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Aversa T, De Sanctis L, Faienza MF, Gambineri A, Balducci A, D'Aprile R, Di Somma C, Giavoli C, Grossi A, Meriggiola MC, Profka E, Salerno M, Stagi S, Scarano E, Zatelli MC, Wasniewska M. Transition from pediatric to adult care in patients with Turner syndrome in Italy: a consensus statement by the TRAMITI project. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:1585-1598. [PMID: 38376731 PMCID: PMC11196323 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transition from pediatric to adult care is associated with significant challenges in patients with Turner syndrome (TS). The objective of the TRansition Age Management In Turner syndrome in Italy (TRAMITI) project was to improve the care provided to patients with TS by harnessing the knowledge and expertise of various Italian centers through a Delphi-like consensus process. METHODS A panel of 15 physicians and 1 psychologist discussed 4 key domains: transition and referral, sexual and bone health and oncological risks, social and psychological aspects and systemic and metabolic disorders. RESULTS A total of 41 consensus statements were drafted. The transition from pediatric to adult care is a critical period for patients with TS, necessitating tailored approaches and early disclosure of the diagnosis to promote self-reliance and healthcare autonomy. Fertility preservation and bone health strategies are recommended to mitigate long-term complications, and psychiatric evaluations are recommended to address the increased prevalence of anxiety and depression. The consensus also addresses the heightened risk of metabolic, cardiovascular and autoimmune disorders in patients with TS; regular screenings and interventions are advised to manage these conditions effectively. In addition, cardiac abnormalities, including aortic dissections, require regular monitoring and early surgical intervention if certain criteria are met. CONCLUSIONS The TRAMITI consensus statement provides valuable insights and evidence-based recommendations to guide healthcare practitioners in delivering comprehensive and patient-centered care for patients with TS. By addressing the complex medical and psychosocial aspects of the condition, this consensus aims to enhance TS management and improve the overall well-being and long-term outcomes of these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Aversa
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Pediatric Unit, University Hospital "G. Martino", Via Consolare Valeria N. 1, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - L De Sanctis
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Regina Margherita Children Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M F Faienza
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - A Gambineri
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Balducci
- Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Department of Cardio - Thoracic and Vascular Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - R D'Aprile
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- A.Fa.D.O.C. Association OdV, Vicenza, Italy
| | - C Di Somma
- Unit of Endocrinology, AOU Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - C Giavoli
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - A Grossi
- Endocrine Pathology of Chronic and Post-Tumor Diseases Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Pediatric Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - M C Meriggiola
- Division of Gynecology and Physiopathology of Reproduction, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Profka
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - M Salerno
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - S Stagi
- Health Sciences Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - E Scarano
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M C Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology, Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Wasniewska
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
- Pediatric Unit, University Hospital "G. Martino", Via Consolare Valeria N. 1, 98124, Messina, Italy.
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2
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Jiang Z, Sullivan PF, Li T, Zhao B, Wang X, Luo T, Huang S, Guan PY, Chen J, Yang Y, Stein JL, Li Y, Liu D, Sun L, Zhu H. The pivotal role of the X-chromosome in the genetic architecture of the human brain. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2023.08.30.23294848. [PMID: 37693466 PMCID: PMC10491353 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.23294848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Genes on the X-chromosome are extensively expressed in the human brain. However, little is known for the X-chromosome's impact on the brain anatomy, microstructure, and functional network. We examined 1,045 complex brain imaging traits from 38,529 participants in the UK Biobank. We unveiled potential autosome-X-chromosome interactions, while proposing an atlas outlining dosage compensation (DC) for brain imaging traits. Through extensive association studies, we identified 72 genome-wide significant trait-locus pairs (including 29 new associations) that share genetic architectures with brain-related disorders, notably schizophrenia. Furthermore, we discovered unique sex-specific associations and assessed variations in genetic effects between sexes. Our research offers critical insights into the X-chromosome's role in the human brain, underscoring its contribution to the differences observed in brain structure and functionality between sexes.
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3
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Sakaguchi K, Tawata S. Giftedness and atypical sexual differentiation: enhanced perceptual functioning through estrogen deficiency instead of androgen excess. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1343759. [PMID: 38752176 PMCID: PMC11094242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1343759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Syndromic autism spectrum conditions (ASC), such as Klinefelter syndrome, also manifest hypogonadism. Compared to the popular Extreme Male Brain theory, the Enhanced Perceptual Functioning model explains the connection between ASC, savant traits, and giftedness more seamlessly, and their co-emergence with atypical sexual differentiation. Overexcitability of primary sensory inputs generates a relative enhancement of local to global processing of stimuli, hindering the abstraction of communication signals, in contrast to the extraordinary local information processing skills in some individuals. Weaker inhibitory function through gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and the atypicality of synapse formation lead to this difference, and the formation of unique neural circuits that process external information. Additionally, deficiency in monitoring inner sensory information leads to alexithymia (inability to distinguish one's own emotions), which can be caused by hypoactivity of estrogen and oxytocin in the interoceptive neural circuits, comprising the anterior insular and cingulate gyri. These areas are also part of the Salience Network, which switches between the Central Executive Network for external tasks and the Default Mode Network for self-referential mind wandering. Exploring the possibility that estrogen deficiency since early development interrupts GABA shift, causing sensory processing atypicality, it helps to evaluate the co-occurrence of ASC with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, and schizophrenia based on phenotypic and physiological bases. It also provides clues for understanding the common underpinnings of these neurodevelopmental disorders and gifted populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikue Sakaguchi
- Research Department, National Institution for Academic Degrees and Quality Enhancement of Higher Education (NIAD-QE), Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Tawata
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Martsenkovskyi D, Shevlin M, Ben-Ezra M, Bondjers K, Fox R, Karatzias T, Martsenkovska I, Martsenkovsky I, Pfeiffer E, Sachser C, Vallières F, Hyland P. Mental health in Ukraine in 2023. Eur Psychiatry 2024; 67:e27. [PMID: 38533632 PMCID: PMC10988158 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very little is known about the mental health of the adult population of Ukraine following Russia's full-scale invasion in February 2022. In this study, we estimated the prevalence of seven mental health disorders, the proportion of adults screening positive for any disorder, and the sociodemographic factors associated with meeting requirements for each and any disorder. METHODS A non-probability quota sample (N = 2,050) of adults living in Ukraine in September 2023 was collected online. Participants completed self-report questionnaires of the seven mental health disorders. Logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of the different disorders. RESULTS Prevalence estimates ranged from 1.5% (cannabis use disorder) to 15.2% (generalized anxiety disorder), and 36.3% screened positive for any of the seven disorders. Females were significantly more likely than males (39.0% vs. 33.8%) to screen positive for any disorder. Disruption to life due to Russia's 2014 invasion of Ukraine, greater financial worries, and having fewer positive childhood experiences were consistent risk factors for different mental health disorders and for any or multiple disorders. CONCLUSION Our findings show that approximately one in three adults living in Ukraine report problems consistent with meeting diagnostic requirements for a mental health disorder 18 months after Russia's full-scale invasion. Ukraine's mental healthcare system has been severely compromised by the loss of infrastructure and human capital due to the war. These findings may help to identify those most vulnerable so that limited resources can be used most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Martsenkovskyi
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
- SI Institute of Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatric Examination and Drug Monitoring of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mark Shevlin
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Derry, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Kristina Bondjers
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert Fox
- School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thanos Karatzias
- School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland
| | - Inna Martsenkovska
- SI Institute of Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatric Examination and Drug Monitoring of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Igor Martsenkovsky
- SI Institute of Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatric Examination and Drug Monitoring of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Elisa Pfeiffer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cedric Sachser
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frédérique Vallières
- Trinity Centre for Global Health, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip Hyland
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland
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5
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Vosberg DE. Sex and Gender in Population Neuroscience. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38509404 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2024_468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
To understand psychiatric and neurological disorders and the structural and functional properties of the human brain, it is essential to consider the roles of sex and gender. In this chapter, I first define sex and gender and describe studies of sex differences in non-human animals. In humans, I describe the sex differences in behavioral and clinical phenotypes and neuroimaging-derived phenotypes, including whole-brain measures, regional subcortical and cortical measures, and structural and functional connectivity. Although structural whole-brain sex differences are large, regional effects (adjusting for whole-brain volumes) are typically much smaller and often fail to replicate. Nevertheless, while an individual neuroimaging feature may have a small effect size, aggregating them in a "maleness/femaleness" score or machine learning multivariate paradigm may prove to be predictive and informative of sex- and gender-related traits. Finally, I conclude by summarizing emerging investigations of gender norms and gender identity and provide methodological recommendations to incorporate sex and gender in population neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Vosberg
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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6
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Wang S, Wang B, Drury V, Drake S, Sun N, Alkhairo H, Arbelaez J, Duhn C, Bal VH, Langley K, Martin J, Hoekstra PJ, Dietrich A, Xing J, Heiman GA, Tischfield JA, Fernandez TV, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Thapar A, State MW, Willsey AJ. Rare X-linked variants carry predominantly male risk in autism, Tourette syndrome, and ADHD. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8077. [PMID: 38057346 PMCID: PMC10700338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Tourette syndrome (TS), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display strong male sex bias, due to a combination of genetic and biological factors, as well as selective ascertainment. While the hemizygous nature of chromosome X (Chr X) in males has long been postulated as a key point of "male vulnerability", rare genetic variation on this chromosome has not been systematically characterized in large-scale whole exome sequencing studies of "idiopathic" ASD, TS, and ADHD. Here, we take advantage of informative recombinations in simplex ASD families to pinpoint risk-enriched regions on Chr X, within which rare maternally-inherited damaging variants carry substantial risk in males with ASD. We then apply a modified transmission disequilibrium test to 13,052 ASD probands and identify a novel high confidence ASD risk gene at exome-wide significance (MAGEC3). Finally, we observe that rare damaging variants within these risk regions carry similar effect sizes in males with TS or ADHD, further clarifying genetic mechanisms underlying male vulnerability in multiple neurodevelopmental disorders that can be exploited for systematic gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Belinda Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Vanessa Drury
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sam Drake
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Nawei Sun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hasan Alkhairo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Juan Arbelaez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Clif Duhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Vanessa H Bal
- Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kate Langley
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Joanna Martin
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Accare Child Study Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Accare Child Study Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Gary A Heiman
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jay A Tischfield
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas V Fernandez
- Yale Child Study Center and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Anita Thapar
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Matthew W State
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - A Jeremy Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Moysés-Oliveira M, Favilla BP, Melaragno MI, Tufik S. X-Chromosome Dependent Differences in the Neuronal Molecular Signatures and Their Implications in Sleep Patterns. Sleep Med Clin 2023; 18:521-531. [PMID: 38501524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Biological factors and mechanisms that drive sex differences observed in sleep disturbances are understudied and poorly understood. The extent to which sex chromosome constitution impacts on sex differences in circadian patterns is still a knowledge void in the sleep medicine field. Here we focus on the neurological consequences of X-chromosome functional imbalances between males and females and how this molecular inequality might affect sex divergencies on sleep. In light of the X-chromosome inactivation mechanism in females and its implications in gene regulation, we describe sleep-related neuronal circuits and brain regions impacted by sex-biased modulations of the transcriptome and the epigenome. Benefited from recent large-scale genetic studies on the interplay between X-chromosome and brain function, we list clinically relevant genes that might play a role in sex differences in neuronal pathways. Those molecular signatures are put into the context of sleep and sleep-associated neurological phenotypes, aiming to identify biological mechanisms that link X-chromosome gene regulation to sex-biased human traits. These findings are a significant step forward in understanding how X-linked genes manifest in sleep-associated transcriptional networks and point to future research opportunities to address female-specific clinical manifestations and therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Moysés-Oliveira
- Sleep Institute, Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa, Rua Marselhea, 500, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Pereira Favilla
- Genetics Division, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Melaragno
- Genetics Division, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Sleep Institute, Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa, Rua Marselhea, 500, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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8
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Bouw N, Swaab H, Tartaglia N, Wilson RL, Van der Velde K, van Rijn S. Early symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in 1-8 year old children with sex chromosome trisomies (XXX, XXY, XYY), and the predictive value of joint attention. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:2323-2334. [PMID: 36107256 PMCID: PMC10576671 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to investigate the impact of Sex Chromosome Trisomy (SCT; XXX, XXY, XYY) on the early appearance of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) symptoms, and the predictive value of Joint Attention for symptoms of ASD. SCTs are specific genetic conditions that may serve as naturalistic 'at risk' models of neurodevelopment, as they are associated with increased risk for neurobehavioral vulnerabilities. A group of 82 children with SCT (aged 1-8 years) was included at baseline of this longitudinal study. Joint Attention was measured at baseline with structured behavior observations according to the Early Social Communication Scales. ASD symptoms were assessed with the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers questionnaire and Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised in a 1-year follow-up. Recruitment and assessment took place in the Netherlands and in the United States. The results demonstrate that ASD symptoms were substantially higher in children with SCT compared to the general population, with 22% of our cohort at clinical risk for ASD, especially in the domain of social interaction and communication. Second, a predictive value of Joint Attention was found for ASD symptoms at 1-year follow-up. In this cohort, no differences were found between karyotype-subtypes. In conclusion, from a very early age, SCT can be associated with an increased risk for vulnerabilities in adaptive social functioning. These findings show a neurodevelopmental impact of the extra X or Y chromosome on social adaptive development associated with risk for ASD already from early childhood onward. These findings advocate for close monitoring and early (preventive) support, aimed to optimize social development of young children with SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Bouw
