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Jang JH, Jeong SH. Human risk assessment through development and application of a physiologically based toxicokinetic model for 4-tert-octylphenol. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024:124613. [PMID: 39053795 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
4-tert-octylphenol (4-tert-OP) is an ecologically hazardous substance, and exposure to it in the environment has been consistently reported in the past. Despite the hazards and widespread exposure to 4-tert-OP, tools for scientific assessment of 4-tert-OP exposure risk level in humans are lacking. The main purpose of this study was to develop a physiologically-based-toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for 4-tert-OP and to perform quantitative risk assessment of 4-tert-OP in various population groups using the established model. Based on the results of toxicokinetic experiments on male rats, the PBTK model for 4-tert-OP was established and verified, and this was converted to a model for humans through interspecies extrapolation. Based on the previously reported no-observed-adverse-effect-levels for rats, it was possible to estimate the 4-tert-OP reference dose in humans through reverse dosimetry using the model. Biomonitoring data derived from various population groups were applied to the human PBTK model to calculate external exposures and margin of safety for 4-tert-OP for each population group. The PBTK model established in this study adequately explained the toxicokinetic experimental values at acceptable levels and was able to quantitatively predict the 4-tert-OP exposure level in the testes related to male reproductive toxicity. In addition, the degree of external exposure to 4-tert-OP could be scientifically estimated based on biomonitoring values derived from various biological matrices. The reference doses for systemic and reproductive toxicity caused by 4-tert-OP in male humans were calculated to be 0.16 and 1.12 mg/kg/day, respectively. The mean external exposure to 4-tert-OP in each population group estimated based on plasma and urine biomonitoring data was 0.04-66.24 mg/kg/day, showing very large exposure diversity between groups. Exposure risks to 4-tert-OP in populations ranged from safe to risky, suggesting the need for continued monitoring and risk management of 4-tert-OP worldwide. This study provides valuable scientific insight regarding the 4-tert-OP human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hun Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si, Jeollanam-do, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si, Jeollanam-do, 57922, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon-Si 57922, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Giakoumi M, Stephanou PS, Kokkinidou D, Papastefanou C, Anayiotos A, Kapnisis K. A Predictive Toxicokinetic Model for Nickel Leaching from Vascular Stents. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2534-2551. [PMID: 38525821 PMCID: PMC11005016 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
In vitro testing methods offer valuable insights into the corrosion vulnerability of metal implants and enable prompt comparison between devices. However, they fall short in predicting the extent of leaching and the biodistribution of implant byproducts under in vivo conditions. Physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models are capable of quantitatively establishing such correlations and therefore provide a powerful tool in advancing nonclinical methods to test medical implants and assess patient exposure to implant debris. In this study, we present a multicompartment PBTK model and a simulation engine for toxicological risk assessment of vascular stents. The mathematical model consists of a detailed set of constitutive equations that describe the transfer of nickel ions from the device to peri-implant tissue and circulation and the nickel mass exchange between blood and the various tissues/organs and excreta. Model parameterization was performed using (1) in-house-produced data from immersion testing to compute the device-specific diffusion parameters and (2) full-scale animal in situ implantation studies to extract the mammalian-specific biokinetic functions that characterize the time-dependent biodistribution of the released ions. The PBTK model was put to the test using a simulation engine to estimate the concentration-time profiles, along with confidence intervals through probabilistic Monte Carlo, of nickel ions leaching from the implanted devices and determine if permissible exposure limits are exceeded. The model-derived output demonstrated prognostic conformity with reported experimental data, indicating that it may provide the basis for the broader use of modeling and simulation tools to guide the optimal design of implantable devices in compliance with exposure limits and other regulatory requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheos Giakoumi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
| | - Pavlos S. Stephanou
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University
of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
| | - Despoina Kokkinidou
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
| | | | - Andreas Anayiotos
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos Kapnisis
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
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3
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Langan LM, Paparella M, Burden N, Constantine L, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Miller TH, Moe SJ, Owen SF, Schaffert A, Sikanen T. Big Question to Developing Solutions: A Decade of Progress in the Development of Aquatic New Approach Methodologies from 2012 to 2022. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:559-574. [PMID: 36722131 PMCID: PMC10390655 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2012, 20 key questions related to hazard and exposure assessment and environmental and health risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the natural environment were identified. A decade later, this article examines the current level of knowledge around one of the lowest-ranking questions at that time, number 19: "Can nonanimal testing methods be developed that will provide equivalent or better hazard data compared with current in vivo methods?" The inclusion of alternative methods that replace, reduce, or refine animal testing within the regulatory context of risk and hazard assessment of chemicals generally faces many hurdles, although this varies both by organism (human-centric vs. other), sector, and geographical region or country. Focusing on the past 10 years, only works that might reasonably be considered to contribute to advancements in the field of aquatic environmental risk assessment are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to methods of contemporary interest and importance, representing progress in (1) the development of methods which provide equivalent or better data compared with current in vivo methods such as bioaccumulation, (2) weight of evidence, or (3) -omic-based applications. Evolution and convergence of these risk assessment areas offer the basis for fundamental frameshifts in how data are collated and used for the protection of taxa across the breadth of the aquatic environment. Looking to the future, we are at a tipping point, with a need for a global and inclusive approach to establish consensus. Bringing together these methods (both new and old) for regulatory assessment and decision-making will require a concerted effort and orchestration. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:559-574. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Langan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Martin Paparella
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natalie Burden
- National Centre for the 3Rs (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK
| | | | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NQ, UK
| | - Thomas H. Miller
- Centre for Pollution Research & Policy, Environmental Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - S. Jannicke Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stewart F. Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Sustainability, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Alexandra Schaffert
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tiina Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, Helsinki, 00100, Finland
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4
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Reddy N, Lynch B, Gujral J, Karnik K. Alternatives to animal testing in toxicity testing: Current status and future perspectives in food safety assessments. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113944. [PMID: 37453475 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of alternative methods to animal testing has gained great momentum since Russel and Burch introduced the "3Rs" concept of Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement of animals in safety testing in 1959. Several alternatives to animal testing have since been introduced, including but not limited to in vitro and in chemico test systems, in silico models, and computational models (e.g., [quantitative] structural activity relationship models, high-throughput screens, organ-on-chip models, and genomics or bioinformatics) to predict chemical toxicity. Furthermore, several agencies have developed robust integrated testing strategies to determine chemical toxicity. The cosmetics sector is pioneering the adoption of alternative methodologies for safety evaluations, and other sectors are aiming to completely abandon animal testing by 2035. However, beyond the use of in vitro genetic testing, agencies regulating the food industry have been slow to implement alternative methodologies into safety evaluations compared with other sectors; setting health-based guidance values for food ingredients requires data from systemic toxicity, and to date, no standalone validated alternative models to assess systemic toxicity exist. The abovementioned models show promise for assessing systemic toxicity with further research. In this paper, we review the current alternatives and their applicability and limitations in food safety evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navya Reddy
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., 2233 Argentia Rd, Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Barry Lynch
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., 2233 Argentia Rd, Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada.
