1
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Wright T, Turnis ME, Grace CR, Li X, Brakefield LA, Wang YD, Xu H, Kaminska E, Climer LK, Mukiza TO, Chang CL, Moldoveanu T, Opferman JT. Anti-apoptotic MCL-1 promotes long-chain fatty acid oxidation through interaction with ACSL1. Mol Cell 2024; 84:1338-1353.e8. [PMID: 38503284 PMCID: PMC11017322 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
MCL-1 is essential for promoting the survival of many normal cell lineages and confers survival and chemoresistance in cancer. Beyond apoptosis regulation, MCL-1 has been linked to modulating mitochondrial metabolism, but the mechanism(s) by which it does so are unclear. Here, we show in tissues and cells that MCL-1 supports essential steps in long-chain (but not short-chain) fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) through its binding to specific long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetases of the ACSL family. ACSL1 binds to the BH3-binding hydrophobic groove of MCL-1 through a non-conventional BH3-domain. Perturbation of this interaction, via genetic loss of Mcl1, mutagenesis, or use of selective BH3-mimetic MCL-1 inhibitors, represses long-chain FAO in cells and in mouse livers and hearts. Our findings reveal how anti-apoptotic MCL-1 facilitates mitochondrial metabolism and indicate that disruption of this function may be associated with unanticipated cardiac toxicities of MCL-1 inhibitors in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristen Wright
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Meghan E Turnis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Christy R Grace
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lauren A Brakefield
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ewa Kaminska
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Leslie K Climer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Tresor O Mukiza
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Chi-Lun Chang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Tudor Moldoveanu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Joseph T Opferman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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2
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Newton K, Strasser A, Kayagaki N, Dixit VM. Cell death. Cell 2024; 187:235-256. [PMID: 38242081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cell death supports morphogenesis during development and homeostasis after birth by removing damaged or obsolete cells. It also curtails the spread of pathogens by eliminating infected cells. Cell death can be induced by the genetically programmed suicide mechanisms of apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, or it can be a consequence of dysregulated metabolism, as in ferroptosis. Here, we review the signaling mechanisms underlying each cell-death pathway, discuss how impaired or excessive activation of the distinct cell-death processes can promote disease, and highlight existing and potential therapies for redressing imbalances in cell death in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Newton
- Physiological Chemistry Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Andreas Strasser
- WEHI: Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Nobuhiko Kayagaki
- Physiological Chemistry Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Vishva M Dixit
- Physiological Chemistry Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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3
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Alzain AA, Elbadwi FA, Mukhtar RM, Shoaib TH, Abdelmoniem N, Miski SF, Ghazawi KF, Alsulaimany M, Mohamed SGA, Ainousah BE, Hussein HGA, Mohamed GA, Ibrahim SRM. Design of new Mcl-1 inhibitors for cancer using fragments hybridization, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37962580 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2281637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a critical process that regulates cell survival and death and plays an essential role in cancer development. The Bcl-2 protein family, including myeloid leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), is a key regulator of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, and its overexpression in many human cancers has prompted efforts to develop Mcl-1 inhibitors as potential anticancer agents. In this study, we aimed to design new Mcl-1 inhibitors using various computational techniques. First, we used the Mcl-1 receptor-ligand complex to build an e-pharmacophore hypothesis and screened a library of 567,000 fragments from the Enamine database. We obtained 410 fragments and used them to design 92,384 novel compounds, which we then docked into the Mcl-1 binding cavity using HTVS, SP, and XP docking modes of Glide. To assess their suitability as drug candidates, we conducted MM-GBSA calculations and ADME prediction, leading to the identification of 10 compounds with excellent binding affinity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. To further investigate the interaction strength, we performed molecular dynamics simulations on the top three Mcl-1 receptor-ligand complexes to study their interaction stability. Overall, our findings suggest that these compounds have promising potential as anticancer agents, pending further experimental validation such as Mcl-1 apoptosis Assay. By combining experimental methods with various in silico approaches, these techniques prove to be invaluable for identifying novel drug candidates with distinct therapeutic applications using fragment-based drug design. This methodology has the potential to expedite the drug discovery process while also reducing its costs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahim A Alzain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
| | - Fatima A Elbadwi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
| | - Rua M Mukhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
| | - Tagyedeen H Shoaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
| | - Nihal Abdelmoniem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
| | - Samar F Miski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholoud F Ghazawi
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Alsulaimany
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Bayan E Ainousah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem G A Hussein
- Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabrin R M Ibrahim