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, PO Box 9500, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Swaab
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, PO Box 9500, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Tartaglia
- Developmental Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca L Wilson
- Developmental Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Sophie van Rijn
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, PO Box 9500, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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9
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Serrano ME, Kim E, Siow B, Ma D, Rojo L, Simmons C, Hayward D, Gibbins D, Singh N, Strydom A, Fisher EM, Tybulewicz VL, Cash D. Investigating brain alterations in the Dp1Tyb mouse model of Down syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 188:106336. [PMID: 38317803 PMCID: PMC7615598 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common birth defects and the most prevalent genetic form of intellectual disability. DS arises from trisomy of chromosome 21, but its molecular and pathological consequences are not fully understood. In this study, we compared Dp1Tyb mice, a DS model, against their wild-type (WT) littermates of both sexes to investigate the impact of DS-related genetic abnormalities on the brain phenotype. We performed in vivo whole brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and hippocampal 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) on the animals at 3 months of age. Subsequently, ex vivo MRI scans and histological analyses were conducted post-mortem. Our findings unveiled the following neuroanatomical and biochemical alterations in the Dp1Tyb brains: a smaller surface area and a rounder shape compared to WT brains, with DS males also presenting smaller global brain volume compared with the counterpart WT. Regional volumetric analysis revealed significant changes in 26 out of 72 examined brain regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus. These alterations were consistently observed in both in vivo and ex vivo imaging data. Additionally, high-resolution ex vivo imaging enabled us to investigate cerebellar layers and hippocampal sub-regions, revealing selective areas of decrease and remodelling in these structures. An analysis of hippocampal metabolites revealed an elevation in glutamine and the glutamine/glutamate ratio in the Dp1Tyb mice compared to controls, suggesting a possible imbalance in the excitation/inhibition ratio. This was accompanied by the decreased levels of taurine. Histological analysis revealed fewer neurons in the hippocampal CA3 and DG layers, along with an increase in astrocytes and microglia. These findings recapitulate multiple neuroanatomical and biochemical features associated with DS, enriching our understanding of the potential connection between chromosome 21 trisomy and the resultant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Serrano
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Kim
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Siow
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Da Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Loreto Rojo
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andre Strydom
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth M.C. Fisher
- UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Diana Cash
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Bobotis BC, Braniff O, Gargus M, Akinluyi ET, Awogbindin IO, Tremblay MÈ. Sex differences of microglia in the healthy brain from embryonic development to adulthood and across lifestyle influences. Brain Res Bull 2023; 202:110752. [PMID: 37652267 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the central nervous system innate immune cells, play a critical role in maintaining a homeostatic environment in the brain throughout life. These cells exhibit an impressive range of functions and characteristics that help to ensure proper functioning of the brain. Notably, microglia can present differences in their genetic and physical traits, which can be influenced by a range of factors, including age, environmental exposures, disease, and sex. Remarkably, microglia have been found to express receptors for sex hormones, suggesting that these hormones may play a role in modulating microglial behavior and potentially contribute to sex differences. Additionally, sex-chromosomal factors were shown to impact microglial genetics and functioning. In this review, we will examine how microglial responses in homeostasis are impacted by their interaction with sex hormones and sex chromosomes. Specifically, our investigation will focus on examining this interaction from embryonic development to adulthood, and the influence of lifestyle elements on various microglial features, including density and distribution, morphology, transcriptome, and proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Braniff
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Makenna Gargus
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Toyin Akinluyi
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoluwa Oluleke Awogbindin
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Neuroimmunology Group, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Neurosciences Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Dhamala E, Rong Ooi LQ, Chen J, Ricard JA, Berkeley E, Chopra S, Qu Y, Zhang XH, Lawhead C, Yeo BTT, Holmes AJ. Brain-Based Predictions of Psychiatric Illness-Linked Behaviors Across the Sexes. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:479-491. [PMID: 37031778 PMCID: PMC10524434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual differences in functional brain connectivity can be used to predict both the presence of psychiatric illness and variability in associated behaviors. However, despite evidence for sex differences in functional network connectivity and in the prevalence, presentation, and trajectory of psychiatric illnesses, the extent to which disorder-relevant aspects of network connectivity are shared or unique across the sexes remains to be determined. METHODS In this work, we used predictive modeling approaches to evaluate whether shared or unique functional connectivity correlates underlie the expression of psychiatric illness-linked behaviors in males and females in data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 5260; 2571 females). RESULTS We demonstrate that functional connectivity profiles predict individual differences in externalizing behaviors in males and females but predict internalizing behaviors only in females. Furthermore, models trained to predict externalizing behaviors in males generalize to predict internalizing behaviors in females, and models trained to predict internalizing behaviors in females generalize to predict externalizing behaviors in males. Finally, the neurobiological correlates of many behaviors are largely shared within and across sexes: functional connections within and between heteromodal association networks, including default, limbic, control, and dorsal attention networks, are associated with internalizing and externalizing behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that shared neurobiological patterns may manifest as distinct behaviors across the sexes. Based on these results, we recommend that both clinicians and researchers carefully consider how sex may influence the presentation of psychiatric illnesses, especially those along the internalizing-externalizing spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvisha Dhamala
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Leon Qi Rong Ooi
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition and Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianzhong Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jocelyn A Ricard
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Sidhant Chopra
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yueyue Qu
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xi-Han Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Connor Lawhead
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - B T Thomas Yeo
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition and Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.
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12
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DuMont M, Agostinis A, Singh K, Swan E, Buttle Y, Tropea D. Sex representation in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders' preclinical and clinical studies. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106214. [PMID: 37385457 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies show the importance of biological sex for the onset, progression, and response to treatment in brain disorders. In line with these reports, health agencies have requested that all trials, both at the clinical and preclinical level, use a similar number of male and female subjects to correctly interpret the results. Despite these guidelines, many studies still tend to be unbalanced in the use of male and female subjects. In this review we consider three neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and three psychiatric disorders: Depression, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Schizophrenia. These disorders were chosen because of their prevalence and their recognized sex-specific differences in onset, progression, and response to treatment. Alzheimer's disease and Depression demonstrate higher prevalence in females, whereas Parkinson's Disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and schizophrenia show higher prevalence in males. Results from preclinical and clinical studies examining each of these disorders revealed sex-specific differences in risk factors, diagnostic biomarkers, and treatment response and efficacy, suggesting a role for sex-specific therapies in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the qualitative analysis of the percentage of males and females enrolled in clinical trials in the last two decades shows that for most of the disorders, there is still a sex bias in the patients' enrolment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke DuMont
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kiran Singh
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Evan Swan
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yvonne Buttle
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela Tropea
- Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Lloyd Building, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland; FutureNeuro, the SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases.
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13
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Schaffer L, Rau S, Clasen L, Warling A, Whitman ET, Nadig A, McDermott C, Xenophontos A, Wilson K, Blumenthal J, Torres E, Raznahan A. X- vs. Y-Chromosome Influences on Human Behavior: A Deep Phenotypic Comparison of Psychopathology in XXY and XYY Syndromes. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.06.19.23291614. [PMID: 37502878 PMCID: PMC10371113 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.19.23291614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Do different genetic disorders impart different psychiatric risk profiles? This question has major implications for biological and translational aspects of psychiatry, but has been difficult to tackle given limited access to shared batteries of fine-grained clinical data across genetic disorders. Using a new suite of generalizable analytic approaches, we examine gold-standard diagnostic ratings, scores on 66 dimensional measures of psychopathology, and measures of cognition and functioning in two different sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) - Klinefelter (XXY/KS) and XYY syndrome (n=102 and 64 vs. n=74 and 60 matched XY controls, total n=300). We focus on SCAs for their high collective prevalence, informativeness regarding differential X- vs. Y-chromosome effects, and potential relevance for normative sex differences. We show that XXY/KS elevates rates for most psychiatric diagnoses as previously reported for XYY, but disproportionately so for anxiety disorders. Fine-mapping across all 66 traits provides a detailed profile of psychopathology in XXY/KS which is strongly correlated with that of XYY (r=.75 across traits) and robust to ascertainment biases, but reveals: (i) a greater penetrance of XYY than KS/XXY for most traits except mood/anxiety problems, and (ii) a disproportionate impact of XYY vs. XXY/KS on social problems. XXY/KS and XXY showed a similar coupling of psychopathology with adaptive function and caregiver strain, but not IQ. This work provides new tools for deep-phenotypic comparisons of genetic disorders in psychiatry and uses these to detail unique and shared effects of the X- and Y-chromosome on human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schaffer
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Srishti Rau
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders and Division of Neuropsychology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Liv Clasen
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allysa Warling
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ethan T. Whitman
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ajay Nadig
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cassidy McDermott
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anastasia Xenophontos
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen Wilson
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Blumenthal
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erin Torres
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Jiang J, Fu Y, Tang A, Gao X, Zhang D, Shen Y, Mou T, Hu S, Gao J, Lai J. Sex difference in prebiotics on gut and blood-brain barrier dysfunction underlying stress-induced anxiety and depression. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29 Suppl 1:115-128. [PMID: 36650644 PMCID: PMC10314104 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the previous studies have demonstrated the potential antidepressive and anxiolytic role of prebiotic supplement in male subjects, yet few have females enrolled. Herein, we explored whether prebiotics administration during chronic stress prevented depression-like and anxiety-like behavior in a sex-specific manner and the mechanism of behavioral differences caused by sex. METHODS Female and male C57 BL/J mice on normal diet were supplemented with or without a combination of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) during 3- and 4-week chronic restraint stress (CRS) treatment, respectively. C57 BL/J mice on normal diet without CRS were used as controls. Behavior consequences, gut microbiota, dysfunction of gut and brain-blood barriers, and inflammatory profiles were measured. RESULTS In the 3rd week, FOS + GOS administration attenuated stress-induced anxiety-like behavior in female, but not in male mice, and the anxiolytic effects in males were observed until the 4th week. However, protective effects of prebiotics on CRS-induced depression were not observed. Changes in the gene expression of tight junction proteins in the distal colon and hippocampus, and decreased number of colon goblet cells following CRS were restored by prebiotics only in females. In both female and male mice, prebiotics alleviated stress-induced BBB dysfunction and elevation in pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, and modulated gut microbiota caused by stress. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that anxiety-like behaviors were significantly correlated with levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and gene expression of tight junction proteins in the hippocampus of female mice, and the abundance of specific gut microbes was also correlated with anxiety-like behaviors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and gene expression of tight junction proteins in the hippocampus of female mice. CONCLUSION Female mice were more vulnerable to stress and prebiotics than males. The gut microbiota, gut and blood-brain barrier, and inflammatory response may mediate the protective effects of prebiotics on anxiety-like behaviors in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine)HangzhouChina
| | - Yaoyang Fu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Anying Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xingle Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Danhua Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Yuting Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Tingting Mou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Shaohua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental HealthHangzhouChina
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain‐machine IntegrationZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jingfang Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine)HangzhouChina
- The First College of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianbo Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental HealthHangzhouChina
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain‐machine IntegrationZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
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15
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Khramtsova EA, Wilson MA, Martin J, Winham SJ, He KY, Davis LK, Stranger BE. Quality control and analytic best practices for testing genetic models of sex differences in large populations. Cell 2023; 186:2044-2061. [PMID: 37172561 PMCID: PMC10266536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic sex-based differences exist for many complex traits. In other cases, phenotypes may be similar, but underlying biology may vary. Thus, sex-aware genetic analyses are becoming increasingly important for understanding the mechanisms driving these differences. To this end, we provide a guide outlining the current best practices for testing various models of sex-dependent genetic effects in complex traits and disease conditions, noting that this is an evolving field. Insights from sex-aware analyses will not only teach us about the biology of complex traits but also aid in achieving the goals of precision medicine and health equity for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Khramtsova
- Population Analytics and Insights, Data Science Analytics & Insights, Janssen R&D, Lower Gwynedd Township, PA, USA.
