNA methylation, and single nucleotide polymorphisms related to DILI were retrieved from databases and were analyzed for the current research and updated to develop this narrative review. We have compiled some of the major genetic, epigenetic, and pharmacogenetic factors leading to DILI. Many validated genetic risk factors of DILI, such as variants of drug-metabolizing enzymes, HLA alleles, and some transporters were identified. In conclusion, these studies provide useful information in risk alleles identification and on implementation of personalized medicine.

miR-223 Plays a Key Role in Obesogen-Enhanced Adipogenesis in Mesenchymal Stem Cells and in Transgenerational Obesity

Exposure of pregnant F0 mouse dams to the obesogen tributyltin (TBT) predisposes unexposed male descendants to obesity and diverts mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) toward the adipocytic lineage. TBT promotes adipogenic commitment and differentiation of MSCs in vitro. To identify TBT-induced factors predisposing MSCs toward the adipocytic fate, we exposed mouse MSCs to TBT, the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-selective agonist rosiglitazone, or the retinoid X receptor (RXR)-selective agonist LG-100268. Then we determined their transcriptomal profiles to determine candidate microRNAs (miR) regulating adipogenic commitment and differentiation. Of the top 10 candidate microRNAs predicted by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, miR-21, miR-33, and miR-223 were expressed consistent with an ability to differentially regulate target genes during adipogenesis. We found that 24-hour exposure to 50nM TBT caused miR-223 levels in MSCs to increase; expression of its target genes ZEB1, NFIB, and FOXP1 was decreased. Rosiglitazone and TBT increased miR-223 levels. This induction was inhibited by the PPARγ antagonist T0070907 but not by the RXR antagonists HX531 or UVI3003, placing miR-223 downstream of PPARγ. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed TBT-induced binding of PPARγ to regulatory elements in the miR-223 promoter. miR-223 levels were elevated in white adipose tissue of F2 and F3 male descendants of pregnant F0 mouse dams exposed to 50nM TBT throughout gestation. miR-223 levels were potentiated in males fed an increased fat diet. We infer that TBT induced miR-223 expression and increased adipogenesis in MSCs through the PPARγ pathway and that transgenerationally increased expression of miR-223 plays an important role in the development of obesity caused by TBT exposure.

The role of miRNAs in liver diseases: Potential therapeutic and clinical applications

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, non-coding RNAs that function post-transcriptionally to regulate gene expression by binding to particular mRNA targets and causing destruction of the mRNA or translational inhibition of the mRNA. The miRNAs control the range of liver activities, from the healthy to the unhealthy. Considering that miRNA dysregulation is linked to liver damage, fibrosis, and tumorigenesis, miRNAs are a promising therapeutic strategy for the evaluation and treatment of liver illnesses. Recent findings on the regulation and function of miRNAs in liver diseases are discussed, with an emphasis on miRNAs that are highly expressed or enriched in hepatocytes. Alcohol-related liver illness, acute liver toxicity, viral hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and exosomes in chronic liver disease all emphasize the roles and target genes of these miRNAs. We briefly discuss the function of miRNAs in the etiology of liver diseases, namely in the transfer of information between hepatocytes and other cell types via extracellular vesicles. Here we offer some background on the use of miRNAs as biomarkers for the early prognosis, diagnosis, and assessment of liver diseases. The identification of biomarkers and therapeutic targets for liver disorders will be made possible by future research into miRNAs in the liver, which will also help us better understand the pathogeneses of liver diseases.

Immune cells and their derived microRNA-enriched extracellular vesicles in nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases: Novel therapeutic targets

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Despite extensive research and multiple clinical trials, there are still no FDA-approved therapies to treat the most severe forms of NAFLD. This is largely due to its complicated etiology and pathogenesis, which involves visceral obesity, insulin resistance, gut dysbiosis, etc. Although inflammation is generally believed to be one of the critical factors that drive the progression of simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the exact type of inflammation and how it contributes to NASH pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Liver inflammation is accompanied by the elevation of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines and consequently intrahepatic infiltration of multiple types of immune cells. Recent studies revealed that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from inflammatory cells and hepatocytes play an important role in controlling liver inflammation during NASH. In this review, we highlight the roles of innate and adaptive immune cells and their microRNA-enriched EVs during NAFLD development and discuss potential drugs that target inflammatory pathways for the treatment of NAFLD.

An Overview of Inter-Tissue and Inter-Kingdom Communication Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles in the Regulation of Mammalian Metabolism

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with defects of insulin action in different tissues or alterations in β-cell secretory capacity that may be triggered by environmental challenges, inadequate lifestyle choices, or an underlying genetic predisposition. In addition, recent data shows that obesity may also be caused by perturbations of the gut microbiota, which then affect metabolic function and energy homeostasis in the host. Maintenance of metabolic homeostasis in complex organisms such as mammals requires organismal-level communication, including between the different organs and the gut microbiota. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified in all domains of life and have emerged as crucial players in inter-organ and inter-kingdom crosstalk. Interestingly, EVs found in edible vegetables or in milk have been shown to influence gut microbiota or tissue function in mammals. Moreover, there is a multidirectional crosstalk mediated by EVs derived from gut microbiota and body organs that has implications for host health. Untangling this complex signaling network may help implement novel therapies for the treatment of metabolic disease.

