1
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Yoon J, Jung C, Kim J, Rho J, Lee H. Chemically and geometrically programmable photoreactive polymers for transformational humidity-sensitive full-color devices. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6470. [PMID: 39085253 PMCID: PMC11292010 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Humidity-sensitive structural color has emerged as a promising technology due to its numerous advantages that include fast response, intuitiveness, stand-alone capability, non-toxicity, as well as resistance to thermal and chemical stresses. Despite immense technological advancements, these structural colors lack the ability to present independent multiple images through transformation. Herein, we present an approach to address this constraint by introducing a chemically and geometrically programmable photoreactive polymer which allows preparation of transformational humidity-sensitive full-color devices. Utilizing azido-grafted carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-N3) allows adjustments in swelling properties based on the grafting ratio (Γ) of azido groups upon UV-induced crosslinking. Also, the distinctive photo-curability of the polymer enables precise geometric control to achieve vivid colors in combination with disordered plasmonic cavities. Our work culminates in the development of an advanced anti-counterfeiting multiplexer capable of displaying different full-color images with variation in humidity levels. The showcased color displays signify pivotal breakthroughs in tunable optical technologies, illustrating how chemical modifications in hydrogels provides additional degrees of freedom in the design of advanced optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsun Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Wan S, Qu K, Shi Y, Li Z, Wang Z, Dai C, Tang J, Li Z. Multidimensional Encryption by Chip-Integrated Metasurfaces. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18693-18700. [PMID: 38958405 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Facing the challenge of information security in the current era of information technology, optical encryption based on metasurfaces presents a promising solution to this issue. However, most metasurface-based encryption techniques rely on limited decoding keys and struggle to achieve multidimensional complex encryption. It hinders the progress of optical storage capacity and puts encryption security at a disclosing risk. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a multidimensional encryption system based on chip-integrated metasurfaces that successfully incorporates the simultaneous manipulation of three-dimensional optical parameters, including wavelength, direction, and polarization. Hence, up to eight-channel augmented reality (AR) holograms are concealed by near- and far-field fused encryption, which can only be extracted by correctly providing the three-dimensional decoding keys and then vividly exhibit to the authorizer with low crosstalk, high definition, and no zero-order speckle noise. We envision that the miniature chip-integrated metasurface strategy for multidimensional encryption functionalities promises a feasible route toward the encryption capacity and information security enhancement of the anticounterfeiting performance and optically cryptographic storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wan
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kening Qu
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yangyang Shi
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zejing Wang
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chenjie Dai
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiao Tang
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhongyang Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China
- School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Suzhou 215123, China
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3
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Lin D, Bagnani M, Almohammadi H, Yuan Y, Zhao Y, Mezzenga R. Single-Step Control of Liquid-Liquid Crystalline Phase Separation by Depletion Gradients. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312564. [PMID: 38692672 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Fine-tuning nucleation and growth of colloidal liquid crystalline (LC) droplets, also known as tactoids, is highly desirable in both fundamental science and technological applications. However, the tactoid structure results from the trade-off between thermodynamics and nonequilibrium kinetics effects, and controlling liquid-liquid crystalline phase separation (LLCPS) in these systems is still a work in progress. Here, a single-step strategy is introduced to obtain a rich palette of morphologies for tactoids formed via nucleation and growth within an initially isotropic phase exposed to a gradient of depletants. The simultaneous appearance is shown of rich LC structures along the depleting potential gradient, where the position of each LC structure is correlated with the magnitude of the depleting potential. Changing the size (nanoparticles) or the nature (polymers) of the depleting agent provides additional, precise control over the resulting LC structures through a size-selective mechanism, where the depletant may be found both within and outside the LC droplets. The use of depletion gradients from depletants of varying sizes and nature offers a powerful toolbox for manipulation, templating, imaging, and understanding heterogeneous colloidal LC structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Lin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Massimo Bagnani
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Hamed Almohammadi
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ye Yuan
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Department of Materials, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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4
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Liu B, Liu Q, Feng J. Operando Colorations from Real-Time Growth of 3D-Printed Nanoarchitectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404977. [PMID: 38899985 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
While artificial 3D nanostructures can generate precise and flexible coloration, their real-time color changes during 3D nanoprinting remain unexplored owing to the inherent challenges of in situ transient measurements and observations. In this study, a 3D-printing system which supports the operando observation/measurement of the color dynamics of subwavelength metallic nanoarchitectures fabricated in real time is developed and evaluated. During 3D printing, the dimensions and geometries of the 3D nanostructures grow over time, producing a large library of optical spectra associated with real-time color changes. Only a timer is needed to define the expected colors from a single 3D print run. Fin-like nanostructures are used to toggle colors based on the polarization effect and produce color gradients. Based on structural coloration, nanoarchitectures are designed and printed to animate desired color patterns. Moreover, the resulting color dynamics can also serve as an operando identifier for real-time structural information during 3D nanoprinting. A single print run enables the efficient creation of a comprehensive library of desired colorations owing to the flexibility in time-dependent controllability and 3D geometries at the subwavelength scale. 3D nanoprinted plasmonic structures exhibiting time-varying colorations (4D printing of colors) uniquely redefines the coloring stategy, offering considerable potential for numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qiling Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jicheng Feng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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5