| | - Melissa A Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
| | - Joanna Martin
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stacey J Winham
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Computational Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karen Y He
- Population Analytics and Insights, Data Science Analytics & Insights, Janssen R&D, Lower Gwynedd Township, PA, USA
| | - Lea K Davis
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Barbara E Stranger
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Sex Differences in the Expression of Neuroimmune Molecules in the Spinal Cord of a Mouse Model of Antiretroviral-Induced Neuropathic Pain. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030875. [PMID: 36979854 PMCID: PMC10045154 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), drugs used to treat HIV infection, can cause neuropathic pain (NP) and neuroinflammation. An NRTI, 2′-3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC), was reported to induce mechanical allodynia and increase proinflammatory cytokines in the brains of female mice. In some models of NP, microglia activation is important for NP pathophysiology in male mice, while T cells are important in female mice. Age-matched female and male mice (BALB/c strain) treated intraperitoneally once daily with ddC for 5 days developed mechanical allodynia. Treatment with ddC increased Cd11b, H2-Aa, Cd3e, Mapk1, Il1b, Tnf, and Il10 mRNA levels in the spinal cords of female, but not male, mice, whereas there was no alteration found in Gfap and Mapk14 transcripts in both sexes on day 7 after ddC administration. The protein expression of CD11b and phospho-p38 MAPK was significantly increased in the spinal cords of ddC-treated female, but not male, mice, whereas Iba1 protein was elevated in ddC-treated male mice. There was no change in GFAP, CD3e, and phospho-p44/42 MAPK protein levels in both sexes. Thus, changes in neuroimmune cells and molecules in the spinal cords during ddC-induced neuroinflammation were sex-dependent, with female mice being more prone to neuroimmune changes than male mice.
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17
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Pittet F, Heng V, Atufa J, Bliss-Moreau E. Monkeys do not show sex differences in toy preferences through their individual choices. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:3. [PMID: 36737809 PMCID: PMC9898904 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As interest in evaluating sex differences in nonhuman animals grows, the finding that male and female monkeys have toy preferences that differ, and that parallel those documented in human children, has garnered significant attention and is leveraged as an argument in favor of a biological contribution for human sex differences. To date, however, only two studies have investigated sex differences in monkeys' toy preferences, both documenting that males prefer toys considered to be "masculine" (such as vehicles) and females prefer toys considered to be "feminine" (such as dolls). Monkeys in these studies were tested in their social groups, making it hard to determine if the sex differences reported reflect actual individual preferences or result from social dynamics present at the time of testing. METHOD Here, we assessed the preferences of 14 rhesus macaques (N = 7 males; N = 7 females) who were singly tested in a choice test with a variety of toys characterized as masculine (hard non-zoomorphic wheeled toys), feminine (zoomorphic soft toys), neutral (hard non-zoomorphic toys) and ambiguous (zoomorphic or plush vehicles) based on criteria from previous studies. RESULTS Males and females showed similar preferences for neutral and "masculine" toys and preferred them (i.e., were more likely to interact with them) to "feminine" and sex-ambiguous toys. When they interacted with the toys, both males and females interacted more with neutral than with "masculine" toys. Females, but not males, interacted more with neutral and "masculine" toys than with "feminine" toys. The highest frequency of interaction for any single toy for the male monkeys was with the doll-standing is stark contrast to previous findings. CONCLUSIONS Our results contrast greatly with the previous study in rhesus monkeys, as well as findings in human children, suggesting that the previously documented sex differences are likely context dependent, and question the existence of a strong biological basis to sex differences in toy preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Pittet
- Neuroscience and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, County Road 98 at Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Victoria Heng
- Neuroscience and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, County Road 98 at Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jala Atufa
- Neuroscience and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, County Road 98 at Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- Neuroscience and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, County Road 98 at Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, USA.
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18
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Sanchez XC, Montalbano S, Vaez M, Krebs MD, Byberg-Grauholm J, Mortensen PB, Børglum AD, Hougaard DM, Nordentoft M, Geschwind DH, Buil A, Schork AJ, Thompson WK, Raznahan A, Helenius D, Werge T, Ingason A. Associations of psychiatric disorders with sex chromosome aneuploidies in the Danish iPSYCH2015 dataset: a case-cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry 2023; 10:129-138. [PMID: 36697121 PMCID: PMC9976199 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased prevalence of mental illness has been reported in clinical studies of sex chromosome aneuploidies, but accurate population-based estimates of the prevalence and clinical detection rate of sex chromosome aneuploidies and the associated risks of psychiatric disorders are needed. In this study, we provide such estimates, valid for children and young adults of the contemporary Danish population. METHODS We used the iPSYCH2015 case-cohort dataset, which is based on a source population of single-born individuals born in Denmark between May 1, 1981, and Dec 31, 2008. The case sample comprises all individuals from the source population with a diagnosis of any index psychiatric disorder (schizophrenia spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, or ADHD) by the end of follow-up (Dec 31, 2015), registered in the hospital-based Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register. The cohort consists of individuals randomly selected from the source population, and overlaps with the case sample. Biobanked blood samples for individuals in the case and cohort samples underwent genotyping and quality-control filtering, after which we analysed microarray data to detect sex chromosome aneuploidy karyotypes (45,X, 47,XXX, 47,XXY, and 47,XYY). We estimated the population-valid prevalence of these karyotypes from the cohort sample. Weighted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risks of each index psychiatric disorder associated with each sex chromosome aneuploidy karyotype, by use of date of first hospitalisation with the index disorder in the respective case group and the cohort as outcome. The clinical detection rate was determined by comparing records of clinical diagnoses of genetic conditions from the Danish National Patient Register with sex chromosome aneuploidy karyotype determined by our study. FINDINGS The assessed sample comprised 119 481 individuals (78 726 in the case sample and 43 326 in the cohort) who had genotyped and quality-control-filtered blood samples, including 64 533 (54%) people of gonadal male sex and 54 948 (46%) of gonadal female sex. Age during follow-up ranged from 0 to 34·7 years (mean 10·9 years [SD 3·5 years]). Information on ethnicity was not available. We identified 387 (0·3%) individuals as carriers of sex chromosome aneuploidies. The overall prevalence of sex chromosome aneuploidies was 1·5 per 1000 individuals. Each sex chromosome aneuploidy karyotype was associated with an increased risk of at least one index psychiatric disorder, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 2·20 (95% CI 1·42-3·39) for 47,XXY; 2·73 (1·25-6·00) for 47,XXX; 3·56 (1·01-12·53) for 45,X; and 4·30 (2·48-7·55) for 47,XYY. All karyotypes were associated with an increased risk of ADHD (HRs ranging from 1·99 [1·24-3·19] to 6·15 [1·63-23·19]), autism spectrum disorder (2·72 [1·72-4·32] to 8·45 [2·49-28·61]), and schizophrenia spectrum disorder (1·80 [1·15-2·80] to 4·60 [1·57-13·51]). Increased risk of major depressive disorder was found for individuals with 47,XXY (1·88 [1·07-3·33]) and 47,XYY (2·65 [1·12-5·90]), and of bipolar disorder for those with 47,XXX (4·32 [1·12-16·62]). The proportion of sex chromosome aneuploidy carriers who had been clinically diagnosed was 93% for 45,X, but lower for 47,XXY (22%), 47,XXX (15%), and 47,XYY (15%). Among carriers, the risk of diagnosis of at least one index psychiatric disorder did not significantly differ between those who had and had not been clinically diagnosed with sex chromosome aneuploidies (p=0·65). INTERPRETATION Increased risks of psychiatric disorders associated with sex chromosome aneuploidies, combined with low rates of clinical diagnosis of sex chromosome aneuploidies, compromise the adequate provision of necessary health care and counselling to affected individuals and their families, which might be helped by increased application of genetic testing in clinical settings. FUNDING Lundbeck Foundation and National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Calle Sanchez
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simone Montalbano
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morteza Vaez
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Dybdahl Krebs
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Byberg-Grauholm
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben B. Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine – Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M. Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alfonso Buil
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew J. Schork
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK USA
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorte Helenius
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrés Ingason
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Li M, Usui N, Shimada S. Prenatal Sex Hormone Exposure Is Associated with the Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032203. [PMID: 36768521 PMCID: PMC9916422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual differentiation is a major developmental process. Sex differences resulting from sexual differentiation have attracted the attention of researchers. Unraveling what contributes to and underlies sex differences will provide valuable insights into the development of neurodevelopmental disorders that exhibit sex biases. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's social interaction and communication abilities, and its male preponderance has been consistently reported in clinical studies. The etiology of male preponderance remains unclear, but progress has been made in studying prenatal sex hormone exposure. The present review examined studies that focused on the association between prenatal testosterone exposure and ASD development, as well as sex-specific behaviors in individuals with ASD. This review also included studies on maternal immune activation-induced developmental abnormalities that also showed striking sex differences in offspring and discussed its possible interacting roles in ASD so as to present a potential approach for future studies on sex biases in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Usui
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6879-3124
| | - Shoichi Shimada
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
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20
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Zhao X, Zhang S, Sanders AR, Duan J. Brain Lipids and Lipid Droplet Dysregulation in Alzheimer's Disease and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Complex Psychiatry 2023; 9:154-171. [PMID: 38058955 PMCID: PMC10697751 DOI: 10.1159/000535131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipids are essential components of the structure and for the function of brain cells. The intricate balance of lipids, including phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol, cholesterol ester, and triglycerides, is crucial for maintaining normal brain function. The roles of lipids and lipid droplets and their relevance to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) remain largely unknown. Summary Here, we reviewed the basic role of lipid components as well as a specific lipid organelle, lipid droplets, in brain function, highlighting the potential impact of altered lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and NDPs. Key Messages Brain lipid dysregulation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative and NPDs including AD and schizophrenia. Understanding the cell type-specific mechanisms of lipid dysregulation in these diseases is crucial for identifying better diagnostic biomarkers and for developing therapeutic strategies aiming at restoring lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhao
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Otter M, Campforts BCM, Stumpel CTRM, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Drukker M. Triple X syndrome: Psychiatric disorders and impaired social functioning as a risk factor. Eur Psychiatry 2022; 66:e7. [PMID: 36540940 PMCID: PMC9879890 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with triple X syndrome (TXS) have an extra X chromosome. TXS appeared to be associated with psychiatric disorders in biased or underpowered studies. AIM This study aims to describe the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adults with TXS in a relatively large and less biased group of participants. METHOD In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 34 women with TXS (mean age = 32.9; s.d. = 13.1) and 31 controls (mean age = 34.9; s.d. = 13.7). Psychiatric disorders were assessed using the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the adult behavior checklist (ABCL). Trait and state anxiety were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS In the TXS group, MINI results showed a higher prevalence of major depressive episodes (43.3%), psychotic disorders (29.4%), and suicidality (23.5%). Only 50% of the TXS group earned a normal score for the total syndrome score using the ABCL. In addition, levels of trait anxiety were higher in the TXS group. Only three women in each group received psychotropic medication. Impaired social functioning appeared to represent a major risk factor in TXS as regards psychotic, affective disorders, trait anxiety, and low self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS Women with TXS are vulnerable to developing psychiatric disorders, and women with both TXS and impaired social functioning are even more vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Otter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Community Mental Health in Mild Intellectual Disabilities, Trajectum, Zutphen, The Netherlands.,Medical Department, SIZA, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Bea C M Campforts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Constance T R M Stumpel