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-secreted extracellular vesicles alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via delivering miR-223-3p

Increasing studies have identified the potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) treatment. Hence, we further focused on the potential of adipose-derived MSC (ADSC)-EVs in NAFLD by delivering miR-223-3p. The uptake of isolated ADSC-EVs by hepatocytes was assessed, and the expression of miR-223-3p in ADSC-EVs and hepatocytes was characterized. It was established that miR-223-3p, enriched in ADSC-EVs, could be delivered by ADSC-EVs into hepatocytes. Using co-culture system and gain-of-function approach, we evaluated the effect of ADSC-EVs carrying miR-223-3p on lipid accumulation and liver fibrosis in pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA)-induced hepatocytes and a high-fat diet-induced NAFLD mouse model. Bioinformatics websites and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay were performed to determine the interactions between miR-223-3p and E2F1, which was further validated by rescue experiments. ADSC-EVs containing miR-223-3p displayed suppressive effects on lipid accumulation and liver fibrosis through E2F1 inhibition, since E2F1 was demonstrated as a target gene of miR-223-3p. The protective role of ADSC-EVs by delivering miR-223-3p was then confirmed in the mouse model. Collectively, this study elucidated that ADSC-EVs delayed the progression NAFLD through the delivery of anti-fibrotic miR-223-3p and subsequent E2F1 suppression, which may suggest miR-223-3p-loaded ADSC-EVs to be a potential therapeutic approach for NAFLD.

Identification of circulating microvesicle-encapsulated miR-223 as a potential novel biomarker for ARDS

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a lethal disease with severe forms conferring a mortality rate approaching 40%. The initial phase of ARDS results in acute lung injury (ALI) characterized by a severe inflammatory response and exudative alveolar flooding due to pulmonary capillary leak. Timely therapies to reduce ARDS mortality are limited by the lack of laboratory-guided diagnostic biomarkers for ARDS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of circulating microvesicles (MVs)-containing miR-223 (MV-miR-223) if indicate more severe lung injury and worse outcomes in ARDS patients. Human plasma samples from one hundred ARDS patients enrolled in Albuterol to Treat Acute Lung Injury (ALTA) trial were compared to a control group of twenty normal human plasma specimens. The amount of MV-miR-223 was measured using absolute real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a standard curve. Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon, Spearman correlation, Chi-squared tests, and Kaplan-Meier curves were computed to assess different variables and survival. Plasma levels of MV-miR-223 were significantly higher in ARDS patients compared to normal control subjects. Upon receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis of MV-miR-223 in relation to 30-day mortality, MV-miR-223 had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.7021 with an optimal cut-off value of 2.413 pg/ml. Patients with high MV-miR-223 had higher 30-day mortality than subjects with low MV-miR-223 levels. MV-miR-223 was negatively correlated with ICU-free days, ventilator-free days, and organ failure-free days. Patients with high MV-miR-223 levels had higher 30 and 90-day mortality. MV-miR-223 was associated with 28-day clinical outcomes of ALTA trial including ICU-free days, ventilator-free days, and organ failure-free days. Thus, circulating MV-miR-223 may be a potential biomarker in prognosticating patient-centered outcomes and predicting mortality in ARDS.

The Implications of Noncoding RNAs in the Evolution and Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)-Related HCC

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver pathology worldwide. Meanwhile, liver cancer represents the sixth most common malignancy, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as the primary, most prevalent subtype. Due to the rising incidence of metabolic disorders, NAFLD has become one of the main contributing factors to HCC development. However, although NAFLD might account for about a fourth of HCC cases, there is currently a significant gap in HCC surveillance protocols regarding noncirrhotic NAFLD patients, so the majority of NAFLD-related HCC cases were diagnosed in late stages when survival chances are minimal. However, in the past decade, the focus in cancer genomics has shifted towards the noncoding part of the genome, especially on the microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have proved to be involved in the regulation of several malignant processes. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding some of the main dysregulated, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their implications for NAFLD and HCC development. A central focus of the review is on miRNA and lncRNAs that can influence the progression of NAFLD towards HCC and how they can be used as potential screening tools and future therapeutic targets.

Non-coding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: Insights into regulatory mechanisms, clinical significance, and therapeutic potential

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex and heterogeneous malignancy with high incidence and poor prognosis. In addition, owing to the lack of diagnostic and prognostic markers, current multimodal treatment options fail to achieve satisfactory outcomes. Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, metastasis, metabolism, and drug resistance are important factors influencing tumor development and therapy. The intercellular communication of these important processes is mediated by a variety of bioactive molecules to regulate pathophysiological processes in recipient cells. Among these bioactive molecules, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), account for a large part of the human transcriptome, and their dysregulation affects the progression of HCC. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the potential regulatory mechanisms of ncRNAs in HCC, summarize novel biomarkers from somatic fluids (plasma/serum/urine), and explore the potential of some small-molecule modulators as drugs. Thus, through this review, we aim to contribute to a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms, early diagnosis, prognosis, and precise treatment of HCC.

MicroRNA-223 downregulation promotes HBx-induced podocyte pyroptosis by targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its related protein, HBV X (HBx), play an important role in podocyte injury in HBV-associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN). The microRNA MiR-223 is expressed in several diseases, including HBV-associated disease, while the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a major role in pyroptosis. In this study, we investigated the function and mechanism of action of miR-223 in HBx-induced podocyte pyroptosis. A quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay showed that miR-223 was downregulated in HBx-transfected podocytes. Transfection with an miR-223 mimic abolished the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the cytokines that are released as a result of NLRP3 overexpression. Moreover, transfection with HBx and NLRP3 overexpression plasmids increased the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins, especially in the presence of miR-223 inhibitors. Thus, miR-223 downregulation plays an important role in HBx-induced podocyte pyroptosis by targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome, suggesting that miR-223 is a potential therapeutic target for alleviating HBV-GN inflammation.

Multifunctional exosomes derived from bone marrow stem cells for fulfilled osseointegration

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have self-renewal, multi-directional differentiation potential, and immune regulation function and are widely used for de novo bone formation. However, the wide variation in individual amplification, the potential risk of cancer cell contamination, and the need for culture time significantly limit their widespread use clinically. Alternatively, numerous studies have shown that exosomes secreted by BMSCs in the nanoscale can also affect the functionality of endothelial cells (angiogenesis), macrophages (immunomodulation), and osteoblasts/osteoclasts (osteogenesis), which is a highly promising therapy for osseointegration with pronounced advantages (e.g., safety, high efficiency, and no ethical restrictions). The review aims to summarize the multifaceted effect of BMSCs-derived exosomes on osseointegration and provide reference and basis for rapid and qualified osseointegration.