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Dai P, Su W, Xian Z, Wei X, Tang S, Huang G, Sun C, Han W, Zhu L, You H. Rapid Fabrication of Large-Grain Opal Films and Photonic Crystal Hydrogel Sensors by a Filter Paper-Enhanced Evaporation Chip. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10936-10946. [PMID: 38738863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Developing a rapid fabrication method for crack-free opal films is a significant challenge with broad applications. We developed a microfluidic platform known as the "filter paper-enhanced evaporation microfluidic chip" (FPEE-chip) for the fabrication of photonic crystal and inverse opal hydrogel (IOPH) films. The chip featured a thin channel formed by bonding double-sided adhesive poly(ethylene terephthalate) with a polymethyl methacrylate cover and a glass substrate. This channel was then filled with nanosphere colloids. The water was guided to evaporate rapidly at the surface of the filter paper, allowing the nanospheres to self-assemble and accumulate within the channel under capillary forces. Experimental results confirmed that the self-assembly method based on the FPEE-chip was a rapid platform for producing high-quality opal, with centimeter-sized opal films achievable in less than an hour. Furthermore, the filter paper altered the stress release mechanism of the opal films during drying, resulting in fewer cracks. This platform was proven capable of producing large-grain, crack-free opal films of up to 30 mm2 in size. We also fabricated crack-free IOPH pH sensors that exhibited color and size responsiveness to pH changes. The coefficient of variation of the gray color distribution for crack-free IOPH ranged from 0.03 to 0.07, which was lower than that of cracked IOPH (ranging from 0.07 to 0.14). Additionally, the grayscale peak value in 1 mm2 of the crack-free IOPH was more than twice that of the cracked IOPH at the same pH. The FPEE-chip demonstrated potential as a candidate for developing vision sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiangfu Wei
- Guangxi Vocational and Technical College of Communications, Nanning 530023, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | - Wei Han
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
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6
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Kang H, Oh D, Jeon N, Kim J, Kim H, Badloe T, Rho J. Tailoring high-refractive-index nanocomposites for manufacturing of ultraviolet metasurfaces. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:53. [PMID: 38654843 PMCID: PMC11035676 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00681-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has been utilized to address the manufacturing challenges of high cost and low throughput for optical metasurfaces. To overcome the limitations inherent in conventional imprint resins characterized by a low refractive index (n), high-n nanocomposites have been introduced to directly serve as meta-atoms. However, comprehensive research on these nanocomposites is notably lacking. In this study, we focus on the composition of high-n zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanoparticle (NP) concentration and solvents used to produce ultraviolet (UV) metaholograms and quantify the transfer fidelity by the measured conversion efficiency. The utilization of 80 wt% ZrO2 NPs in MIBK, MEK, and acetone results in conversion efficiencies of 62.3%, 51.4%, and 61.5%, respectively, at a wavelength of 325 nm. The analysis of the solvent composition and NP concentration can further enhance the manufacturing capabilities of high-n nanocomposites in NIL, enabling potential practical use of optical metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, Republic of Korea
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7
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Lin R, Valuckas V, Do TTH, Nemati A, Kuznetsov AI, Teng J, Ha ST. Schrödinger's Red Beyond 65,000 Pixel-Per-Inch by Multipolar Interaction in Freeform Meta-Atom through Efficient Neural Optimizer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2303929. [PMID: 38093513 PMCID: PMC10987134 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Freeform nanostructures have the potential to support complex resonances and their interactions, which are crucial for achieving desired spectral responses. However, the design optimization of such structures is nontrivial and computationally intensive. Furthermore, the current "black box" design approaches for freeform nanostructures often neglect the underlying physics. Here, a hybrid data-efficient neural optimizer for resonant nanostructures by combining a reinforcement learning algorithm and Powell's local optimization technique is presented. As a case study, silicon nanostructures with a highly-saturated red color are designed and experimentally demonstrated. Specifically, color coordinates of (0.677, 0.304) in the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) chromaticity diagram - close to the ideal Schrödinger's red, with polarization independence, high reflectance (>85%), and a large viewing angle (i.e., up to ± 25°) is achieved. The remarkable performance is attributed to underlying generalized multipolar interferences within each nanostructure rather than the collective array effects. Based on that, pixel size down to ≈400 nm, corresponding to a printing resolution of 65000 pixels per inch is demonstrated. Moreover, the proposed design model requires only ≈300 iterations to effectively search a thirteen-dimensional (13D) design space - an order of magnitude more efficient than the previously reported approaches. The work significantly extends the free-form optical design toolbox for high-performance flat-optical components and metadevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Lin
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08‐03Singapore138634Republic of Singapore
| | - Vytautas Valuckas
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08‐03Singapore138634Republic of Singapore
| | - Thi Thu Ha Do
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08‐03Singapore138634Republic of Singapore
| | - Arash Nemati
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08‐03Singapore138634Republic of Singapore
| | - Arseniy I. Kuznetsov
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08‐03Singapore138634Republic of Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08‐03Singapore138634Republic of Singapore
| | - Son Tung Ha
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08‐03Singapore138634Republic of Singapore
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8
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Kim J, Kim H, Kang H, Kim W, Chen Y, Choi J, Lee H, Rho J. A water-soluble label for food products prevents packaging waste and counterfeiting. NATURE FOOD 2024; 5:293-300. [PMID: 38575840 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-024-00957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Sustainability, humidity sensing and product origin are important features of food packaging. While waste generated from labelling and packaging causes environmental destruction, humidity can result in food spoilage during delivery and counterfeit-prone labelling undermines consumer trust. Here we introduce a food label based on a water-soluble nanocomposite ink with a high refractive index that addresses these issues. By patterning the nanocomposite ink using nanoimprint lithography, the resultant metasurface shows bright and vivid structural colours. This method makes it possible to quickly and inexpensively create patterns on large surfaces. A QR code is also developed that can provide up-to-date information on food products. Microprinting hidden in the QR code protects against counterfeiting, cannot be physically detached or replicated and may be used as a humidity indicator. Our proposed food label can reduce waste while ensuring customers receive accurate product information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Chen
- Materials, Engineering and Manufacturing Research Group, Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Jonghyun Choi
- Bioengineering Technology Group, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Hamilton, New Zealand.
