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Flint JP, Welstead M, Cox SR, Russ TC, Marshall A, Luciano M. Validation of a polygenic risk score for frailty in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 and English longitudinal study of ageing. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12586. [PMID: 38822050 PMCID: PMC11143351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Frailty is a complex trait. Twin studies and high-powered Genome Wide Association Studies conducted in the UK Biobank have demonstrated a strong genetic basis of frailty. The present study utilized summary statistics from a Genome Wide Association Study on the Frailty Index to create and test the predictive power of frailty polygenic risk scores (PRS) in two independent samples - the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) aged 67-84 years. Multiple regression models were built to test the predictive power of frailty PRS at five time points. Frailty PRS significantly predicted frailty, measured via the FI, at all-time points in LBC1936 and ELSA, explaining 2.1% (β = 0.15, 95%CI, 0.085-0.21) and 1.8% (β = 0.14, 95%CI, 0.10-0.17) of the variance, respectively, at age ~ 68/ ~ 70 years (p < 0.001). This work demonstrates that frailty PRS can predict frailty in two independent cohorts, particularly at early ages (~ 68/ ~ 70). PRS have the potential to be valuable instruments for identifying those at risk for frailty and could be important for controlling for genetic confounders in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Flint
- Advanced Care Research Centre, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - M Welstead
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T C Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Marshall
- Advanced Care Research Centre, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Luciano
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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2
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Park J, Lee E, Cho G, Hwang H, Kim BG, Kim G, Joo YY, Cha J. Gene-environment pathways to cognitive intelligence and psychotic-like experiences in children. eLife 2024; 12:RP88117. [PMID: 38441539 PMCID: PMC10942586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In children, psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are related to risk of psychosis, schizophrenia, and other mental disorders. Maladaptive cognitive functioning, influenced by genetic and environmental factors, is hypothesized to mediate the relationship between these factors and childhood PLEs. Using large-scale longitudinal data, we tested the relationships of genetic and environmental factors (such as familial and neighborhood environment) with cognitive intelligence and their relationships with current and future PLEs in children. We leveraged large-scale multimodal data of 6,602 children from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. Linear mixed model and a novel structural equation modeling (SEM) method that allows estimation of both components and factors were used to estimate the joint effects of cognitive phenotypes polygenic scores (PGSs), familial and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), and supportive environment on NIH Toolbox cognitive intelligence and PLEs. We adjusted for ethnicity (genetically defined), schizophrenia PGS, and additionally unobserved confounders (using computational confound modeling). Our findings indicate that lower cognitive intelligence and higher PLEs are significantly associated with lower PGSs for cognitive phenotypes, lower familial SES, lower neighborhood SES, and less supportive environments. Specifically, cognitive intelligence mediates the effects of these factors on PLEs, with supportive parenting and positive school environments showing the strongest impact on reducing PLEs. This study underscores the influence of genetic and environmental factors on PLEs through their effects on cognitive intelligence. Our findings have policy implications in that improving school and family environments and promoting local economic development may enhance cognitive and mental health in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghoon Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, College of Engineering, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Gyeongcheol Cho
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Heungsun Hwang
- Department of Psychology, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Bo-Gyeom Kim
- Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Gakyung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yoonjung Yoonie Joo
- Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Samsung Medical CenterSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jiook Cha
- Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, College of Engineering, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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Angelopoulou E, Koros C, Hatzimanolis A, Stefanis L, Scarmeas N, Papageorgiou SG. Exploring the Genetic Landscape of Mild Behavioral Impairment as an Early Marker of Cognitive Decline: An Updated Review Focusing on Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2645. [PMID: 38473892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical features and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) in dementia have been extensively studied. However, the genetic architecture and underlying neurobiological mechanisms of NPSs at preclinical stages of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain largely unknown. Mild behavioral impairment (MBI) represents an at-risk state for incident cognitive impairment and is defined by the emergence of persistent NPSs among non-demented individuals in later life. These NPSs include affective dysregulation, decreased motivation, impulse dyscontrol, abnormal perception and thought content, and social inappropriateness. Accumulating evidence has recently begun to shed more light on the genetic background of MBI, focusing on its potential association with genetic factors related to AD. The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and the MS4A locus have been associated with affective dysregulation, ZCWPW1 with social inappropriateness and psychosis, BIN1 and EPHA1 with psychosis, and NME8 with apathy. The association between MBI and polygenic risk scores (PRSs) in terms of AD dementia has been also explored. Potential implicated mechanisms include neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, epigenetic modifications, oxidative stress responses, proteosomal impairment, and abnormal immune responses. In this review, we summarize and critically discuss the available evidence on the genetic background of MBI with an emphasis on AD, aiming to gain insights into the potential underlying neurobiological mechanisms, which till now remain largely unexplored. In addition, we propose future areas of research in this emerging field, with the aim to better understand the molecular pathophysiology of MBI and its genetic links with cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Angelopoulou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Koros
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Hatzimanolis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aiginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sokratis G Papageorgiou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
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Zhang R, Liu S, Mousavi SM. Cognitive Dysfunction and Exercise: From Epigenetic to Genetic Molecular Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03970-7. [PMID: 38286967 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining good health is crucial, and exercise plays a vital role in achieving this goal. It offers a range of positive benefits for cognitive function, regardless of age. However, as our population ages and life expectancy increases, cognitive impairment has become a prevalent issue, often coexisting with age-related neurodegenerative conditions. This can result in devastating consequences such as memory loss, difficulty speaking, and confusion, greatly hindering one's ability to lead an ordinary life. In addition, the decrease in mental capacity has a significant effect on an individual's physical and emotional well-being, greatly reducing their overall level of contentment and causing a significant financial burden for communities. While most current approaches aim to slow the decline of cognition, exercise offers a non-pharmacological, safe, and accessible solution. Its effects on cognition are intricate and involve changes in the brain's neural plasticity, mitochondrial stability, and energy metabolism. Moreover, exercise triggers the release of cytokines, playing a significant role in the body-brain connection and its impact on cognition. Additionally, exercise can influence gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms, leading to lasting improvements in brain function and behavior. Herein, we summarized various genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that can be modulated by exercise in cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhong Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Luliang University, Lishi, 033000, Shanxi, China.