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thérèse A M J van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan Drukker
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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22
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Kushima I, Aleksic B, Kimura H, Nakatochi M, Lo T, Ikeda M, Arai M, Hashimoto R, Numata S, Okamura Y, Obara T, Inada T, Ozaki N. X chromosome aneuploidies and schizophrenia: association analysis and phenotypic characterization. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 76:667-673. [PMID: 36073611 PMCID: PMC10086948 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aims of the present study were: (i) to examine the association between schizophrenia (SCZ) and 47, XXY or 47, XXX in a large case-control sample; and (ii) to characterize the clinical features of patients with SCZ with these X chromosome aneuploidies. METHODS To identify 47, XXY and 47, XXX, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was performed in 3188 patients with SCZ and 3586 controls. We examined the association between 47, XXY and 47, XXX and SCZ in males and females separately using exact conditional tests to control for platform effects. Clinical data were retrospectively examined for patients with SCZ with X chromosome aneuploidies. RESULTS Of the analyzed samples, 3117 patients (97.8%) and 3519 controls (98.1%) passed our quality control. X chromosome aneuploidies were exclusively identified in patients: 47, XXY in seven patients (0.56%), 47, XXX in six patients (0.42%). Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between SCZ and 47, XXY (P = 0.028) and 47, XXX (P = 0.011). Phenotypic data were available from 12 patients. Treatment-resistance to antipsychotics and manic symptoms were observed in six patients each (four with 47, XXY and two with 47, XXX for both), respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that treatment-resistance to antipsychotics, mood stabilizer use, and manic symptoms were significantly more common in patients with 47, XXY than in male patients without pathogenic copy number variations. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that both 47, XXY and 47, XXX are significantly associated with risk for SCZ. Patients with SCZ with 47, XXY may be characterized by treatment-resistance and manic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Medical Genomics Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Branko Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tzuyao Lo
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Makoto Arai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Shusuke Numata
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Okamura
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taku Obara
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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23
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Serrarens C, Kashyap S, Riveiro-Lago L, Otter M, Campforts BCM, Stumpel CTRM, Jansma H, Linden DEJ, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Vingerhoets C. Resting-state functional connectivity in adults with 47,XXX: a 7 Tesla MRI study. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:5210-5217. [PMID: 36255323 PMCID: PMC10151873 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple X syndrome is a sex chromosomal aneuploidy characterized by the presence of a supernumerary X chromosome, resulting in a karyotype of 47,XXX in affected females. It has been associated with a variable cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric phenotype, but little is known about its effects on brain function. We therefore conducted 7 T resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and compared data of 19 adult individuals with 47,XXX and 21 age-matched healthy control women using independent component analysis and dual regression. Additionally, we examined potential relationships between social cognition and social functioning scores, and IQ, and mean functional connectivity values. The 47,XXX group showed significantly increased functional connectivity of the fronto-parietal resting-state network with the right postcentral gyrus. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) variability was not associated with IQ and social cognition and social functioning deficits in the participants with 47,XXX. We thus observed an effect of a supernumerary X chromosome in adult women on fronto-parietal rsFC. These findings provide additional insight into the role of the X chromosome on functional connectivity of the brain. Further research is needed to understand the clinical implications of altered rsFC in 47,XXX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaira Serrarens
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Sriranga Kashyap
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands.,Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Laura Riveiro-Lago
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Otter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.,Medical Department, SIZA, Arnhem, 6800 AM, The Netherlands.,Department of Community Mental Health in Mild Intellectual Disabilities, Trajectum, Zutphen, 7202 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Bea C M Campforts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Constance T R M Stumpel
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Jansma
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands
| | - David E J Linden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Thérèse A M J van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.,'s Heeren Loo Zorggroep, Amersfoort, 3818 LA, The Netherlands
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24
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Corredor K, Duran J, Herrera-Isaza L, Forero S, Quintanilla J, Gomez A, Martínez GS, Cardenas FP. Behavioral effects of environmental enrichment on male and female wistar rats with early life stress experiences. Front Physiol 2022; 13:837661. [PMID: 36225294 PMCID: PMC9548697 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to adverse childhood experiences or early life stress experiences (ELSs) increase the risk of non-adaptive behaviors and psychopathology in adulthood. Environmental enrichment (EE) has been proposed to minimize these effects. The vast number of methodological variations in animal studies underscores the lack of systematicity in the studies and the need for a detailed understanding of how enrichment interacts with other variables. Here we evaluate the effects of environmental enrichment in male and female Wistar rats exposed to adverse early life experiences (prenatal, postnatal, and combined) on emotional (elevated plus maze), social (social interaction chamber), memory (Morris water maze) and flexibility tasks. Our results—collected from PND 51 to 64—confirmed: 1) the positive effect of environmental enrichment (PND 28–49) on anxiety-like behaviors in animals submitted to ELSs. These effects depended on type of experience and type of enrichment: foraging enrichment reduced anxiety-like behaviors in animals with prenatal and postnatal stress but increased them in animals without ELSs. This effect was sex-dependent: females showed lower anxiety compared to males. Our data also indicated that females exposed to prenatal and postnatal stress had lower anxious responses than males in the same conditions; 2) no differences were found for social interactions; 3) concerning memory, there was a significant interaction between the three factors: A significant interaction for males with prenatal stress was observed for foraging enrichment, while physical enrichment was positive for males with postnatal stress; d) regarding cognitive flexibility, a positive effect of EE was found in animals exposed to adverse ELSs: animals with combined stress and exposed to physical enrichment showed a higher index of cognitive flexibility than those not exposed to enrichment. Yet, within animals with no EE, those exposed to combined stress showed lower flexibility than those exposed to both prenatal stress and no stress. On the other hand, animals with prenatal stress and exposed to foraging-type enrichment showed lower cognitive flexibility than those with no EE. The prenatal stress-inducing conditions used here 5) did not induced fetal or maternal problems and 6) did not induced changes in the volume of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Corredor
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Centro de Investigación en Biomodelos, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J.M. Duran
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - L. Herrera-Isaza
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - S. Forero
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J.P. Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - A. Gomez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - F. P. Cardenas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- *Correspondence: F. P. Cardenas,
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25
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Chan V, Marcus L, Burlie D, Mann RE, Toccalino D, Cusimano MD, Ilie G, Colantonio A. Social determinants of health associated with psychological distress stratified by lifetime traumatic brain injury status and sex: Cross-sectional evidence from a population sample of adults in Ontario, Canada. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273072. [PMID: 36044420 PMCID: PMC9432736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identified the social determinants of health (SDoH) associated with psychological distress in adults with and without a self-reported history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), stratified by sex. Data from the 2014–2017 cycles of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Monitor Survey, a representative survey of adults ≥18 years in Ontario, Canada, were analyzed (N = 7,214). The six-item version of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale was used to determine moderate to severe psychological distress. Self-reported lifetime TBI was defined as a head injury resulting in a loss of consciousness for ≥5 minutes or at least one-night stay in the hospital (16.4%). Among individuals reporting a history of TBI, 30.2% of males and 40.1% of females reported psychological distress (p = 0.0109). Among individuals who did not report a history of TBI, 17.9% of males and 23.5% of females reported psychological distress (p<0.0001). Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that the SDoH significantly associated with elevated psychological distress were similar between individuals with and without a history of TBI. This included unemployment, student, or ‘other’ employment status among both males and females; income below the provincial median and age 65+ among males; and rural residence among females. This study highlighted opportunities for targeted population-level interventions, namely accessible and affordable mental health supports for individuals with lower income. Notably, this study presented evidence suggesting adaptations to existing services to accommodate challenges associated with TBI should be explored, given the finite and competing demands for mental health care and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincy Chan
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Lauren Marcus
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Burlie
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert E. Mann
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Toccalino
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D. Cusimano
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriela Ilie
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Angela Colantonio
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Sex differences in the human brain: a roadmap for more careful analysis and interpretation of a biological reality. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:43. [PMID: 35883159 PMCID: PMC9327177 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence, magnitude, and significance of sex differences in the human brain are hotly debated topics in the scientific community and popular media. This debate is largely fueled by studies containing strong, opposing conclusions: either little to no evidence exists for sex differences in human neuroanatomy, or there are small-to-moderate differences in the size of certain brain regions that are highly reproducible across cohorts (even after controlling for sex differences in average brain size). Our Commentary uses the specific comparison between two recent large-scale studies that adopt these opposing views-namely the review by Eliot and colleagues (2021) and the direct analysis of ~ 40k brains by Williams and colleagues (2021)-in an effort to clarify this controversy and provide a framework for conducting this research. First, we review observations that motivate research on sex differences in human neuroanatomy, including potential causes (evolutionary, genetic, and environmental) and effects (epidemiological and clinical evidence for sex-biased brain disorders). We also summarize methodological and empirical support for using structural MRI to investigate such patterns. Next, we outline how researchers focused on sex differences can better specify their study design (e.g., how sex was defined, if and how brain size was adjusted for) and results (by e.g., distinguishing sexual dimorphisms from sex differences). We then compare the different approaches available for studying sex differences across a large number of individuals: direct analysis, meta-analysis, and review. We stress that reviews do not account for methodological differences across studies, and that this variation explains many of the apparent inconsistencies reported throughout recent reviews (including the work by Eliot and colleagues). For instance, we show that amygdala volume is consistently reported as male-biased in studies with sufficient sample sizes and appropriate methods for brain size correction. In fact, comparing the results from multiple large direct analyses highlights small, highly reproducible sex differences in the volume of many brain regions (controlling for brain size). Finally, we describe best practices for the presentation and interpretation of these findings. Care in interpretation is important for all domains of science, but especially so for research on sex differences in the human brain, given the existence of broad societal gender-biases and a history of biological data being used justify sexist ideas. As such, we urge researchers to discuss their results from simultaneously scientific and anti-sexist viewpoints.
