Intratumoral microbiota: roles in cancer initiation, development and therapeutic efficacy

Elimination of intracellular microbes using drug combination therapy and unveiling survival mechanism of host cells upon microbial invasion

Intracellular microbes are actively present in various tumor types in low biomass and play a major role in metastasis. Eliminating intracellular microbes on a cellular level with precision remains a challenge. To address this issue, we designed a screening pipeline to characterize intracellular microbes and their interaction with host cells. We used host and microbial in vitro lab-based constant and reproducible model, host as (mammalian cancer HeLa), and microbial strain as (Escherichia coli 25922). To study the pharmacological impact on intracellular bacterial load, we used antibiotics (ampicillin, roxithromycin, and ciprofloxacin) and chemotherapy drugs (doxorubicin and cisplatin) as external stimuli for both host and microbes. We found that increasing pharmacological stress does not increase microbial load inside the host cells. Eliminations of intracellular bacteria was done by using permutation orthogonal arrays (POA), whereby we acquired optimal drug combination in particular sequence of drugs, which reduced 90%-95% of the intracellular microbial load. Proteomic analysis revealed that upon invasion of Escherichia coli 25922, HeLa cells enriched ATP production pathways to activate intermediate filaments, which should be investigated closely via in vivo models.

A Nano-Strategy for Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy by Regulating Intratumoral Microbiota

Intratumoral microbiota have been identified as a component of the tumor microenvironment that regulates the metastatic behavior of tumors. They serve not only as indicators of tumor pathology but also as potential drug targets in cancer therapy. Herein, a multifunctional nanoplatform (DD@FEL) is prepared by combining antibiotic doxycycline (DOXY) that can combat intratumoral microbiota and the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) in ergosterol-originated liposome. Specially, ergosterol is utilized as a substitute for cholesterol in liposomes to exert pharmacological activity. Mechanistically, DD@FEL leveraged DOXY to inhibit cancer metastasis based on the regulation of intratumoral microbiota, which synergizes with the chemotherapeutic effect of DOX, eventually inhibiting the progression of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Verified both in vitro and in vivo, DD@FEL effectively exerts a cytotoxic effect on TNBC cells, delays the growth of primary TNBC, and attenuates the development of its lung metastasis, providing a promising therapeutic strategy to control both orthotopic and metastatic TNBC.

Multifaceted roles of OCT4 in tumor microenvironment: biology and therapeutic implications

OCT4 (Octamer-binding transcription factor 4, encoded by the POU5F1 gene) is a master transcription factor for maintaining the self-renewal and pluripotency of pluripotent stem cells, as well as a pioneer factor regulating epigenetics-driven cell reprogramming and cell fate conversion. It is also detected in a variety of cancer tissues and particularly in a small subpopulation of cancer cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). Accumulating evidence has revealed that CSCs are a dynamic population, exhibiting shift between multipotency and differentiation states, or quiescence and proliferation states. Such cellular plasticity of CSCs is profoundly influenced by dynamic interplay between CSCs and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we review recent evidence showing that OCT4 expressed in CSCs plays a multifaceted role in shaping the TME by interacting with the cellular TME components, including cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor endothelial cells, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, as well as the non-cellular TME components, such as extracellular matrix (ECM), metabolites, soluble factors (e.g., growth factors, cytokines and chemokines), and intra-tumoral microbiota. Together, OCT4 regulates crucial processes encompassing ECM remodeling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metabolic reprogramming, angiogenesis, and immune responses. The complex and bidirectional interactions between OCT4-expressing CSCs and the TME create a supportive niche for tumor growth, invasion, and resistance to therapy. Better understanding OCT4's roles in such interactions can provide deeper insights into potential therapeutic strategies and targets for disrupting the supportive environment of tumors. The emerging therapies targeting OCT4 in CSCs might hold promise to resensitize therapeutic-resistant cancer cells, and to eradicate all cancer cells when combined with other therapies targeting the bulk of differentiated cancer cells as well as the TME.

Designing live bacterial therapeutics for cancer

Humans are home to a diverse community of bacteria, many of which form symbiotic relationships with their host. Notably, tumors can also harbor their own unique bacterial populations that can influence tumor growth and progression. These bacteria, which selectively colonize hypoxic and acidic tumor microenvironments, present a novel therapeutic strategy to combat cancer. Advancements in synthetic biology enable us to safely and efficiently program therapeutic drugs production in bacteria, further enhancing their potential. This review provides a comprehensive guide to utilizing bacteria for cancer treatment. We discuss key considerations for selecting bacterial strains, emphasizing their colonization efficiency, the delicate balance between safety and anti-tumor efficacy, and the availability of tools for genetic engineering. We also delve into strategies for precise spatiotemporal control of drug delivery to minimize adverse effects and maximize therapeutic impact, exploring recent examples of engineered bacteria designed to combat tumors. Finally, we address the underlying challenges and future prospects of bacterial cancer therapy. This review underscores the versatility of bacterial therapies and outlines strategies to fully harness their potential in the fight against cancer.

Intratumoral mycobiome heterogeneity influences the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy outcomes in renal cell carcinoma

The intratumoral mycobiome plays a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment, but its impact on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unclear. We collected and quantitatively profiled the intratumoral mycobiome data from 1044 patients with RCC across four international cohorts, of which 466 patients received immunotherapy. Patients were stratified into mycobiota ecology-depauperate and mycobiota ecology-flourishing (MEF) groups based on fungal abundance. The MEF group had worse prognosis, higher fungal diversity, down-regulated lipid catabolism, and exhausted CD8+ T cells. We developed the intratumoral mycobiota signature and intratumoral mycobiota-related genes expression signature, which robustly predicted prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes in RCC and other cancers. Aspergillus tanneri was identified as a potential key fungal species influencing RCC prognosis. Our findings suggest that the intratumoral mycobiome suppresses lipid catabolism and induces T cell exhaustion in RCC.

Advancements in microfluidic technology for rapid bacterial detection and inflammation-driven diseases

Bacterial detection is pivotal for the timely diagnosis and effective treatment of infectious diseases. Microfluidic platforms offer advantages over traditional methods, including heightened sensitivity, rapid analysis, and minimal sample volume requirements. Traditional clinical methods for bacterial identification often involve extended processing times and necessitate high pathogen concentrations, resulting in delayed diagnoses and missed treatment opportunities. Microfluidic technology overcomes these limitations by facilitating rapid bacterial identification at lower biomass levels, thus ensuring prompt and precise treatment interventions. Additionally, bacteria-driven inflammation has been associated with the development and progression of various diseases, including cancer. Elucidating the complex interplay between bacteria, inflammation, and disease is essential for devising effective disease models and therapeutic strategies. Microfluidic platforms have been used to construct in vitro disease models that accurately replicate the intricate microenvironment that bacteria-driven inflammation affects. These models offer valuable insights into bacteria-driven inflammation and its impact on disease progression, such as cancer metastasis and therapeutic responses. This review examines recent advancements in bacterial detection using microfluidics and assesses the potential of this technology as a robust tool for exploring bacteria-driven inflammation in the context of cancer.

Cyborg microbe biohybrids with metal-organic coating layers: Strategies, functionalisation and potential applications

The integration of living microbes, specifically bacteria and fungi, with metal-organic nanocoatings has led to the recent development of cyborg microbe biohybrids, which show excellent adaptability and functionality for a wide range of potential applications in biotechnology and medicine. This review discusses the strategies, functionalisation, and applications of these biohybrids, which are categorised into two types of coatings: metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and metal-phenolic networks (MPNs). Key advances in their synthetic approaches via in-situ and pre-synthesised coatings are crucially addressed, and yet the methodology details and specific advantages are highlighted. Despite the notable advancements, there are various limitations and challenges, such as determination of the long-term viability and stability of the biohybrids, insufficient work on their theranostic applications and essentially scaling-up difficulties for industrial and clinical translation. The latest advancements in the biohybrids and related technology have established a critical foundation for enhancing innovative studies through the strong interdisciplinary teamwork.