| | - Shangwu Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Luliang University, Lishi, 033000, Shanxi, China
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Huang J, Yu Y, Li H, Wei Y, Sun M. Effect of dietary protein intake on cognitive function in the elderly with chronic kidney disease: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2294147. [PMID: 38097960 PMCID: PMC10732213 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2294147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is prevalent among the elderly diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Low protein diets are used for retarding the progression of CKD in clinical practice. Nonetheless, the impact of dietary protein consumption on cognitive function in this population remains uncertain. METHODS We recruited 2306 participants (≥60 years) from 2011 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). 24-h dietary recall questionnaire was utilized to evaluate protein intake. Cognitive function was measured using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD), Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Participants' characteristics were analyzed, and the interaction between protein consumption and CKD on cognitive impairment were analyzed using a logistic regression model. RESULTS We divided participants into three groups based on CKD stages: no CKD, CKD stage G1 to G2 (19%), and CKD stage G3 to G5 (18%). The average protein intake was 0.97 g/(kg·d). In the higher protein intake group, CKD stages G1 to G2 elevated the risk of immediate memory impairment (OR: 2.441, 95% Cl: 1.161-5.132 for protein consumption in 1.0-1.2g/(kg·d); OR: 2.225, 95% Cl: 1.015-4.876 for protein consumption in >1.2 g/(kg·d)). However, no similar resuts were observed in the lower protein intake group. In addition, the interaction between CKD status and protein intake on immediate memory was statistically significant (p = .041). CONCLUSION A higher probability of cognitive impairment in the elderly with early-stage CKD may be linked to higher protein intake. Low protein diets may be a potential strategy to release cognitive impairment in the elderly with early-stage CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingda Huang
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yu
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yihui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mindan Sun
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Turrini S, Wong B, Eldaief M, Press DZ, Sinclair DA, Koch G, Avenanti A, Santarnecchi E. The multifactorial nature of healthy brain ageing: Brain changes, functional decline and protective factors. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 88:101939. [PMID: 37116664 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
As the global population faces a progressive shift towards a higher median age, understanding the mechanisms underlying healthy brain ageing has become of paramount importance for the preservation of cognitive abilities. The first part of the present review aims to provide a comprehensive look at the anatomical changes the healthy brain endures with advanced age, while also summarizing up to date findings on modifiable risk factors to support a healthy ageing process. Subsequently, we describe the typical cognitive profile displayed by healthy older adults, conceptualizing the well-established age-related decline as an impairment of four main cognitive factors and relating them to their neural substrate previously described; different cognitive trajectories displayed by typical Alzheimer's Disease patients and successful agers with a high cognitive reserve are discussed. Finally, potential effective interventions and protective strategies to promote cognitive reserve and defer cognitive decline are reviewed and proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Turrini
- Precision Neuroscience & Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Campus di Cesena, Cesena, Italy
| | - Bonnie Wong
- Neuropsychology Program, Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA , USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Eldaief
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Z Press
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Sinclair
- Blavatnik Institute, Department of Genetics, Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of ageing Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Stroke Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Campus di Cesena, Cesena, Italy; Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Precision Neuroscience & Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ajnakina O, Murray R, Steptoe A, Cadar D. The long-term effects of a polygenetic predisposition to general cognition on healthy cognitive ageing: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Psychol Med 2023; 53:2852-2860. [PMID: 35139938 PMCID: PMC10235650 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721004827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an accelerated cognitive decline frequently heralds onset of severe neuropathological disorders, understanding the source of individual differences in withstanding the onslaught of cognitive ageing may highlight how best cognitive abilities may be retained into advanced age. METHODS Using a population representative sample of 5088 adults aged •50 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, we investigated relationships of polygenic predisposition to general cognition with a rate of change in cognition during a 10-year follow-up period. Polygenic predisposition was measured with polygenic scores for general cognition (GC-PGS). Cognition was measured employing tests for verbal memory and semantic fluency. RESULTS The average baseline memory score was 11.1 (s.d. = 2.9) and executive function score was 21.5 (s.d. = 5.8). An increase in GC-PGS by one standard deviation (1-s.d.) was associated with a higher baseline verbal memory by an average 0.27 points (95% CI 0.19-0.34, p < 0.001). Similarly, 1-s.d. increase in GC-PGS was associated with a higher semantic fluency score at baseline in the entire sample (β = 0.45, 95% CI 0.27-0.64, p < 0.001). These associations were significant for women and men, and all age groups. Nonetheless, 1-s.d. increase in GC-PGS was not associated with decreases in verbal memory nor semantic fluency during follow-up in the entire sample, as well stratified models by sex and age. CONCLUSION Although common genetic variants associated with general cognition additively are associated with a stable surplus to cognition in adults, a polygenic predisposition to general cognition is not associated with age-related cognitive decline during a 10-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Ajnakina
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Robin Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Dorina Cadar
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
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Flint JP, Welstead M, Cox SR, Russ TC, Marshall A, Luciano M. Validation of a polygenic risk score for Frailty in the Lothian Birth Cohort and English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.03.23288064. [PMID: 37066324 PMCID: PMC10104224 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.23288064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Frailty is a complex trait. Twin studies and a high-powered Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) conducted in the UK Biobank have demonstrated a strong genetic basis of frailty. The present study utilized summary statistics from this GWAS to create and test the predictive power of frailty polygenic risk scores (PRS) in two independent samples - the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) aged 67-84 years. Multiple regression models were built to test the predictive power of frailty PRS at five time points. Frailty PRS significantly predicted frailty at all-time points in LBC1936 and ELSA, explaining 2.1% (β = 0.15, 95%CI, 0.085-0.21) and 1.6% (β = 0.14, 95%CI, 0.10-0.17) of the variance, respectively, at age ~68/~70 years (p < 0.001). This work demonstrates that frailty PRS can predict frailty in two independent cohorts, particularly at early ages (~68/~70). PRS have the potential to be valuable instruments for identifying those at risk for frailty and could be important for controlling for genetic confounders in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Flint
- Advanced Care Research Centre School of Engineering, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Welstead
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T C Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Marshall
- Advanced Care Research Centre School of Engineering, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Luciano