| | - Jaspreet Gujral
- Tate & Lyle, 5450 Prairie Stone Pkwy, Hoffman Estates, IL, 60192, USA
| | - Kavita Karnik
- Tate & Lyle PLC, 5 Marble Arch, London, W1H 7EJ, United Kingdom
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Mi K, Sun L, Hou Y, Cai X, Zhou K, Ma W, Xu X, Pan Y, Liu Z, Huang L. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to optimize the dosage regimen and withdrawal time of cefquinome in pigs. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011331. [PMID: 37585381 PMCID: PMC10431683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cefquinome is widely used to treat respiratory tract diseases of swine. While extra-label dosages of cefquinome could improve clinical efficacy, they might lead to excessively high residues in animal-derived food. In this study, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was calibrated based on the published data and a microdialysis experiment to assess the dosage efficiency and food safety. For the microdialysis experiment, in vitro/in vivo relative recovery and concentration-time curves of cefquinome in the lung interstitium were investigated. This PBPK model is available to predict the drug concentrations in the muscle, kidney, liver, plasma, and lung interstitial fluid. Concentration-time curves of 1000 virtual animals in different tissues were simulated by applying sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses. By integrating pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target parameters, cefquinome delivered at 3-5 mg/kg twice daily is advised for the effective control of respiratory tract infections of nursery pig, which the bodyweight is around 25 kg. Based on the predicted cefquinome concentrations in edible tissues, the withdrawal interval is 2 and 3 days for label and the extra-label doses, respectively. This study provides a useful tool to optimize the dosage regimen of cefquinome against respiratory tract infections and predicts the concentration of cefquinome residues in edible tissues. This information would be helpful to improve the food safety and guide rational drug usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Mi
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and National Safety Laboratory of Veterinary Drug (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Sun
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and National Safety Laboratory of Veterinary Drug (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Yixuan Hou
- MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Cai
- MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhou
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjin Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangyue Xu
- MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and National Safety Laboratory of Veterinary Drug (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and National Safety Laboratory of Veterinary Drug (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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6
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Schreier VN, Çörek E, Appenzeller-Herzog C, Brüschweiler BJ, Geueke B, Wilks MF, Schilter B, Muncke J, Simat TJ, Smieško M, Roth N, Odermatt A. Evaluating the food safety and risk assessment evidence-base of polyethylene terephthalate oligomers: A systematic evidence map. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 176:107978. [PMID: 37210807 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) oligomers in food contact materials (FCMs) is well-documented. Consumers are exposed through their migration into foods and beverages; however, there is no specific guidance for their safety evaluation. OBJECTIVES This systematic evidence map (SEM) aims to identify and organize existing knowledge and associated gaps in hazard and exposure information on 34 PET oligomers to support regulatory decision-making. METHODS The methodology for this SEM was recently registered. A systematic search in bibliographic and gray literature sources was conducted and studies evaluated for inclusion according to the Populations, Exposures, Comparators, Outcomes, and Study type (PECOS) framework. Inclusion criteria were designed to record hazard and exposure information for all 34 PET oligomers and coded into the following evidence streams: human, animal, organism (non-animal), ex vivo, in vitro, in silico, migration, hydrolysis, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion/toxicokinetics/pharmacokinetics (ADME/TK/PK) studies. Relevant information was extracted from eligible studies and synthesized according to the protocol. RESULTS Literature searches yielded 7445 unique records, of which 96 were included. Data comprised migration (560 entries), ADME/TK/PK-related (253 entries), health/bioactivity (98 entries) and very few hydrolysis studies (7 entries). Cyclic oligomers were studied more frequently than linear PET oligomers. In vitro results indicated that hydrolysis of cyclic oligomers generated a mixture of linear oligomers, but not monomers, potentially allowing their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Cyclic dimers, linear trimers and the respective smaller oligomers exhibit physico-chemical properties making oral absorption more likely. Information on health/bioactivity effects of oligomers was almost non-existent, except for limited data on mutagenicity. CONCLUSIONS This SEM revealed substantial deficiencies in the available evidence on ADME/TK/PK, hydrolysis, and health/bioactivity effects of PET oligomers, currently preventing appropriate risk assessment. It is essential to develop more systematic and tiered approaches to address the identified research needs and assess the risks of PET oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena N Schreier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Emre Çörek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Beat J Brüschweiler
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin F Wilks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Benoit Schilter
- Consultant of Food Contact Materials Safety, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas J Simat
- Chair of Food Contact Materials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Martin Smieško
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Roth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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7
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Mitchell CA, Burden N, Bonnell M, Hecker M, Hutchinson TH, Jagla M, LaLone CA, Lagadic L, Lynn SG, Shore B, Song Y, Vliet SM, Wheeler JR, Embry MR. New Approach Methodologies for the Endocrine Activity Toolbox: Environmental Assessment for Fish and Amphibians. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:757-777. [PMID: 36789969 PMCID: PMC10258674 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple in vivo test guidelines focusing on the estrogen, androgen, thyroid, and steroidogenesis pathways have been developed and validated for mammals, amphibians, or fish. However, these tests are resource-intensive and often use a large number of laboratory animals. Developing alternatives for in vivo tests is consistent with the replacement, reduction, and refinement principles for animal welfare considerations, which are supported by increasing mandates to move toward an "animal-free" testing paradigm worldwide. New approach methodologies (NAMs) hold great promise to identify molecular, cellular, and tissue changes that can be used to predict effects reliably and more efficiently at the individual level (and potentially on populations) while reducing the number of animals used in (eco)toxicological testing for endocrine disruption. In a collaborative effort, experts from government, academia, and industry met in 2020 to discuss the current challenges of testing for endocrine activity assessment for fish and amphibians. Continuing this cross-sector initiative, our review focuses on the current state of the science regarding the use of NAMs to identify chemical-induced endocrine effects. The present study highlights the challenges of using NAMs for safety assessment and what work is needed to reduce their uncertainties and increase their acceptance in regulatory processes. We have reviewed the current NAMs available for endocrine activity assessment including in silico, in vitro, and eleutheroembryo models. New approach methodologies can be integrated as part of a weight-of-evidence approach for hazard or risk assessment using the adverse outcome pathway framework. The development and utilization of NAMs not only allows for replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal testing but can also provide robust and fit-for-purpose methods to identify chemicals acting via endocrine mechanisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:757-777. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Burden
- National Centre for the 3Rs (NC3Rs), London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bonnell
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre and School of the Environment & Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | | | - Carlie A. LaLone
- Office of Research and Development, Great Lakes Toxicology & Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Laurent Lagadic
- Research and Development, Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Bayer, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Scott G. Lynn
- Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
| | - Bryon Shore
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara M. Vliet
- Office of Research and Development, Scientific Computing and Data Curation Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota
| | | | - Michelle R. Embry
- The Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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8
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Beal MA, Audebert M, Barton-Maclaren T, Battaion H, Bemis JC, Cao X, Chen C, Dertinger SD, Froetschl R, Guo X, Johnson G, Hendriks G, Khoury L, Long AS, Pfuhler S, Settivari RS, Wickramasuriya S, White P. Quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation of genotoxicity data provides protective estimates of in vivo dose. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2023; 64:105-122. [PMID: 36495195 DOI: 10.1002/em.22521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity assessment is a critical component in the development and evaluation of chemicals. Traditional genotoxicity assays (i.e., mutagenicity, clastogenicity, and aneugenicity) have been limited to dichotomous hazard classification, while other toxicity endpoints are assessed through quantitative determination of points-of-departures (PODs) for setting exposure limits. The more recent higher-throughput in vitro genotoxicity assays, many of which also provide mechanistic information, offer a powerful approach for determining defined PODs for potency ranking and risk assessment. In order to obtain relevant human dose context from the in vitro assays, in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) models are required to determine what dose would elicit a concentration in the body demonstrated to be genotoxic using in vitro assays. Previous work has demonstrated that application of IVIVE models to in vitro bioactivity data can provide PODs that are protective of human health, but there has been no evaluation of how these models perform with in vitro genotoxicity data. Thus, the Genetic Toxicology Technical Committee, under the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, conducted a case study on 31 reference chemicals to evaluate the performance of IVIVE application to genotoxicity data. The results demonstrate that for most chemicals considered here (20/31), the PODs derived from in vitro data and IVIVE are health protective relative to in vivo PODs from animal studies. PODs were also protective by assay target: mutations (8/13 chemicals), micronuclei (9/12), and aneugenicity markers (4/4). It is envisioned that this novel testing strategy could enhance prioritization, rapid screening, and risk assessment of genotoxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Beal