Bacterial metabolites: Effects on the development of breast cancer and therapeutic efficacy (Review)

Evidence suggests that various gut metabolites significantly impact breast cancer (BC) and its treatment. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood and require further investigation. In the present study, the current literature was reviewed to evaluate the roles of microbial metabolites in the development of BC and its response to treatment. Microbial metabolites, including secondary bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, amino acid metabolites, lipopolysaccharide, nisin and pyocyanin, serve crucial roles in the BC microenvironment. Microbial metabolites promote BC invasion, metastasis and recurrence by facilitating cellular movement, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cell function and diapedesis. Furthermore, certain metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide and L-norvaline, can alter the pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutic drugs. The present review highlights the possible involvement of microbial metabolites and bacteriocins in BC carcinogenesis, development and metastasis. These metabolites could provide new insights for BC treatment strategies and are considered potential therapeutic targets.

Tumor-educated Neutrophils Induce Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer Through Interleukin-17a Secretion

The role of neutrophils in defending against infections and regulating immune responses is well-known. In cancer, tumor-associated neutrophils also play a significant role in the progression of tumors. However, the specific mechanisms of their interaction with human colorectal tumors have not been fully elucidated. Our study found that tumor-educated neutrophils can activate the STAT3 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells by secreting IL-17a. This leads to increased migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells, promoting tumor growth by triggering epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These findings suggest that IL-17a secreted by tumor-educated neutrophils contributes to the development of colorectal cancer through the IL-17a/STAT3 signaling pathway. This provides new insights for potential treatments for colorectal cancer.

Intratumoral microbiota-aided fusion radiomics model for predicting tumor response to neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (NACI) has emerged as the standard treatment for early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, reliable biomarkers for identifying patients who are likely to benefit from NACI are lacking. This study aims to develop an intratumoral microbiota-aided radiomics model for predicting pathological complete response (pCR) in patients with TNBC.

METHODS

Intratumoral microbiota are characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and quantified through experimental assays. Single-cell RNA sequencing is performed to analyze the tumor microenvironment of tumors with various responses to NACI. Radiomics features are extracted from tumor regions on longitudinal magnetic resonance images (MRIs) scanned before and after NACI in the training set. On the basis of treatment response (pCR or non-pCR) and intratumoral microbiota scoring, we select key radiomics features and construct a fusion model integrating multi-timepoint (pre-NACI and post-NACI) MRI to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy, followed by independent external validation.

RESULTS

A total of 124 patients are enrolled, with 88 in the training set and 36 in the validation set. Tumors from patients who achieves pCR present a significantly greater intratumoral microbiota load than tumors from patients who achieve non-pCR (p < 0.05). Additionally, tumors in non-pCR group exhibit greater infiltration of tumor-associated SPP1+ macrophages, which is negatively correlated with the microbiota load. On the basis of intratumoral microbiota scoring, we select 17 radiomics features and use them to construct the fusion radiomics model. The fusion model achieves the highest AUC of 0.945 in the training set, outperforming pre-NACI (AUC = 0.875) and post-NACI (AUC = 0.917) models. In the validation set, this model maintains a superior AUC of 0.873, surpassing those of pre-NACI (AUC = 0.769) and post-NACI (AUC = 0.802) models. Clinically, the fusion model distinguishes patients who achieve pCR from those who do not with an accuracy of 77.8%. Decision curve analysis demonstrates the superior net clinical benefit of this model across varying risk thresholds.

CONCLUSIONS

Our intratumoral microbiota-aided radiomics model could serve as a powerful and noninvasive tool for predicting the response of patients with early-stage TNBC to NACI.

A polyvalent vaccine for selectively killing tumor-associated bacteria to prevent cancer metastasis

Specific bacteria, including Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus sanguis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus xylosus, have been identified as contributors to breast cancer metastasis. Due to limitations such as lack of selectivity, traditional antibiotic therapies face obstacles in eliminating intratumoral bacteria. Herein, this work proposes the use of therapeutic vaccines to selectively target and eliminate harmful bacteria within tumors. A multivalent vaccine encapsulating both insoluble and soluble bacterial antigens was developed, addressing the shortcomings of traditional antibacterial vaccines by balancing broad antigen coverage with effective immune activation. This vaccine induces robust downstream immune responses to eliminate F. nucleatum, S. sanguis, E. faecalis, and S. xylosus, demonstrating notable therapeutic and preventive efficacy in bacteria-induced cancer metastasis models. Unexpectedly, vaccinated infected mice showed even slower tumor metastasis than uninfected mice. Overall, this study validates the potential of nanovaccines in modulating the intratumoral microbiome for tumor therapy and highlights tumor-associated bacterial infections as potential promising antitumor targets.

Harnessing the Power of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Cancer Treatment: The Role of Nanocarriers

For centuries, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has had certain advantages in the treatment of tumors. However, due to their poor water solubility, low bioavailability and potential toxicity, their effective delivery to target sites can be a major challenge. Nanocarriers based on the active ingredients of TCM, such as liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and organic/inorganic nanohybrids, are a promising strategy to improve the delivery of TCM, resulting in higher therapeutic outcomes and fewer side effects. Therefore, this article intends to review the application of Chinese medicine nano preparation in tumor. Firstly, we introduce the classification and synthesis of nanometer preparations of Chinese medicine. The second part mainly introduces the different responses of TCM nano-preparations in the course of treatment to introduce how TCM nano-preparations play a role in anti-tumor therapy. The third part focuses on Different response modes of Chinese medicine nano preparations in tumor therapy. The fourth part elucidates the application of Chinese medicine nano preparations in the treatment of cancer. Finally, the research direction to be explored in related fields is put forward.

Exploring effects of gut microbiota on tertiary lymphoid structure formation for tumor immunotherapy

Anti-tumor immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity is critical in inhibiting tumorigenesis and development of tumor. The adaptive immunity needs specific lymph organs such as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), which are highly correlated with improved survival outcomes in many cancers. In recent years, with increasing attention on the TLS in tumor microenvironment, TLSs have emerged as a novel target for anti-tumor therapy. Excitingly, studies have shown the contribution of TLSs to the adaptive immune responses. However, it is unclear how TLSs to form and how to more effectively defense against tumor through TLS formation. Recent studies have shown that the inflammation plays a critical role in TLS formation. Interestingly, studies have also found that gut microbiota can regulate the occurrence and development of inflammation. Therefore, we here summarize the potential effects of gut microbiota- mediated inflammation or immunosuppression on the TLS formation in tumor environments. Meanwhile, this review also explores how to manipulate mature TLS formation through regulating gut microbiota/metabolites or gut microbiota associated signal pathways for anti-tumor immunity, which potentially lead to a next-generation cancer immunotherapy.

Changes in L-phenylalanine concentration reflect and predict response to anti-PD-1 treatment combined with chemotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

Chemotherapy combined with checkpoint blockade antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein (PD-1) has achieved remarkable success in non-small cell lung cancer. However, few patients benefit from long-term treatment. Therefore, biomarkers capable of guiding the optimal therapeutic selection and reducing unnecessary toxicity are of pressing importance. In our research, we gathered serial blood samples from two groups of non-small cell lung cancer patients: 49 patients received a combination of therapies, and 34 patients went under chemotherapy alone. Utilizing non-targeted metabolomic analysis, we examined different metabolites' disparity. Among the lot, L-phenylalanine emerged as a significant prognostic marker in the combination treatment of non-small cell lung cancer patients, interestingly absent in patients under sole chemotherapy. The reduced ratio of L-phenylalanine concentration (two-cycle treatment vs. pre-treatment) was associated with improved progression-free survival (hazard ratio = 1.8000, 95% confidence interval: 0.8566‒3.7820, p < 0.0001) and overall survival (hazard ratio = 1.583, 95% confidence interval: 0.7416‒3.3800, p < 0.005). We further recruited two validation cohorts (cohort 1: 40 patients and cohort 2: 30 patients) to validate the sensitivity and specificity of L-phenylalanine prediction. Our results demonstrate that a model based on L-phenylalanine variations could serve as an early risk-assessment tool for non-small cell lung cancer patients undergoing treatment, potentially facilitating strategic clinical decision-making.

Suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome by a small molecule targeting CK1α-β-catenin-NF-κB and CK1α-NRF2-mitochondrial OXPHOS pathways during mycobacterial infection

Introduction

Pyroptosis is an important inflammatory form of cell death and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) chronic infection triggers excessive inflammatory pyroptosis of macrophages. Our previous research has confirmed that a small compound pyrvinium pamoate (PP) could inhibit inflammatory pathological changes and mycobacterial burden in M.tb-infected mice, but the potential mechanism of PP for inhibiting M.tb-induced inflammation remains unexplored.

Methods

The effects of PP on the NLRP3-ASC-Casp1 inflammasome assembly and activation, gasdermin D (GSDMD) mediated pyroptosis and inflammatory cytokines expression were assessed in human THP-1-derived macrophages after M.tb H37Rv/H37Ra/ Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) infection or LPS treatment by Transcriptome sequencing, RT-qPCR, Co-immunoprecipitation and Western Blot (WB) analysis. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay was used to evaluate the CC50 of PP in M.tb-infected THP-1 cells.

Results

We found that M.tb/S. typhimurium infection and LPS treatment significantly activate NLRP3-ASC-Casp1 inflammasome activation, GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) expression in macrophages, whereas PP could suppress these inflammatory effects in a dose dependent manner. Regarding the PP-inhibition mechanism, we further found that this inhibitory activity is mediated through the PP-targeting casein kinase 1A1 (CK1α)-β-catenin-NF-κB pathway and CK1α-NRF2-mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway. In addition, a CK1α specific inhibitor D4476 or CK1α siRNA could reverse these inhibitory effects of PP on bacteria-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages.

Conclusions

This study reveals a previously unreported mechanism that pyrvinium can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD-IL-1β inflammatory pyroptosis via targeting suppressing CK1α-β-catenin-NF-κB and CK1α-NRF2-mitochondrial OXPHOS pathways, suggesting that pyrvinium pamoate holds great promise as a host directed therapy (HDT) drug for mycobacterial-induced excessive inflammatory response.

Unlocking the Microbial Symphony: The Interplay of Human Microbiota in Cancer Immunotherapy Response

INTRODUCTION

The emergence of cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, offering remarkable outcomes for patients across various malignancies. However, the heterogeneous response to immunotherapy underscores the necessity of understanding additional factors influencing treatment efficacy. Among these factors, the human microbiota has garnered significant attention for its potential role in modulating immune response. Body: This review explores the intricate relationship between the human microbiota and cancer immunotherapy, highlighting recent advances and potential mechanisms underlying microbial influence on treatment outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Insights into the microbiome's impact on immunotherapy response not only deepen our understanding of cancer pathogenesis but also hold promise for personalized therapeutic strategies aimed at optimizing patient outcomes.

Emerging roles of intratumoral microbiota: a key to novel cancer therapies

Microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, have been found to play critical roles in tumor microenvironments. Due to their low biomass and other obstacles, the presence of intratumor microbes has been challenging to definitively establish. However, advances in biotechnology have enabled researchers to reveal the association between intratumor microbiota and cancer. Recent studies have shown that tumor tissues, once thought to be sterile, actually contain various microorganisms. Disrupted mucosal barriers and adjacent normal tissues are important sources of intratumor microbiota. Additionally, microbes can invade tumors by traveling through the bloodstream to the tumor site and infiltrating through damaged blood vessels. These intratumor microbiota may promote the initiation and progression of cancers by inducing genomic instability and mutations, affecting epigenetic modifications, activating oncogenic pathways, and promoting inflammatory responses. This review summarizes the latest advancements in this field, including techniques and methods for identifying and culturing intratumor microbiota, their potential sources, functions, and roles in the efficacy of immunotherapy. It explores the relationship between gut microbiota and intratumor microbiota in cancer patients, and whether altering gut microbiota might influence the characteristics of intratumor microbiota and the host immune microenvironment. Additionally, the review discusses the prospects and limitations of utilizing intratumor microbiota in antitumor immunotherapy.

Microbiota and Radiotherapy: Unlocking the Potential for Improved Gastrointestinal Cancer Treatment

Radiotherapy (RT) is one of the major cornerstones in managing gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. However, several side effects, such as intestinal inflammation, mucosal injury, and dysbiosis, often compromise this. The gut microbiota increasingly attracts much interest as an essential modulator of RT effects influencing immune responses and tissue repair. Through short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate, representatives of certain bacterial species play a crucial role under normal conditions, keeping the mucosal integrity intact and reducing oxidative stress-mediated damage. Dysbiosis, a state where diminished microbial diversity and increased pathogenic species in the microbiota are seen, amplifies RT-induced toxicity in patients. Clinical investigations highlight that microbiota-targeted interventions, including probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, hold the means to augment RT efficacy and lessen toxicity. Increased microflora diversity and specific microbial profiles have yielded serious patient improvements. Advanced RT methods use stereotactic body radiotherapy combined with microbiota modulation as a promising technique to shield healthy tissue and maximize immune-mediated antitumor effects. Additionally, there is an implication in tumor behavior regulated by the intratumoral microbiota regarding the response to radiotherapy. Notably, the modulation of gut and tumor microbiota provides an avenue to optimize RT benefits in GI cancers, underscoring the importance of personalized therapy.

Intra-tumoral bacteria in head and neck cancer: holistic integrative insight

Intra-tumoral bacteria are pivotal in the initiation and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), exerting a significant influence on tumor cell biology, immune responses, and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Different types and distribution of bacteria threaten the balance of metabolism and the immune environment of tumor cells. Taking advantage of this disrupted homeostasis, intra-tumoral bacteria stimulate the secretion of metabolites or influence specific immune cell types to produce inflammatory or chemokines, thereby influencing the anti-tumor immune response while regulating the level of inflammation and immunosuppression within the TME. Some intra-tumoral bacteria are used as diagnostic and prognostic markers in clinical practice. Based on the unique characteristics of bacteria, the use of engineered bacteria and outer membrane vesicles for drug delivery and biological intervention is a promising new therapeutic strategy. The presence of intra-tumoral bacteria also makes chemoradiotherapy tolerable, resulting in a poor treatment effect. However, due to the immune-related complexity of intra-tumoral bacteria, there may be unexpected effects in immunotherapy. In this review the patterns of intra-tumoral bacteria involvement in HNSCC are discussed, elucidating the dual roles, while exploring the relevance to anti-tumor immune responses in the clinical context and the prospects and limitations of the use of bacteria in targeted therapy.

The neuroscience in breast cancer: Current insights and clinical opportunities

The involvement of nerves in the development of breast cancer has emerged as a significant factor. Interaction between the nervous system and breast cancer can influence tumor initiation, growth, invasion, metastasis, reverse resistance to drugs, promote inflammation in tumors, and impair the immune system's ability to combat cancer. This review examined the intricate relationship linking the nervous system with breast cancer, emphasizing both central and peripheral aspects of the nervous system. Moreover, we reviewed neural cell factors and their impact on breast cancer progression, alongside the interactions between nerves and immunology, microbiota in breast cancer. Furthermore, the study discussed the potential of nerves as biomarkers for diagnosing and prognosticating breast cancer, and evaluated prospects for improving chemotherapy and immunotherapy therapeutic outcomes in breast cancer treatment. We hope to provide a deeper understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of breast cancer and pave the way for the discovery of innovative therapeutic targets and prognostic markers.