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Tsapanou A, Mourtzi N, Gu Y, Habeck C, Belsky D, Stern Y. Polygenic indices for cognition in healthy aging; the role of brain measures. NEUROIMAGE: REPORTS 2023; 3. [PMID: 36969093 PMCID: PMC10038095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified large numbers of genetic variants associated with cognition. However, little is known about how these genetic discoveries impact cognitive aging. Methods We conducted polygenic-index (PGI) analysis of cognitive performance in n = 168 European-ancestry adults aged 20-80. We computed PGIs based on GWAS of cognitive performance in young/middle-aged and older adults. We tested associations of the PGI with cognitive performance, as measured through neuropsychological evaluation. We explored whether these associations were accounted for by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of brain-aging phenotypes: total gray matter volume (GM), cortical thickness (CT), and white matter hyperintensities burden (WMH). Results Participants with higher PGI values performed better on cognitive tests (B = 0.627, SE = 0.196, p = 0.002) (age, sex, and principal components as covariates). Associations remained significant with inclusion of covariates for MRI measures of brain aging; B = 0.439, SE: 0.198, p = 0.028). PGI associations were stronger in young and middle-aged (age<65) as compared to older adults. For further validation, linear regression for Cog PGI and cognition in the fully adjusted model and adding the interaction between age group and Cog PGI, showed significant results (B = 0.892, SE: 0.325, p = 0.007) driven by young and middle-aged adults (B = -0.403, SE: 0.193, p = 0.039). In ancillary analysis, the Cognitive PGI was not associated with any of the brain measures. Conclusions Genetics discovered in GWAS of cognition are associated with cognitive performance in healthy adults across age, but most strongly in young and middle-aged adults. Associations were not explained by brain-structural markers of brain aging. Genetics uncovered in GWAS of cognitive performance may contribute to individual differences established relatively early in life and may not reflect genetic mechanisms of cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Tsapanou
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - N. Mourtzi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Y. Gu
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - C. Habeck
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D. Belsky
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
- Robert N Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Y. Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Corresponding author. Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. (Y. Stern)
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Supiyev A, Karlsson R, Wang Y, Koch E, Hägg S, Kauppi K. Independent role of Alzheimer's disease genetics and C-reactive protein on cognitive ability in aging. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 126:103-112. [PMID: 36965205 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, the strongest genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), has been associated with cognitive decline independent from AD pathology, but the role for other LOAD risk genes in normal cognitive aging is less studied. We examined the effect of APOE ε4 and several different polygenic risk scores (PRS) for LOAD on cognitive level and decline in aging, using longitudinal data from the UK Biobank. While PRS-LOAD including all variants (except APOE) predicted cognitive level, APOE ε4 and PRS-LOAD based on 17 non-APOE gene variants with strong association to AD (p < 5e-8) predicted age-related decline in verbal numeric reasoning. The effect on decline were partly driven by 4 variants involved in the immune system. Those variants also predicted serum levels of the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP), but CRP did not mediate the effect on decline. Those findings suggest genetic variations in immune functions play a role in aspects of cognitive aging that may be independent of LOAD pathology as well as systemic inflammation measured by CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Supiyev
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yunzhang Wang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Elise Koch
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå Universitet, Biologihuset, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Karolina Kauppi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå Universitet, Biologihuset, Umeå, Sweden
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The APOE locus is linked to decline in general cognitive function: 20-years follow-up in the Doetinchem Cohort Study. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:496. [PMID: 36446774 PMCID: PMC9708640 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is part of the normal aging process. However, some people experience a more rapid decline than others due to environmental and genetic factors. Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been linked to cognitive function, but only a few to cognitive decline. To understand whether cognitive function and cognitive decline are driven by the same mechanisms, we investigated whether 433 SNPs previously linked to cognitive function and 2 SNPs previously linked to cognitive decline are associated with both general cognitive functioning at baseline and general cognitive decline up to 20-years follow-up in the Doetinchem Cohort Study (DCS). The DCS is a longitudinal population-based study that enrolled men and women aged 20-59 years between 1987-1991, with follow-up examinations every 5 years. We used data of rounds 2-6 (1993-2017, n = 2559). General cognitive function was assessed using four cognition tests measuring memory, speed, fluency and flexibility. With these test scores, standardized residuals (adjusted for sex, age and examination round) were calculated for each cognition test at each round and subsequently combined into one general cognitive function measure using principal component analyses. None of the 435 previously identified variants were associated with baseline general cognitive function in the DCS. But rs429358-C, a coding apolipoprotein E (APOE) SNP and one of the variants previously associated with cognitive decline, was associated with general cognitive decline in our study as well (p-value = 1 × 10-5, Beta = -0.013). These findings suggest that decline of general cognitive function is influenced by other mechanisms than those that are involved in the regulation of general cognitive function.
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12
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McCartney DL, Hillary RF, Conole ELS, Banos DT, Gadd DA, Walker RM, Nangle C, Flaig R, Campbell A, Murray AD, Maniega SM, Valdés-Hernández MDC, Harris MA, Bastin ME, Wardlaw JM, Harris SE, Porteous DJ, Tucker-Drob EM, McIntosh AM, Evans KL, Deary IJ, Cox SR, Robinson MR, Marioni RE. Blood-based epigenome-wide analyses of cognitive abilities. Genome Biol 2022; 23:26. [PMID: 35039062 PMCID: PMC8762878 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-based markers of cognitive functioning might provide an accessible way to track neurodegeneration years prior to clinical manifestation of cognitive impairment and dementia. RESULTS Using blood-based epigenome-wide analyses of general cognitive function, we show that individual differences in DNA methylation (DNAm) explain 35.0% of the variance in general cognitive function (g). A DNAm predictor explains ~4% of the variance, independently of a polygenic score, in two external cohorts. It also associates with circulating levels of neurology- and inflammation-related proteins, global brain imaging metrics, and regional cortical volumes. CONCLUSIONS As sample sizes increase, the ability to assess cognitive function from DNAm data may be informative in settings where cognitive testing is unreliable or unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. McCartney
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Robert F. Hillary
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Eleanor L. S. Conole
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Daniel Trejo Banos
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biomedical Informatics, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Danni A. Gadd
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Rosie M. Walker
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Cliff Nangle
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Robin Flaig
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Alison D. Murray
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - María del C. Valdés-Hernández
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Mathew A. Harris
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Mark E. Bastin
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Sarah E. Harris
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - David J. Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Elliot M. Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX USA
- Population Research Center and Center on Aging and Population Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX USA
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathryn L. Evans
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Simon R. Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | | | - Riccardo E. Marioni