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27
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Alex AM, Ruvio T, Xia K, Jha SC, Girault JB, Wang L, Li G, Shen D, Cornea E, Styner MA, Gilmore JH, Knickmeyer RC. Influence of gonadal steroids on cortical surface area in infancy. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:3206-3223. [PMID: 34952542 PMCID: PMC9340392 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the human brain emerge as early as mid-gestation and have been linked to sex hormones, particularly testosterone. Here, we analyzed the influence of markers of early sex hormone exposure (polygenic risk score (PRS) for testosterone, salivary testosterone, number of CAG repeats, digit ratios, and PRS for estradiol) on the growth pattern of cortical surface area in a longitudinal cohort of 722 infants. We found PRS for testosterone and right-hand digit ratio to be significantly associated with surface area, but only in females. PRS for testosterone at the most stringent P value threshold was positively associated with surface area development over time. Higher right-hand digit ratio, which is indicative of low prenatal testosterone levels, was negatively related to surface area in females. The current work suggests that variation in testosterone levels during both the prenatal and postnatal period may contribute to cortical surface area development in female infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Mary Alex
- Neuroengineering Division, Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Tom Ruvio
- Neuroengineering Division, Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kai Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shaili C Jha
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica B Girault
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dinggang Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Emil Cornea
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martin A Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca C Knickmeyer
- Address correspondence to Rebecca C. Knickmeyer, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, 775 Woodlot Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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28
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McShane A, Mole SE. Sex bias and omission exists in Batten disease research: Systematic review of the use of animal disease models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166489. [PMID: 35840041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Batten disease, also known as the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL), is a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders mainly affecting children. NCL are characterised by seizures, loss of vision, and progressive motor and cognitive decline, and are the most common form of childhood dementia. At least one type of Batten disease and three types of mouse disease models show sex differences in their severity and progression. Scientific research has a recognised prevalent omission of female animals when using model organisms for basic and preclinical research. Sex bias and omission in research using animal models of Batten disease may affect understanding and treatment development. We conducted a systematic review of research publications since the first identification of NCL genes in 1995, identifying those using animal models. We found that <10 % of these papers considered sex as a biological variable. There was consistent omission of female model organisms in studies. This varied over the period but is improving; one third of papers considered sex as a biological variable in the last decade, and there is a noticeable increase in the last 5 years. The wide-ranging reasons for this published sex bias are discussed, including misunderstanding regarding oestrogen, impact on sample size, and the underrepresentation of female scientists. Their implications for Batten disease and future research are considered. Recommendations going forward support requirements by funders for consideration of sex in all stages of experimental design and implementation, and a role for publishers, families and others with a particular interest in Batten disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie McShane
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sara E Mole
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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29
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Ling L, Li F, Yang P, Oates RD, Silber S, Kurischko C, Luca FC, Leu NA, Zhang J, Yue Q, Skaletsky H, Brown LG, Rozen S, Page DC, Wang PJ, Zheng K. Genetic characterization of a missense mutation in the X-linked TAF7L gene identified in an oligozoospermic man. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:157-167. [PMID: 35554494 PMCID: PMC9310510 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While hundreds of knockout mice show infertility as a major phenotype, causative genic mutations of male infertility in humans remain rather limited. Here we report the identification of a missense mutation (D136G) in the X-linked TAF7L gene as a potential cause of oligozoospermia in men. The human aspartate (D136) is evolutionally conserved across species, and its change to glycine (G) is predicted to be detrimental. Genetic complementation experiments in budding yeast demonstrate that the conserved aspartate or its analogous asparagine (N) residue in yeast TAF7 is essential for cell viability and thus its mutation to glycine is lethal. Although the corresponding D144G substitution in the mouse Taf7l gene does not affect male fertility, RNA-seq analyses reveal alterations in transcriptome profiles in the Taf7l (D144G) mutant testes. These results support this TAF7L mutation as a risk factor for oligozoospermia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Pinglan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Robert D Oates
- Department of Urology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sherman Silber
- Infertility Center of St. Louis, St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63017, USA
| | - Cornelia Kurischko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Francis C Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - N Adrian Leu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qiuling Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Helen Skaletsky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Laura G Brown
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steve Rozen
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - David C Page
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - P Jeremy Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ke Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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30
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Tanelian A, Nankova B, Miari M, Nahvi RJ, Sabban EL. Resilience or susceptibility to traumatic stress: Potential influence of the microbiome. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 19:100461. [PMID: 35789769 PMCID: PMC9250071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traumatic stress is a major risk factor for development of neuropsychiatric disorders in a sub-population of individuals, while others remain resilient. The mechanisms and contributing factors differentiating between these phenotypes are still unclear. We hypothesize that inter-individual differences in the microbial composition and function contribute to host resilience or susceptibility to stress-induced psychopathologies. The current study aimed to characterize gut microbial community before and after exposure to traumatic stress in an animal model of PTSD. Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into unstressed controls and experimental group subjected to Single Prolonged Stress (SPS). After 14 days, behavioral analyses were performed using Open Field, Social Interaction and Elevated Plus Maze tests. Based on the anxiety measures, the SPS group was further subdivided into resilient (SPS-R) and susceptible (SPS–S) cohorts. The animals were sacrificed after the last behavioral test and cecum, colon, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex were dissected. Prior to SPS and immediately after Open Field test, fecal samples were collected from each rat for 16S V3–V4 ribosomal DNA sequencing, whereas urine samples were collected before SPS, 90 min into immobilization and on the day of sacrifice to measure epinephrine and norepinephrine levels. Analyses of the fecal microbiota revealed significant differences in microbial communities and in their predictive functionality among the groups before and after SPS stressors. Before SPS, the SPS-S subgroup harbored microbiota with an overall pro-inflammatory phenotype, whereas SPS-R subgroup had microbiota with an overall anti-inflammatory phenotype, with predictive functional pathways enriched in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and decreased in amino acid metabolism and neurodegenerative diseases. After SPS, the gut microbial communities and their predictive functionality shifted especially in SPS cohorts, with volatility at the genus level correlating inversely with Anxiety Index. In line with the alterations seen in the gut microbiota, the levels of cecal short chain fatty acids were also altered, with SPS-S subgroup having significantly lower levels of acetate, valerate and caproate. The levels of acetate inversely correlated with Anxiety Index. Interestingly, urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were also higher in the SPS-S subgroup at baseline and during stress, indicative of an altered sympathoadrenal stress axis. Finally, shorter colon (marker of intestinal inflammation) and a lower claudin-5 protein expression (marker for increased blood brain barrier permeability) were observed in the SPS-S subgroup. Taken together, our results suggest microbiota is a potential factor in predisposing subjects either to stress susceptibility or resilience. Moreover, SPS triggered significant shifts in the gut microbiota, their metabolites and brain permeability. These findings could lead to new therapeutic directions for PTSD possibly through the controlled manipulation of gut microbiota. It may enable early identification of individuals more likely to develop prolonged anxiogenic symptoms following traumatic stress. Preexisting individual differences in microbiome relate to host's stress response. Shift in the microbial composition differs in SPS-R and SPS-S subgroups after SPS. Cecal levels of acetate in SPS subgroups correlate inversely with anxiety index. Basal and stress-induced urinary catecholamine levels are higher in SPS-S subgroup. SPS-S subgroup has shorter colon, less cecal SCFA and lower brain TJ protein.
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31
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Predescu DN, Mokhlesi B, Predescu SA. The Impact of Sex Chromosomes in the Sexual Dimorphism of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:582-594. [PMID: 35114193 PMCID: PMC8978209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a sex-biased disease with a poorly understood female prevalence. Emerging research suggests that nonhormonal factors, such as the XX or XY sex chromosome complement and sex bias in gene expression, may also lead to sex-based differences in PAH incidence, penetrance, and progression. Typically, one of females' two X chromosomes is epigenetically silenced to offer a gender-balanced gene expression. Recent data demonstrate that the long noncoding RNA X-inactive specific transcript, essential for X chromosome inactivation and dosage compensation of X-linked gene expression, shows elevated levels in female PAH lung specimens compared with controls. This molecular event leads to incomplete inactivation of the females' second X chromosome, abnormal expression of X-linked gene(s) involved in PAH pathophysiology, and a pulmonary artery endothelial cell (PAEC) proliferative phenotype. Moreover, the pathogenic proliferative p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/ETS transcription factor ELK1 (Elk1)/cFos signaling is mechanistically linked to the sexually dimorphic proliferative response of PAECs in PAH. Apprehending the complicated relationship between long noncoding RNA X-inactive specific transcript and X-linked genes and how this relationship integrates into a sexually dimorphic proliferation of PAECs and PAH sex paradox remain challenging. We highlight herein new findings related to how the sex chromosome complement and sex-differentiated epigenetic mechanisms to control gene expression are decisive players in the sexual dimorphism of PAH. Pharmacologic interventions in the light of the newly elucidated mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan N Predescu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Babak Mokhlesi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sanda A Predescu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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32
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Shobeiri P, Kalantari A, Teixeira AL, Rezaei N. Shedding light on biological sex differences and microbiota-gut-brain axis: a comprehensive review of its roles in neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:12. [PMID: 35337376 PMCID: PMC8949832 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Women and men are suggested to have differences in vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), schizophrenia, eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa, neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease. Genetic factors and sex hormones are apparently the main mediators of these differences. Recent evidence uncovers that reciprocal interactions between sex-related features (e.g., sex hormones and sex differences in the brain) and gut microbiota could play a role in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders via influencing the gut–brain axis. It is increasingly evident that sex–microbiota–brain interactions take part in the occurrence of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Accordingly, integrating the existing evidence might help to enlighten the fundamental roles of these interactions in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, an increased understanding of the biological sex differences on the microbiota–brain may lead to advances in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and increase the potential for precision medicine. This review discusses the effects of sex differences on the brain and gut microbiota and the putative underlying mechanisms of action. Additionally, we discuss the consequences of interactions between sex differences and gut microbiota on the emergence of particular neuropsychiatric disorders. The human microbiome is a unique set of organisms affecting health via the gut–brain axis. Neuropsychiatric disorders, eating disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders are regulated by the microbiota–gut–brain axis in a sex-specific manner. Understanding the role of the microbiota–gut–brain axis and its sex differences in various diseases can lead to better therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Shobeiri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Gharib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Kalantari
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Antônio L Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran. .,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Gharib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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33
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Yu L, Qiu L, Ran H, Ma Q, Lu YR, Liu WB. Studying the relationship between clinical features and mental health among late-onset myasthenia gravis patients. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:470-482. [PMID: 35433329 PMCID: PMC8968504 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i3.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental disorders are common comorbidities among individuals with neurological diseases, and the prevalence of depressive and anxiety-related symptoms in newly referred patients at neurology outpatient clinics is high. There have been few studies on the mental health of patients with late-onset myasthenia gravis (MG).