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Latif S, Kim J, Khaliq HS, Mahmood N, Ansari MA, Chen X, Akbar J, Badloe T, Zubair M, Massoud Y, Mehmood MQ, Rho J. Spin-Selective Angular Dispersion Control in Dielectric Metasurfaces for Multichannel Meta-Holographic Displays. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:708-714. [PMID: 38165767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Angle-dependent next-generation displays have potential applications in 3D stereoscopic and head-mounted displays, image combiners, and encryption for augmented reality (AR) and security. Metasurfaces enable such exceptional functionalities with groundbreaking achievements in efficient displays over the past decades. However, limitations in angular dispersion control make them unfit for numerous nanophotonic applications. Here, we propose a spin-selective angle-dependent all-dielectric metasurface with a unique design strategy to manifest distinct phase information at different incident angles of light. As a proof of concept, the phase masks of two images are encoded into the metasurface and projected at the desired focal plane under different angles of left circularly polarized (LCP) light. Specifically, the proposed multifunctional metasurface generates two distinct holographic images under LCP illumination at angles of +35 and -35°. The presented holographic displays may provide a feasible route toward multifunctional meta-devices for potential AR displays, encrypted imaging, and information storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Latif
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hafiz Saad Khaliq
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Afnan Ansari
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Jehan Akbar
- Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yehia Massoud
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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10
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Barulin A, Kim Y, Oh DK, Jang J, Park H, Rho J, Kim I. Dual-wavelength metalens enables Epi-fluorescence detection from single molecules. Nat Commun 2024; 15:26. [PMID: 38167868 PMCID: PMC10761847 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy is at the heart of molecular biophysics research and the most sensitive biosensing assays. The growing demand for precision medicine and environmental monitoring requires the creation of miniaturized and portable sensing platforms. However, the need for highly sophisticated objective lenses has precluded the development of single molecule detection systems for truly portable devices. Here, we propose a dielectric metalens device of submicrometer thickness to excite and collect light from fluorescent molecules instead of an objective lens. The high numerical aperture, high focusing efficiency, and dual-wavelength operation of the metalens enable the implementation of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with a single Alexa 647 molecule in the focal volume. Moreover, the metalens enables real-time monitoring of individual fluorescent nanoparticle transitions and identification of hydrodynamic diameters ranging from a few to hundreds of nanometers. This advancement in sensitivity extends the application of the metalens technology to ultracompact single-molecule sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Barulin
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemi Park
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Ko B, Jeon N, Kim J, Kang H, Seong J, Yun S, Badloe T, Rho J. Hydrogels for active photonics. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:1. [PMID: 38169527 PMCID: PMC10757998 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Conventional photonic devices exhibit static optical properties that are design-dependent, including the material's refractive index and geometrical parameters. However, they still possess attractive optical responses for applications and are already exploited in devices across various fields. Hydrogel photonics has emerged as a promising solution in the field of active photonics by providing primarily deformable geometric parameters in response to external stimuli. Over the past few years, various studies have been undertaken to attain stimuli-responsive photonic devices with tunable optical properties. Herein, we focus on the recent advancements in hydrogel-based photonics and micro/nanofabrication techniques for hydrogels. In particular, fabrication techniques for hydrogel photonic devices are categorized into film growth, photolithography (PL), electron-beam lithography (EBL), and nanoimprint lithography (NIL). Furthermore, we provide insights into future directions and prospects for deformable hydrogel photonics, along with their potential practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungsu Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
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12
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Yang Z, Gao S, Yue W. Three-fold information encryption based on polarization- and wavelength-multiplexed metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:44139-44147. [PMID: 38178492 DOI: 10.1364/oe.509280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Metasurface has garnered significant attention in the field of optical encryption as it allows the integration and occultation of multiple grayscale nanoprinting images on a single platform. However, in most cases, polarization serves as the only key for encryption/decryption, and the risk of being cracked is relatively high. In this study, we propose a three-fold information encryption strategy based on a dielectric metasurface, in which a colorful nanoprinting image and two grayscale images are integrated on such a single platform. Unlike previous works based on the orientation-angle degenerated light intensity, the proposed image encryptions are realized by customizing nanobricks with polarization-mediated similar/different transmission characteristics in either broadband or at discrete wavelengths. Different combinations of polarization and monochromatic wavelengths can form three keys with different levels of decryption complexity as compared to the previous counterpart based merely on polarization. Once illuminated by non-designed wavelengths or polarized light, messy images with false information will be witnessed. Most importantly, all images are safely secured by the designated incidence polarization and cannot be decrypted via an additional analyzer as commonly happens in conventional metasurface-based nanoprinting. The proposed metasurface provides an easy-to-design and easy-to-disguise scheme for multi-channel display and optical information encryption.
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13
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Chen J, Song G, Cong S, Zhao Z. Resonant-Cavity-Enhanced Electrochromic Materials and Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300179. [PMID: 36929668 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With rapid advances in optoelectronics, electrochromic materials and devices have received tremendous attentions from both industry and academia for their strong potentials in wearable and portable electronics, displays/billboards, adaptive camouflage, tunable optics, and intelligent devices, etc. However, conventional electrochromic materials and devices typically present some serious limitations such as undesirable dull colors, and long switching time, hindering their deeper development. Optical resonators have been proven to be the most powerful platform for providing strong optical confinement and controllable lightmatter interactions. They generate locally enhanced electromagnetic near-fields that can convert small refractive index changes in electrochromic materials into high-contrast color variations, enabling multicolor or even panchromatic tuning of electrochromic materials. Here, resonant-cavity-enhanced electrochromic materials and devices, an advanced and emerging trend in electrochromics, are reviewed. In this review, w e will focus on the progress in multicolor electrochromic materials and devices based on different types of optical resonators and their advanced and emerging applications, including multichromatic displays, adaptive visible camouflage, visualized energy storage, and applications of multispectral tunability. Among these topics, principles of optical resonators, related materials/devices and multicolor electrochromic properties are comprehensively discussed and summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects for resonant-cavity-enhanced electrochromic materials and devices are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ge Song
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shan Cong
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
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14
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Moitra P, Xu X, Maruthiyodan Veetil R, Liang X, Mass TWW, Kuznetsov AI, Paniagua-Domínguez R. Electrically Tunable Reflective Metasurfaces with Continuous and Full-Phase Modulation for High-Efficiency Wavefront Control at Visible Frequencies. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16952-16959. [PMID: 37585264 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
All-dielectric optical metasurfaces can locally control the amplitude and phase of light at the nanoscale, enabling arbitrary wavefront shaping. However, lack of postfabrication tunability has limited the true potential of metasurfaces for many applications. Here, we utilize a thin liquid crystal (LC) layer as a tunable medium surrounding the metasurface to achieve a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) with high reflection in the visible frequency, exhibiting active and continuous resonance tuning with associated 2π phase control and uncoupled amplitude. Dynamic wavefront shaping is demonstrated by programming 96 individually addressable electrodes with a small pixel pitch of ∼1 μm. The small pixel size is facilitated by the reduced LC thickness, strongly suppressing cross-talk among pixels. This device is used to demonstrate dynamic beam steering with a wide field-of-view and high absolute diffraction efficiencies. We believe that our demonstration may help realize next-generation, high-resolution SLMs, with wide applications in dynamic holography, tunable optics, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR), to mention a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parikshit Moitra