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
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13
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Voits T, Robson H, Rothman J, Pliatsikas C. The effects of bilingualism on hippocampal volume in ageing bilinguals. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:979-994. [PMID: 34985602 PMCID: PMC8930894 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Long-term management of more than one language has been argued to contribute to changes in brain and cognition. This has been particularly well documented in older age, where bilingualism has been linked to protective effects against neurocognitive decline. Since memory difficulties are key aspects of this decline, herein we examine potential effects of bilingualism on the hippocampus, a brain structure related to memory that is particularly vulnerable to cognitive ageing. Hippocampal volume has been shown to increase as a result of second language learning and use in younger adults. However, it is unknown if this is maintained throughout the lifespan. We examine hippocampal volume and episodic memory performance in a participant sample consisting of healthy older individuals with a wide range of experiences in exposure and using a second language. Results reveal greater hippocampal volume calibrated to degree of quantified dual language use. Our results mirror those of immersive active bilingualism in younger populations, suggesting that long-term active bilingualism leads to neuroprotective effects in the hippocampus. We discuss this in the context of literature proposing bilingualism-induced brain reserve in the older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toms Voits
- Department of Language and Culture, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Holly Robson
- Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, Chandler House, 2 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PF, UK
| | - Jason Rothman
- Department of Language and Culture, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019, Tromsø, Norway.,Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición, Universidad Nebrija, Calle de Sta. Cruz de Marcenado, 27, 28015, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christos Pliatsikas
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición, Universidad Nebrija, Calle de Sta. Cruz de Marcenado, 27, 28015, Madrid, Spain.,School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Harry Pitt Building, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK
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14
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Sex-specific effects of polygenic risk for schizophrenia on lifespan cognitive functioning in healthy individuals. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:520. [PMID: 34635642 PMCID: PMC8505489 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygenic risk for schizophrenia has been associated with lower cognitive ability and age-related cognitive change in healthy individuals. Despite well-established neuropsychological sex differences in schizophrenia patients, genetic studies on sex differences in schizophrenia in relation to cognitive phenotypes are scarce. Here, we investigated whether the effect of a polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia on childhood, midlife, and late-life cognitive function in healthy individuals is modified by sex, and if PRS is linked to accelerated cognitive decline. Using a longitudinal data set from healthy individuals aged 25-100 years (N = 1459) spanning a 25-year period, we found that PRS was associated with lower cognitive ability (episodic memory, semantic memory, visuospatial ability), but not with accelerated cognitive decline. A significant interaction effect between sex and PRS was seen on cognitive task performance, and sex-stratified analyses showed that the effect of PRS was male-specific. In a sub-sample, we observed a male-specific effect of the PRS on school performance at age 12 (N = 496). Our findings of sex-specific effects of schizophrenia genetics on cognitive functioning across the lifespan indicate that the effects of underlying disease genetics on cognitive functioning is dependent on biological processes that differ between the sexes.
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15
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Yan X, Liu K, Sun X, Qin S, Wu M, Qin L, Wang Y, Li Z, Zhong X, Wei X. A cross-sectional study of blood selenium concentration and cognitive function in elderly Americans: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014. Ann Hum Biol 2021; 47:610-619. [PMID: 33050724 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1836253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive decline can develop into mild cognitive impairment, a high-risk factor in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. The antioxidant micronutrient selenium may have some effect on preventing cognitive decline, but the association between whole blood selenium concentration and cognitive function remains controversial. AIM To investigate the association between whole blood selenium concentration and cognitive function score in elderly Americans. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Data was obtained from the national health and nutrition survey between 2011 and 2014. A general linear model was used to adjust for possible risk factors to analyse the association between blood selenium concentration and cognitive function. RESULTS 2068 participants were included in our study, and the average blood selenium concentration was high at 195.08 μg/L. The risk of lower cognitive scores was higher in people with lower blood selenium concentration (p < 0.05). The lower cognition may also be associated with one or more of the following characteristics: older, male, had a low poverty-income ratio, low education level, and consumed less alcohol. Related conditions such as stroke, diabetes and high blood pressure may also affect cognitive scores. CONCLUSIONS Higher blood selenium is associated with higher cognitive scores in elderly Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Yan
- Guangdong women and children hospital, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kailiang Liu
- Guangdong women and children hospital, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhong Sun
- Guangdong women and children hospital, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Qin
- Guangdong women and children hospital, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wu
- Guangdong women and children hospital, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Qin
- Guangdong women and children hospital, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Guangdong women and children hospital, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongyi Li
- Guangdong women and children hospital, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Xiangcai Wei
- Guangdong women and children hospital, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Cerebral small vessel disease burden and longitudinal cognitive decline from age 73 to 82: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:376. [PMID: 34226517 PMCID: PMC8257729 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Slowed processing speed is considered a hallmark feature of cognitive decline in cerebral small vessel disease (SVD); however, it is unclear whether SVD's association with slowed processing might be due to its association with overall declining general cognitive ability. We quantified the total MRI-visible SVD burden of 540 members of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (age: 72.6 ± 0.7 years; 47% female). Using latent growth curve modelling, we tested associations between total SVD burden at mean age 73 and changes in general cognitive ability, processing speed, verbal memory and visuospatial ability, measured at age 73, 76, 79 and 82. Covariates included age, sex, vascular risk and childhood cognitive ability. In the fully adjusted models, greater SVD burden was associated with greater declines in general cognitive ability (standardised β: -0.201; 95% CI: [-0.36, -0.04]; pFDR = 0.022) and processing speed (-0.222; [-0.40, -0.04]; pFDR = 0.022). SVD burden accounted for between 4 and 5% of variance in declines of general cognitive ability and processing speed. After accounting for the covariance between tests of processing speed and general cognitive ability, only SVD's association with greater decline in general cognitive ability remained significant, prior to FDR correction (-0.222; [-0.39, -0.06]; p = 0.008; pFDR = 0.085). Our findings do not support the notion that SVD has a specific association with declining processing speed, independent of decline in general cognitive ability (which captures the variance shared across domains of cognitive ability). The association between SVD burden and declining general cognitive ability supports the notion of SVD as a diffuse, whole-brain disease and suggests that trials monitoring SVD-related cognitive changes should consider domain-specific changes in the context of overall, general cognitive decline.