MicroRNA-223 Suppresses Human Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation Partly via Regulating the Actin Cytoskeleton and Alleviates Fibrosis in Organoid Models of Liver Injury

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate target mRNA expression, and altered expression of miRNAs is associated with liver pathological conditions. Recent studies in animal models have shown neutrophil/myeloid-specific microRNA-223 (miR-223) as a key regulator in the development of various liver diseases including fibrosis, where hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the key player in pathogenesis. However, the precise roles of miR-223 in human HSCs and its therapeutic potential to control fibrosis remain largely unexplored. Using primary human HSCs, we demonstrated that miR-223 suppressed the fibrogenic program and cellular proliferation while promoting features of quiescent HSCs including lipid re-accumulation and retinol storage. Furthermore, induction of miR-223 in HSCs decreased cellular motility and contraction. Mechanistically, miR-223 negatively regulated expression of smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA) and thus reduced cytoskeletal activity, which is known to promote amplification of fibrogenic signals. Restoration of α-SMA in miR-223-overexpressing HSCs alleviated the antifibrotic effects of miR-223. Finally, to explore the therapeutic potential of miR-233 in liver fibrosis, we generated co-cultured organoids of HSCs with Huh7 hepatoma cells and challenged them with acetaminophen (APAP) or palmitic acid (PA) to induce hepatotoxicity. We showed that ectopic expression of miR-223 in HSCs attenuated fibrogenesis in the two human organoid models of liver injury, suggesting its potential application in antifibrotic therapy.

Circ-CCNB1 Modulates Trophoblast Proliferation and Invasion in Spontaneous Abortion by Regulating miR-223/SIAH1 axis

CONTEXT

Spontaneous abortion (SA) is a common disorder in early pregnancy. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to exert important regulatory effects on trophoblast function and embryo development.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to explore whether and how circRNAs regulate trophoblast function in SA during early pregnancy.

METHODS

Cell proliferation, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) staining, Transwell, immunofluorescence, Western blot, RNA pull-down, and dual luciferase reporter assays were performed to investigate the effect of circRNA cyclin B1 (circ-CCNB1) on trophoblast function in HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3 cells.

RESULTS

An in vitro study demonstrated that upregulation of circ-CCNB1 significantly inhibited trophoblast proliferation and invasion compared with the controls using HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3 cells, respectively. Moreover, miR-223 was downregulated in the villous tissues of patients with SA and was further predicted and shown to negatively interact with circ-CCNB1, which is involved in trophoblast proliferation and invasion. Using bioinformatics tools and subsequent RNA pull-down and dual luciferase assays, we found that miR-223 directly targets seven in absentia homolog-1 (SIAH1) and that upregulation of miR-223 decreased circ-CCNB1-induced SIAH1 expression levels in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Interestingly, upregulation of circ-CCNB1 suppressed trophoblast proliferation and invasion through inhibition of CCNB1 nuclear translocation induced by SIAH1. Downregulation of SIAH1 enhanced circ-CCNB1-suppressed CCNB1 nuclear protein expression in trophoblast cells.

CONCLUSION

Circ-CCNB1 served as a modulator of trophoblast proliferation and invasion by sponging miR-223, thus forming a regulatory network of circ-CCNB1/miR-223/SIAH1 in modulating CCNB1 nuclear translocation, which enabled us to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in normal embryo implantation or in SA.

LncRNA FGD5-AS1 enhances the proliferation and stemness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through targeting miR-223 and regulating the expression of ECT2 and FAT1

AIM

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is common and causes many deaths worldwide. The aim of this study is to explore the mechanism by which long non-coding RNA FGD5-AS1 regulates HCC cell proliferation and stemness.

METHODS

Tumor and normal adjacent tissues were harvested from HCC patients. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR was applied to examine the expression of FGD5-AS1, miR-223, Epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (ECT2) and FAT1. The protein levels of ECT2, FAT1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), OCT4, CD133 and CD90 were analyzed by western blot. The localization of FGD5-AS1 was examined by Fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cell proliferation was analyzed with CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Spheroid formation was used for analyzing cell stemness. Gene interaction was examined by RNA immunoprecipitation and luciferase activity assays. A subcutaneous xenograft mouse model was established to analyze HCC growth and stemness in vivo. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to analyze the expression PCNA and OCT4 in subcutaneous tumors.

RESULTS

FGD5-AS1 was upregulated in HCC and its high expression indicated poor prognosis of patients. High expression of FGD5-AS1 enhanced HCC cell proliferation and stemness. Knockdown of FGD5-AS1 restrained tumor growth and stemness in mice. FGD5-AS1 directly sponged miR-223 and promoted the expression of ECT2 and FAT1 in HCC. Both knockdown of miR-223 and overexpression of ECT2 and FAT1 reversed FGD5-AS1 silencing-mediated suppression of HCC cell proliferation and stemness.

CONCLUSION

FGD5-AS1 directly sponged miR-223 and promoted the expression of ECT2 and FAT1 in HCC, thus enhancing HCC cell proliferation and stemness. Our study identifies potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC.

Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Face of Pathogenic Infections

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are a collection of vesicles released from cells that play an important role in intercellular communication. Microbial infections are known as one of the major problems in the medical field. Considering the increasing resistance of strains to routine drug treatments, the need for new therapies seems to be more than ever. Recent studies have shown that the EVs released from immune cells during microbial infections had anti-microbial effects or were able to induce neighbouring cells to display anti-microbial effects. This mini-review aimed to explore the latest studies on immune cell-derived EVs in viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. Review of the literature demonstrated that specific cargos in EVs were involved in the fight against pathogenic infections. Additionally, the transport of appropriate bioactive molecules including miRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins via EVs could mediate the anti-microbial process. Thus, it could be a proof-of-principle that therapeutic approaches based on EVs derived from immune cells could offer a promising path forward, which is still in early stages and needs further assessments.