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Audebert
- Toxalim UMR1331, Toulouse University, INRAE, Toulouse, France
| | - Tara Barton-Maclaren
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hannah Battaion
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Xuefei Cao
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Connie Chen
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | | | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra S Long
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Pfuhler
- Global Product Stewardship, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Raja S Settivari
- Mammalian Toxicology Center, Corteva Agriscience, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Shamika Wickramasuriya
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul White
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Kapraun DF, Sfeir M, Pearce RG, Davidson-Fritz SE, Lumen A, Dallmann A, Judson RS, Wambaugh JF. Evaluation of a rapid, generic human gestational dose model. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 113:172-188. [PMID: 36122840 PMCID: PMC9761697 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemical risk assessment considers potentially susceptible populations including pregnant women and developing fetuses. Humans encounter thousands of chemicals in their environments, few of which have been fully characterized. Toxicokinetic (TK) information is needed to relate chemical exposure to potentially bioactive tissue concentrations. Observational data describing human gestational exposures are unavailable for most chemicals, but physiologically based TK (PBTK) models estimate such exposures. Development of chemical-specific PBTK models requires considerable time and resources. As an alternative, generic PBTK approaches describe a standardized physiology and characterize chemicals with a set of standard physical and TK descriptors - primarily plasma protein binding and hepatic clearance. Here we report and evaluate a generic PBTK model of a human mother and developing fetus. We used a published set of formulas describing the major anatomical and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy to augment the High-Throughput Toxicokinetics (httk) software package. We simulated the ratio of concentrations in maternal and fetal plasma and compared to literature in vivo measurements. We evaluated the model with literature in vivo time-course measurements of maternal plasma concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Finally, we prioritized chemicals measured in maternal serum based on predicted fetal brain concentrations. This new model can be used for TK simulations of 859 chemicals with existing human-specific in vitro TK data as well as any new chemicals for which such data become available. This gestational model may allow for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation of point of departure doses relevant to reproductive and developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin F Kapraun
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Mark Sfeir
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Robert G Pearce
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Sarah E Davidson-Fritz
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Annie Lumen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, USA
| | - André Dallmann
- Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Richard S Judson
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - John F Wambaugh
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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10
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Chang X, Palmer J, Lumen A, Lee UJ, Ceger P, Mansouri K, Sprankle C, Donley E, Bell S, Knudsen TB, Wambaugh J, Cook B, Allen D, Kleinstreuer N. Quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation for developmental toxicity potency of valproic acid analogues. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:1037-1055. [PMID: 35532929 PMCID: PMC9790683 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The developmental toxicity potential (dTP) concentration from the devTOX quickPredict (devTOXqP ) assay, a metabolomics-based human induced pluripotent stem cell assay, predicts a chemical's developmental toxicity potency. Here, in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) approaches were applied to address whether the devTOXqP assay could quantitatively predict in vivo developmental toxicity lowest effect levels (LELs) for the prototypical teratogen valproic acid (VPA) and a group of structural analogues. METHODS VPA and a series of structural analogues were tested with the devTOXqP assay to determine dTP concentration and we estimated the equivalent administered doses (EADs) that would lead to plasma concentrations equivalent to the in vitro dTP concentrations. The EADs were compared to the LELs in rat developmental toxicity studies, human clinical doses, and EADs reported using other in vitro assays. To evaluate the impact of different pharmacokinetic (PK) models on IVIVE outcomes, we compared EADs predicted using various open-source and commercially available PK and physiologically based PK (PBPK) models. To evaluate the effect of in vitro kinetics, an equilibrium distribution model was applied to translate dTP concentrations to free medium concentrations before subsequent IVIVE analyses. RESULTS The EAD estimates for the VPA analogues based on different PK/PBPK models were quantitatively similar to in vivo data from both rats and humans, where available, and the derived rank order of the chemicals was consistent with observed in vivo developmental toxicity. Different models were identified that provided accurate predictions for rat prenatal LELs and conservative estimates of human safe exposure. The impact of in vitro kinetics on EAD estimates is chemical-dependent. EADs from this study were within range of predicted doses from other in vitro and model organism data. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of pharmacokinetic considerations when using in vitro assays and demonstrates the utility of the devTOXqP human stem cell-based platform to quantitatively assess a chemical's developmental toxicity potency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annie Lumen
- National Center for Toxicological ResearchU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationJeffersonArkansasUSA,Present address:
Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling and SimulationsAmgenSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Un Jung Lee
- National Center for Toxicological ResearchU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationJeffersonArkansasUSA,Present address:
Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Kamel Mansouri
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological MethodsNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas B. Knudsen
- Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureEnvironmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - John Wambaugh
- Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureEnvironmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological MethodsNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
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11
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Najjar A, Punt A, Wambaugh J, Paini A, Ellison C, Fragki S, Bianchi E, Zhang F, Westerhout J, Mueller D, Li H, Shi Q, Gant TW, Botham P, Bars R, Piersma A, van Ravenzwaay B, Kramer NI. Towards best use and regulatory acceptance of generic physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models for in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) in chemical risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3407-3419. [PMID: 36063173 PMCID: PMC9584981 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With an increasing need to incorporate new approach methodologies (NAMs) in chemical risk assessment and the concomitant need to phase out animal testing, the interpretation of in vitro assay readouts for quantitative hazard characterisation becomes more important. Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models, which simulate the fate of chemicals in tissues of the body, play an essential role in extrapolating in vitro effect concentrations to in vivo bioequivalent exposures. As PBK-based testing approaches evolve, it will become essential to standardise PBK modelling approaches towards a consensus approach that can be used in quantitative in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) studies for regulatory chemical risk assessment based on in vitro assays. Based on results of an ECETOC expert workshop, steps are recommended that can improve regulatory adoption: (1) define context and implementation, taking into consideration model complexity for building fit-for-purpose PBK models, (2) harmonise physiological input parameters and their distribution and define criteria for quality chemical-specific parameters, especially in the absence of in vivo data, (3) apply Good Modelling Practices (GMP) to achieve transparency and design a stepwise approach for PBK model development for risk assessors, (4) evaluate model predictions using alternatives to in vivo PK data including read-across approaches, (5) use case studies to facilitate discussions between modellers and regulators of chemical risk assessment. Proof-of-concepts of generic PBK modelling approaches are published in the scientific literature at an increasing rate. Working on the previously proposed steps is, therefore, needed to gain confidence in PBK modelling approaches for regulatory use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ans Punt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John Wambaugh
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Styliani Fragki
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joost Westerhout
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Mueller
- Research and Development, Crop Science, Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany
| | - Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire UK
| | - Quan Shi
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy W. Gant
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Phil Botham
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill, Bracknell, Berkshire UK
| | - Rémi Bars
- Crop Science Division, Bayer S.A.S., Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Aldert Piersma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nynke I. Kramer
- Toxicology Division, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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El-Masri H, Paul Friedman K, Isaacs K, Wetmore BA. Advances in computational methods along the exposure to toxicological response paradigm. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 450:116141. [PMID: 35777528 PMCID: PMC9619339 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Human health risk assessment is a function of chemical toxicity, bioavailability to reach target biological tissues, and potential environmental exposure. These factors are complicated by many physiological, biochemical, physical and lifestyle factors. Furthermore, chemical health risk assessment is challenging in view of the large, and continually increasing, number of chemicals found in the environment. These challenges highlight the need to prioritize resources for the efficient and timely assessment of those environmental chemicals that pose greatest health risks. Computational methods, either predictive or investigative, are designed to assist in this prioritization in view of the lack of cost prohibitive in vivo experimental data. Computational methods provide specific and focused toxicity information using in vitro high throughput screening (HTS) assays. Information from the HTS assays can be converted to in vivo estimates of chemical levels in blood or target tissue, which in turn are converted to in vivo dose estimates that can be compared to exposure levels of the screened chemicals. This manuscript provides a review for the landscape of computational methods developed and used at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) highlighting their potentials and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham El-Masri
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Katie Paul Friedman
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kristin Isaacs
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Barbara A Wetmore
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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13
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Zhu YS, Yang JQ, Wang N, Deng ZQ, Qing Y, Wu M, Cai H, Liu H, He GS. Estimation of the bio-accessibility of methylmercury from aquatic foods using a PBTK model with an approximate Bayesian computation method in Chinese pregnant women. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 168:113372. [PMID: 35985365 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish are the primary source of protein and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for pregnant women and children, but methylmercury (MeHg) pollution is the potential hazard of fish consumption. In risk assessments, the bio-accessibility of MeHg is usually assumed to be 100%, which could lead to overestimation of dietary exposure. METHOD An existing PBTK model was adapted to estimate parameters of the bio-accessibility based on MeHg exposure data from a cohort of 397 Chinese pregnant women. The posterior distributions of parameters were determined by using the ABC - MCMC. RMSEP and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (Rho) were calculated to determine the goodness of model fitting. The Monte Carlo analysis was performed for the parameter distributions to estimate the model variability. RESULT The median of daily MeHg intake and maternal MeHg levels were 0.018 μg/kg bw and 3.01 μg/kg in the early and middle terms of pregnancy. The estimated bio-accessibility of freshwater fish, marine fish and others were 46.1, 17.3 and 58.2%, separately. The RMSEP improved from 11.18 to 2.54 and the Rho improved from 0.19 to 0.22 after bio-accessibility optimization. The model variability was estimated to be 2.6. CONCLUSION The bio-accessibility estimated in this study was comparable to that determined in previous in vitro studies. The optimized model could improve the prediction performance on the MeHg body burden by dietary exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Shen Zhu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia-Qi Yang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Na Wang
- Nursing Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Ze-Qun Deng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Qing
- College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hua Cai
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Geng-Sheng He
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200032, China.
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14
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Abstract
There is a need for paradigm change in the methodology employed for toxicological testing and assessment. It could be said that this change is well on its way, through an evolutionary progress analogous to that of natural selection. Darwin's Theory of Evolution has defined the idea of evolution and descendancy since the last third of the 19th century. Increasingly, this concept of 'evolution' is being applied beyond the field of biology. This Comment article discusses the progress of toxicological testing in the context of 'evolutionary pressure' and deliberates how this process can help foster the development, implementation and acceptance of mechanistic and human-relevant methods in this field. By comparing the current regulatory landscape in toxicity testing and assessment to specific elements in Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory, we aim to better understand the needs and requirements for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Landsiedel
- 5184BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
- Free University of Berlin, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Birk
- 5184BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Dorothee Funk-Weyer
- 5184BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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15
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Nanosafety: An Evolving Concept to Bring the Safest Possible Nanomaterials to Society and Environment. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111810. [PMID: 35683670 PMCID: PMC9181910 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanomaterials has been increasing in recent times, and they are widely used in industries such as cosmetics, drugs, food, water treatment, and agriculture. The rapid development of new nanomaterials demands a set of approaches to evaluate the potential toxicity and risks related to them. In this regard, nanosafety has been using and adapting already existing methods (toxicological approach), but the unique characteristics of nanomaterials demand new approaches (nanotoxicology) to fully understand the potential toxicity, immunotoxicity, and (epi)genotoxicity. In addition, new technologies, such as organs-on-chips and sophisticated sensors, are under development and/or adaptation. All the information generated is used to develop new in silico approaches trying to predict the potential effects of newly developed materials. The overall evaluation of nanomaterials from their production to their final disposal chain is completed using the life cycle assessment (LCA), which is becoming an important element of nanosafety considering sustainability and environmental impact. In this review, we give an overview of all these elements of nanosafety.
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16
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Pirotta E, Thomas L, Costa DP, Hall AJ, Harris CM, Harwood J, Kraus SD, Miller PJO, Moore MJ, Photopoulou T, Rolland RM, Schwacke L, Simmons SE, Southall BL, Tyack PL. Understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors: A new perspective on a longstanding challenge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153322. [PMID: 35074373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife populations and their habitats are exposed to an expanding diversity and intensity of stressors caused by human activities, within the broader context of natural processes and increasing pressure from climate change. Estimating how these multiple stressors affect individuals, populations, and ecosystems is thus of growing importance. However, their combined effects often cannot be predicted reliably from the individual effects of each stressor, and we lack the mechanistic understanding and analytical tools to predict their joint outcomes. We review the science of multiple stressors and present a conceptual framework that captures and reconciles the variety of existing approaches for assessing combined effects. Specifically, we show that all approaches lie along a spectrum, reflecting increasing assumptions about the mechanisms that regulate the action of single stressors and their combined effects. An emphasis on mechanisms improves analytical precision and predictive power but could introduce bias if the underlying assumptions are incorrect. A purely empirical approach has less risk of bias but requires adequate data on the effects of the full range of anticipated combinations of stressor types and magnitudes. We illustrate how this spectrum can be formalised into specific analytical methods, using an example of North Atlantic right whales feeding on limited prey resources while simultaneously being affected by entanglement in fishing gear. In practice, case-specific management needs and data availability will guide the exploration of the stressor combinations of interest and the selection of a suitable trade-off between precision and bias. We argue that the primary goal for adaptive management should be to identify the most practical and effective ways to remove or reduce specific combinations of stressors, bringing the risk of adverse impacts on populations and ecosystems below acceptable thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pirotta
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Len Thomas
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
| | - Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
| | - Catriona M Harris
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
| | - John Harwood
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
| | - Scott D Kraus
- Anderson-Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Patrick J O Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
| | - Michael J Moore
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Theoni Photopoulou
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
| | - Rosalind M Rolland
- Anderson-Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lori Schwacke
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, Johns Island, SC, USA.