Implications of intratumoral microbiota in tumor metastasis: a special perspective of microorganisms in tumorigenesis and clinical therapeutics

Tumor metastasis is the main cause of therapeutic failure and mortality in cancer patients. The intricate metastastic process is influenced by both the intrinsic properties of tumor cells and extrinsic factors, such as microorganisms. Notably, some microbiota have been discovered to colonize tumor tissues, collectively known as intratumoral microbiota. Intratumoral microbiota can modulate tumor progression through multiple mechanisms, including regulating immune responses, inducing genomic instability and gene mutations, altering metabolic pathways, controlling epigenetic pathways, and disrupting cancer-related signaling pathways. Furthermore, intratumoral microbiota have been shown to directly impact tumor metastasis by regulating cell adhesion, stem cell plasticity and stemness, mechanical stresses and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Indirectly, they may affect tumor metastasis by modulating the host immune system and the tumor microenvironment. These recent findings have reshaped our understanding of the relationship between microorganims and the metastatic process. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the existing knowledge on tumor metastasis and elaborate on the properties, origins and carcinogenic mechanisms of intratumoral microbiota. Moreover, we explore the roles of intratumoral microbiota in tumor metastasis and discuss their clinical implications. Ongoing research in this field will establish a solid foundation for novel therapeutic strategies and clinical treatments for various tumors.

Tumor microbiome: roles in tumor initiation, progression, and therapy

Over the past few years, the tumor microbiome is increasingly recognized for its multifaceted involvement in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. With the application of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) sequencing, the intratumoral microbiome, also referred to as tumor-intrinsic or tumor-resident microbiome, has also been found to play a significant role in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Understanding their complex functions is critical for identifying new therapeutic avenues and improving treatment outcomes. This review first summarizes the origins and composition of these microbial communities, emphasizing their adapted diversity across a diverse range of tumor types and stages. Moreover, we outline the general mechanisms by which specific microbes induce tumor initiation, including the activation of carcinogenic pathways, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, epigenetic modifications, and chronic inflammation. We further propose the tumor microbiome may evade immunity and promote angiogenesis to support tumor progression, while uncovering specific microbial influences on each step of the metastatic cascade, such as invasion, circulation, and seeding in secondary sites. Additionally, tumor microbiome is closely associated with drug resistance and influences therapeutic efficacy by modulating immune responses, drug metabolism, and apoptotic pathways. Furthermore, we explore innovative microbe-based therapeutic strategies, such as engineered bacteria, oncolytic virotherapy, and other modalities aimed at enhancing immunotherapeutic efficacy, paving the way for microbiome-centered cancer treatment frameworks.

Dysbiosis and extraintestinal cancers

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in safeguarding host health and driving the progression of intestinal diseases. Despite recent advances in the remarkable correlation between dysbiosis and extraintestinal cancers, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. Pathogenic microbiota, along with their metabolites, can undermine the integrity of the gut barrier through inflammatory or metabolic pathways, leading to increased permeability and the translocation of pathogens. The dissemination of pathogens through the circulation may contribute to the establishment of an immune-suppressive environment that promotes carcinogenesis in extraintestinal organs either directly or indirectly. The oncogenic cascade always engages in the disruption of hormonal regulation and inflammatory responses, the induction of genomic instability and mutations, and the dysregulation of adult stem cell proliferation. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the existing evidence that points to the potential role of dysbiosis in the malignant transformation of extraintestinal organs such as the liver, breast, lung, and pancreas. Additionally, we delve into the limitations inherent in current methodologies, particularly the challenges associated with differentiating low loads gut-derived microbiome within tumors from potential sample contamination or symbiotic microorganisms. Although still controversial, an understanding of the contribution of translocated intestinal microbiota and their metabolites to the pathological continuum from chronic inflammation to tumors could offer a novel foundation for the development of targeted therapeutics.

Microbes, macrophages, and melanin: a unifying theory of disease as exemplified by cancer

It is widely accepted that cancer mostly arises from random spontaneous mutations triggered by environmental factors. Our theory challenges the idea of the random somatic mutation theory (SMT). The SMT does not fit well with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in that the same relatively few mutations would occur so frequently and that these mutations would lead to death rather than survival of the fittest. However, it would fit well under the theory of evolution, if we were to look at it from the vantage point of pathogens and their supporting microbial communities colonizing humans and mutating host cells for their own benefit, as it does give them an evolutionary advantage and they are capable of selecting genes to mutate and of inserting their own DNA or RNA into hosts. In this article, we provide evidence that tumors are actually complex microbial communities composed of various microorganisms living within biofilms encapsulated by a hard matrix; that these microorganisms are what cause the genetic mutations seen in cancer and control angiogenesis; that these pathogens spread by hiding in tumor cells and M2 or M2-like macrophages and other phagocytic immune cells and traveling inside them to distant sites camouflaged by platelets, which they also reprogram, and prepare the distant site for metastasis; that risk factors for cancer are sources of energy that pathogens are able to utilize; and that, in accordance with our previous unifying theory of disease, pathogens utilize melanin for energy for building and sustaining tumors and metastasis. We propose a paradigm shift in our understanding of what cancer is, and, thereby, a different trajectory for avenues of treatment and prevention.

Investigating the role of intratumoral Streptococcus mitis in gastric cancer progression: insights into tumor microenvironment

Growing evidence implicates that intratumoral microbiota are closely linked to cancer progression; however, research on the role of these microbiota in the development of gastric cancer remains limited. Here, using 16 S rRNA sequencing, tumor tissue proteomics and serum cytokines analysis, we identified enrichment of specific microbial communities within tumors of gastric cancer patients, possibly affecting the tumor microenvironment by immune modulation, metabolic processes, and inflammatory responses. Based on the results of in vivo experiments and intratumoral microbiota analysis, we found that Streptococcus mitis can inhibit gastric cancer progression via suppressing M2 macrophage polarization and infiltration, as well as altering the intratumoral microbial community. In summary, our findings suggest that the intratumoral microbiota, exemplified by Streptococcus mites, may be involved in regulating the progression of gastric cancer, thereby emerging as potential therapeutic targets for this disease.

A Metal Chelation Therapy to Effectively Eliminate Breast Cancer and Intratumor Bacteria While Suppressing Tumor Metastasis by Copper Depletion and Zinc Ions Surge

The intratumor microbiota results in the immunosuppressive microenvironment and facilitates tumor growth and metastasis. However, developing a synergistic therapy with antitumor, antibacterial, and antimetastatic effects faces enormous challenges. Here, we propose an innovative metal chelation therapy to effectively eliminate tumor and intratumor bacteria and suppress tumor metastasis. Different from traditional chelation therapy that only consumes metal elements, this therapy not only eliminates the crucial metal elements for tumor metabolism but also releases new metal ions with antitumor and antibacterial properties. Based on the high demand for copper in breast cancer, we prepare a fibrous therapeutic nanoagent (Zn-PEN) by chelating the copper chelator D-Penicillamine (D-PEN) with Zn2+. Firstly, Zn-PEN achieves dual inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis metabolism in breast cancer through copper depletion and Zn2+ activated cGAS-STING pathway, thus inducing tumor cell death. Secondly, Zn-PEN has the capability to eradicate Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) in breast cancer, thereby mitigating its immunosuppressive impact on the tumor microenvironment. Finally, Zn-PEN effectively inhibits tumor metastasis through multiple routes, including the inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, activation of cGAS-STING pathway, and elimination with F. nucleatum. Therefore, we verify the feasibility of Zn-PEN mediated metal chelation therapy in a 4T1 model infected with F. nucleatum, providing a new therapeutic strategy for inhibiting tumor metastasis.