Gender and Autoimmune Liver Diseases: Relevant Aspects in Clinical Practice

Autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) include autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The etiologies of AILD are not well understood but appear to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. AILDs commonly affect young individuals and are characterized by a highly variable clinical course. These diseases significantly influence quality of life and can progress toward liver decompensation or the onset of hepatocellular or cholangiocarcinoma; a significant number of patients eventually progress to end-stage liver disease, requiring liver transplantation. In this review, we focus on the sex characteristics and peculiarities of AILD patients and highlight the relevance of a sex-specific analysis in future studies. Understanding the sex differences underlying AILD immune dysregulation may be critical for developing more effective treatments.

Expression of microRNA-223 and microRNA-146b in serum and liver tissue of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play regulatory roles in several diseases. In schistosomiasis, the main pathological changes are caused by the granulomatous reaction induced by egg deposition. We aimed to study the changes in host miRNA-223 and miRNA-146b expression in relation to egg deposition and development of hepatic pathology in murine schistosomiasis mansoni. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected from non-infected mice (group I), S. mansoni–infected mice at the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks post-infection (p.i.) (groups II–IV), and 4 weeks after praziquantel treatment (group V). The collected samples were processed for RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and real-time PCR analysis of miRNA-223 and miRNA-146b. miRNAs’ relative expression was estimated by the ΔΔC_t method. Liver tissue samples were examined for egg count estimation and histopathological evaluation. Results revealed that miRNA-223 was significantly downregulated in liver tissues 8 and 12 weeks p.i., whereas miRNA-146b expression increased gradually with the progression of infection with a significantly higher level at week 12 p.i. compared to week 4 p.i. Serum expression levels nearly followed the same pattern as the tissue levels. The dysregulated expression of miRNAs correlated with liver egg counts and was more obvious with the demonstration of chronic granulomas, fibrous transformation, and distorted hepatic architecture 12 weeks p.i. Restoration of normal expression levels was observed 4 weeks after treatment. Collectively, these findings provide new insights for in-depth understanding of host-parasite interaction in schistosomiasis and pave a new way for monitoring the progress of hepatic pathology before and after treatment.

Characterizing the Inflammatory Microenvironment in K14-HPV16 Transgenic Mice: Mast Cell Infiltration and MicroRNA Expression

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiologic agent of several types of cancer. Mast cells’ role as either a driving or opposing force for cancer progression remains controversial. MicroRNAs are dysregulated in several HPV-induced cancers, and can influence mast cell biology. The aim of this study was to evaluate mast cell infiltration and to identify microRNAs potentially regulating this process. Transgenic male mice (K14-HPV16; HPV+) and matched wild-type mice (HPV−) received 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) (or vehicle) over 17 weeks. Following euthanasia, chest skin and ear tissue samples were collected. Mast cell infiltration was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. MicroRNAs associated with mast cell infiltration were identified using bioinformatic tools. MicroRNA and mRNA relative expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Immunohistochemistry showed increased mast cell infiltration in HPV+ mice (p < 0.001). DMBA did not have any statistically significant influence on this distribution. Ear tissue of HPV+ mice showed increased mast cell infiltration (p < 0.01) when compared with chest skin samples. Additionally, reduced relative expression of miR-125b-5p (p = 0.008, 2−ΔΔCt = 2.09) and miR-223-3p (p = 0.013, 2−ΔΔCt = 4.42) seems to be associated with mast cell infiltration and increased expression of target gene Cxcl10. These results indicate that HPV16 may increase mast cell infiltration by down-regulating miR-223-3p and miR-125b-5p.

Tentatively Identified (UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS) Compounds in the Extract of Saussurea costus Roots Exhibit In Vivo Hepatoprotection via Modulation of HNF-1α, Sirtuin-1, C/ebpα, miRNA-34a and miRNA-223

Saussurea costus is a plant traditionally used for the treatment of several ailments. Our study accomplished the UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS analysis of a methanol extract of Saussurea costus roots (MESC), in addition to lipoidal matter determination and assessment of its in vivo hepatoprotective activity. In this study, we were able to identify the major metabolites in MESC rather than the previously known isolated compounds, improving our knowledge of its chemical constituents. The flavones apigenin, acacetin, baicalein, luteolin, and diosmetin, and the flavonol aglycones quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, gossypetin, and myricetin and/or their glycosides and glucuronic derivatives were the major identified compounds. The hepatoprotective activity of MESC was evaluated by measuring catalase activity using UV spectrophotometry, inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic markers using ELISA techniques, and genetic markers using PCR. Paracetamol toxicity caused a significant increase in plasma caspase 2, cytokeratin 18 (CK18), liver tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), miRNA-34a, and miRNA-223, as well as a significant decrease in liver catalase (CAT) activity and in the levels of liver nuclear factor 1α (HNF-1α), sirtuin-1, and C/ebpα. Oral pretreatment with MESC (200 mg/kg) showed a significant decrease in caspase 2, CK18, TNF-α, IL-6 and a significant increase in liver CAT activity. MESC decreased the levels of liver miRNA-34a and miRNA-223 and induced HNF-1α, sirtuin-1, and C/ebpα gene expression. The histological examination showed a significant normalization in rats pretreated with MESC. Our findings showed that Saussurea costus may exert a potent hepatoprotective activity through the modulation of the expression of cellular cytokines, miRNA-34a, and miRNA-223.