| | | | - Brandon L Southall
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Southall Environmental Associates, Inc., Aptos, CA, USA.
| | - Peter L Tyack
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
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17
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Eichler CMA, Bi C, Wang C, Little JC. A modular mechanistic framework for estimating exposure to SVOCs: Next steps for modeling emission and partitioning of plasticizers and PFAS. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:356-365. [PMID: 35318457 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of human exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) such as phthalates, phthalate alternatives, and some per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are required for the risk-based evaluation of chemicals. Recently, a modular mechanistic modeling framework to rapidly predict SVOC emission and partitioning in indoor environments has been presented, in which several mechanistically consistent source emission categories (SECs) were identified. However, not all SECs have well-developed emission models. In addition, data on model parameters are missing even for frequently studied SVOCs. These knowledge gaps impede the comprehensive prediction of the fate of SVOCs indoors. In this paper, sets of high-priority phthalates, phthalate alternatives, and PFAS were identified based on chemical occurrence indoors and additional selection criteria. These high-priority chemicals served as the basis for exploring model parameter availability for existing indoor SVOC emission and partitioning models. The results reveal that additional experimental and modeling work is needed to fully understand the behavior of SVOCs indoors and to predict exposures with greater confidence and lower uncertainty. Modeling approaches to fill some of the identified gaps are proposed. The prioritized sets of chemicals and proposed new modeling approaches will help guide future research. The inclusion of polar phases in the framework will further expand its applicability and scope. IMPACT STATEMENT: This paper compiles data on high-priority chemicals commonly found indoors and information on the availability of applicable models and model parameters to predict emission, partitioning, and subsequent exposure to these chemicals. Modeling approaches for a selection of the missing SECs (source emission categories) are proposed, to illustrate the path forward. The comprehensive data set helps inform researchers, exposure assessors, and policy makers to better understand the state of the science regarding modeling of indoor exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M A Eichler
- Virginia Tech, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Chenyang Bi
- Virginia Tech, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Chunyi Wang
- Virginia Tech, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - John C Little
- Virginia Tech, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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18
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Chang X, Tan YM, Allen DG, Bell S, Brown PC, Browning L, Ceger P, Gearhart J, Hakkinen PJ, Kabadi SV, Kleinstreuer NC, Lumen A, Matheson J, Paini A, Pangburn HA, Petersen EJ, Reinke EN, Ribeiro AJS, Sipes N, Sweeney LM, Wambaugh JF, Wange R, Wetmore BA, Mumtaz M. IVIVE: Facilitating the Use of In Vitro Toxicity Data in Risk Assessment and Decision Making. TOXICS 2022; 10:232. [PMID: 35622645 PMCID: PMC9143724 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During the past few decades, the science of toxicology has been undergoing a transformation from observational to predictive science. New approach methodologies (NAMs), including in vitro assays, in silico models, read-across, and in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), are being developed to reduce, refine, or replace whole animal testing, encouraging the judicious use of time and resources. Some of these methods have advanced past the exploratory research stage and are beginning to gain acceptance for the risk assessment of chemicals. A review of the recent literature reveals a burst of IVIVE publications over the past decade. In this review, we propose operational definitions for IVIVE, present literature examples for several common toxicity endpoints, and highlight their implications in decision-making processes across various federal agencies, as well as international organizations, including those in the European Union (EU). The current challenges and future needs are also summarized for IVIVE. In addition to refining and reducing the number of animals in traditional toxicity testing protocols and being used for prioritizing chemical testing, the goal to use IVIVE to facilitate the replacement of animal models can be achieved through their continued evolution and development, including a strategic plan to qualify IVIVE methods for regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Chang
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA;
| | - David G. Allen
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Shannon Bell
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Paul C. Brown
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (P.C.B.); (A.J.S.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Lauren Browning
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Jeffery Gearhart
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA;
| | - Pertti J. Hakkinen
- National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA;
| | - Shruti V. Kabadi
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Additive Safety, 5001 Campus Drive, HFS-275, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
| | - Nicole C. Kleinstreuer
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Annie Lumen
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA;
| | - Joanna Matheson
- U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
| | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy;
| | - Heather A. Pangburn
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, 2729 R Street, Area B, Building 837, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA;
| | - Elijah J. Petersen
- U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Emily N. Reinke
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, 8252 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA;
| | - Alexandre J. S. Ribeiro
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (P.C.B.); (A.J.S.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Nisha Sipes
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (N.S.); (J.F.W.); (B.A.W.)
| | - Lisa M. Sweeney
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Beavercreek, OH 45432, Assigned to Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA;
| | - John F. Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (N.S.); (J.F.W.); (B.A.W.)
| | - Ronald Wange
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (P.C.B.); (A.J.S.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Barbara A. Wetmore
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (N.S.); (J.F.W.); (B.A.W.)
| | - Moiz Mumtaz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Office of the Associate Director for Science, 1600 Clifton Road, S102-2, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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19
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Hines DE, Bell S, Chang X, Mansouri K, Allen D, Kleinstreuer N. Application of an Accessible Interface for Pharmacokinetic Modeling and In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:864742. [PMID: 35496281 PMCID: PMC9043603 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.864742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory toxicology testing has traditionally relied on in vivo methods to inform decision-making. However, scientific, practical, and ethical considerations have led to an increased interest in the use of in vitro and in silico methods to fill data gaps. While in vitro experiments have the advantage of rapid application across large chemical sets, interpretation of data coming from these non-animal methods can be challenging due to the mechanistic nature of many assays. In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) has emerged as a computational tool to help facilitate this task. Specifically, IVIVE uses physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to estimate tissue-level chemical concentrations based on various dosing parameters. This approach is used to estimate the administered dose needed to achieve in vitro bioactivity concentrations within the body. IVIVE results can be useful to inform on metrics such as margin of exposure or to prioritize potential chemicals of concern, but the PBPK models used in this approach have extensive data requirements. Thus, access to input parameters, as well as the technical requirements of applying and interpreting models, has limited the use of IVIVE as a routine part of in vitro testing. As interest in using non-animal methods for regulatory and research contexts continues to grow, our perspective is that access to computational support tools for PBPK modeling and IVIVE will be essential for facilitating broader application and acceptance of these techniques, as well as for encouraging the most scientifically sound interpretation of in vitro results. We highlight recent developments in two open-access computational support tools for PBPK modeling and IVIVE accessible via the Integrated Chemical Environment (https://ice.ntp.niehs.nih.gov/), demonstrate the types of insights these tools can provide, and discuss how these analyses may inform in vitro-based decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Hines
- Inotiv-RTP, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: David E. Hines,
| | - Shannon Bell
- Inotiv-RTP, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Chang
- Inotiv-RTP, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kamel Mansouri
- NIH/NIEHS/DNTP/NICEATM, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David Allen
- Inotiv-RTP, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
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20
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Zhang Y, Wang Q, Li Y, Cheng J, Chen X, Zhang Y. Comprehensive profile of DNA adducts as both tissue and urinary biomarkers of exposure to acrylamide and chemo-preventive effect of catechins in rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131852. [PMID: 34416594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two representative DNA adducts from acrylamide exposure, N7-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl) guanine (N7-GA-Gua) and N3-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl) adenine (N3-GA-Ade), are important long-term exposure biomarkers for evaluating genotoxicity of acrylamide. Catechins as natural antioxidants present in tea possess multiple health benefits, and may also have the potential to protect against acrylamide-induced DNA damage. The current study developed an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous analysis of N7-GA-Gua and N3-GA-Ade in tissues and urine. The validated UHPLC-MS/MS method showed high sensitivity, with limit of detection and limit of quantification ranging 0.2-0.8 and 0.5-1.5 ng/mL, respectively, and achieved qualified precision (RSD<14.0%) and spiking recovery (87.2%-110.0%) with elution within 6 min, which was suitable for the analysis of the two DNA adducts in different matrices. The levels of N7-GA-Gua and N3-GA-Ade ranged 0.9-11.9 and 0.6-3.5 μg/g creatinine in human urine samples, respectively. To investigate the interventional effects of catechins on the two DNA adducts from acrylamide exposure, rats were supplemented with three types of catechins (tea polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate, and epicatechin) 30 min before administration with acrylamide. Our results showed that catechins effectively inhibited the formation of DNA adducts from acrylamide exposure in both urine and tissues of rats. Among three catechins, epicatechin performed the best inhibitory effect. The current study provided evidence for the chemo-preventive effect of catechins, indicating that dietary supplement of catechins may contribute to health protection against exposure to acrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiju Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaoran Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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21
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Integrating toxicokinetics into toxicology studies and the human health risk assessment process for chemicals: Reduced uncertainty, better health protection. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 128:105092. [PMID: 34863906 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The database of practical examples where toxicokinetic (TK) data has benefitted all stages of the human health risk assessment process are increasingly being published and accepted. This review aimed to highlight and summarise notable examples and to describe the "state of the art" in this field. The overall recommendation is that for any in vivo animal study conducted, measurements of TK should be very carefully considered for inclusion as the numerous benefits this brings continues to grow, particularly during the current march towards animal free toxicology testing and ambitions to eventually conduct human health risk assessments entirely based upon non-animal methods.