Interactions between the tumor microbiota and breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. Changes in the microbiota and their metabolites affect the occurrence and development of breast cancer; however, the specific mechanisms are not clear. Gut microbes and their metabolites influence the development of breast cancer by regulating the tumor immune response, estrogen metabolism, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy effects. It was previously thought that there were no microorganisms in breast tissue, but it is now thought that there are microorganisms in breast cancer that can affect the outcome of the disease. This review builds on existing research to comprehensively analyze the role of gut and intratumoral microbiota and their metabolites in the development and metastasis of breast cancer. We also explore the potential function of the microbiota as biomarkers for prognosis and therapeutic response, highlighting the need for further research to clarify the causal relationship between the microbiota and breast cancer. We hope to provide new ideas and directions for the development of new methods for breast cancer treatment.

Metabolic reprogramming and immunological changes in the microenvironment of esophageal cancer: future directions and prospects

Background

Esophageal cancer (EC) is the seventh-most prevalent cancer worldwide and is a significant contributor to cancer-related mortality. Metabolic reprogramming in tumors frequently coincides with aberrant immune function alterations, and extensive research has demonstrated that perturbations in energy metabolism within the tumor microenvironment influence the occurrence and progression of esophageal cancer. Current treatment modalities for esophageal cancer primarily include encompass chemotherapy and a limited array of targeted therapies, which are hampered by toxicity and drug resistance issues. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, has exhibited promising results; however, a substantial proportion of patients remain unresponsive. The optimization of these immunotherapies requires further investigation. Mounting evidence underscores the importance of modulating metabolic traits within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to augment anti-tumor immunotherapy.

Methods

We selected relevant studies on the metabolism of the esophageal cancer tumor microenvironment and immune cells based on our searches of MEDLINE and PubMed, focusing on screening experimental articles and reviews related to glucose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism, as well their interactions with tumor cells and immune cells, published within the last five years. We analyzed and discussed these studies, while also expressing our own insights and opinions.

Results

A total of 137 articles were included in the review: 21 articles focused on the tumor microenvironment of esophageal cancer, 33 delved into research related to glucose metabolism and tumor immunology, 30 introduced amino acid metabolism and immune responses, and 17 focused on the relationship between lipid metabolism in the tumor microenvironment and both tumor cells and immune cells.

Conclusion

This article delves into metabolic reprogramming and immune alterations within the TME of EC, systematically synthesizes the metabolic characteristics of the TME, dissects the interactions between tumor and immune cells, and consolidates and harnesses pertinent immunotherapy targets, with the goal of enhancing anti-tumor immunotherapy for esophageal cancer and thereby offering insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Intratumoral microbiota, fatty acid metabolism, and tumor microenvironment constitute an unresolved trinity in colon adenocarcinoma

The intratumoral microbiota, fatty acid metabolism (FAM), and tumor microenvironment (TME) all provide insights into the management of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). But the biological link among the three remains unclear. Here, we analyzed intratumoral microbiome samples and matched host transcriptome samples from 420 patients with COAD in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). All patients were divided into two subtypes (FAM_high and FAM_low) based on the Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) score of FAM pathway. Furthermore, we found significant difference in the intratumoral microbiota signatures between the two subtypes. In-depth analysis suggested that specific microbes in tumors may indirectly modify the TME, particularly stromal cell populations, by modulating the FAM process. More importantly, the crosstalk between the three can have a significant impact on prognosis, response to immunotherapy, and drug sensitivity of patients. Pathological image profiling showed that changes in the TME originating from intratumoral microbiota disturbance could be reflected in pathological image features. In summary, our study provides novel insights into the biological links among the intratumoral microbiota, FAM, and the TME in COAD, and offer guidance for the therapeutic opportunities that target intratumoral microbes.

Progress in the Study of Intratumoral Microorganisms in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The intratumoral microbiota, an integral part of liver tumors, has garnered significant attention from researchers due to its role in tumor development regulation and impact on cancer treatment. Intratumoral microorganism not only influences tumorigenesis and progression, but also serves as potential biomarkers and targets for tumor therapy. Targeted manipulation of these microorganisms holds great promise for personalized liver cancer treatment. However, there is a lack of systematic summaries and reports on the study of intratumoral microorganism in hepatocellular carcinoma. This comprehensive review aims to address this gap by summarizing research progress related to in the field of hepatocellular carcinoma intratumoral bacteria, including their sources, types, distribution characteristics within tumors, impact on tumor development, underlying mechanisms, and application prospects. Through the analysis, it is proposed that intratumor organisms can be used as markers for liver cancer diagnosis and treatment, drug carrier materials for targeting liver cancer tissues, and the research prospects of developing new combination therapies based on the in-depth understanding of the interactions between intratumor microorganisms and the tumor microenvironment, immune cells, liver cancer cells, etc. as well as exploring the prospects of developing new combination therapies based on these interactions. It is hoped that from the perspective of intratumoral microbiota, potential theoretical support can be provided for future research on targeted cancer therapy for liver cancer intratumoral microbiota, and new insights and ideas can be provided for targeting points and research methods in tumor research.

Community characteristics and relationship between gut microbiota and intratumoral microbiota in hepatocellular carcinoma

Background

The combination of local therapy with lenvatinib and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors represents an emerging treatment paradigm for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). Our study sought to investigate the interrelationship between gut microbiota and intratumoral microbiota in the context of triple therapy, with a view to identifying potential biological markers.

Methods

The gut microbial community profiles of patients with primary untreated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and those treated with local therapy combined with lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitors were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Additionally, microbial community profiles of tumor tissues of patients with HCC and normal liver tissues were analyzed.

Results

In our investigation, we observed that patients with HCC who received triple therapy exhibited a notable enhancement in the abundance of Actinobacteriota and a considerable decrease in Escherichia Shigella. Patients who received hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) in combination with levatinib and PD-1 inhibitors exhibited significantly elevated levels of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bacteroides stercoris in comparison to those who received transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in combination with levatinib and PD-1 inhibitors. Furthermore, a notable decline in microbial diversity was observed within HCC tumors in comparison to normal liver tissues. The gut and intratumoral microbiota in HCC patients exhibited a high degree of similarity to the microbes present at the phylum level.

Conclusions

Gut microbiota is connected to triple therapy with local therapy combined with lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitors for HCC. These discoveries underscore the potential of utilizing gut microbiota and intratumoral microbiota as biomarkers, as well as the possibility of triple therapy in the management of HCC.

Intra-tumoral sphingobacterium multivorum promotes triple-negative breast cancer progression by suppressing tumor immunosurveillance

BACKGROUND

Intratumor-resident bacteria represent an integral component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Microbial dysbiosis, which refers to an imbalance in the bacterial composition and bacterial metabolic activities, plays an important role in regulating breast cancer development and progression. However, the impact of specific intratumor-resident bacteria on tumor progression and their underlying mechanisms remain elusive.

METHODS

16S rDNA gene sequencing was used to analyze the cancerous and paracancerous tissues from breast cancer patients. The mouse models of bearing 4T1 cell tumors were employed to assess the influence of bacterial colonization on tumor growth. Tissue infiltration of regulatory T (Treg) cells and CD8+ T cells was evaluated through immunohistochemistry and flow cytometric analysis. Comparative metabolite profiling in mice tumors was conducted using targeted metabolomics. Differential genes of tumor cells stimulated by bacteria were analyzed by transcriptomics and validated by qPCR assay.