Hydroalcoholic extract of dill and aerobic training prevents high-fat diet-induced metabolic risk factors by improving miR-33 and miR-223 expression in rat liver

Exercise training and medicinal herb supplementation may improve microRNAs (miRNAs) expression associated with obesity. This study aimed to assess the effects of 10 weeks of aerobic training (AT) and dill extract (DE) on miR-33 and miR-223 expression of liver in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. Forty male Wistar rats were fed a defined high-fat (n = 32) and standard (n = 8, nonobese control [NC]) diet. After obesity induction, obese rats were randomly allocated to four groups: AT, DE, AT + DE, and obese control (OC). Rats were euthanized and plasma and liver tissue samples were collected after the intervention. The liver expression of miR-33 was lower in the AT, DE, AT + DE, and NC groups compared with the OC group. Also, the liver miR-223 expression was higher in the AT, DE, AT + DE, and NC groups compared with the OC group. Moreover, the liver expression of miR-223 in the AT + DE group was higher compared with the AT and DE groups. The AT, DE, AT + DE, and NC groups had lower liver TC compared with the OC group. Also, the plasma level of apolipoprotein B (Apo B) was significantly lower, and liver HDL-C was significantly higher in the AT + DE and NC groups compared with the OC group. These findings show that long-term AT combined with the intake of DE may improve the plasma levels of Apo B, and TC and HDL-C levels in the liver, which is probably due to AT and DE positive effects on miR-33 and miR-223 in the liver of obese rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Aerobic training reduces overweight and obesity health problems, however, the duration and intensity of the exercise training distinguish between individuals. We used an integrated approach combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological as a medical strategy to prevent HFD-induced metabolic injury in obese rats. The present results discovered that a combination of AT + DE intervention improves the miR-33 and miR-223 in the liver of obese rats.

Determining extracellular vesicles properties and miRNA cargo variability in bovine milk from healthy cows and cows undergoing subclinical mastitis

Background

Subclinical mastitis, the inflammation of the mammary gland lacking clinical symptoms, is one of the most prevalent and costly diseases in dairy farming worldwide. Milk microRNAs (miRNAs) encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed as potential biomarkers of different mammary gland conditions, including subclinical mastitis. However, little is known about the robustness of EVs analysis regarding sampling time-point and natural infections. To estimate the reliability of EVs measurements in raw bovine milk, we first evaluated changes in EVs size and concentration using Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS) during three consecutive days of sampling. Then, we analysed daily differences in miRNA cargo using small RNA-seq. Finally, we compared milk EVs differences from naturally infected udder quarters with their healthy adjacent quarters and quarters from uninfected udders, respectively.

Results

We found that the milk EV miRNA cargo was very stable over the course of three days regardless of the health status of the quarter, and that infected quarters did not induce relevant changes in milk EVs of adjacent healthy quarters. Chronic subclinical mastitis induced changes in milk EV miRNA cargo, but neither in EVs size nor concentration. We observed that the changes in immunoregulatory miRNAs in quarters with chronic subclinical mastitis were cow-individual, however, the most upregulated miRNA was bta-miR-223-3p across all individuals.

Conclusions

Our results showed that the miRNA profile and particle size characteristics remained constant throughout consecutive days, suggesting that miRNAs packed in EVs are physiological state-specific. In addition, infected quarters were solely affected while adjacent healthy quarters remained unaffected. Finally, the cow-individual miRNA changes pointed towards infection-specific alterations.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08377-z.

Identification of microRNAs Implicated in Modulating Senecionine-Induced Liver Toxicity in HepaRG Cells

1,2-unsaturated Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs) are secondary plant metabolites that occur as food contaminants. Upon consumption, they can cause severe liver damage. PAs have been shown to induce apoptosis, to have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, and to impair bile acid homeostasis in the human hepatoma cell line HepaRG. The major mode of action of PAs is DNA- and protein-adduct formation. Beyond that, nuclear receptor activation has only been observed for one receptor and two PAs, yielding the possibility that other cellular mediators are involved in PA-mediated toxicity. Here, the mode of action of Senecionine (Sc), a prominent and ubiquitous representative of hepatotoxic PAs, was investigated by analyzing 7 hepatic microRNAs (miRNAs) in HepaRG cells. Ultimately, 11 target genes that were predicted with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (IPA) were found to be significantly downregulated, while their assigned miRNAs showed significant upregulation of gene expression. According to IPA, these targets are positively correlated with apoptosis and cellular death and are involved in diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma. Subsequent antagomiR-inhibition analysis revealed a significant correlation between PA-induced miRNA-4434 induction and P21-Activated Kinase-1 (PAK1) downregulation. PAK1 downregulation is usually associated with cell cycle arrest, suggesting a new function of Sc-mediated toxicity in human liver cells.

Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery for Liver Fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is a reversible disease course caused by various liver injury etiologies, and it can lead to severe complications, such as liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and even liver cancer. Traditional pharmacotherapy has several limitations, such as inadequate therapeutic effect and side effects. Nanotechnology in drug delivery for liver fibrosis has exhibited great potential. Nanomedicine improves the internalization and penetration, which facilitates targeted drug delivery, combination therapy, and theranostics. Here, we focus on new targets and new mechanisms in liver fibrosis, as well as recent designs and development work of nanotechnology in delivery systems for liver fibrosis treatment.

Regulation of miRNAs Expression by Mutant p53 Gain of Function in Cancer

The p53 roles have been largely described; among them, cell proliferation and apoptosis control are some of the best studied and understood. Interestingly, the mutations on the six hotspot sites within the region that encodes the DNA-binding domain of p53 give rise to other very different variants. The particular behavior of these variants led to consider p53 mutants as separate oncogene entities; that is, they do not retain wild type functions but acquire new ones, namely Gain-of-function p53 mutants. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed how p53 mutants regulate gene expression and exert oncogenic effects by unbalancing specific microRNAs (miRNAs) levels that provoke epithelial-mesenchymal transition, chemoresistance, and cell survival, among others. In this review, we discuss recent evidence of the crosstalk between miRNAs and mutants of p53, as well as the consequent cellular processes dysregulated.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and microRNAs expression, how it affects the development and progression of the disease

The obesity pandemic that affects the global population generates one of the most unfavorable microenvironmental conditions in the hepatocyte, which triggers the metabolic hepatopathy known as non-alcoholic fatty liver; its annual rates increase in its prevalence and does not seem to improve in the future. The international consortia, LITMUS by the European Union and NIMBLE by the United States of America, have started a race for the development of hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis reliable biomarkers to have an adequate diagnosis. MicroRNAs have been proposed as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers involved in adaptation to changes in the liver microenvironment, which could improve clinical intervention strategies in patients with hepatic steatosis.