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17
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Mentis AFA, Dardiotis E, Chrousos GP. Apolipoprotein E4 and meningeal lymphatics in Alzheimer disease: a conceptual framework. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1075-1097. [PMID: 32355332 PMCID: PMC7985019 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential existence and roles of the meningeal lymphatic system in normal and pathological brain function have been a long-standing enigma. Recent evidence suggests that meningeal lymphatic vessels are present in both the mouse and human brain; in mice, they seem to play a role in clearing toxic amyloid-beta peptides, which have been connected with Alzheimer disease (AD). Here, we review the evidence linking the meningeal lymphatic system with human AD. Novel findings suggest that the recently described meningeal lymphatic vessels could be linked to, and possibly drain, the efferent paravascular glial lymphatic (glymphatic) system carrying cerebrospinal fluid, after solute and immune cell exchange with brain interstitial fluid. In so doing, the glymphatic system could contribute to the export of toxic solutes and immune cells from the brain (an exported fluid we wish to describe as glymph, similarly to lymph) to the meningeal lymphatic system; the latter, by being connected with downstream anatomic regions, carries the glymph to the conventional cervical lymphatic vessels and nodes. Thus, abnormal function in the meningeal lymphatic system could, in theory, lead to the accumulation, in the brain, of amyloid-beta, cellular debris, and inflammatory mediators, as well as immune cells, resulting in damage of the brain parenchyma and, in turn, cognitive and other neurologic dysfunctions. In addition, we provide novel insights into APOE4-the leading genetic risk factor for AD-and its relation to the meningeal lymphatic system. In this regard, we have reanalyzed previously published RNA-Seq data to show that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying the APOE4 allele (either as APOE4 knock-in or stemming from APOE4 patients) express lower levels of (a) genes associated with lymphatic markers, and (b) genes for which well-characterized missense mutations have been linked to peripheral lymphedema. Taking into account this evidence, we propose a new conceptual framework, according to which APOE4 could play a novel role in the premature shrinkage of meningeal lymphatic vessels (meningeal lymphosclerosis), leading to abnormal meningeal lymphatic functions (meningeal lymphedema), and, in turn, reduction in the clearance of amyloid-beta and other macromolecules and inflammatory mediators, as well as immune cells, from the brain, exacerbation of AD manifestations, and progression of the disease. Altogether, these findings and their potential interpretations may herald novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios-Fotios A Mentis
- Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vas. Sofias Avenue 127, 115 21, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Thessaly, Panepistimiou 3, Viopolis, 41 500, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University of Thessaly, Panepistimiou 3, Viopolis, 41 500, Larissa, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Livadias 8, 115 27, Athens, Greece
- UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, Athens, Greece
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18
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Abstract
SUMMARY
As we age, there are characteristic changes in our thinking, reasoning and memory skills (referred to as cognitive ageing). However, variation between people in the timing and degree of change experienced suggests that a range of factors determine individual cognitive ageing trajectories. This narrative review considers some of the lifestyle factors that might promote (or harm) cognitive health. The focus on lifestyle factors is because these are potentially modifiable by individuals or may be the targets of behavioural or societal interventions. To support that, the review briefly considers people's beliefs and attitudes about cognitive ageing; the nature and timing of cognitive changes across the lifespan; and the genetic contributions to cognitive ability level and change. In introducing potentially modifiable determinants, a framing that draws evidence derived from epidemiological studies of dementia is provided, before an overview of lifestyle and behavioural predictors of cognitive health, including education and occupation, diet and activity.
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19
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Creese B, Arathimos R, Brooker H, Aarsland D, Corbett A, Lewis C, Ballard C, Ismail Z. Genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease, cognition, and mild behavioral impairment in healthy older adults. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 13:e12164. [PMID: 33748395 PMCID: PMC7968121 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropsychiatric syndrome mild behavioral impairment (MBI) describes an at-risk state for dementia and may be a useful screening tool for sample enrichment. We hypothesized that stratifying a cognitively normal sample on MBI status would enhance the association between genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognition. METHODS Data from 4458 participants over age 50 without dementia was analyzed. A cognitive composite score was constructed and the MBI Checklist was used to stratify those with MBI and those without. Polygenic scores for AD were generated using summary statistics from the IGAP study. RESULTS AD genetic risk was associated with worse cognition in the MBI group but not in the no MBI group (MBI: β = -0.09, 95% confidence interval: -0.13 to -0.03, P = 0.002, R2 = 0.003). The strongest association was in those with more severe MBI aged ≥65. CONCLUSIONS MBI is an important feature of aging; screening on MBI may be a useful sample enrichment strategy for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Creese
- Medical SchoolCollege of Medicine and HealthUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Ryan Arathimos
- King's College LondonSocial Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceLondonUK
| | - Helen Brooker
- Medical SchoolCollege of Medicine and HealthUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Centre for Age‐Related MedicineStavanger University HospitalStavangerNorway
| | - Anne Corbett
- Medical SchoolCollege of Medicine and HealthUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Cathryn Lewis
- King's College LondonSocial Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceLondonUK
| | - Clive Ballard
- Medical SchoolCollege of Medicine and HealthUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Zahinoor Ismail
- Medical SchoolCollege of Medicine and HealthUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- Departments of Psychiatry, Clinical Neurosciences, and Community Health SciencesHotchkiss Brain Institute and O'Brien Institute for PublicHealthUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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20
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Cox SR, Harris MA, Ritchie SJ, Buchanan CR, Valdés Hernández MC, Corley J, Taylor AM, Madole JW, Harris SE, Whalley HC, McIntosh AM, Russ TC, Bastin ME, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ, Tucker-Drob EM. Three major dimensions of human brain cortical ageing in relation to cognitive decline across the eighth decade of life. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2651-2662. [PMID: 33398085 PMCID: PMC8254824 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Different brain regions can be grouped together, based on cross-sectional correlations among their cortical characteristics; this patterning has been used to make inferences about ageing processes. However, cross-sectional brain data conflate information on ageing with patterns that are present throughout life. We characterised brain cortical ageing across the eighth decade of life in a longitudinal ageing cohort, at ages ~73, ~76, and ~79 years, with a total of 1376 MRI scans. Volumetric changes among cortical regions of interest (ROIs) were more strongly correlated (average r = 0.805, SD = 0.252) than were cross-sectional volumes of the same ROIs (average r = 0.350, SD = 0.178). We identified a broad, cortex-wide, dimension of atrophy that explained 66% of the variance in longitudinal changes across the cortex. Our modelling also discovered more specific fronto-temporal and occipito-parietal dimensions that were orthogonal to the general factor and together explained an additional 20% of the variance. The general factor was associated with declines in general cognitive ability (r = 0.431, p < 0.001) and in the domains of visuospatial ability (r = 0.415, p = 0.002), processing speed (r = 0.383, p < 0.001) and memory (r = 0.372, p < 0.001). Individual differences in brain cortical atrophy with ageing are manifest across three broad dimensions of the cerebral cortex, the most general of which is linked with cognitive declines across domains. Longitudinal approaches are invaluable for distinguishing lifelong patterns of brain-behaviour associations from patterns that are specific to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Cox