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xuewu Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Rasna Maruthiyodan Veetil
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xinan Liang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tobias W W Mass
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Arseniy I Kuznetsov
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ramón Paniagua-Domínguez
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
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15
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Chen Z, Li D, Zhou H, Liu T, Mu X. A hybrid graphene metamaterial absorber for enhanced modulation and molecular fingerprint retrieval. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14100-14108. [PMID: 37581407 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02830e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) has proven its ability to improve the detection performance of traditional infrared spectroscopy at unprecedented levels. However, the resonant frequency of the metamaterial absorber (MA) lacks tunability once the structure is fabricated, which poses a challenge for broadband fingerprint retrieval of molecules. Here, we propose a pixelated and electric tunable hybrid graphene MA with a broadband response for molecular fingerprint retrieval. Loss engineering is employed to optimize the sensing sensitivity of MA. The resonant frequency of MA is approximately linearly modulated with a change in the graphene Fermi level. This design allows a meta-pixel to match multiple characteristic absorption spectra, thereby establishing a one-to-many mapping relationship between spatial and spectral information. The one-to-many mapping relationship greatly reduces the number of meta-pixels. As a concept demonstration, we integrate 9 meta-pixels to achieve full spectral coverage from 1000 cm-1 to 2000 cm-1. Based on the broadband spectral properties of the sensor, we demonstrate its potential for multi-fingerprint detection, quantitative detection, chemical identification, and compositional analysis. Our proposed hybrid graphene MA can be easily integrated with other on-chip devices, providing a potential platform for optical sensing, infrared spectroscopy, and photodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems of Ministry of Education, International R & D center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems of Ministry of Education, International R & D center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems of Ministry of Education, International R & D center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems of Ministry of Education, International R & D center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Xiaojing Mu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems of Ministry of Education, International R & D center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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16
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Yimam DT, Liang M, Ye J, Kooi BJ. 3D Nanostructuring of Phase-Change Materials Using Focused Ion Beam toward Versatile Optoelectronics Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2303502. [PMID: 37657490 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, phase-change materials have gained importance in nanophotonics and optoelectronics. Sizable optical contrast and added degree of freedom from phase switching drive the use of phase-change materials in various optical devices with outstanding results and potential for real-world applications. The local crystallization/amorphization of phase-change materials and the corresponding reflectance tuning by the crystallized/amorphized region size have potential applications, for example, for future dynamic display devices. Although the resolution is much higher than in current display devices, the pixel sizes in those devices are limited by the locally switchable structure size. Here, the spot sizes are further reduced by using ion beams instead of laser beams, dramatically increasing pixel density, demonstrating superior resolution. In addition, the power to sputter away materials can be utilized in creating nanostructures with relative height differences and local contrast. The experiment focuses on one archetypal phase-change material, Sb2 Se3 , prepared by pulsed-laser deposition on a reflective gold substrate. This study demonstrates that structural colors can be produced and reflectance tuning can be achieved by focused ion beam milling/sputtering of phase-change materials at the nanoscale. Furthermore, the local structuring of phase-change materials by focused ion beam can produce high-pixel-density display devices with superior resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Yimam
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Minpeng Liang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Jianting Ye
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J Kooi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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17
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Wang T, Zhao Y, Yu B, Qin M, Wei Z, Li Q, Tang H, Yang H, Shen Z, Wang X, Gao J. All-Dielectric Gratings with High-Quality Structural Colors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2414. [PMID: 37686921 PMCID: PMC10490154 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a dual-layer hafnium dioxide (HfO2) grating capable of full-color modulation in the visible spectrum by leveraging the magnetic dipole resonance induced by the lower-layer HfO2 grating, while the upper-layer HfO2 grating serves as a refractive index matching layer to effectively suppress high-order Mie resonances at shorter wavelengths. The HfO2/HfO2 grating exhibits a significantly larger distribution area in the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram compared to the HfO2 grating. Furthermore, the structural color saturation closely approximates that of monochromatic light. Under varying background refractive index environments, this structure consistently exhibits high-quality structural color. However, the hue of the structural color undergoes alterations. When the polarization angle is below 20°, the saturation of the acquired structural color remains remarkably consistent. However, exceeding 20° results in a significant degradation in the quality of the structural color. This study demonstrates the promising potential for diverse applications, encompassing fields such as imaging and displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (T.W.); (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (H.T.); (H.Y.); (Z.S.); (X.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Yuanhang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (T.W.); (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (H.T.); (H.Y.); (Z.S.); (X.W.); (J.G.)
- College of Da Heng, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Mingze Qin
- Jilight Semiconductor Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130033, China;
| | - Zhihui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (T.W.); (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (H.T.); (H.Y.); (Z.S.); (X.W.); (J.G.)
- College of Da Heng, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (T.W.); (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (H.T.); (H.Y.); (Z.S.); (X.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Haolong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (T.W.); (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (H.T.); (H.Y.); (Z.S.); (X.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Haigui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (T.W.); (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (H.T.); (H.Y.); (Z.S.); (X.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Zhenfeng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (T.W.); (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (H.T.); (H.Y.); (Z.S.); (X.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (T.W.); (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (H.T.); (H.Y.); (Z.S.); (X.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Jinsong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (T.W.); (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (H.T.); (H.Y.); (Z.S.); (X.W.); (J.G.)
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18
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Abstract
Metalenses have the potential to revolutionize optical devices into the next generation of consumer devices. Through new inventive strategies, metalenses with advanced functionalities have been released to integrate multiple responses into a single flat device. Here, we design metalenses that are sensitive to the incident spin angular momentum to provide three distinct modes based on the handedness of the incident and transmitted light. Propagation phase is employed to encode a hyperbolic lens phase to the metalens, while geometric phase is exploited for additional spin-selective properties. We experimentally demonstrate two different metalenses: the co-polarized channels function as a standard metalens, while the cross-polarized channels (1) deflect and (2) introduce orbital angular momentum to the transmitted light. We experimentally characterize the metalenses and prove their use for spin-selective imaging of visible light. We envision that such trichannel metalenses could be employed in chiral bioimaging, optical computing, and computer vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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19