AIM To examine the relationship between clinical features and the mental health symptoms within late-onset MG patients.
METHODS A total of 105 patients diagnosed with MG were recruited consecutively from a neuromuscular outpatient clinic between December 2020 and February 2021. Patients were classified into two groups: early-onset MG (age at onset < 50 years, n = 63) and late-onset MG (age at onset ≥ 50 years, n = 42). Social demographic data and information about marital status, education level, clinical symptoms, serum antibody levels, and therapies used were collected for all participants. Participants were also evaluated using the Myasthenia Gravis Composite scale, the Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living scale, the Myasthenia Gravis Quality of Life 15 (MG-QOL-15) questionnaire, the 17-item version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). The relationship between clinical features and mental health in late-onset MG patients was examined using multivariate logistic regression analyses.
RESULTS Late-onset MG patients were more prone to dyspnea, had higher levels of serum anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies, and higher total scores on the MG-QOL-15, HAM-D, and HAM-A questionnaires, than early-onset MG patients had (P < 0.05). Among those with late-onset MG, female patients had higher total HAM-D and HAM-A scores than male patients had (P < 0.05). High scores on the QOL-15 questionnaire were associated with higher incidences of anxiety and depression, and the association was found to be independent after adjusting for confounding risk factors. In the late-onset subgroup, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the MG-QOL-15 score-based diagnostic accuracy for anxiety and depression state were 0.816 (P = 0.001) and 0.983 (P < 0.001), respectively.
CONCLUSION Higher MG-QOL-15 scores were a risk factor for anxiety and depression in late-onset MG, and women with late-onset MG were more likely to have anxiety and depression than men were.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao Ran
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ya-Ru Lu
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei-Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
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34
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Carucci S, Narducci C, Bazzoni M, Balia C, Donno F, Gagliano A, Zuddas A. Clinical characteristics, neuroimaging findings, and neuropsychological functioning in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Sex differences. J Neurosci Res 2022; 101:704-717. [PMID: 35293009 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical studies, in both children/adolescents and adults, have shown the extreme neuropsychological heterogeneity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): specific neuropsychological deficits have been found only in a minority of individuals, with no direct correlation between discrete cognitive performances and the trajectory of clinical symptoms. Deficits in specific neuropsychological functions may be common in ADHD, but nevertheless no cognitive or neuropsychological profile may fully explain the disorder. Sex differences in the ADHD presentation, both at a neuropsychological and clinical level, also contribute to this clinical and neuropsychological heterogeneity. At a neuropsychological level, females with ADHD may show greater working memory problems, poorer vocabulary skills and worse visual spatial reasoning. Structural and functional imaging study also show discrete differences across sex; however, the great majority of clinical studies mainly or exclusively include male participants with insufficient data to draw firm conclusions on sex differences within the disorder. Here, we report the recent literature data, discussing still open research questions about the clinical presentation, neuroimaging findings, and neuropsychological functioning in ADHD with a focus on the impact of sex differences-a deeper insight in these unresolved issues may have relevant clinical and therapeutic implications for tailored, effective, and long-lasting interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A.Cao" Paediatric Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Chiara Narducci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marzia Bazzoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Balia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A.Cao" Paediatric Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Donno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A.Cao" Paediatric Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Gagliano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A.Cao" Paediatric Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zuddas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A.Cao" Paediatric Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
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35
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GREEN TAMAR, FLASH SHIRA, SHANKAR GEETA, SHRESTHA SHARONBADE, JO BOOIL, KLABUNDE MEGAN, HONG DAVIDS, REISS ALLANL. Effect of sex chromosome number variation on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, executive function, and processing speed. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 64:331-339. [PMID: 34431088 PMCID: PMC8816867 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study sex differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, we explored whether X chromosome absence or excess is independently associated with deficits in attention and hyperactivity, executive function, and processing speed. METHOD We assessed 116 children (ages 3y 10mo-11y 11mo, mean 8y 5mo, SD 1y 11mo) with a variable number of sex chromosomes: 36 females with Turner syndrome (45, X0), 20 males with Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY), 37 typically developing females (XX), and 23 typically developing males (XY). RESULTS X chromosome absence was associated with increased attention problems, hyperactivity, and deficits in inhibitory control, compared with female children with XX (all p<0.003). Conversely, X chromosome excess was associated with weakness in working memory (p=0.018) and approached significance for attention problems (p=0.071) but not with hyperactivity, or weakness in inhibitory control relative to male children with XY. Using non-parametric effect size to quantify the clinical effect revealed that X chromosome absence affected attention, hyperactivity, executive function, and processing speed (all r>0.4), while X excess affected in-laboratory as well as parent-reported working memory (all r>0.4). INTERPRETATION Our observations provide compelling evidence that the absence or excess of an X chromosome distinctly affects cognition and behaviors associated with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- TAMAR GREEN
- Division of Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - SHIRA FLASH
- Division of Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - GEETA SHANKAR
- Division of Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - SHARON BADE SHRESTHA
- Division of Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - BOOIL JO
- Division of Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - MEGAN KLABUNDE
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - DAVID S HONG
- Division of Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - ALLAN L REISS
- Division of Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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36
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Serrarens C, Otter M, Campforts BCM, Stumpel CTRM, Jansma H, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Vingerhoets C. Altered subcortical and cortical brain morphology in adult women with 47,XXX: a 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurodev Disord 2022; 14:14. [PMID: 35196987 PMCID: PMC8903568 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-022-09425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple X syndrome (47,XXX) is a relatively common sex chromosomal aneuploidy characterized by the presence of a supernumerary X chromosome in females and has been associated with a variable cognitive, behavioural and psychiatric phenotype. 47,XXX may serve as a suitable model for studying the effect of genetic architecture on brain morphology. Previous studies have shown alterations in brain structure in 47,XXX particularly in childhood and adolescence. In this study, we examined subcortical and cortical brain morphology in adult women with 47,XXX using ultra-high field 7T MRI. Given previous evidence of impaired social functioning and emotion recognition in adults with 47,XXX, we also investigated the relationship of these functions with brain morphology. Methods Twenty-one adult women with 47,XXX and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included. Structural T1-weighted images were acquired using a 7-Tesla magnetic resonance scanner. Measures of subcortical brain volumes, cortical surface area and thickness, and cortical folding were obtained and compared between the groups using general linear models. Additionally, we examined potential relationships between brain outcome measures and social functioning and social cognition in 47,XXX using correlation analyses. Results Adults with 47,XXX showed lower volumes of the thalamus, caudate, putamen, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and pallidum, and larger lateral ventricle volumes. Lower surface area was found in the superior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus in 47,XXX participants compared to healthy controls. Altered cortical thickness and cortical folding were not present in 47,XXX. Cortical thickness was associated with social cognition in 47,XXX. Conclusions Results suggest that a supernumerary X chromosome in females affects subcortical and lateral ventricle volumes, and cortical surface area in adulthood. 47,XXX may serve as a suitable model for studying genetic influences on structural brain morphology across developmental stages in order to understand neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive and behavioural impairments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11689-022-09425-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaira Serrarens
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten Otter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Medical Department, SIZA, Arnhem, The Netherlands.,Department of Community Mental Health in Mild Intellectual Disabilities, Trajectum, Zutphen, The Netherlands
| | - Bea C M Campforts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Constance T R M Stumpel
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Jansma
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thérèse A M J van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Heeren Loo Zorggroep, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Henneghan AM, Lewis KA, Gill E, Kesler SR. Cognitive Impairment in Non-critical, Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Survivors. Front Psychol 2022; 13:770459. [PMID: 35250714 PMCID: PMC8891805 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.770459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Previous studies of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome have focused on critical cases with severe disease. However, most cases are mild to moderate in disease severity. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine cognitive outcomes in cases of non-critical, mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 72 adults aged 22 to 65 years in Central Texas who had non-critical, mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infection between 13 January 2021 and 20 April 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES We remotely administered cognitive-behavioral testing to determine the frequency of cognitive impairment and examine demographic, clinical, and psychosocial contributors to impairment. RESULTS The frequency of objective cognitive impairment was 40%. The largest number of participants (24%) showed impairment on a measure of executive functioning. Attention and processing speed was more impaired in males (OR = 1.5, 95%CI = 0.23-2.9). Males endorsed lower adherence to social distancing guidelines (U = 590, p = 0.01), which was in turn associated with cognitive impairment across participants (r = -0.30, p = 0.01). Younger age was correlated with impairment (r = -0.26, p = 0.03) but was also associated with racial/ethnic minority status (r = -0.31, p = 0.01) and increased psychological symptoms (p < 0.04). Greater number of COVID-19 symptoms was correlated with lower subjective cognitive function (r = -0.38, p = 0.001) as well as psychosocial function (r > 0.24, p < 0.05). Moderate COVID-19 severity was associated with attention/processing speed impairment (r = 0.27, p = 0.03), increased pain (r = 0.31, p = 0.01), and higher number of COVID-19 symptoms (r = 0.32, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Mild or moderate COVID-19 infection may be associated with cognitive impairments, especially in the domain of executive functioning. A subgroup of younger individuals may be more vulnerable to cognitive and psychosocial effects of COVID-19. HIGHLIGHTS Question: How frequent is cognitive impairment among non-critical, mild-to-moderate COVID-19 survivors? FINDINGS In this cross-sectional study of 72 adults, 40% demonstrated cognitive impairment, particularly in executive function. MEANING Neurologic sequelae, such as cognitive impairment, may be common following COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Henneghan
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Lewis
- Ascension Seton Medical Center, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Eliana Gill
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Ascension Seton Medical Center, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Shelli R. Kesler
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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Kelava I, Chiaradia I, Pellegrini L, Kalinka AT, Lancaster MA. Androgens increase excitatory neurogenic potential in human brain organoids. Nature 2022; 602:112-116. [PMID: 35046577 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The biological basis of male-female brain differences has been difficult to elucidate in humans. The most notable morphological difference is size, with male individuals having on average a larger brain than female individuals1,2, but a mechanistic understanding of how this difference arises remains unknown. Here we use brain organoids3 to show that although sex chromosomal complement has no observable effect on neurogenesis, sex steroids-namely androgens-lead to increased proliferation of cortical progenitors and an increased neurogenic pool. Transcriptomic analysis and functional studies demonstrate downstream effects on histone deacetylase activity and the mTOR pathway. Finally, we show that androgens specifically increase the neurogenic output of excitatory neuronal progenitors, whereas inhibitory neuronal progenitors are not increased. These findings reveal a role for androgens in regulating the number of excitatory neurons and represent a step towards understanding the origin of sex-related brain differences in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Kelava
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK. .,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Ilaria Chiaradia
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Pellegrini
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alex T Kalinka
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Cell-Free DNA Screening for Sex Chromosome Abnormalities and Pregnancy Outcomes, 2018-2020: A Retrospective Analysis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12010048. [PMID: 35055363 PMCID: PMC8780735 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of non-invasive prenatal screening (NIPT) for detecting fetal sex chromosome abnormalities, a total of 639 women carrying sex chromosome abnormalities were selected from 222,107 pregnant women who participated in free NIPT from April 2018 to December 2020. The clinical data, prenatal diagnosis results, and follow-up pregnancy outcomes of participants were collected. The positive predictive value (PPV) was used to analyze the performance of NIPT. Around 235 cases were confirmed with sex chromosome abnormalities, including 229 cases with sex chromosome aneuploidy (45, X (n = 37), 47, XXX (n = 37), 47, XXY (n = 110), 47, XYY (n = 42)) and 6 cases with structural abnormalities. The total incidence rate was 0.11% (235/222,107). The PPV of NIPT was 45.37% (235/518). NIPT accuracy for detecting sex chromosome polysomes was higher than that for sex chromosome monomers. The termination of pregnancy rate for fetal diagnosis of 45, X, and 47, XXY was higher than that of 47, XXX, and 47, XYY. The detection rate of fetal sex chromosome abnormalities was higher in 2018–2020 than in 2010–2012 (χ2 = 69.708, P < 2.2 × 10−16), indicating that NIPT is greatly efficient to detect fetal sex chromosome abnormalities.