Regulatory roles of miRNAs 16, 133a, and 223 on osteoclastic bone destruction caused by breast cancer metastasis

Osteolytic bone metastasis leads to skeletal-related events, resulting in a decline in the patient activities and survival; therefore, it is important to understand the mechanism underlying bone metastasis. Recent studies have suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are involved in osteoclast differentiation and/or osteolytic bone metastasis; however, the roles of miRNAs have not been elucidated. In the present study, the roles of miRNAs in bone destruction caused by breast cancer metastasis were investigated in vitro and in vivo. miR-16, miR-133a and miR-223 were transfected into a human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. The expression of osteolytic factors in conditioned medium (miR-CM) collected from the culture of transfected cells was assessed. To evaluate the effects of miRNAs on osteoclast differentiation and activities, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and bone resorptive assays were performed in osteoclasts following miR-CM treatment. To create in vivo bone metastasis models for histological and morphometric evaluation, miRNA-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells were transplanted into the proximal tibia of nude mice. Expression of osteolytic factors, including receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), was increased in miR-16-CM, whereas it was decreased in both miR-133a-CM and miR-223-CM. TRAP staining and bone resorptive assays revealed that osteoclast function and activities were promoted by miR-16-CM treatment, whereas they were suppressed by miR-133a-CM and miR-223-CM. Consistent with in vitro findings, in vivo experiments revealed that the overexpression of miR-16 increased osteoclast activities and bone destruction in MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas the opposite results were observed in both miR-133a- and miR-223-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells. Our results indicated that miR-16 promoted osteoclast activities and bone destruction caused by breast cancer metastasis in the bone microenvironment, whereas miR-133a and miR-223 suppressed them. These miRNAs could be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for breast cancer bone metastasis.

miRNA-223 as a regulator of inflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome, the main fragments in the puzzle of immunopathogenesis of different inflammatory diseases and COVID-19

Millions of people around the world are involved with COVID-19 due to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Virological features of SARS-CoV-2, including its genomic sequence, have been identified but the mechanisms governing COVID-19 immunopathogenesis have remained uncertain. miR-223 is a hematopoietic cell-derived miRNA that is implicated in regulating monocyte-macrophage differentiation, neutrophil recruitment, and pro-inflammatory responses. The miR-223 controls inflammation by targeting a variety of factors, including TRAF6, IKKα, HSP-70, FOXO1, TLR4, PI3K/AKT, PARP-1, HDAC2, ITGB3, CXCL2, CCL3, IL-6, IFN-I, STMN1, IL-1β, IL-18, Caspase-1, NF-κB, and NLRP3. The key role of miR-223 in regulating the inflammatory process and its antioxidant and antiviral role can suggest this miRNA as a potential regulatory factor in the process of COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.

Evaluation of the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through analysis of serum exosomal miRNA expression

Noninvasive techniques for evaluating the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have shown limited diagnostic performance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are useful biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring the progression and treatment response to several diseases. Here, we evaluated whether serum exosomal miRNAs could be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of NAFLD severity. Exosomal miRNAs were isolated from the sera of 41 patients with NAFLD (diagnosed using liver biopsy) for microarray profiling. The degree of NAFLD severity was determined using inflammation, steatosis, and ballooning scores and the NAFLD activity score (NAS). Correlations between miRNA expression, clinical and biochemical parameters, and mRNA expression were analyzed. Overall, 25, 11, 13, and 14 miRNAs correlated with the inflammation score, steatosis score, ballooning score, and NAS, respectively, with 33 significant correlations observed between 27 miRNAs and six clinical variables. Eight miRNAs (let-7b-5p, miR-378h, -1184, -3613-3p, -877-5p, -602, -133b, and 509-3p) showed anticorrelated patterns with the corresponding mRNA expression. In fibrosis, 52 and 30 interactions corresponding to high miRNA-low mRNA and low miRNA-high mRNA expression, respectively, were observed. The present results therefore suggest that serum exosomal miRNAs can be used to evaluate NAFLD severity and identify potential targets for NAFLD treatment.

Myeloid-Cell-Specific IL-6 Signaling Promotes MicroRNA-223-Enriched Exosome Production to Attenuate NAFLD-Associated Fibrosis

BACKGROUND ANDS AIMS

NAFLD is associated with elevation of many cytokines, particularly IL-6; however, the role of IL-6 in NAFLD remains obscure. The aim of this study was to examine how myeloid-specific IL-6 signaling affects NAFLD by the regulation of antifibrotic microRNA-223 (miR-223) in myeloid cells.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

Patients with NAFLD or NASH and healthy controls were recruited, and serum IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor α (sIL-6Rα) were measured. Compared to controls, serum IL-6 and sIL-6Rα levels were elevated in NAFLD/NASH patients. IL-6 levels correlated positively with the number of circulating leukocytes and monocytes. The role of IL-6 in NAFLD was investigated in Il6 knockout (KO) and Il6 receptor A (Il6ra) conditional KO mice after high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. HFD-fed Il6 KO mice had worse liver injury and fibrosis, but less inflammation, compared to wild-type mice. Hepatocyte-specific Il6ra KO mice had more steatosis and liver injury, whereas myeloid-specific Il6ra KO mice had a lower number of hepatic infiltrating macrophages (IMs) and neutrophils with increased cell death of these cells, but greater liver fibrosis (LF), than WT mice. Mechanistically, the increased LF in HFD-fed, myeloid-specific Il6ra KO mice was attributable to the reduction of antifibrotic miR-223 and subsequent up-regulation of the miR-223 target gene, transcriptional activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), a well-known factor to promote NASH fibrosis. In vitro, IL-6 treatment up-regulated exosome biogenesis-related genes and subsequently promoted macrophages to release miR-223-enriched exosomes that were able to reduce profibrotic TAZ expression in hepatocytes by exosomal transfer. Finally, serum IL-6 and miR-223 levels were elevated and correlated with each other in NAFLD patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Myeloid-specific IL-6 signaling inhibits LF through exosomal transfer of antifibrotic miR-223 into hepatocytes, providing therapeutic targets for NAFLD therapy.