RESULTS

We found that Sphingobacterium displayed high abundance in cancerous tissues. Intra-tumoral colonization of Sphingobacterium multivorum (S. multivorum) promoted tumor progression in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, S. multivorum diminished the therapeutic efficacy of αPD-1 mAb, which was associated with the increase of regulatory T cell (Treg) infiltration, and decrese of the CD8+ T cell infiltration. Targeted metabolomics revealed a conspicuous reduction of propionylcarnitine in tumors colonized by S. multivorum Furthermore, the combination of metabolite propionylcarnitine and S. multivorum shown to suppress tumor growth compared that in S. multivorum alone in vivo. Mechanistically, S. multivorum promoted the secretion of chemokines CCL20 and CXCL8 from tumor cells. CCL20 secreted into the TME facilitated the recruitment of Treg cells and reduced CD8+ T cell infiltration, thus promoting tumor immune escape.

CONCLUSIONS

This study reveals S. multivorum suppresses immune surveillance within the TME, thereby promoting breast cancer progression.

Poly l-Lactic Acid Nanofiber Membrane Effectively Inhibits Liver Cancer Cells Growth and Prevents Postoperative Residual Cancer Recurrence

Electrospun nanocarrier systems, widely employed in the medical field, exhibit the capability to encapsulate multiple drugs and mitigate complications. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) represents a frequently utilized chemotherapeutic agent for liver cancer patients. Sodium bicarbonate (SB) serves to neutralize the acidic tumor microenvironment, while ibuprofen (IBU) attenuates inflammatory factor production. The combination of these three commonly used drugs facilitates antitumor efficacy and relapse prevention. Composite fibrous membranes were prepared by incorporating the antitumor drug DOX into MSN, which was then codispersed with IBU in a poly l-lactic acid (PLLA) electrospinning solution after acid sensitization using SB. The resulting membrane was characterized using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The toxic effect of this fibrous membrane and its pro-apoptotic effect on tumor cells were evaluated, along with the expression of cell proliferation-related factors, immune/inflammatory factors, and apoptosis-related factors. Immunohistochemistry and HE staining confirmed its ability to inhibit recurrence of postoperative residual cancer without causing toxicity to vital organs. The PLLA-MSN@DOX-SB-IBU nanofibrous membrane not only mitigates the cardiotoxicity associated with DOX but also inhibits tumor cell proliferation and enhances the tumor microenvironment, demonstrating significant antitumor efficacy. Furthermore, it effectively prevents the recurrence of residual cancer postsurgery while exhibiting excellent biocompatibility. The PLLA-MSN@DOX-SB-IBU nanofibrous membrane demonstrates significant potential in impeding the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and mitigating the recurrence of residual cancer following surgical intervention for hepatocellular carcinoma.

A novel interplay between bacteria and metabolites in different early-stage lung cancer: an integrated microbiome and metabolome analysis

Background

The carcinogenesis mechanism of early-stage lung cancer (ESLC) remains unclear. Microbial dysbiosis is closely related to tumor development. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between microbiota dysbiosis in ESLC.

Methods

We investigated a total of 108 surgical specimens of lung nodules, including ground glass nodules (GGN) diagnosed as lung adenocarcinoma (n = 25), solid nodules (SN) diagnosed as lung adenocarcinoma (n = 27), lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC) presenting as solid nodules (n = 26), and benign pulmonary nodules (BPD) (n = 30) that were collected. 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics analysis were performed in all of the specimens.

Results

We found a significantly lower microbiota richness in SN than in the GGN and LUSC. Ralstonia may be an important flora promoting the development of early lung adenocarcinoma, while Feacalibacterium and Blautia play a protective role in the progression of GGN to SN. Akkermansia, Escherichia-shigella, and Klebsiella exhibited high abundance in early lung squamous carcinoma. Compared with BPD, the differential metabolites of both early adenocarcinomas (SN and GGN) are mainly involved in energy metabolic pathways, while early LUSC is mainly involved in glutathione metabolism, producing and maintaining high levels of intracellular redox homeostasis. A correlation analysis revealed that different microbiota in GGN may function in energy metabolism via N-acetyl-1-aspartylglutamic acid (NAAG) when compared to BPD, while creatine and N-acetylmethionine were the main relevant molecules for the function of differential microbiota in LUSC.

Conclusion

Our study identified that early-stage lung adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma differ in microbial composition and metabolic status. Ralstonia may be an important flora promoting the development of early lung adenocarcinoma, while Feacalibacterium and Blautia play a protective role in the progression of GGN to SN. Conversely, Akkermansia, Escherichia-shigella, and Klebsiella exhibited high abundance in early lung squamous carcinoma. The metabolites of both early adenocarcinomas (SN and GGN) are mainly involved in energy metabolic pathways, while early LUSC is mainly involved in glutathione metabolism. Our study provides new insights into the carcinogenesis of ESLC.

Molecular subtype of gastric cancer based on apoptosis-related genes reveals differential immune microenvironment and intratumoral microorganisms distribution

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) is known for its high heterogeneity, presenting challenges in current clinical treatment strategies. Accurate subtyping and in-depth analysis of the molecular heterogeneity of GC at the molecular level are still not fully understood.

METHODS

This study categorized GC into two subtypes based on apoptosis-related genes (ARGs) and investigated differences in tumor immune microenvironment, intratumoral microorganisms distribution, gene expression, and signaling pathways. Key prognostic genes related to apoptosis in GC were identified through random survival forest analysis, and their specific signaling mechanisms were explored. Expression levels of key genes were validated through PCR in paired GC tissues and cancer cell lines. Moreover, biological functions of these key genes were verified in vitro experiments.

RESULTS

A consistent clustering of GC was conducted using 161 apoptosis-related genes (ARGs), resulting in the identification of two subtypes, C1 and C2. Subsequently, significant differences were found in the tumor immune microenvironment, intratumoral microorganisms, gene expression, signaling pathways, and protein interaction networks between the two subtypes. GPX3, PLAT, and CAV1 were identified as key prognostic genes related to apoptosis in GC, with a focus on their impact on disease progression-related pathways. Furthermore, PCR assays validated that these three key genes exhibited significantly low expression levels in both GC cell lines and tissues. Finally, knocking down key genes expression significantly promoted cell proliferation, colony formation and invasion of GC.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the molecular characteristics of ARGs in GC, revealed their association with the tumor immune microenvironment and intratumoral microorganisms. These findings provide new ideas for the molecular classification of GC.

A prognostic nomogram of non-small cell lung cancer based on tumor marker inflammatory nutrition score

Background

Patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) usually have a poor prognosis, so it is critical to identify effective biomarkers for prognosis prediction. The aim of this study is to establish a nomogram to evaluate the prognostic significance of blood markers in patients with NSCLC and provide reference for clinical work.

Methods

A total of 486 patients with NSCLC who were admitted to hospital from January 2009 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The cohort was divided into a training set (n=340) and a validation set (n=146). Eleven blood indicators were selected as prognostic parameters by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) model to establish tumor marker inflammatory nutrition (TMIN) score. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to establish a TMIN-nomogram model for predicting overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) survival curve, calibration curve and clinical decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the TMIN-nomogram model.

Results

The TMIN score were constructed for 11 of the most valuable prognostic variables, including white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils (N), platelets (PLT), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), prealbumin (PAB), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin fragment 21-1 (CYFRA21-1), fibrinogen (FIB), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR), and patients were divided into low-risk and high-risk groups using optimal cutovers. The TMIN score showed good predictive value for both OS and PFS. In addition, The TMIN score and sex, smoke, pathological classification, American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (AJCC stage), tumor diameter and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-performance status (ECOG-PS) and other clinical indicators showed a strong correlation. Univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that TMIN score was an independent risk factor for OS and PFS in NSCLC patients. It is worth noting that the TMIN nomogram model of OS and PFS based on multivariate analysis combined with TMIN score has very good prognostic value for NSCLC patients.