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Badloe T, Kim Y, Kim J, Park H, Barulin A, Diep YN, Cho H, Kim WS, Kim YK, Kim I, Rho J. Bright-Field and Edge-Enhanced Imaging Using an Electrically Tunable Dual-Mode Metalens. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37490514 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The imaging of microscopic biological samples faces numerous difficulties due to their small feature sizes and low-amplitude contrast. Metalenses have shown great promise in bioimaging as they have access to the complete complex information, which, alongside their extremely small and compact footprint and potential to integrate multiple functionalities into a single device, allow for miniaturized microscopy with exceptional features. Here, we design and experimentally realize a dual-mode metalens integrated with a liquid crystal cell that can be electrically switched between bright-field and edge-enhanced imaging on the millisecond scale. We combine the concepts of geometric and propagation phase to design the dual-mode metalens and physically encode the required phase profiles using hydrogenated amorphous silicon for operation at visible wavelengths. The two distinct metalens phase profiles include (1) a conventional hyperbolic metalens for bright-field imaging and (2) a spiral metalens with a topological charge of +1 for edge-enhanced imaging. We demonstrate the focusing and vortex generation ability of the metalens under different states of circular polarization and prove its use for biological imaging. This work proves a method for in vivo observation and monitoring of the cell response and drug screening within a compact form factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemi Park
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleksandr Barulin
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yen N Diep
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansang Cho
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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20
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Yang Y, Seong J, Choi M, Park J, Kim G, Kim H, Jeong J, Jung C, Kim J, Jeon G, Lee KI, Yoon DH, Rho J. Integrated metasurfaces for re-envisioning a near-future disruptive optical platform. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:152. [PMID: 37339970 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have been continuously garnering attention in both scientific and industrial fields, owing to their unprecedented wavefront manipulation capabilities using arranged subwavelength artificial structures. To date, research has mainly focused on the full control of electromagnetic characteristics, including polarization, phase, amplitude, and even frequencies. Consequently, versatile possibilities of electromagnetic wave control have been achieved, yielding practical optical components such as metalenses, beam-steerers, metaholograms, and sensors. Current research is now focused on integrating the aforementioned metasurfaces with other standard optical components (e.g., light-emitting diodes, charged-coupled devices, micro-electro-mechanical systems, liquid crystals, heaters, refractive optical elements, planar waveguides, optical fibers, etc.) for commercialization with miniaturization trends of optical devices. Herein, this review describes and classifies metasurface-integrated optical components, and subsequently discusses their promising applications with metasurface-integrated optical platforms including those of augmented/virtual reality, light detection and ranging, and sensors. In conclusion, this review presents several challenges and prospects that are prevalent in the field in order to accelerate the commercialization of metasurfaces-integrated optical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyeong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeon Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoseon Jeon
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Lee
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yoon
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Chen Q, Zhang Y, Lu J. Machine learning phase modulation of liquid crystal devices for three-dimensional display. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:19675-19685. [PMID: 37381378 DOI: 10.1364/oe.494746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
A machine learning phase modulation scheme based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) is proposed to carry out the regression task of liquid crystal (LC) device electric field prediction for the 2D/3D switchable display. The hybrid neural network is built and trained based on the illuminance distribution under three-dimensional (3D) display. Compared with manual phase modulation, the modulation method using a hybrid neural network can achieve higher optical efficiency and lower crosstalk in the 3D display. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed through simulations and optical experiments.
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22
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Sun Q, Hong M. Electrically tunable solid-state metasurfaces realized by flash localized heating. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:122. [PMID: 37198159 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrically programmed metasurfaces provide large modulation depth, high modulation rate, and solid-state component, breaking the limitations of existing modulation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Minghui Hong
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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23
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Asad A, Kim J, Khaliq HS, Mahmood N, Akbar J, Chani MTS, Kim Y, Jeon D, Zubair M, Mehmood MQ, Massoud Y, Rho J. Spin-isolated ultraviolet-visible dynamic meta-holographic displays with liquid crystal modulators. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:759-766. [PMID: 37128758 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00555g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wearable displays or head-mounted displays (HMDs) have the ability to create a virtual image in the field of view of one or both eyes. Such displays constitute the main platform for numerous virtual reality (VR)- and augmented reality (AR)-based applications. Meta-holographic displays integrated with AR technology have potential applications in the advertising, media, and healthcare sectors. In the previous decade, dielectric metasurfaces emerged as a suitable choice for designing compact devices for highly efficient displays. However, the small conversion efficiency, narrow bandwidth, and costly fabrication procedures limit the device's functionalities. Here, we proposed a spin-isolated dielectric multi-functional metasurface operating at broadband optical wavelengths with high transmission efficiency in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (Vis) regimes. The proposed metasurface comprised silicon nitride (Si3N4)-based meta-atoms with high bandgap, i.e., ∼ 5.9 eV, and encoded two holographic phase profiles. Previously, the multiple pieces of holographic information incorporated in the metasurfaces using interleaved and layer stacking techniques resulted in noisy and low-efficiency outputs. A single planar metasurface integrated with a liquid crystal was demonstrated numerically and experimentally in the current work to validate the spin-isolated dynamic UV-Vis holographic information at broadband wavelengths. In our opinion, the proposed metasurface can have promising applications in healthcare, optical security encryption, anti-counterfeiting, and UV-Vis nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Asad
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hafiz Saad Khaliq
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia
| | - Jehan Akbar
- Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | | | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongmin Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Yehia Massoud
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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24
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Yang Y, Fu H, Su H, Chen S, Wu S, Liang J, Wei T, Wang Y, Zhu S, Zhu J, Zhou L. Sodium-Based Concave Metasurfaces for High Performing Plasmonic Optical Filters by Templated Spin-on-Sodiophobic-Glass. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300272. [PMID: 37015024 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical filters have aroused tremendous excitement in advanced photonic instruments and modern digital displays due to their flexible capability of spectrum manipulation. Plasmonic metasurfaces of narrow bandwidth, high spectral contrast, and robust structure tolerance are highly desired for optical filtration (especially in the visible regime) but rather challenging as large spectral broadening from intrinsic ohmic loss and design/fabrication deviations. Here the high-performing sodium-based metasurfaces are demonstrated for optical filtration across 450 to 750 nm by unique structure design of spatially decoupled concave surfaces and precise fabrication through templated solidification of liquid metals. Thanks to the distinct suppression of metallic loss as well as fabrication tolerance of interfacial structures, the as-prepared concave metasurfaces enable a minimum linewidth of ≈15 nm, a maximal optical contrast of ≈93%, and a high measure-to-design spectral match ratio ≈1500. These results have for the first time pushed the operation wavelengths of sodium-based plasmonic devices from infrared to visible which in turn demonstrates the capability of filling the blank of commercial dielectric optical filters thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Yang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Fu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Su
- School of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, 211171, China
| | - Shuying Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Shan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Informatics of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Tianqi Wei
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jia Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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25