Exosomal microRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in non-malignant liver diseases

The liver is a vital organ responsible for various physiological functions, such as metabolism, immune response, digestion, and detoxification. Crosstalk between hepatocytes, hepatic macrophages, and hepatic stellate cells is critical for liver pathology. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (50-150 nm) that play an important role in cell-cell or organ-organ communication as they transfer their cargo, such as protein, DNA, and RNA to recipient cells or distant organs. In various liver diseases, the number of liver cell-derived exosomes is increased and the exosomal microRNA (miRNA) profile is altered. Early studies investigated the value of circulating exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers. Several exosomal miRNAs showed excellent diagnostic values, suggesting their potential as diagnostic biomarkers in liver diseases. Exosomal miRNAs have emerged as critical regulators of liver pathology because they control the expression of multiple genes in recipient cells. In this review, we discuss the biology of exosomes and summarize the recent findings of exosome-mediated intercellular and organ-to-organ communication during liver pathology. As there are many review articles dealing with exosomal miRNAs in liver cancer, we focused on non-malignant liver diseases. The therapeutic potential of exosomal miRNAs in liver pathology is also highlighted.

Role of microRNAs As Biomarkers in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a neurological complication of sepsis, characterized by brain dysfunction without any direct central nervous system infection. The diagnosis of SAE is currently a challenge. In fact, problems in making a diagnosis of SAE cause a great variability of incidence that can reach up to 70% of all septic patients. Even more, despite SAE is the most frequent type of encephalopathy occurring in critically ill patients, the molecular mechanisms that guide its progression have not been completely elucidated. On the other hand, miRNAs have proven to be excellent biomarkers for both diagnosis and prognosis, especially in brain pathologies because of their small size they can cross the blood–brain barrier easier than other biomolecules. The identification of new miRNAs as biomarkers may help to improve SAE diagnosis and prognosis and also to design new therapies for this clinical manifestation that produces diffuse cerebral dysfunction. This review is focused on SAE physiopathology and the need to have clear criteria for its diagnosis; thus, this work postulates some miRNA candidates to be used for SAE biomarkers because of their role in both, neurological damage and sepsis.

The role of autophagy in hepatic fibrosis

Hepatic fibrosis is a chronic liver injury process, and its continuous development can lead to cirrhosis, hepatic failure and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autophagy has attracted much attention because of its controversial role in the course of hepatic fibrosis. In this review, we introduce the mechanism related to noncoding RNAs and some of the signaling pathways that promote or inhibit fibrosis by affecting autophagy. Finally, we list some targets related to autophagy that enable hepatic fibrosis therapy and forecast its prospect in hepatic fibrosis. This review will provide new ideas in diagnosing and treating hepatic fibrosis, which will be helpful to reduce the incidence of cirrhosis and its complications.

Tumor-Associated Neutrophils in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Therapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma represents the most prevalent primary liver cancer worldwide, and it is either caused by intrinsic genetic mutations or by a multitude of extrinsic risk factors. Even though the interplay between chronic inflammatory changes and hepatocarcinogenesis has been at the forefront of clinical investigation for the past few decades, the role of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) in HCC development still remains ambiguous. On the one hand, N1 TANs exhibit an anti-tumorigenic activity, mediated by direct or indirect tumor cell lysis, whereas on the other hand, N2 TANs have been correlated with increased HCC growth, invasiveness, and metastasis. The association of an elevated Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) with poor prognosis in patients with HCC, has been recently brought into spotlight, consolidating its widespread use as a reliable biomarker. Due to the decisive involvement of TANs in HCC pathogenesis and development, the utilization of various neutrophil-centered anticancer treatment modalities has been under clinical experimentation, selectively targeting and modulating the processes of neutrophil recruitment, activation, and migration. This review summarizes current evidence on the role of TANs in HCC pathogenesis and progression, as well as in their potential involvement in tumor therapy, shedding light on emerging anticancer treatment methods targeting neutrophils.

MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or, more accurately, metabolic associated fatty liver disease, accounts for a large proportion of chronic liver disorders worldwide and is closely associated with other conditions such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and can progress to cirrhosis and, eventually, also hepatocellular carcinoma. The morbidity and mortality associated with NAFLD are increasing rapidly year on year. Consequently, there is an urgent need to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of NAFLD and identify effective therapeutic targets. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), important epigenetic factors, have recently been proposed to participate in NAFLD pathogenesis. Here, we review the roles of miRNAs in lipid metabolism, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, hepatic stellate cell activation, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress, key factors that contribute to the occurrence and progression of NAFLD. Additionally, we summarize the role of miRNA-enriched extracellular vesicles in NAFLD. These miRNAs may comprise suitable therapeutic targets for the treatment of this condition.

Mesenchymal stem cell exosome-derived miR-223 alleviates acute graft-versus-host disease via reducing the migration of donor T cells

Background

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been utilized in treating acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) as they show strong immunosuppressive capacity through the release of various mediators, including immunosuppressive molecules, growth factors, chemokines, and exosomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) derived from MSC exosomes (MSCs-Exo) play a critical role in the regulation of immune responses. However, the function of miRNAs in treating aGvHD remains unknown. Here, we performed expression profiling of exosome-miRNAs from human umbilical cord MSCs (huc-MSCs) and murine compact bone MSCs (mb-MSCs) to investigate their immunoregulation effects in aGvHD.