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22
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Rajkumar A, Luu T, Beal MA, Barton-Maclaren TS, Hales BF, Robaire B. Phthalates and Alternative Plasticizers Differentially affect Phenotypic Parameters in Gonadal Somatic and Germ Cell Lines. Biol Reprod 2021; 106:613-627. [PMID: 34792101 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental and reproductive toxicity associated with exposure to phthalates has motivated a search for alternatives. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the adverse effects of some of these chemicals. We used high-content imaging to compare the effects of mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) with six alternative plasticizers: di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP); diisononyl-phthalate (DINP); di-isononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH); 2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA); 2,2,4-trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB) and di-iso-decyl-adipate (DIDA). A male germ spermatogonial cell line (C18-4), a Sertoli cell line (TM4) and two steroidogenic cell lines (MA-10 Leydig and KGN granulosa) were exposed for 48h to each chemical (0.001-100 μM). Cell images were analyzed to assess cytotoxicity and effects on phenotypic endpoints. Only MEHP (100 μM) was cytotoxic and only in C18-4 cells. However, several plasticizers had distinct phenotypic effects in all four cell lines. DINP increased Calcein intensity in C18-4 cells, whereas DIDA induced oxidative stress. In TM4 cells, MEHP, and DINCH affected lipid droplet numbers, while DEHTP and DINCH increased oxidative stress. In MA-10 cells, MEHP increased lipid droplet areas and oxidative stress; DINP decreased the number of lysosomes, while DINP, DEHA and DIDA altered mitochondrial activity. In KGN cells, MEHP, DINP and DINCH increased the number of lipid droplets, whereas DINP decreased the number of lysosomes, increased oxidative stress and affected mitochondria. The Toxicological Priority Index (ToxPi) provided a visual illustration of the cell line specificity of the effects on phenotypic parameters. The lowest administered equivalent doses were observed for MEHP. We propose that this approach may assist in screening alternative plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishankari Rajkumar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - Trang Luu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - Marc A Beal
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, KIA 0K9
| | - Tara S Barton-Maclaren
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, KIA 0K9
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3G 1Y6.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. H3G 1Y6
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23
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Dogruer G, Kramer NI, Schaap IL, Hollert H, Gaus C, van de Merwe JP. An integrative approach to define chemical exposure threshold limits for endangered sea turtles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126512. [PMID: 34284283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contaminants pose serious health threats to marine megafauna species, yet methods defining exposure threshold limits are lacking. Here, a three-pillar chemical risk assessment framework is presented based on (1) species- and chemical-specific lifetime bioaccumulation modelling, (2) non-destructive in vitro and in vivo toxicity threshold assessment, and (3) chemical risk quantification. We used the effects of cadmium (Cd) in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) as a proof of concept to evaluate the quantitative mechanistic modelling approach. A physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) model simulated Cd tissue concentrations (liver, kidney, muscle, fat, brain, scute, and 'rest of the body') in C.mydas. The validated PBK model then translated species-specific in vitro results to in vivo effects. The results showed that the resilience of C.mydas towards Cd kidney toxicity is age-dependent and differs with changing physiology and feeding ecology. Using the model in reverse mode, a steady-state exposure threshold of 0.1 µg/g dry weight Cd in forage was derived and compared to real-world exposure scenarios. Three out of the four globally distinct C.mydas populations assessed are exposed to Cd levels above this threshold limit. This approach can be adapted to other marine species and chemicals to prioritize measures for managing potentially harmful chemical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsah Dogruer
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, The School of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Nynke I Kramer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, The School of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Iris L Schaap
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, The School of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology & Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Caroline Gaus
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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24
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Graham JC, Powley MW, Udovic E, Glowienke S, Nicolette J, Parris P, Kenyon M, White A, Maisey A, Harvey J, Martin EA, Dowdy E, Masuda-Herrera M, Trejo-Martin A, Bercu J. Calculating qualified non-mutagenic impurity levels: Harmonization of approaches. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 126:105023. [PMID: 34363920 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of impurities in drugs is unavoidable. As impurities offer no direct benefit to the patient, it is critical that impurities do not compromise patient safety. Current guidelines on the derivation of acceptable impurity levels leave aspects of calculations open for interpretation, resulting in inconsistencies across industry and regulators. To understand current impurity qualification practices from a safety standpoint, regulatory expectations and the safety risk that impurities pose, the IQ DruSafe Impurities Working Group (WG) conducted a pharmaceutical industry-wide survey. Survey results highlighted areas that could benefit from harmonization, including nonclinical species/sex selection and the application of adjustment factors (i.e., body surface area). Recommendations for alignment on these topics is included in this publication. Additionally, the WG collated repeat-dose toxicity information for 181 starting materials and intermediates, reflective of pharmaceutical impurities, to understand the toxicological risks they generally pose in relation to the drug substance (DS) and the assumptions surrounding the calculation of qualified impurity levels. An evaluation of this dataset and the survey were used to harmonize how to calculate a safe limit for an impurity based on toxicology testing of the impurity when present within the DS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erika Udovic
- Novartis Pharma AG, Pre-Clinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - John Nicolette
- AbbVie Inc., Pre-clinical Safety, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Dowdy
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Chemical Development & Manufacturing, Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Joel Bercu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Nonclinical Safety and Pathobiology, Foster City, CA, USA
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25
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Emara Y, Fantke P, Judson R, Chang X, Pradeep P, Lehmann A, Siegert MW, Finkbeiner M. Integrating endocrine-related health effects into comparative human toxicity characterization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143874. [PMID: 33401053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals have the ability to interfere with and alter functions of the hormone system, leading to adverse effects on reproduction, growth and development. Despite growing concerns over their now ubiquitous presence in the environment, endocrine-related human health effects remain largely outside of comparative human toxicity characterization frameworks as applied for example in life cycle impact assessments. In this paper, we propose a new methodological framework to consistently integrate endocrine-related health effects into comparative human toxicity characterization. We present two quantitative and operational approaches for extrapolating towards a common point of departure from both in vivo and dosimetry-adjusted in vitro endocrine-related effect data and deriving effect factors as well as corresponding characterization factors for endocrine-active/endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Following the proposed approaches, we calculated effect factors for 323 chemicals, reflecting their endocrine potency, and related characterization factors for 157 chemicals, expressing their relative endocrine-related human toxicity potential. Developed effect and characterization factors are ready for use in the context of chemical prioritization and substitution as well as life cycle impact assessment and other comparative assessment frameworks. Endocrine-related effect factors were found comparable to existing effect factors for cancer and non-cancer effects, indicating that (1) the chemicals' endocrine potency is not necessarily higher or lower than other effect potencies and (2) using dosimetry-adjusted effect data to derive effect factors does not consistently overestimate the effect of potential endocrine disruptors. Calculated characterization factors span over 8-11 orders of magnitude for different substances and emission compartments and are dominated by the range in endocrine potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Emara
- Department of Environmental Technology, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Richard Judson
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
| | - Xiaoqing Chang
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC., Morrisville, NC 27560, United States.