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M. A. Harris
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S. J. Ritchie
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - C. R. Buchanan
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M. C. Valdés Hernández
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J. Corley
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A. M. Taylor
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J. W. Madole
- grid.55460.320000000121548364Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX USA
| | - S. E. Harris
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H. C. Whalley
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A. M. McIntosh
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T. C. Russ
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M. E. Bastin
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J. M. Wardlaw
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - I. J. Deary
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E. M. Tucker-Drob
- grid.55460.320000000121548364Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX USA
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21
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Schizophrenia polygenic risk predicts general cognitive deficit but not cognitive decline in healthy older adults. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:422. [PMID: 33293510 PMCID: PMC7722936 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a long argument over whether schizophrenia is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with progressive cognitive impairment. Given high heritability of schizophrenia, ascertaning if genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia is also associated with cognitive decline in healthy people would support the view that schizophrenia leads to an accelerated cognitive decline. Using the population representative sample of 6817 adults aged >50 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, we investigated associations between the biennial rate of decline in cognitive ability and the schizophrenia polygenic score (SZ-PGS) during the 10-year follow-up period. SZ-PGS was calculated based on summary statistics from the Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Cognition was measured sequentially across four time points using verbal memory and semantic fluency tests. The average baseline verbal memory was 10.4 (SD = 3.4) and semantic fluency was 20.7 (SD = 6.3). One standard deviation (1-SD) increase in SZ-PGS was associated with lower baseline semantic fluency (β = -0.25, 95%CI = -0.40 to -0.10, p = 0.002); this association was significant in men (β = -0.36, 95%CI = -0.59 to -0.12, p = 0.003) and in those who were aged 60-69 years old (β = -0.32, 95%CI = -0.58 to -0.05, p = 0.019). Similarly, 1-SD increase in SZ-PGS was associated with lower verbal memory score at baseline in men only (β = -0.12, 95%CI = -0.23 to -0.01, p = 0.040). However, SZ-PGS was not associated with a greater rate of decline in these cognitive domains during the 10-year follow-up. Our findings highlight that while genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia conveys developmental cognitive deficit, it is not associated with an ongoing cognitive decline, at least in later life. These results do not support the neo-Kraepelinian notion of schizophrenia as a genetically determined progressively deteriorating brain disease.
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Martínez-Cué C, Rueda N. Signalling Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease Neurodegeneration in Individuals with and without Down Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6906. [PMID: 32962300 PMCID: PMC7555886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), the most common cause of intellectual disability of genetic origin, is characterized by alterations in central nervous system morphology and function that appear from early prenatal stages. However, by the fourth decade of life, all individuals with DS develop neuropathology identical to that found in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the development of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles due to hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, loss of neurons and synapses, reduced neurogenesis, enhanced oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. It has been proposed that DS could be a useful model for studying the etiopathology of AD and to search for therapeutic targets. There is increasing evidence that the neuropathological events associated with AD are interrelated and that many of them not only are implicated in the onset of this pathology but are also a consequence of other alterations. Thus, a feedback mechanism exists between them. In this review, we summarize the signalling pathways implicated in each of the main neuropathological aspects of AD in individuals with and without DS as well as the interrelation of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain;
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23
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Thomas MSC, Ojinaga Alfageme O, D'Souza H, Patkee PA, Rutherford MA, Mok KY, Hardy J, Karmiloff-Smith A. A multi-level developmental approach to exploring individual differences in Down syndrome: genes, brain, behaviour, and environment. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 104:103638. [PMID: 32653761 PMCID: PMC7438975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we focus on the causes of individual differences in Down syndrome (DS), exemplifying the multi-level, multi-method, lifespan developmental approach advocated by Karmiloff-Smith (1998, 2009, 2012, 2016). We evaluate the possibility of linking variations in infant and child development with variations in the (elevated) risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in adults with DS. We review the theoretical basis for this argument, considering genetics, epigenetics, brain, behaviour and environment. In studies 1 and 2, we focus on variation in language development. We utilise data from the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI; Fenson et al., 2007), and Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) receptive and productive language subscales (Mullen, 1995) from 84 infants and children with DS (mean age 2;3, range 0;7 to 5;3). As expected, there was developmental delay in both receptive and expressive vocabulary and wide individual differences. Study 1 examined the influence of an environmental measure (socio-economic status as measured by parental occupation) on the observed variability. SES did not predict a reliable amount of the variation. Study 2 examined the predictive power of a specific genetic measure (apolipoprotein APOE genotype) which modulates risk for AD in adulthood. There was no reliable effect of APOE genotype, though weak evidence that development was faster for the genotype conferring greater AD risk (ε4 carriers), consistent with recent observations in infant attention (D'Souza, Mason et al., 2020). Study 3 considered the concerted effect of the DS genotype on early brain development. We describe new magnetic resonance imaging methods for measuring prenatal and neonatal brain structure in DS (e.g., volumes of supratentorial brain, cortex, cerebellar volume; Patkee et al., 2019). We establish the methodological viability of linking differences in early brain structure to measures of infant cognitive development, measured by the MSEL, as a potential early marker of clinical relevance. Five case studies are presented as proof of concept, but these are as yet too few to discern a pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S C Thomas
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom.