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Kim J, Seong J, Kim W, Lee GY, Kim S, Kim H, Moon SW, Oh DK, Yang Y, Park J, Jang J, Kim Y, Jeong M, Park C, Choi H, Jeon G, Lee KI, Yoon DH, Park N, Lee B, Lee H, Rho J. Scalable manufacturing of high-index atomic layer-polymer hybrid metasurfaces for metaphotonics in the visible. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:474-481. [PMID: 36959502 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metalenses are attractive alternatives to conventional bulky refractive lenses owing to their superior light-modulating performance and sub-micrometre-scale thicknesses; however, limitations in existing fabrication techniques, including high cost, low throughput and small patterning area, have hindered their mass production. Here we demonstrate low-cost and high-throughput mass production of large-aperture visible metalenses using deep-ultraviolet argon fluoride immersion lithography and wafer-scale nanoimprint lithography. Once a 12″ master stamp is imprinted, hundreds of centimetre-scale metalenses can be fabricated using a thinly coated high-index film to enhance light confinement, resulting in a substantial increase in conversion efficiency. As a proof of concept, an ultrathin virtual reality device created with the printed metalens demonstrates its potential towards the scalable manufacturing of metaphotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Yeal Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Won Moon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanwoong Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoseon Jeon
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Lee
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yoon
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Namkyoo Park
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungho Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Cencillo-Abad P, Franklin D, Mastranzo-Ortega P, Sanchez-Mondragon J, Chanda D. Ultralight plasmonic structural color paint. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf7207. [PMID: 36888718 PMCID: PMC9995036 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf7207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
All present commercial colors are based on pigments. While such traditional pigment-based colorants offer a commercial platform for large-volume and angle insensitiveness, they are limited by their instability in atmosphere, color fading, and severe environmental toxicity. Commercial exploitation of artificial structural coloration has fallen short due to the lack of design ideas and impractical nanofabrication techniques. Here, we present a self-assembled subwavelength plasmonic cavity that overcomes these challenges while offering a tailorable platform for rendering angle and polarization-independent vivid structural colors. Fabricated through large-scale techniques, we produce stand-alone paints ready to be used on any substrate. The platform offers full coloration with a single layer of pigment, surface density of 0.4 g/m2, making it the lightest paint in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cencillo-Abad
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Daniel Franklin
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Physical Sciences Bldg. 430, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Center for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela Mastranzo-Ortega
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics (INAOE), Luis Enrique Erron.1, Sta. María Tonanzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico
| | - Javier Sanchez-Mondragon
- National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics (INAOE), Luis Enrique Erron.1, Sta. María Tonanzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico
| | - Debashis Chanda
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Physical Sciences Bldg. 430, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 4304 Scorpius St., Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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27
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Kim J, Kim W, Oh DK, Kang H, Kim H, Badloe T, Kim S, Park C, Choi H, Lee H, Rho J. One-step printable platform for high-efficiency metasurfaces down to the deep-ultraviolet region. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:68. [PMID: 36882418 PMCID: PMC9992517 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A single-step printable platform for ultraviolet (UV) metasurfaces is introduced to overcome both the scarcity of low-loss UV materials and manufacturing limitations of high cost and low throughput. By dispersing zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles in a UV-curable resin, ZrO2 nanoparticle-embedded-resin (nano-PER) is developed as a printable material which has a high refractive index and low extinction coefficient from near-UV to deep-UV. In ZrO2 nano-PER, the UV-curable resin enables direct pattern transfer and ZrO2 nanoparticles increase the refractive index of the composite while maintaining a large bandgap. With this concept, UV metasurfaces can be fabricated in a single step by nanoimprint lithography. As a proof of concept, UV metaholograms operating in near-UV and deep-UV are experimentally demonstrated with vivid and clear holographic images. The proposed method enables repeat and rapid manufacturing of UV metasurfaces, and thus will bring UV metasurfaces more close to real life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanwoong Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Kim WS, Im JH, Kim H, Choi JK, Choi Y, Kim YK. Liquid Crystalline Systems from Nature and Interaction of Living Organisms with Liquid Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204275. [PMID: 35861641 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials, which are substances interacting with biological systems, have been extensively explored to understand living organisms and obtain scientific inspiration (such as biomimetics). However, many aspects of biomaterials have yet to be fully understood. Because liquid crystalline phases are ubiquitously found in biomaterials (e.g., cholesterol, amphiphile, DNA, cellulose, bacteria), therefore, a wide range of research has made attempts to approach unresolved issues with the concept of liquid crystals (LCs). This review presents these studies that address the interactive correlation between biomaterials and LCs. Specifically, intrinsic LC behavior of various biomaterials such as DNA, cellulose nanocrystals, and bacteriaare first introduced. Second, the dynamics of bacteria in LC media are addressed, with focus on how bacteria interact with LCs, and how dynamics of bacteria can be controlled by exploiting the characteristics of LCs. Lastly, how the strong correlation between LCs and biomaterials has been leveraged to design a new class of biosensors with additional functionalities (e.g., self-regulated drug release) that are not available in previous systems is reviewed. Examples addressed in this review convey the message that the intersection between biomaterials and LCs offers deep insights into fundamental understanding of biomaterials, and provides resources for development of transformative technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyung Im
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyein Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kang Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yena Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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29
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Ko B, Kim J, Yang Y, Badloe T, Park J, Ko JH, Jeong M, Kang H, Jung C, Song YM, Rho J. Humidity-Responsive RGB-Pixels via Swelling of 3D Nanoimprinted Polyvinyl Alcohol. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204469. [PMID: 36373672 PMCID: PMC9839877 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Humidity-responsive structural coloration is actively investigated to realize real-time humidity sensors for applications in smart farming, food storage, and healthcare management. Here, humidity-tunable nano pixels are investigated with a 700 nm resolution that demonstrates full standard RGB (sRGB) gamut coverage with a millisecond-response time. The color pixels are designed as Fabry-Pérot (F-P) etalons which consist of an aluminum mirror substrate, humidity-responsive polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) spacer, and a top layer of disordered silver nanoparticles (NPs). The measured volume change of the PVA reaches up to 62.5% when the relative humidity (RH) is manipulated from 20 to 90%. The disordered silver NP layer permits the penetration of water molecules into the PVA layer, enhancing the speed of absorption and swelling down to the millisecond level. Based on the real-time response of the hydrogel-based F-P etalons with a high-throughput 3D nanoimprint technique, a high-resolution multicolored color print that can have potential applications in display technologies and optical encryption, is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungsu Ko
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Park
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan Ko
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)Gwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Jeong
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)Gwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
- POSCO‐POSTECH‐RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and MetaphotonicsPohang37673Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
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30
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Shang X, Niu J, Wang C, Li L, Lu C, Zhang Y, Shi L. Mie Resonances Enabled Subtractive Structural Colors with Low-Index-Contrast Silicon Metasurfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55933-55943. [PMID: 36480473 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All-dielectric structural colors are attracting increasing attention due to their great potential for various applications in display devices, imaging security certification, optical data storage, and so on. However, it remains a great challenge to achieve vivid structural colors with low-aspect-ratio silicon nanostructures directly on a silicon substrate, which is highly desirable for future integrated optoelectronic devices. The main obstacle comes from the difficulty in achieving strong Mie resonances by Si nanostructures on low-index-contrast substrates. Here, we demonstrate a generic principle to create vivid bright field structural colors by using silicon nanopillars directly on top of the silicon substrate. Complementary colors across the full visible spectrum are achieved as a result of the enhanced absorption due to Mie resonances. It is shown that the color saturation increases with the increasing of the nanopillar height. Remarkably, blue and black colors are generated by trapezoid nanopillar arrays as a result of the absorption at long wavelengths or all visible wavelengths. Our strategy provides a powerful scheme for accelerating the integrated optoelectronic applications in nanoscale color printing, imaging, and displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shang