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40
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Thorne BN, Ellenbroek BA, Day DJ. Sex bias in the serotonin transporter knockout model: implications for neuropsychiatric disorder research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 134:104547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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41
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Rainville JR, Lipuma T, Hodes GE. Translating the Transcriptome: Sex Differences in the Mechanisms of Depression and Stress, Revisited. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:25-35. [PMID: 33865609 PMCID: PMC10197090 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has produced a plethora of studies examining sex differences in the transcriptional profiles of stress and mood disorders. As we move forward from accepting the existence of extensive molecular sex differences in the brain to exploring the purpose of these sex differences, our approach must become more systemic and less reductionist. Earlier studies have examined specific brain regions and/or cell types. To use this knowledge to develop the next generation of personalized medicine, we need to comprehend how transcriptional changes across the brain and/or the body relate to each other. We provide an overview of the relationships between baseline and depression/stress-related transcriptional sex differences and explore contributions of preclinically identified mechanisms and their impacts on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Rainville
- Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Timothy Lipuma
- Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Georgia E Hodes
- Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
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42
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Solomon O, Huen K, Yousefi P, Küpers LK, González JR, Suderman M, Reese SE, Page CM, Gruzieva O, Rzehak P, Gao L, Bakulski KM, Novoloaca A, Allard C, Pappa I, Llambrich M, Vives M, Jima DD, Kvist T, Baccarelli A, White C, Rezwan FI, Sharp GC, Tindula G, Bergström A, Grote V, Dou JF, Isaevska E, Magnus MC, Corpeleijn E, Perron P, Jaddoe VWV, Nohr EA, Maitre L, Foraster M, Hoyo C, Håberg SE, Lahti J, DeMeo DL, Zhang H, Karmaus W, Kull I, Koletzko B, Feinberg JI, Gagliardi L, Bouchard L, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Tiemeier H, Santorelli G, Maguire RL, Czamara D, Litonjua AA, Langhendries JP, Plusquin M, Lepeule J, Binder EB, Verduci E, Dwyer T, Carracedo Á, Ferre N, Eskenazi B, Kogevinas M, Nawrot TS, Munthe-Kaas MC, Herceg Z, Relton C, Melén E, Gruszfeld D, Breton C, Fallin MD, Ghantous A, Nystad W, Heude B, Snieder H, Hivert MF, Felix JF, Sørensen TIA, Bustamante M, Murphy SK, Raikkönen K, Oken E, Holloway JW, Arshad SH, London SJ, Holland N. Meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies in newborns and children show widespread sex differences in blood DNA methylation. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 789:108415. [PMID: 35690418 PMCID: PMC9623595 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among children, sex-specific differences in disease prevalence, age of onset, and susceptibility have been observed in health conditions including asthma, immune response, metabolic health, some pediatric and adult cancers, and psychiatric disorders. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation may play a role in the sexual differences observed in diseases and other physiological traits. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis of the association of sex and cord blood DNA methylation at over 450,000 CpG sites in 8438 newborns from 17 cohorts participating in the Pregnancy And Childhood Epigenetics (PACE) Consortium. We also examined associations of child sex with DNA methylation in older children ages 5.5-10 years from 8 cohorts (n = 4268). RESULTS In newborn blood, sex was associated at Bonferroni level significance with differences in DNA methylation at 46,979 autosomal CpG sites (p < 1.3 × 10-7) after adjusting for white blood cell proportions and batch. Most of those sites had lower methylation levels in males than in females. Of the differentially methylated CpG sites identified in newborn blood, 68% (31,727) met look-up level significance (p < 1.1 × 10-6) in older children and had methylation differences in the same direction. CONCLUSIONS This is a large-scale meta-analysis examining sex differences in DNA methylation in newborns and older children. Expanding upon previous studies, we replicated previous findings and identified additional autosomal sites with sex-specific differences in DNA methylation. Differentially methylated sites were enriched in genes involved in cancer, psychiatric disorders, and cardiovascular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Solomon
- Children's Environmental Health Laboratory, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karen Huen
- Children's Environmental Health Laboratory, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Paul Yousefi
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Leanne K Küpers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan R González
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthew Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Sarah E Reese
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christian M Page
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olena Gruzieva
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Rzehak
- Div. Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dept. Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kelly M Bakulski
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Catherine Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Irene Pappa
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/ Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Llambrich
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Vives
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Dereje D Jima
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Tuomas Kvist
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Baccarelli
- Laboratory of Precision Environmental Biosciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cory White
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Faisal I Rezwan
- Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DB, United Kingdom; Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Gemma C Sharp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Gwen Tindula
- Children's Environmental Health Laboratory, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anna Bergström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veit Grote
- Div. Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dept. Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - John F Dou
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elena Isaevska
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria C Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrice Perron
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Centre of Women's, Family and Child Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Lea Maitre
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Foraster
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; PHAGEX Research Group, Blanquerna School of Health Science, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, NC, USA
| | - Siri E Håberg
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dawn L DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, USA
| | - Wilfried Karmaus
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, USA
| | - Inger Kull
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Div. Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dept. Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jason I Feinberg
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Luigi Gagliardi
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Ospedale Versilia, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Viareggio, Italy
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medical Biology, CIUSSS Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, QC, Canada
| | | | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/ Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gillian Santorelli
- Bradford Institute of Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Rachel L Maguire
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, NC, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Darina Czamara
- Dept. Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Augusto A Litonjua
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Michelle Plusquin
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Johanna Lepeule
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, IAB, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Dept. Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini Vittore Buzzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Terence Dwyer
- Clinical Sciences, Heart Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Fundación Pública Galega de Merdicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) y Centro Nacional de Genotipado (CEGEN-PRB3), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Natalia Ferre
- Pediatric Nutrition and Human Development Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer del Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department Public Health & Primary care, Leuven University, Belgium
| | - Monica C Munthe-Kaas
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Erik Melén
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dariusz Gruszfeld
- Neonatal Department, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carrie Breton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - M D Fallin
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Akram Ghantous
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Wenche Nystad
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbara Heude
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, F-75004 Paris, France
| | - Harold Snieder
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK; Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Katri Raikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emily Oken
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK; Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Syed Hasan Arshad
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, Isle of Wight, UK
| | - Stephanie J London
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- Children's Environmental Health Laboratory, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Sewell R, Buchanan CL, Davis S, Christakis DA, Dempsey A, Furniss A, Kazak AE, Kerlek AJ, Magnusen B, Pajor NM, Pyle L, Pyle LC, Razzaghi H, Schwartz BI, Vogiatzi MG, Nokoff NJ. Behavioral Health Diagnoses in Youth with Differences of Sex Development or Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Compared with Controls: A PEDSnet Study. J Pediatr 2021; 239:175-181.e2. [PMID: 34461062 PMCID: PMC8604751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the odds of a behavioral health diagnosis among youth with differences of sex development (DSD) or congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) compared with matched controls in the PEDSnet database. STUDY DESIGN All youth with a diagnosis of DSD (n = 1216) or CAH (n = 1647) and at least 1 outpatient encounter were extracted from the PEDSnet database and propensity-score matched on 8 variables (1:4) with controls (n = 4864 and 6588, respectively) using multivariable logistic regression. The likelihood of having behavioral health diagnoses was examined using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Youth with DSD had higher odds of a behavioral health diagnosis (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.1; P < .0001) and neurodevelopmental diagnosis (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4, 2.0; P < .0001) compared with matched controls. Youth with CAH did not have an increased odds of a behavioral health diagnosis (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.9, 1.1; P = .9) compared with matched controls but did have higher odds of developmental delay (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4, 2.4; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Youth with DSD diagnosis have higher odds of a behavioral health or neurodevelopmental diagnosis compared with matched controls. Youth with CAH have higher odds of developmental delay, highlighting the need for screening in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sewell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Cindy L Buchanan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Shanlee Davis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Dimitri A Christakis
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Child Health, Behavior & Development, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Anna Furniss
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Adult & Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research & Delivery, Aurora, CO
| | - Anne E Kazak
- Nemours Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Healthcare Delivery Science and Thomas Jefferson University, Wilmington, DE
| | - Anna J Kerlek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Brianna Magnusen
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Institute for Informatics, Columbus, OH
| | - Nathan M Pajor
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary Medicine and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Laura Pyle
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Louise C Pyle
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hanieh Razzaghi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Beth I Schwartz
- Nemours Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics and Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wilmington, DE
| | - Maria G Vogiatzi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Natalie J Nokoff
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
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Chen CS, Knep E, Han A, Ebitz RB, Grissom N. Sex differences in learning from exploration. eLife 2021; 10:69748. [PMID: 34796870 PMCID: PMC8794469 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-based modulation of cognitive processes could set the stage for individual differences in vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders. While value-based decision making processes in particular have been proposed to be influenced by sex differences, the overall correct performance in decision making tasks often show variable or minimal differences across sexes. Computational tools allow us to uncover latent variables that define different decision making approaches, even in animals with similar correct performance. Here, we quantify sex differences in mice in the latent variables underlying behavior in a classic value-based decision making task: a restless 2-armed bandit. While male and female mice had similar accuracy, they achieved this performance via different patterns of exploration. Male mice tended to make more exploratory choices overall, largely because they appeared to get 'stuck' in exploration once they had started. Female mice tended to explore less but learned more quickly during exploration. Together, these results suggest that sex exerts stronger influences on decision making during periods of learning and exploration than during stable choices. Exploration during decision making is altered in people diagnosed with addictions, depression, and neurodevelopmental disabilities, pinpointing the neural mechanisms of exploration as a highly translational avenue for conferring sex-modulated vulnerability to neuropsychiatric diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy S Chen
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Evan Knep
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Autumn Han
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - R Becket Ebitz
- Department of Neurosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
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Sexually Dimorphic Expression of Fear-conditioned Analgesia in Rats and Associated Alterations in the Endocannabinoid System in the Periaqueductal Grey. Neuroscience 2021; 480:117-130. [PMID: 34774710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system within the periaqueductal grey (PAG) has been implicated in fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA), the profound suppression of pain upon re-exposure to a context previously paired with an aversive stimulus. Since the endocannabinoid and nociceptive systems exhibit sexual dimorphism, the aim of the present study was to assess possible sex differences in the expression of FCA, fear in the presence of nociceptive tone, and associated sex-dependent alterations in the endocannabinoid system within the PAG. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received footshock (10 × 1s; 0.4 mA; every 60 s) or no-footshock in a conditioning arena and 23.5 h later received intraplantar injection of formalin (2.5%) under brief isoflourane anaesthetic into the right hind paw. Nociceptive and fear-related behaviours were assessed 30 min later. Levels of endocannabinoids, N-acylethanolamines and neurotransmitters in the PAG were assessed by LC-MS/MS and expression of endocannabinoid system-related proteins by Western immunoblotting. Male, but not female, rats exhibited robust FCA and greater expression of fear-related behaviours than females. Fear-conditioned formalin-treated males, but not females, had higher levels of N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the PAG, compared with non-fear-conditioned controls. There was no effect of fear conditioning on the levels of FAAH or CB1 receptor expression (CB1R) in the PAG of male or female formalin-treated rats. Non-fear-conditioned females had higher levels of CB1R and PPARγ expression than non-fear-conditioned male counterparts. In summary, our results provide evidence of sexual dimorphism in the expression of FCA and fear-related behaviours, and associated alterations in components of the endocannabinoid system and GABA within the PAG.