| | - Olatz Ojinaga Alfageme
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom; Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas's Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Hana D'Souza
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology & Newnham College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9DF, United Kingdom
| | - Prachi A Patkee
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas's Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Mary A Rutherford
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas's Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kin Y Mok
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Karmiloff-Smith
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
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24
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Kauppi K, Rönnlund M, Nordin Adolfsson A, Pudas S, Adolfsson R. Effects of polygenic risk for Alzheimer's disease on rate of cognitive decline in normal aging. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:250. [PMID: 32709845 PMCID: PMC7381667 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most people's cognitive abilities decline with age, with significant and partly genetically driven, individual differences in rate of change. Although APOE ɛ4 and genetic scores for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) have been related to cognitive decline during preclinical stages of dementia, there is limited knowledge concerning genetic factors implied in normal cognitive aging. In the present study, we examined three potential genetic predictors of age-related cognitive decline as follows: (1) the APOE ɛ4 allele, (2) a polygenic score for general cognitive ability (PGS-cog), and (3) a polygenic risk score for late-onset AD (PRS-LOAD). We examined up to six time points of cognitive measurements in the longitudinal population-based Betula study, covering a 25-year follow-up period. Only participants that remained alive and non-demented until the most recent dementia screening (1-3 years after the last test occasion) were included (n = 1087). Individual differences in rate of cognitive change (composite score) were predicted by the PRS-LOAD and APOE ɛ4, but not by PGS-cog. To control for the possibility that the results reflected a preclinical state of Alzheimer's disease in some participants, we re-ran the analyses excluding cognitive data from the last test occasion to model cognitive change up-until a minimum of 6 years before potential onset of clinical Alzheimers. Strikingly, the association of PRS-LOAD, but not APOE ɛ4, with cognitive change remained. The results indicate that PRS-LOAD predicts individual difference in rate of cognitive decline in normal aging, but it remains to be determined to what extent this reflects preclinical Alzheimer's disease brain pathophysiology and subsequent risk to develop the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kauppi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biologi, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Michael Rönnlund
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Sara Pudas
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Integrative Medical Biologi, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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25
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Ajnakina O, Cadar D, Steptoe A. Interplay between Socioeconomic Markers and Polygenic Predisposition on Timing of Dementia Diagnosis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2020; 68:1529-1536. [PMID: 32187654 PMCID: PMC7363562 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identifying the interplay between socioeconomic markers (education and financial resources) and polygenetic predisposition influencing the time of dementia and the diagnosis of clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia is of central relevance for preventive strategies. DESIGN Prospective cohort design. SETTING The English Longitudinal Study of Aging is a household survey data set of a representative sample. PARTICIPANTS A total of 7,039 individuals aged 50 years and older participated in the study. Of these, 320 (4.6%) were diagnosed with dementia over the 10-year follow-up. MEASUREMENTS Polygenic score (PGS) for Alzheimer's disease (AD-PGS) was calculated using summary statistics from the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project. An accelerated failure time survival model was used to investigate interactions between AD-PGS and socioeconomic markers on the timing of dementia and clinical AD dementia diagnosis. RESULTS A one standard deviation increase in AD-PGS was associated with an accelerated time to dementia diagnosis by 4.8 months. The presence of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE-ε4) was associated with an earlier dementia onset by approximately 24.9 months, whereas intermediate and low levels of wealth were associated with an accelerated time to dementia diagnosis by 12.0 months and 18.7 months, respectively. A multiplicative interaction between AD-PGS and years of completed schooling in decelerating the time to clinical AD dementia by 3.0 months suggests educational attainment may serve as a protective mechanism against AD diagnosis among older people with a higher polygenic risk. Interaction between AD-PGS and lower wealth accelerated the time to clinical AD dementia diagnosis by 21.1 to 24.1 months. CONCLUSION Socioeconomic markers influence the time to dementia and clinical AD dementia diagnosis, particularly in those with a higher polygenic predisposition. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1529-1536, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Ajnakina
- Department of Behavioural Science and HealthInstitute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Biostatistics & Health InformaticsInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kingʼs College LondonLondonUK
| | - Dorina Cadar
- Department of Behavioural Science and HealthInstitute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and HealthInstitute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College LondonLondonUK
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26
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Stenling A, Sörman DE, Lindwall M, Hansson P, Körning Ljungberg J, Machado L. Physical activity and cognitive function: between-person and within-person associations and moderators. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2020; 28:392-417. [PMID: 32564660 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2020.1779646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we decomposed between- and within-person effects and examined moderators of the longitudinal physical activity-cognition association. Participants (N = 1722) were drawn from the Betula study and we included four waves of data across 15 years. Bayesian multilevel modeling showed that self-reported physical activity did not predict changes in cognitive function. Physical activity positively predicted cognitive performance at baseline, and the relations were stronger for more active (compared to less active) older adults. Physical activity had a positive within-person effect on cognitive function. The within-person effect of physical activity on episodic memory recall was stronger for participants who on average engaged in less physical activity. The within-person effect on verbal fluency was stronger for participants with more education. Our results suggest that preserving cognitive functioning in old age might be more a matter of what you do in old age than reflecting what you did earlier in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stenling
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Eriksson Sörman
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Human Work Science, Luleå University of Technology , Luleå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindwall
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg, Sweden.,Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Hansson
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jessica Körning Ljungberg
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Human Work Science, Luleå University of Technology , Luleå, Sweden
| | - Liana Machado
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand , Auckland, New Zealand
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27
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Abstract
The past two centuries have witnessed an unprecedented rise in human life expectancy. Sustaining longer lives with reduced periods of disability will require an understanding of the underlying mechanisms of ageing, and genetics is a powerful tool for identifying these mechanisms. Large-scale genome-wide association studies have recently identified many loci that influence key human ageing traits, including lifespan. Multi-trait loci have been linked with several age-related diseases, suggesting shared ageing influences. Mutations that drive accelerated ageing in prototypical progeria syndromes in humans point to an important role for genome maintenance and stability. Together, these different strands of genetic research are highlighting pathways for the discovery of anti-ageing interventions that may be applicable in humans.
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review recent progress in uncovering the complex genetic architecture of cognition, arising primarily from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We explore the genetic correlations between cognitive performance and neuropsychiatric disorders, the genetic and environmental factors associated with age-related cognitive decline, and speculate about the future role of genomics in the understanding of cognitive processes. RECENT FINDINGS Improvements in genomic methods, and the increasing availability of large datasets via consortia cooperation, have led to a greater understanding of the role played by common and rare variants in the genomics of cognition, the highly polygenic basis of cognitive function and dysfunction, and the multiple biological processes involved. Recent research has aided in our understanding of the complex biological nature of genomics of cognition. Further development of data banks and techniques to analyze this data hold significant promise for understanding cognitive ability, and for treating cognitively related disability.