- State Key Lab of Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Circuits, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 West Road, Beitucheng, Beijing 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiebin Niu
- State Key Lab of Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Circuits, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 West Road, Beitucheng, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Lab of Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Circuits, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 West Road, Beitucheng, Beijing 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Longjie Li
- State Key Lab of Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Circuits, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 West Road, Beitucheng, Beijing 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Lab of Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Circuits, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 West Road, Beitucheng, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- SKLSM, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 912, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lina Shi
- State Key Lab of Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Circuits, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 West Road, Beitucheng, Beijing 100029, China
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Mehmood MQ, Seong J, Naveed MA, Kim J, Zubair M, Riaz K, Massoud Y, Rho J. Single-Cell-Driven Tri-Channel Encryption Meta-Displays. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203962. [PMID: 36285678 PMCID: PMC9762282 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Multi-functional metasurfaces have attracted great attention due to the significant possibilities to realize highly integrated and ultra-compact meta-devices. Merging nano-printing and holographic information multiplexing is one of the effective ways to achieve multi-functionality, and such a merger can increase the information encoding capacity. However, the current approaches rely on stacking layers and interleaving, where multiple resonators effectively combine different functionalities on the cost of efficiency, design complexity, and challenging fabrication. To address such challenges, a single meta-nanoresonator-based tri-functional metasurface is proposed by combining the geometric phase-based spin-decoupling and Malus's law intensity modulation. The proposed strategy effectively improves information capacity owing to the orientation degeneracy of spin-decoupling rather than layer stacking or super-cell designs. To validate the proposed strategy, a metasurface demonstrating two helicity-dependent holographic outputs is presented in far-field, whereas a continuous nano-printing image is in near-field. It is also employed on CMOS-compatible and cost-effective hydrogen amorphous silicon providing transparent responses for the whole visible band. As a result, the proposed metasurface has high transmission efficiency in the visible regime and verifies the design strategy without adding extra complexities to conventional nano-pillar geometry. Therefore, the proposed metasurface opens new avenues in multi-functional meta-devices design and has promising applications in anti-counterfeiting, optical storage and displays..
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano LabElectrical Engineering DepartmentInformation Technology University (ITU) of the PunjabFerozepur RoadLahore54600Pakistan
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Ashar Naveed
- MicroNano LabElectrical Engineering DepartmentInformation Technology University (ITU) of the PunjabFerozepur RoadLahore54600Pakistan
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- MicroNano LabElectrical Engineering DepartmentInformation Technology University (ITU) of the PunjabFerozepur RoadLahore54600Pakistan
| | - Kashif Riaz
- MicroNano LabElectrical Engineering DepartmentInformation Technology University (ITU) of the PunjabFerozepur RoadLahore54600Pakistan
| | - Yehia Massoud
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955Saudi Arabia
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
- POSCO‐POSTECH‐RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and MetaphotonicsPohang37673Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
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32
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Chan JYE, Ruan Q, Wang H, Wang H, Liu H, Yan Z, Qiu CW, Yang JKW. Full Geometric Control of Hidden Color Information in Diffraction Gratings under Angled White Light Illumination. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8189-8195. [PMID: 36227759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Under white light illumination, gratings produce an angular distribution of wavelengths dependent on the diffraction order and geometric parameters. However, previous studies of gratings are limited to at least one geometric parameter (height, periodicity, orientation, angle of incidence) kept constant. Here, we vary all geometric parameters in the gratings using a versatile nanofabrication technique, two-photon polymerization lithography, to encode hidden color information through two design approaches. The first approach hides color information by decoupling the effects of grating height and periodicity under normal and oblique incidence. The second approach hides multiple sets of color information by arranging gratings in sectors around semicircular pixels. Different images are revealed with negligible crosstalk under oblique incidence and varying sample rotation angles. Our analysis shows that an angular separation of ≥10° between adjacent sectors is required to suppress crosstalk. This work has potential applications in information storage and security watermarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John You En Chan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
| | - Hailong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore138634, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Yan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore138634, Singapore
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Ko B, Badloe T, Yang Y, Park J, Kim J, Jeong H, Jung C, Rho J. Tunable metasurfaces via the humidity responsive swelling of single-step imprinted polyvinyl alcohol nanostructures. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6256. [PMID: 36270995 PMCID: PMC9587293 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of hydrogels in nanophotonics has been restricted due to their low fabrication feasibility and refractive index. Nevertheless, their elasticity and strength are attractive properties for use in flexible, wearable-devices, and their swelling characteristics in response to the relative humidity highlight their potential for use in tunable nanophotonics. We investigate the use of nanostructured polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using a one-step nanoimprinting technique for tunable and erasable optical security metasurfaces with multiplexed structural coloration and metaholography. The resolution of the PVA nanoimprinting reaches sub-100 nm, with aspect ratios approaching 10. In response to changes in the relative humidity, the PVA nanostructures swell by up to ~35.5%, providing precise wavefront manipulation of visible light. Here, we demonstrate various highly-secure multiplexed optical encryption metasurfaces to display, hide, or destroy encrypted information based on the relative humidity both irreversibly and reversibly. PVA is a hydrogel that has attractive swelling properties for use in tunable photonic applications. Here, the authors exploit PVA with nanoimprint lithography to realize multiplexed optical encryption metasurfaces to display, hide, and destroy encrypted information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungsu Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heonyeong Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Metasurface-driven full-space structured light for three-dimensional imaging. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5920. [PMID: 36216802 PMCID: PMC9550774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Structured light (SL)-based depth-sensing technology illuminates the objects with an array of dots, and backscattered light is monitored to extract three-dimensional information. Conventionally, diffractive optical elements have been used to form laser dot array, however, the field-of-view (FOV) and diffraction efficiency are limited due to their micron-scale pixel size. Here, we propose a metasurface-enhanced SL-based depth-sensing platform that scatters high-density ~10 K dot array over the 180° FOV by manipulating light at subwavelength-scale. As a proof-of-concept, we place face masks one on the beam axis and the other 50° apart from axis within distance of 1 m and estimate the depth information using a stereo matching algorithm. Furthermore, we demonstrate the replication of the metasurface using the nanoparticle-embedded-resin (nano-PER) imprinting method which enables high-throughput manufacturing of the metasurfaces on any arbitrary substrates. Such a full-space diffractive metasurface may afford ultra-compact depth perception platform for face recognition and automotive robot vision applications. 3D depth sensing with structured light enables simultaneous imaging of multiple objects, but has limited field of view and low efficiency. Here, the authors demonstrate 3D imaging with scattered light from a metasurface composed of periodic supercells, covering a 180° field of view with a high-density dot array.