Conclusions

TMIN is a promising predictor for PFS and OS in NSCLC patients. The TMIN-nomogram prediction model can be used as an effective tool for the comprehensive prognosis evaluation of NSCLC patients.

Antitumor potentials of onco-microbial in Chinese patients with pancreatic cancer

Recent studies have revealed that intratumoral microbiota is implicated in pancreatic cancer (PC), yet the spectra of intratumoral microbiota and their relationship with PC in Chinese patients remained to be clarified. In this study, tumor and paired paracancerous tissue from 53 patients were profiled by bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Both α- and β-diversity displayed significant differences between tumors and adjacent tissues, with higher diversity in tumors. Three bacteria phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria) were prevalent in both cancers and adjacent normal tissues. A high prevalence of Pseudomonas has been identified in the PC tumor microenvironment and was associated with prolonged overall survival. Furthermore, the results of in vitro experiments suggested that Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) could inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. These findings revealed distinctive microbial features of the PC tumors and normal tissues in Chinese populations and exhibited the antitumor potential of P. fluorescens in PC.

Synergistic Potential of Antibiotics with Cancer Treatments

Intratumoral microbiota, the diverse community of microorganisms residing within tumor tissues, represent an emerging and intriguing field in cancer biology. These microbial populations are distinct from the well-studied gut microbiota, offering novel insights into tumor biology, cancer progression, and potential therapeutic interventions. Recent studies have explored the use of certain antibiotics to modulate intratumoral microbiota and enhance the efficacy of cancer therapies, showing promising results. Antibiotics can alter intratumoral microbiota's composition, which may have a major role in promoting cancer progression and immune evasion. Certain bacteria within tumors can promote immunosuppression and resistance to therapies. By targeting these bacteria, antibiotics can help create a more favorable environment for chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy to act effectively. Some bacteria within the tumor microenvironment produce immunosuppressive molecules that inhibit the activity of immune cells. The combination of antibiotics and other cancer therapies holds significant promise for creating a synergistic effect and enhancing the immune response against cancer. In this review, we analyze several preclinical studies that have been conducted to demonstrate the synergy between antibiotics and other cancer therapies and discuss possible clinical implications.

Immunogenic peptides putatively from intratumor microbes: Opportunities for colorectal cancer treatment

Recent evidence has confirmed the presence of intratumor microbes, yet their impact on the immunopeptidome remains largely unexplored. Here we introduced an integrated strategy to identify the immunopeptidome originated from intratumor microbes. Analyzing 10 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, we identified 154 putative microbe-derived human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-I ligands. Predominantly bacterial in origin, these peptides were notably abundant in Fusobacterium nucleatum, the most prevalent bacterium differentiating between normal and tumor tissues. We discovered 20 peptides originating from F. nucleatum, thirteen of which, including two peptides shared across multiple patients, were tumor specific. Validation experiments confirmed that the putative microbe-derived peptide could activate CD8+ T cell responses. Our findings indicate that HLA-I molecules are capable of presenting intratumor microbe-derived peptides in CRC, potentially contributing to CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity and suggesting potential strategies for cancer immunotherapy.

Microbiota and Cytokine Modulation: Innovations in Enhancing Anticancer Immunity and Personalized Cancer Therapies

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in modulating anticancer immunity, significantly impacting the effectiveness of various cancer therapies, including immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Its impact on the development of cancer is complex; certain bacteria, like Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides fragilis, can stimulate the growth of tumors by causing immunological evasion and inflammation, while advantageous strains, like Faecalibaculum rodentium, have the ability to suppress tumors by modifying immune responses. Cytokine activity and immune system regulation are intimately related. Cytokines including TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-10 promote tumor development by inhibiting efficient immune surveillance. The gut microbiome exhibits a delicate balance between pro- and anti-tumorigenic factors, as evidenced by the enhancement of anti-tumor immunity by cytokines such as IL-12 and IFN-γ. Improved immunotherapy responses are linked to a diverse microbiota, which is correlated with higher tumor infiltration and cytotoxic T-cell activation. Because microbial metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids, affect cytokine expression and immune cell activation inside the tumor microenvironment, this link highlights the need to maintain microbial balance for optimal treatment effects. Additionally, through stimulating T-cell activation, bacteria like Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum increase cytokine production and improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). An option for overcoming ICI resistance is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), since research suggests that it improves melanoma outcomes by increasing CD8+ T-cell activation. This complex interaction provides an opportunity for novel cancer therapies by highlighting the possibility of microbiome modification as a therapeutic approach in personalized oncology approaches.

Exosomal circular RNAs in tumor microenvironment: An emphasis on signaling pathways and clinical opportunities

Exosomes can regulate the malignant progression of tumors by carrying a variety of genetic information and transmitting it to target cells. Recent studies indicate that exosomal circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate multiple biological processes in carcinogenesis, such as tumor growth, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, drug resistance, autophagy, metabolism, angiogenesis, and immune escape. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), exosomal circRNAs can be transferred among tumor cells, endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, and microbiota, affecting tumor initiation and progression. Due to the high stability and widespread presence of exosomal circRNAs, they hold promise as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis and prognosis prediction in blood and urine. In addition, designing nanoparticles targeting exosomal circRNAs and utilizing exosomal circRNAs derived from immune cells or stem cells provide new strategies for cancer therapy. In this review, we examined the crucial role of exosomal circRNAs in regulating tumor-related signaling pathways and summarized the transmission of exosomal circRNAs between various types of cells and their impact on the TME. Finally, our review highlights the potential of exosomal circRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic prediction biomarkers, as well as suggesting new strategies for clinical therapy.

Delineating the nexus between gut-intratumoral microbiome and osteo-immune system in bone metastases

Emerging insights in osteoimmunology have enabled researchers to explore in depth the role of immune modulation in regulating bone health. Bone is one of the common sites of metastasis notably in case of breast cancer, prostate cancer and several other cancer types. High calcium ion concentration and presence of several factors within the mineralized bone matrix including TGF-β, BMP etc., aid in tumor growth and proliferation. Accumulating evidence has substantiated the role of the gut-microbiota (GM) in tumorigenesis, further providing a strong impetus for the growing "immune-cancer-gut microbiota" relationship. Recent advancements in research further highlight the importance of the intra-tumor microbiota in conjunction with GM in cancer metastasis. Intratumoral microbiota owing to their ability to cause genetic instability, mutations, and epigenetic modifications within the tumor microenvironment, has been recognized to affect cancer cell physiology. The host microbiota and immune system crosstalk shapes the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, which is the key player in cancer progression. In this review, we aim to decipher the role of microorganisms mediating bone metastasis by shedding light on the immuno-onco-microbiome (IOM) axis. We discussed the feasible cancer therapeutic interventions based on the modulation of the microbiome-immune cell axis which includes prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics. Here, we leverage the conceptual framework based on the published articles on microbiota-based therapies to target bone metastases. Understanding this complicated nexus will provide insights into fundamental factors governing bone metastases which will subsequently help in managing this malignancy with better efficacy.

Beyond Tumor Borders: Intratumoral Microbiome Effects on Tumor Behavior and Therapeutic Responses

The human body contains a diverse array of microorganisms, which exert a significant impact on various physiological processes, including immunity, and can significantly influence susceptibility to various diseases such as cancer. Recent advancements in metagenomic sequencing have uncovered the role of intratumoral microbiome, which covertly altered the development of cancer, the growth of tumors, and the response to existing treatments through multiple mechanisms. These mechanisms involve mainly DNA damage induction, oncogenic signaling pathway activation, and the host's immune response modulation. To explore novel therapeutic options and effectively target and regulate the intratumoral microbiome, a comprehensive understanding of these processes is indispensable. Here, we will explore various potential actions of the intratumoral microbiome concerning the initiation and progression of tumors. We will examine its impact on responses to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Additionally, we will discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the use of genetically modified bacteria as a promising treatment option for cancer.