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29
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Tucker-Drob EM. Cognitive Aging and Dementia: A Life Span Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 1:177-196. [PMID: 34046638 PMCID: PMC8153102 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes empirical findings and theoretical concepts in cognitive aging and late-life dementia research. Major emphases are placed on (1) person-to-person heterogeneity in trajectories of cognitive change over time, (2) how trajectories of child cognitive development determine peak levels of adult cognitive function from which aging-related cognitive declines occur, and (3) how lifelong trajectories of cognitive function relate to the timing of severe cognitive impairments characteristic of dementia. I consider conceptual issues surrounding categorical vs. dimensional models of late-life dementia, and how current diagnostic approaches affect inferences in the empirical study of disease progression. The incomplete current understanding of the biological foundations of aging-related cognitive declines and the continuous nature of many biomarkers commonly used in dementia diagnosis and classification together pose both opportunities and challenges in the current research landscape. Research moving forward will benefit from accurately measuring and analyzing continuous variation in longitudinal trajectories of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot M Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
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30
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Newbury DF, Gibson JL, Conti-Ramsden G, Pickles A, Durkin K, Toseeb U. Using Polygenic Profiles to Predict Variation in Language and Psychosocial Outcomes in Early and Middle Childhood. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2019; 62:3381-3396. [PMID: 31425657 PMCID: PMC6808346 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-l-19-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Children with poor language tend to have worse psychosocial outcomes compared to their typically developing peers. The most common explanations for such adversities focus on developmental psychological processes whereby poor language triggers psychosocial difficulties. Here, we investigate the possibility of shared biological effects by considering whether the same genetic variants, which are thought to influence language development, are also predictors of elevated psychosocial difficulties during childhood. Method Using data from the U.K.-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we created a number of multi-single-nucleotide polymorphism polygenic profile scores, based on language and reading candidate genes (ATP2C2, CMIP, CNTNAP2, DCDC2, FOXP2, and KIAA0319, 1,229 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) in a sample of 5,435 children. Results A polygenic profile score for expressive language (8 years) that was created in a discovery sample (n = 2,718) predicted not only expressive language (8 years) but also peer problems (11 years) in a replication sample (n = 2,717). Conclusions These findings provide a proof of concept for the use of such a polygenic approach in child language research when larger data sets become available. Our indicative findings suggest consideration should be given to concurrent intervention targeting both linguistic and psychosocial development as early language interventions may not stave off later psychosocial difficulties in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne F. Newbury
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Headington Campus, Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny L. Gibson
- Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew Pickles
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Durkin
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom
| | - Umar Toseeb
- Department of Education, Derwent College, University of York, United Kingdom
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31
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Ding X, Barban N, Tropf FC, Mills MC. The relationship between cognitive decline and a genetic predictor of educational attainment. Soc Sci Med 2019; 239:112549. [PMID: 31546143 PMCID: PMC6873779 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors both make substantial contributions to the heterogeneity in individuals’ levels of cognitive ability. Many studies have examined the relationship between educational attainment and cognitive performance and its rate of change. Yet there remains a gap in knowledge regarding whether the effect of genetic predictors on individual differences in cognition becomes more or less prominent over the life course. In this analysis of over 5000 older adults from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in the U.S., we measured the change in performance on global cognition, episodic memory, attention & concentration, and mental status over 14 years. Growth curve models are used to evaluate the association between a polygenic risk score for education (education PGS) and cognitive change. Using the most recent education PGS, we find that individuals with higher scores perform better across all measures of cognition in later life. Education PGS is associated with a faster decline in episodic memory in old age. The relationships are robust even after controlling for phenotypic educational attainment, and are unlikely to be driven by mortality bias. Future research should consider genetic effects when examining non-genetic factors in cognitive decline. Our findings represent a need to understand the mechanisms between genetic endowment of educational attainment and cognitive decline from a biological angle. Older adults with higher scores perform better across all measures of cognition. The relationship is robust after controlling for phenotypic educational attainment. The genetic effect on episodic memory diminishes with age. Future research should consider genetic effects when examining cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Ding
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, UK; Nuffield College, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Nicola Barban
- Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), University of Essex, UK
| | - Felix C Tropf
- Center for Research in economics an Statistics (CREST), École Nationale de la Statistique et de L'administration Économique (ENSAE), France
| | - Melinda C Mills
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, UK; Nuffield College, University of Oxford, UK; Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, University of Oxford, UK
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32
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Richards M, James SN, Sizer A, Sharma N, Rawle M, Davis DHJ, Kuh D. Identifying the lifetime cognitive and socioeconomic antecedents of cognitive state: seven decades of follow-up in a British birth cohort study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024404. [PMID: 31023749 PMCID: PMC6502022 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The life course determinants of midlife and later life cognitive function have been studied using longitudinal population-based cohort data, but far less is known about whether the pattern of these pathways is similar or distinct for clinically relevant cognitive state. We investigated this for Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination third edition (ACE-III), used in clinical settings to screen for cognitive impairment and dementia. DESIGN Longitudinal birth cohort study. SETTING Residential addresses in England, Wales and Scotland. PARTICIPANTS 1762 community-dwelling men and women of European heritage, enrolled since birth in the Medical Research Council (MRC) National Survey of Health and Development (the British 1946 birth cohort). PRIMARY OUTCOME ACE-III. RESULTS Path modelling estimated direct and indirect associations between apolipoprotein E (APOE) status, father's social class, childhood cognition, education, midlife occupational complexity, midlife verbal ability (National Adult Reading Test; NART), and the total ACE-III score. Controlling for sex, there was a direct negative association between APOE ε4 and the ACE-III score (β=-0.04 [-0.08 to -0.002], p=0.04), but not between APOE ε4 and childhood cognition (β=0.03 [-0.006 to 0.069], p=0.10) or the NART (β=0.0005 [-0.03 to 0.03], p=0.97). The strongest influences on the ACE-III were from childhood cognition (β=0.20 [0.14 to 0.26], p<0.001) and the NART (β=0.35 [0.29 to 0.41], p<0.001); educational attainment and occupational complexity were modestly and independently associated with the ACE-III (β=0.08 [0.03 to 0.14], p=0.002 and β=0.05 [0.01 to 0.10], p=0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The ACE-III in the general population shows a pattern of life course antecedents that is similar to neuropsychological measures of cognitive function, and may be used to represent normal cognitive ageing as well as a screen for cognitive impairment and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Alison Sizer
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, UCL, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark Rawle
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, UCL, London, UK
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