| | - Prachi Pradeep
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
| | - Annekatrin Lehmann
- Department of Environmental Technology, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marc-William Siegert
- Department of Environmental Technology, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Finkbeiner
- Department of Environmental Technology, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Eichler CMA, Hubal EAC, Xu Y, Cao J, Bi C, Weschler CJ, Salthammer T, Morrison GC, Koivisto AJ, Zhang Y, Mandin C, Wei W, Blondeau P, Poppendieck D, Liu X, Delmaar CJE, Fantke P, Jolliet O, Shin HM, Diamond ML, Shiraiwa M, Zuend A, Hopke PK, von Goetz N, Kulmala M, Little JC. Assessing Human Exposure to SVOCs in Materials, Products, and Articles: A Modular Mechanistic Framework. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:25-43. [PMID: 33319994 PMCID: PMC7877794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of the current state of knowledge of chemical emissions from indoor sources, partitioning among indoor compartments, and the ensuing indoor exposure leads to a proposal for a modular mechanistic framework for predicting human exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Mechanistically consistent source emission categories include solid, soft, frequent contact, applied, sprayed, and high temperature sources. Environmental compartments are the gas phase, airborne particles, settled dust, indoor surfaces, and clothing. Identified research needs are the development of dynamic emission models for several of the source emission categories and of estimation strategies for critical model parameters. The modular structure of the framework facilitates subsequent inclusion of new knowledge, other chemical classes of indoor pollutants, and additional mechanistic processes relevant to human exposure indoors. The framework may serve as the foundation for developing an open-source community model to better support collaborative research and improve access for application by stakeholders. Combining exposure estimates derived using this framework with toxicity data for different end points and toxicokinetic mechanisms will accelerate chemical risk prioritization, advance effective chemical management decisions, and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Elaine A Cohen Hubal
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chenyang Bi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig 38108, Germany
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), Champs sur Marne 77447, France
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), Champs sur Marne 77447, France
| | - Patrice Blondeau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - LaSIE, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle 77447, France
| | - Dustin Poppendieck
- Engineering Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Christiaan J E Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven 3720, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A0B9, Canada
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5708, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | | | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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27
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Parris P, Martin EA, Stanard B, Glowienke S, Dolan DG, Li K, Binazon O, Giddings A, Whelan G, Masuda-Herrera M, Bercu J, Broschard T, Bruen U, Callis CM, Stults CL, Erexson GL, Cruz MT, Nagao LM. Considerations when deriving compound-specific limits for extractables and leachables from pharmaceutical products: Four case studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 118:104802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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28
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Linakis MW, Sayre RR, Pearce RG, Sfeir MA, Sipes NS, Pangburn HA, Gearhart JM, Wambaugh JF. Development and evaluation of a high throughput inhalation model for organic chemicals. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:866-877. [PMID: 32546826 PMCID: PMC7483974 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Currently it is difficult to prospectively estimate human toxicokinetics (particularly for novel chemicals) in a high-throughput manner. The R software package httk has been developed, in part, to address this deficiency, and the aim of this investigation was to develop a generalized inhalation model for httk. The structure of the inhalation model was developed from two previously published physiologically based models from Jongeneelen and Berge (Ann Occup Hyg 55:841-864, 2011) and Clewell et al. (Toxicol Sci 63:160-172, 2001), while calculated physicochemical data was obtained from EPA's CompTox Chemicals Dashboard. In total, 142 exposure scenarios across 41 volatile organic chemicals were modeled and compared to published data. The slope of the regression line of best fit between log-transformed simulated and observed blood and exhaled breath concentrations was 0.46 with an r2 = 0.45 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of direct comparison between the log-transformed simulated and observed values of 1.11. Approximately 5.1% (n = 108) of the data points analyzed were >2 orders of magnitude different than expected. The volatile organic chemicals examined in this investigation represent small, generally lipophilic molecules. Ultimately this paper details a generalized inhalation component that integrates with the httk physiologically based toxicokinetic model to provide high-throughput estimates of inhalation chemical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Linakis
- United States Air Force, 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Readiness Optimization, Wright-Patterson AFB, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
- UES, Inc., Dayton, OH, 45432, USA
| | - Risa R Sayre
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Robert G Pearce
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Mark A Sfeir
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Nisha S Sipes
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Heather A Pangburn
- United States Air Force, 711th Human Performance Wing, Molecular Bioeffects, Wright-Patterson AFB, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Jeffery M Gearhart
- United States Air Force, 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Readiness Optimization, Wright-Patterson AFB, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Wright-Patterson AFB, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - John F Wambaugh
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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29
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Sweeney LM. Impact of stressors in the aviation environment on xenobiotic dosimetry in humans: physiologically based prediction of the effect of barometric pressure or altitude. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:302-312. [PMID: 32366185 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1755403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Standard health risks from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are generally interpreted at ambient environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to develop a strategy for using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to compare known risks in the general population to calculated risks in pilots experiencing pressure-based stressors. PBPK models facilitate these comparisons by prediction of how target-tissue specific doses are altered when a stressor, such as high altitude, produces changes in physiological parameters. Cardiac output, regional blood flow, and alveolar ventilation rate following acute exposure to altitude ranging from moderate to extremely high were estimated from published data from 52 groups of human subjects. Scenarios where pilots might inhale toluene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (1,2,4-TMB), or cyclohexane during routine military flight training were simulated. At the recommended Threshold Limit Values (TLV), arterial blood concentrations were predicted to be higher for exposure at 15000 ft (4572 m) than at sea level. The differences were greater for toluene and TMB, which have higher blood: air and fat: blood partition coefficients than less lipophilic cyclohexane. In summary, quantitative approaches to internal dosimetry prediction that take advantage of existing knowledge of physiological changes induced by occupational stressors possess potential as tools in performing a human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Sweeney
- UES, Inc., Assigned to US Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing , Dayton, OH, USA