CD312 Promotes Paediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Through GNA15-Mediated Non-Classical GPCR Signalling Pathway

The bone marrow-infiltrated immune microenvironment plays a crucial role in blood system diseases, such as leukaemia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the critical role of the immune microenvironment in the onset and progression of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Through high-throughput detection and screening of the GPCR database in the childhood ALL immune microenvironment, we identified CD312 as a candidate target. CD312 is associated with the distribution of Treg and CTL cells within the bone marrow immune microenvironment of ALL children. After CD312 knockdown, the proportion of the Treg subgroup in immune cells was significantly reduced, whereas the proportion of CTL subgroup cells was increased. CD312 exhibited good affinity with GNA15 in the transmembrane intracellular segment, and it could interact with GNA15. The BrdU staining assay revealed that the proliferation of leukaemia cells was enhanced in the CD312-overexpressed CD3+ T cells group via the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38, whereas it was decreased by GNA15 knockdown in the co-culture system. In conclusion, our study suggests that CD312 fosters a suppressive immune microenvironment in the onset and progression of paediatric ALL through a GNA15-mediated non-classical GPCR signalling pathway.

Using New Technologies to Analyze Gut Microbiota and Predict Cancer Risk

The gut microbiota significantly impacts human health, influencing metabolism, immunological responses, and disease prevention. Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, is linked to various diseases, including cancer. It is crucial to preserve a healthy microbiome since pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Fusobacterium nucleatum, can cause inflammation and cancer. These pathways can lead to the formation of tumors. Recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing, metagenomics, and machine learning have revolutionized our understanding of the role of gut microbiota in cancer risk prediction. Early detection is made easier by machine learning algorithms that improve the categorization of cancer kinds based on microbiological data. Additionally, the investigation of the microbiome has been transformed by next-generation sequencing (NGS), which has made it possible to fully profile both cultivable and non-cultivable bacteria and to understand their roles in connection with cancer. Among the uses of NGS are the detection of microbial fingerprints connected to treatment results and the investigation of metabolic pathways implicated in the development of cancer. The combination of NGS with machine learning opens up new possibilities for creating customized medicine by enabling the development of diagnostic tools and treatments that are specific to each patient's microbiome profile, even in the face of obstacles like data complexity. Multi-omics studies reveal microbial interactions, biomarkers for cancer detection, and gut microbiota's impact on cancer progression, underscoring the need for further research on microbiome-based cancer prevention and therapy.

Investigating the role of the intratumoral microbiome in thyroid cancer development and progression

The intratumoral microbiome (ITM) is in the spotlight due to its possible contribution to the initiation, progression, and invasion of a wide range of cancers. Its precise contribution to cancer tumorigenesis is still elusive, though. Thyroid cancer(TC), the ninth leading cause of cancer globally and the most prevalent endocrine malignancy with a rapidly rising incidence among all cancers, has attracted much attention nowadays. Still, the association between the tumor's microbiome and TC progression and development is an evolving area of investigation with significant consequences for disease understanding and intervention. Therefore, this review offers an appropriate perspective on this emerging concept in TC based on prior studies on the ITM among the most common tumors worldwide, concentrating on TC. Moreover, information on the origin of the ITM and practical methods can pave the way for researchers to opt for the most appropriate method for further investigations on the ITM more accurately.

Exploring micronutrients and microbiome synergy: pioneering new paths in cancer therapy

The human microbiome is the complex ecosystem consisting of trillions of microorganisms that play a key role in developing the immune system and nutrient metabolism. Alterations in the gut microbiome have been linked to cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and response to treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that levels of vitamins and minerals influence the gut environment and may have implications for cancer risk and progression. Bifidobacterium has been reported to reduce the colorectal cancer risk by binding to free iron. Additionally, zinc ions have been shown to activate the immune cells and enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Higher selenium levels have been associated with a reduced risk of several cancers, including colorectal cancer. In contrast, enhanced copper uptake has been implicated in promoting cancer progression, including colon cancer. The interaction between cancer and gut bacteria, as well as dysbiosis impact has been studied in animal models. The interplay between prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics and gut bacteria in cancer offers the diverse physiological benefits. We also explored the particular probiotic formulations like VSL#3, Prohep, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), etc., for their ability to modulate immune responses and reduce tumor burden in preclinical models. Targeting the gut microbiome through antibiotics, bacteriophage, microbiome transplantation-based therapies will offer a new perspective in cancer research. Hence, to understand this interplay, we outline the importance of micronutrients with an emphasis on the immunomodulatory function of the microbiome and highlight the microbiome's potential as a target for precision medicine in cancer treatment.

Metabolic reprogramming and therapeutic resistance in primary and metastatic breast cancer

Metabolic alterations, a hallmark of cancer, enable tumor cells to adapt to their environment by modulating glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, which fuels rapid growth and contributes to treatment resistance. In primary breast cancer, metabolic shifts such as the Warburg effect and enhanced lipid synthesis are closely linked to chemotherapy failure. Similarly, metastatic lesions often display distinct metabolic profiles that not only sustain tumor growth but also confer resistance to targeted therapies and immunotherapies. The review emphasizes two major aspects: the mechanisms driving metabolic resistance in both primary and metastatic breast cancer, and how the unique metabolic environments in metastatic sites further complicate treatment. By targeting distinct metabolic vulnerabilities at both the primary and metastatic stages, new strategies could improve the efficacy of existing therapies and provide better outcomes for breast cancer patients.

Breast tumor microbiome regulates anti-tumor immunity and T cell-associated metabolites

Background

Breast cancer, the most common cancer type among women, was recently found to contain a specific tumor microbiome, but its impact on host biology remains unclear. CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are pivotal effectors of anti-tumor immunity that influence cancer prognosis and response to therapy. This study aims to elucidate interactions between CD8+ TILs and the breast tumor microbiome and metabolites, as well as how the breast tumor microbiome may affect the tumor metabolome.

Methods

We investigated the interplay among CD8+ TILs, the tumor microbiome, and the metabolome in a cohort of 46 breast cancer patients with mixed subtypes (Cohort A). We characterized the tumor metabolome by mass spectrometry and CD8+ TILs by immunohistochemistry. Microbiome composition and T cell gene transcript levels were obtained from data from our previous study, which utilized 16S rRNA gene sequencing and a targeted mRNA expression panel. To examine interactions between intratumoral Staphylococcus and specific breast cancer subtypes, we analyzed RNA sequencing data from an independent cohort of 370 breast cancer patients (Cohort B). We explored the functions of the tumor microbiome using mouse models of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

Results

In tumors from Cohort A, the relative abundance of Staphylococcus positively correlated with the expression of T cell activation genes. The abundances of multiple metabolites exhibited significant correlations with CD8+ TILs, of which NADH, γ-glutamyltryptophan, and γ-glutamylglutamate displayed differential abundance in Staphylococcus-positive versus Staphylococcus-negative breast tumors. In a larger breast cancer cohort (Cohort B), we observed positive correlations between tumoral Staphylococcus and CD8+ TIL activity exclusively in TNBC. Preclinical experiments demonstrated that intratumoral administration of S. aureus, the predominant species of Staphylococcus in human breast tumors, resulted in a depletion of total NAD metabolites, and reduced the growth of TNBC tumors by activating CD8+ TILs.

Conclusions

We identified specific metabolites and microbial taxa associated with CD8+ TILs, delineated interactions between the breast tumor microbiome and metabolome, and demonstrated that intratumoral Staphylococcus influences anti-tumor immunity and TIL-associated metabolites. These findings highlight the role of low-biomass microbes in tumor tissues and provide potential biomarkers and therapeutic agents for breast cancer immunotherapy that merit further investigation.