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46
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Gata-Garcia A, Porat A, Brimberg L, Volpe BT, Huerta PT, Diamond B. Contributions of Sex Chromosomes and Gonadal Hormones to the Male Bias in a Maternal Antibody-Induced Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurol 2021; 12:721108. [PMID: 34721260 PMCID: PMC8548617 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.721108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental conditions that is four times more commonly diagnosed in males than females. While susceptibility genes located in the sex chromosomes have been identified in ASD, it is unclear whether they are sufficient to explain the male bias or whether gonadal hormones also play a key role. We evaluated the sex chromosomal and hormonal influences on the male bias in a murine model of ASD, in which mice are exposed in utero to a maternal antibody reactive to contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), which was originally cloned from a mother of a child with ASD (termed C6 mice henceforth). In this model, only male mice are affected. We used the four-core-genotypes (FCG) model in which the Sry gene is deleted from the Y chromosome (Y−) and inserted into autosome 3 (TgSry). Thus, by combining the C6 and FCG models, we were able to differentiate the contributions of sex chromosomes and gonadal hormones to the development of fetal brain and adult behavioral phenotypes. We show that the presence of the Y chromosome, or lack of two X chromosomes, irrespective of gonadal sex, increased the susceptibility to C6-induced phenotypes including the abnormal growth of the developing fetal cerebral cortex, as well as a behavioral pattern of decreased open-field exploration in adult mice. Our results indicate that sex chromosomes are the main determinant of the male bias in the maternal C6-induced model of ASD. The less dominant hormonal effect may be due to modulation by sex chromosome genes of factors involved in gonadal hormone pathways in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gata-Garcia
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Amit Porat
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Lior Brimberg
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Bruce T Volpe
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Patricio T Huerta
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States.,Laboratory of Immune and Neural Networks, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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47
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Björlin Avdic H, Butwicka A, Nordenström A, Almqvist C, Nordenskjöld A, Engberg H, Frisén L. Neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in females with Turner syndrome: a population-based study. J Neurodev Disord 2021; 13:51. [PMID: 34706642 PMCID: PMC8554886 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-021-09399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Turner syndrome is the result of the partial or complete absence of an X chromosome in phenotypic girls. This can cause an array of medical and developmental difficulties. The intelligence quotient in females with Turner syndrome has previously been described as uneven, but considered within normal range. Although their social, intellectual, and psychiatric profile is described, it is unclear to what extent these females meet the clinical criteria for neurodevelopmental or psychiatric diagnoses. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in females with Turner syndrome. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed with a total of 1392 females with Turner syndrome identified through the Swedish National Patient Register and compared with 1:100 age- and sex-matched controls from the general population. The associations between Turner syndrome and diagnoses of neurodevelopmental and/or psychiatric disorders were calculated using conditional logistic regression and is presented as estimated risk (odds ratio, OR, 95% confidence interval, CI) in females with Turner syndrome compared with matched controls. Results Females with Turner syndrome had a higher risk of neurodevelopmental or psychiatric disorder (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.20–1.57), an eightfold increased risk of intellectual disability (OR 8.59, 95% CI 6.58–11.20), and a fourfold increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (OR 4.26, 95% CI 2.94‑6.18) compared with the controls. In addition, females with Turner syndrome had twice the risk of a diagnosis of schizophrenia and related disorders (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.36–2.88), eating disorders (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.42–2.91), and behavioral and emotional disorders with onset in childhood (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.35–2.99). Conclusions Females with Turner syndrome have an increased risk of receiving a diagnosis of neurodevelopmental or psychiatric disorder. This warrants extensive assessment of intellectual and cognitive functions from early age, and increased psychiatric vigilance should be a part of lifelong healthcare for females with Turner syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Björlin Avdic
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, CAP Research Centre, Gävlegatan 22, SE-113 30, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Agnieszka Butwicka
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catarina Almqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordenskjöld
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Surgery, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hedvig Engberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Frisén
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, CAP Research Centre, Gävlegatan 22, SE-113 30, Stockholm, Sweden
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48
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Sikes-Keilp C, Rubinow DR. In search of sex-related mediators of affective illness. Biol Sex Differ 2021; 12:55. [PMID: 34663459 PMCID: PMC8524875 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-021-00400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the rates of affective disorders have been recognized for decades. Studies of physiologic sex-related differences in animals and humans, however, have generally yielded little in terms of explaining these differences. Furthermore, the significance of these findings is difficult to interpret given the dynamic, integrative, and highly context-dependent nature of human physiology. In this article, we provide an overview of the current literature on sex differences as they relate to mood disorders, organizing existing findings into five levels at which sex differences conceivably influence physiology relevant to affective states. These levels include the following: brain structure, network connectivity, signal transduction, transcription/translation, and epigenesis. We then evaluate the importance and limitations of this body of work, as well as offer perspectives on the future of research into sex differences. In creating this overview, we attempt to bring perspective to a body of research that is complex, poorly synthesized, and far from complete, as well as provide a theoretical framework for thinking about the role that sex differences ultimately play in affective regulation. Despite the overall gaps regarding both the underlying pathogenesis of affective illness and the role of sex-related factors in the development of affective disorders, it is evident that sex should be considered as an important contributor to alterations in neural function giving rise to susceptibility to and expression of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R Rubinow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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49
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Farrell KR, Karey E, Xu S, Gibbon G, Gordon T, Weitzman M. E-Cigarette Use, Systemic Inflammation, and Depression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10402. [PMID: 34639705 PMCID: PMC8507884 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-cigarette use (vaping) is an emerging public health problem. Depression has been found to be associated with e-cigarette use, and vaping and depression are each associated with elevated systemic inflammation. To date, the role of inflammation in the relationship between vaping and depression has not been explored. OBJECTIVE To assess the independent associations between e-cigarette use, depression, and inflammation, and to investigate whether the likelihood of depression among current e-cigarette users is associated with systemic inflammation. METHODS Nationally representative NHANES data from 2015-2018 were used (n = 4961). Systemic inflammation was defined as serum C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥ 8.0 mg/L. Depressed individuals were characterized by a score ≥ 10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Current e-cigarette users were defined as individuals who vaped at least once in the past 30 days and these individuals were stratified by use: exclusive users (reported smoking less than 100 combustible cigarettes in their lifetime), dual users (reported current use of electronic and combustible cigarettes), and e-cigarette users who were previous smokers. Bivariate analyses were used to assess independent associations between vaping, depression, and inflammation; and weighted logistic regression analyses adjusting for BMI, sex, and economic status were used to determine the odds ratios (ORs) for depression by e-cigarette category stratified by differential CRP levels. RESULTS Depression occurred in 16.7% of all e-cigarette users vs. 5.0% of those who never used e-cigarettes (p < 0.001). In adjusted analyses, the following elevated ORs were found: all current e-cigarette users with CRP <8 = 3.37 (95% CI: 2.06, 5.51) vs. CRP ≥8 = 6.70 (2.48, 18.11); exclusive e-cigarette users with CRP <8 = 1.91 (0.78, 4.69) vs. those with CRP ≥8 = 5.09 (1.44, 18.02); and dual users with CRP <8 = 4.31 (2.35, 7.89) vs. those with CRP ≥8 = 7.37 (1.85, 29.41). These ORs indicate that depression is associated with each category of e-cigarette use; however, we found this association did not vary by systemic inflammation level (interaction p-values > 0.05). CONCLUSION While a pattern of greater ORs for depression among e-cigarette users with elevated CRP provides provocative findings that might suggest a potential role of inflammation in the association between vaping and depression, we failed to find evidence that inflammation clearly moderates this association. While it is possible that depression among e-cigarette users may be influenced by systemic inflammation, a reproduction of the current study is necessary among a larger cohort to elucidate the effect of inflammation on depression among e-cigarette users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Rae Farrell
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA; (K.R.F.); (E.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Emma Karey
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA; (K.R.F.); (E.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Shu Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA;
| | - Grace Gibbon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA;
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA; (K.R.F.); (E.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Michael Weitzman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA; (K.R.F.); (E.K.); (T.G.)
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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50
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Liu Q, Adami HO, Reichenberg A, Kolevzon A, Fang F, Sandin S. Cancer risk in individuals with intellectual disability in Sweden: A population-based cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003840. [PMID: 34673770 PMCID: PMC8568154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A knowledge gap exists about the risk of cancer in individuals with intellectual disability (ID). The primary aim of this study was to estimate the cancer risk among individuals with ID compared to individuals without ID. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a population-based cohort study of all children live-born in Sweden between 1974 and 2013 and whose mothers were born in a Nordic country. All individuals were followed from birth until cancer diagnosis, emigration, death, or 31 December 2016 (up to age 43 years), whichever came first. Incident cancers were identified from the Swedish Cancer Register. We fitted Cox regression models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as measures of cancer risk in relation to ID after adjusting for several potential confounders. We analyzed ID by severity, as well as idiopathic ID and syndromic ID separately. We performed a sibling comparison to investigate familial confounding. The study cohort included a total of 3,531,305 individuals, including 27,956 (0.8%) individuals diagnosed with ID. Compared with the reference group (individuals without ID and without a full sibling with ID), individuals with ID were in general more likely to be male. The median follow-up time was 8.9 and 23.0 years for individuals with ID and individuals without ID, respectively. A total of 188 cancer cases were identified among individuals with ID (incidence rate [IR], 62 per 1,000 person-years), and 24,960 among individuals in the reference group (IR, 31 per 1,000 person-years). A statistically significantly increased risk was observed for any cancer (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.35-1.82; P < 0.001), as well as for several cancer types, including cancers of the esophagus (HR 28.4, 95% CI 6.2-130.6; P < 0.001), stomach (HR 6.1, 95% CI 1.5-24.9; P = 0.013), small intestine (HR 12.0, 95% CI 2.9-50.1; P < 0.001), colon (HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-4.1; P = 0.045), pancreas (HR 6.0, 95% CI 1.5-24.8; P = 0.013), uterus (HR 11.7, 95% CI 1.5-90.7; P = 0.019), kidney (HR 4.4, 95% CI 2.0-9.8; P < 0.001), central nervous system (HR 2.7, 95% CI 2.0-3.7; P < 0.001), and other or unspecified sites (HR 4.8, 95% CI 1.8-12.9; P = 0.002), as well as acute lymphoid leukemia (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.3-4.4; P = 0.003) and acute myeloid leukemia (HR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4-6.4; P = 0.004). Cancer risk was not modified by ID severity or sex but was higher for syndromic ID. The sibling comparison showed little support for familial confounding. The main study limitations were the limited statistical power for the analyses of specific cancer types, and the potential for underestimation of the studied associations (e.g., due to potential underdetection or delayed diagnosis of cancer among individuals with ID). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that individuals with ID showed an increased risk of any cancer, as well as of several specific cancer types. These findings suggest that extended surveillance and early intervention for cancer among individuals with ID are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwei Liu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abraham Reichenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fang Fang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Sandin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
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