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Ma LL, Li CY, Pan JT, Ji YE, Jiang C, Zheng R, Wang ZY, Wang Y, Li BX, Lu YQ. Self-assembled liquid crystal architectures for soft matter photonics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:270. [PMID: 36100592 PMCID: PMC9470592 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled architectures of soft matter have fascinated scientists for centuries due to their unique physical properties originated from controllable orientational and/or positional orders, and diverse optic and photonic applications. If one could know how to design, fabricate, and manipulate these optical microstructures in soft matter systems, such as liquid crystals (LCs), that would open new opportunities in both scientific research and practical applications, such as the interaction between light and soft matter, the intrinsic assembly of the topological patterns, and the multidimensional control of the light (polarization, phase, spatial distribution, propagation direction). Here, we summarize recent progresses in self-assembled optical architectures in typical thermotropic LCs and bio-based lyotropic LCs. After briefly introducing the basic definitions and properties of the materials, we present the manipulation schemes of various LC microstructures, especially the topological and topographic configurations. This work further illustrates external-stimuli-enabled dynamic controllability of self-assembled optical structures of these soft materials, and demonstrates several emerging applications. Lastly, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of these materials towards soft matter photonics, and envision future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Ma
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chao-Yi Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jin-Tao Pan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yue-E Ji
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chang Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ren Zheng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ze-Yu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Bing-Xiang Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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36
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Javed I, Kim J, Naveed MA, Oh DK, Jeon D, Kim I, Zubair M, Massoud Y, Mehmood MQ, Rho J. Broad-Band Polarization-Insensitive Metasurface Holography with a Single-Phase Map. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:36019-36026. [PMID: 35912417 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable potential of metasurface holography promises revolutionary advancements for imaging, chip-integrated augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR) technology, and flat optical displays. The choice of constituent element geometry constrains many potential applications purveyed through polarization-independent optical response. The limited capabilities and degree of freedoms in commonly used meta-atoms restrict the design flexibility to break the conventional trade-off between polarization-insensitivity and bandwidth. Here, we propose a geometric phase-enabled novel design strategy to break this conventional trade-off. The proposed strategy ensures the realization of broad-band polarization-insensitivity through a simplified design procedure. An identical output wavefront manipulation is achieved by adjusting the phase delay freedom of geometric phase engineering under different incident polarization conditions. For proof of concept, a metahologram device is fabricated by an optimized complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible material of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). This metahologram device reproduces the required hologram with high image fidelity and efficiency under different polarization scenarios of white light incidence. Due to the simple design strategy, low computational cost, and easy fabrication, the proposed technique can be an excellent candidate for realizing polarization-insensitive metahologram devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isma Javed
- MicroNano Lab, Electrical Engineering Department, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Ashar Naveed
- MicroNano Lab, Electrical Engineering Department, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Dong Kyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- MicroNano Lab, Electrical Engineering Department, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Yehia Massoud
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano Lab, Electrical Engineering Department, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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37
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Naveed MA, Kim J, Ansari MA, Kim I, Massoud Y, Kim J, Oh DK, Badloe T, Lee J, Kim Y, Jeon D, Choi J, Zubair M, Mehmood MQ, Rho J. Single-Step Fabricable Flexible Metadisplays for Sensitive Chemical/Biomedical Packaging Security and Beyond. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31194-31202. [PMID: 35775833 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secure packaging and transportation of light-sensitive chemical and biomedical test tubes are crucial for environmental protection and public health. Benefiting from the compact form factor and high efficiency of optical metasurfaces, we propose a broad-band polarization-insensitive flexible metasurface for the security of sensitive packages in the transport industry. We employ both the propagation and the geometric phase of novel TiO2 resin-based anisotropic nanoresonators to demonstrate a flexible and broad-band polarization-insensitive metasurface in the visible domain. The ultraviolet nanoimprint lithographic technique (UV-NIL) is used to fabricate high-index TiO2 nanoparticle-embedded-resin (nano-PER) structures that are patterned on a flexible substrate. This novel approach provides swift single-step fabrication without secondary fabrication steps such as deposition and etching. Moreover, replicating and transforming patterns over flexible substrates make the proposed technique highly suitable for large-throughput commercial manufacturing. As the proposed metahologram manifests high transmission efficiency in the visible domain, such flexible metaholographic platforms could find several exciting applications in bendable/curved displays, wearable devices, and holographic labeling for interactive displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashar Naveed
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Afnan Ansari
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yehia Massoud
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaekyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihae Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyun Choi
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Hamilton 3230, New Zealand
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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38
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Kim W, Yoon G, Kim J, Jeong H, Kim Y, Choi H, Badloe T, Rho J, Lee H. Thermally-curable nanocomposite printing for the scalable manufacturing of dielectric metasurfaces. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:73. [PMID: 35800398 PMCID: PMC9253025 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces consisting of artificially designed meta-atoms have been popularized recently due to their advantages of amplitude and phase of light control. However, the electron beam lithography method for metasurface fabrication has high cost and low throughput, which results in a limitation for the fabrication of metasurfaces. In this study, nanocomposite printing technology is used to fabricate high-efficiency metasurfaces with low cost. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed fabrication method, a metahologram is designed and fabricated using a nanocomposite. The metahologram exhibits conversion efficiencies of 48% and 35% at wavelengths of 532 and 635 nm, respectively. The nanocomposite is composed of polymers with nanoparticles, so durability tests are also performed to evaluate the effects of temperature and humidity on the metasurfaces. The test verifies that at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the base resin, the nanostructures do not collapse, so the efficiency of the metasurfaces remains almost the same. The surrounding humidity does not affect the nanostructures at all. Hence, the durability of the nanocomposite metasurfaces can be further enhanced by replacing the base resin, and this nanocomposite printing method will facilitate practical metasurface use at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjoong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Gwanho Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Manufacturing Systems and Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Heonyeong Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
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Tittl A. Tunable structural colors on display. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:155. [PMID: 35614063 PMCID: PMC9133000 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Structural coloration takes inspiration from the bright hues found in nature to control the reflection and transmission of light from artificially structured materials. Combining them with active electrical tuning heralds breakthrough applications in optical displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tittl
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, 80539, München, Germany.
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