Methods

Huc-MSCs-Exo and mb-MSCs-Exo were isolated and constructed MSCs-Exo-derived miRNA expression profiling using high-throughput sequencing. High expression of miR-223 was identified in both kinds of MSCs-Exo by bioinformatics analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). In vitro cell crawling assay, transmigration assay and adhesion assay were subsequently applied to investigate the regulation of miR-223 on T cells. MiR-223 target gene was analyzed by western blot, luciferase analysis, and qPCR. Moreover, murine aGvHD model was established by infusing splenocytes and bone marrow nuclear cells from C57BL/6j mice (H-2Kb) into BALB/c recipient mice (H-2Kd). For therapeutic effect, MSCs or miR-223 Agomir were injected via tail vein. The general conditions of the mice in each group were monitored. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was used to detect pathological changes of mice spleen, liver, and intestine. Mechanistically, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to evaluate donor T cell migration, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the expression of serum inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17.

Results

High-throughput sequencing revealed high expression of miR-223 in huc-MSCs-Exo and mb-MSCs-Exo. MiR-223 could restrain adhesion and migration of T cells by inhibiting ICAM-1 expression in mouse lymphatic endothelial cells. MiR-223Agomir infusion attenuated aGvHD clinical symptoms, reduced the donor T cell infiltration into the spleen, liver, and intestine, and decreased inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17.

Conclusion

MSCs-Exo-derived miR-223 could attenuate aGvHD in mice through decreasing donor T cell migration. Our results unveil a new role of MSCs-Exo containing miR-223 in the treatment of aGvHD.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02159-2.

Hepatitis C Virus Cure in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection Dampens Inflammation and Improves Cognition Through Multiple Mechanisms

BACKGROUND

Chronic inflammation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection increases cognitive impairment. With newer, direct-acting antiviral therapies for HCV, our objective was to determine whether chronic inflammation would be decreased and cognition improved with HCV sustained viral response (SVR) in coinfection.

METHODS

We studied 4 groups longitudinally: 7 HCV-monoinfected and 12 HIV/HCV-coinfected persons before and after treatment for HCV, 12 HIV-monoinfected persons, and 9 healthy controls. We measured monocyte activation and gene expression, monocyte-derived exosome micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA) expression, plasma inflammation, and cognitive impairment before and after therapy.

RESULTS

Plasma soluble CD163 and neopterin were decreased in HCV mono- and coinfected persons. Blood CD16+ monocytes were decreased in coinfection after HCV treatment. Global deficit score improved 25% in coinfection with the visual learning/memory domain the most improved. Hepatitis C virus SVR decreased monocyte interferon genes MX1, IFI27, and CD169 in coinfection and MX1, LGALS3BP, and TNFAIP6 in HCV monoinfection. Monocyte exosomes from coinfected persons increased in microRNA (miR)-19a, miR-221, and miR-223, all of which were associated with decreasing inflammation and nuclear factor-κB activation.

CONCLUSIONS

Hepatitis C virus cure in coinfection brings monocyte activation to levels of HIV alone. Cognitive impairment is significantly improved with cure but not better than HIV infection alone, which strong suggests that cognitive impairment was driven by both HIV and HCV.SummaryHCV cure in HIV coinfection improves monocyte and plasma activation markers and increases cognitive function in the visual learning/memory domain.

[Molecular factors associated with regression of liver fibrosis of alcoholic etiology]

Liver fibrosis develops as a result of chronic liver damage of various etiologies, is characterized by excessive synthesis of connective tissue by activated stellate liver cells. The toxic effect of alcohol is one of the most significant and common etiological factors worldwide. Stellate cell activation results from the interaction of multiple molecular fibrogenic pathways triggered by intracellular and extracellular, hepatic and extrahepatic stimuli. Data analysis showed that knowledge about these abnormal pathways and biomolecular processes may further contribute to the improvement of approaches to assessment of disease prognosis and treatment of alcoholic liver disease.

From Liver Cirrhosis to Cancer: The Role of Micro-RNAs in Hepatocarcinogenesis

In almost all cases, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops as the endpoint of a sequence that starts with chronic liver injury, progresses to liver cirrhosis, and finally, over years and decades, results in liver cancer. Recently, the role of non-coding RNA such as microRNA (miRNA) has been demonstrated in the context of chronic liver diseases and HCC. Moreover, data from a phase II trial suggested a potential role of microRNAs as therapeutics in hepatitis-C-virus infection, representing a significant risk factor for development of liver cirrhosis and HCC. Despite progress in the clinical management of chronic liver diseases, pharmacological treatment options for patients with liver cirrhosis and/or advanced HCC are still limited. With their potential to regulate whole networks of genes, miRNA might be used as novel therapeutics in these patients but could also serve as biomarkers for improved patient stratification. In this review, we discuss available data on the role of miRNA in the transition from liver cirrhosis to HCC. We highlight opportunities for clinical translation and discuss open issues applicable to future developments.

Role of Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a spectrum of liver disorders, from fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Compared with fatty liver, NASH is characterized by increased liver injury and inflammation, in which liver-infiltrating immune cells, with neutrophil infiltration as a hallmark of NASH, play a critical role in promoting the progression of fatty liver to NASH. Neutrophils are the first responders to injury and infection in various tissues, establishing the first line of defense through multiple mechanisms such as phagocytosis, cytokine secretion, reactive oxygen species production, and neutrophil extracellular trap formation; however, their roles in the pathogenesis of NASH remain obscure. The current review summarizes the roles of neutrophils that facilitate the progression of fatty liver to NASH and their involvement in inflammation resolution during NASH pathogenesis. The notion that neutrophils are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of NASH is also discussed.