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Barr DB, Puttaswamy N, Jaacks LM, Steenland K, Rajkumar S, Gupton S, Ryan PB, Balakrishnan K, Peel JL, Checkley W, Clasen T, Clark ML. Design and Rationale of the Biomarker Center of the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) Trial. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:47010. [PMID: 32347765 PMCID: PMC7228115 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers of exposure, susceptibility, and effect are fundamental for understanding environmental exposures, mechanistic pathways of effect, and monitoring early adverse outcomes. To date, no study has comprehensively evaluated a large suite and variety of biomarkers in household air pollution (HAP) studies in concert with exposure and outcome data. The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial is a liquified petroleum gas (LPG) fuel/stove randomized intervention trial enrolling 800 pregnant women in each of four countries (i.e., Peru, Guatemala, Rwanda, and India). Their offspring will be followed from birth through 12 months of age to evaluate the role of pre- and postnatal exposure to HAP from biomass burning cookstoves in the control arm and LPG stoves in the intervention arm on growth and respiratory outcomes. In addition, up to 200 older adult women per site are being recruited in the same households to evaluate indicators of cardiopulmonary, metabolic, and cancer outcomes. OBJECTIVES Here we describe the rationale and ultimate design of a comprehensive biomarker plan to enable us to explore more fully how exposure is related to disease outcome. METHODS HAPIN enrollment and data collection began in May 2018 and will continue through August 2021. As a part of data collection, dried blood spot (DBS) and urine samples are being collected three times during pregnancy in pregnant women and older adult women. DBS are collected at birth for the child. DBS and urine samples are being collected from the older adult women and children three times throughout the child's first year of life. Exposure biomarkers that will be longitudinally measured in all participants include urinary hydroxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic chemical metabolites, metals/metalloids, levoglucosan, and cotinine. Biomarkers of effect, including inflammation, endothelial and oxidative stress biomarkers, lung cancer markers, and other clinically relevant measures will be analyzed in urine, DBS, or blood products from the older adult women. Similarly, genomic/epigenetic markers, microbiome, and metabolomics will be measured in older adult women samples. DISCUSSION Our study design will yield a wealth of biomarker data to evaluate, in great detail, the link between exposures and health outcomes. In addition, our design is comprehensive and innovative by including cutting-edge measures such as metabolomics and epigenetics. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5751.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Naveen Puttaswamy
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Lindsay M. Jaacks
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Rajkumar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Savannah Gupton
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - P. Barry Ryan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Jennifer L. Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maggie L. Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - (HAPIN Investigative Team)
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Mandal TK, Parvin N, Joo SW, Roy P. Risk Assessment of Cosmetics Using Triclosan on Future Generation's Germ Cell Maturation via Lactating Mother Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041143. [PMID: 32053938 PMCID: PMC7068353 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used chemical in personal care and household products as an antimicrobial agent but some studies have reported it as being estrogenic. We investigated the influence of TCS on the male reproductive system of postnatal pups. Lactating mother rats (Rattus norvegicus) were given daily doses of 0 mg, 3 mg, and 5 mg/kg/day from the day of delivery until 28 days, equivalent to their natural breastfeeding duration. At 28 days, the male pups of all three groups were sacrificed and their biochemical parameters evaluated. TCS-treated pups had decreased mRNA levels for 3β hydro-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3βHSD), OCT3/4, and androgen receptor (AR) (p < 0.05). The higher dose (5 mg/kg/day) male pups exhibited more significantly affected germ cell maturation and decreased body weight. In summary, TCS-treated lactating mothers passed the deleterious effects to their untreated male pups as exhibited by reduced androgens synthesis and subsequently decreased sperm count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas K. Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India; (T.K.M.); (N.P.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering and IT, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Nargish Parvin
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India; (T.K.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Sang Woo Joo
- School of Mechanical Engineering and IT, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.W.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India; (T.K.M.); (N.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.W.J.); (P.R.)
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Klaunig JE, Melo L, Tilmant K. Mechanisms of hepatic cancer by persistent organic pollutants. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lautz L, Hoeks S, Oldenkamp R, Hendriks A, Dorne J, Ragas A. Generic physiologically based kinetic modelling for farm animals: Part II. Predicting tissue concentrations of chemicals in swine, cattle, and sheep. Toxicol Lett 2020; 318:50-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Krewski D, Andersen ME, Tyshenko MG, Krishnan K, Hartung T, Boekelheide K, Wambaugh JF, Jones D, Whelan M, Thomas R, Yauk C, Barton-Maclaren T, Cote I. Toxicity testing in the 21st century: progress in the past decade and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2019; 94:1-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Integration of Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) empirical methods for drug withdrawal interval determination with a mechanistic population-based interactive physiologically based pharmacokinetic (iPBPK) modeling platform: example for flunixin meglumine administration. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1865-1880. [PMID: 31025081 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Violative chemical residues in animal-derived food products affect food safety globally and have impact on the trade of international agricultural products. The Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank program has been developing scientific tools to provide appropriate withdrawal interval (WDI) estimations after extralabel drug use in food animals for the past three decades. One of the tools is physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, which is a mechanistic-based approach that can be used to predict tissue residues and WDIs. However, PBPK models are complicated and difficult to use by non-modelers. Therefore, a user-friendly PBPK modeling framework is needed to move this field forward. Flunixin was one of the top five violative drug residues identified in the United States from 2010 to 2016. The objective of this study was to establish a web-based user-friendly framework for the development of new PBPK models for drugs administered to food animals. Specifically, a new PBPK model for both cattle and swine after administration of flunixin meglumine was developed. Population analysis using Monte Carlo simulations was incorporated into the model to predict WDIs following extralabel administration of flunixin meglumine. The population PBPK model was converted to a web-based interactive PBPK (iPBPK) framework to facilitate its application. This iPBPK framework serves as a proof-of-concept for further improvements in the future and it can be applied to develop new models for other drugs in other food animal species, thereby facilitating the application of PBPK modeling in WDI estimation and food safety assessment.
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Liu T, Cao W, Di Q, Zhao M, Xu Q. Evaluation of toxicokinetics of nonylphenol in the adult female Sprague-Dawley rats using a physiologically based toxicokinetic model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 105:42-50. [PMID: 30954491 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model was firstly developed in female rats to quantitatively evaluate toxicokinetics of nonylphenol (NP). Changes in NP serum concentrations over time of single oral NP administration experiments in Sprague-Dawley rats and literature data were collected to establish and calibrate the PBTK model in the SimBiology framework. The calibrated model predicted the serum and tissue NP concentrations of repeat oral NP administration for model evaluation. NP concentrations in serum and tissues (liver, kidneys, adipose, brain, uterus and ovaries) were quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The model output of the time course data (values are within the standard deviation defined for each data point) indicated proximity of predictions to reality. The coefficients of determination r2 were all greater than 0.9, and the root mean squared error (RMSE) were within 0.177-2.027, which means the model predicted and observed serum NP concentrations were in excellent agreement. The results indicated that the model could contribute to a simplification of the future exposure risk assessments of NP in a more realistic scenario and provided a better understanding of the disposition process of NP in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Weixin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiannan Di
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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