- Preparatory Year Program, Department of Chemistry, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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4
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Fitzgerald MC, O'Halloran PJ, Kerrane SA, Ní Chonghaile T, Connolly NMC, Murphy BM. The identification of BCL-XL and MCL-1 as key anti-apoptotic proteins in medulloblastoma that mediate distinct roles in chemotherapy resistance. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:705. [PMID: 37898609 PMCID: PMC10613306 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour, representing 20% of all paediatric intercranial tumours. Current aggressive treatment protocols and the use of radiation therapy in particular are associated with high levels of toxicity and significant adverse effects, and long-term sequelae can be severe. Therefore, improving chemotherapy efficacy could reduce the current reliance on radiation therapy. Here, we demonstrated that systems-level analysis of basal apoptosis protein expression and their signalling interactions can differentiate between medulloblastoma cell lines that undergo apoptosis in response to chemotherapy, and those that do not. Combining computational predictions with experimental BH3 profiling, we identified a therapeutically-exploitable dependence of medulloblastoma cells on BCL-XL, and experimentally validated that BCL-XL targeting, and not targeting of BCL-2 or MCL-1, can potentiate cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in medulloblastoma cell lines with low sensitivity to cisplatin treatment. Finally, we identified MCL-1 as an anti-apoptotic mediator whose targeting is required for BCL-XL inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Collectively, our study identifies that BCL-XL and MCL-1 are the key anti-apoptotic proteins in medulloblastoma, which mediate distinct protective roles. While BCL-XL has a first-line role in protecting cells from apoptosis basally, MCL-1 represents a second line of defence that compensates for BCL-XL upon its inhibition. We provide rationale for the further evaluation of BCL-XL and MCL-1 inhibitors in the treatment of medulloblastoma, and together with current efforts to improve the cancer-specificity of BCL-2 family inhibitors, these novel treatment strategies have the potential to improve the future clinical management of medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Fitzgerald
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 31A York Street, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre at the Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, D12 N512, Ireland
| | - Philip J O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 31A York Street, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sean A Kerrane
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 31A York Street, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre at the Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, D12 N512, Ireland
| | - Triona Ní Chonghaile
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 31A York Street, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Niamh M C Connolly
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 31A York Street, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 31A York Street, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Brona M Murphy
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 31A York Street, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.
- National Children's Research Centre at the Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, D12 N512, Ireland.
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5
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Wang J, He Y, Yang C, Luo Q, Wang B. Myeloid cell leukemia-1 as a candidate prognostic biomarker in cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2023; 23:1017-1027. [PMID: 37467344 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2023.2238900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have shown that myeloma cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1) is associated with the prognosis of patients with cancer. To further validate the prognostic value of MCL-1 in cancer, a meta-analysis was conducted. METHODS Six databases were searched using Boolean logic search formulas. Data were extracted from the included literature, and pooled odds ratio, hazard ratio, and 95% confidence interval were calculated to determine the relationship between MCL-1 levels and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with cancer. When heterogeneity was found to be significant, a random effects model was used, otherwise, a fixed effects model was used. RESULTS Twelve articles were included in this meta-analysis, totaling 2208 patients with cancer across 14 studies. A high MCL-1 expression level was associated with patients with high T stage, M stage, and TNM stage in some cancers. Additionally, high MCL-1 expression was likely to be observed in patients with poorly differentiated digestive system tumors and patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Notably, a higher expression of MCL-1 was found to be associated with shorter overall survival in patients with hematological tumors, digestive system tumors, and lung cancer. CONCLUSION MCL-1 may be a prognostic biomarker in patients with some types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ya'an People's Hospital, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ya'an People's Hospital, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ya'an People's Hospital, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiurui Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ya'an People's Hospital, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Bingchi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ya'an People's Hospital, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
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6
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Schroer J, Warm D, De Rosa F, Luhmann HJ, Sinning A. Activity-dependent regulation of the BAX/BCL-2 pathway protects cortical neurons from apoptotic death during early development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:175. [PMID: 37269320 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During early brain development, homeostatic removal of cortical neurons is crucial and requires multiple control mechanisms. We investigated in the cerebral cortex of mice whether the BAX/BCL-2 pathway, an important regulator of apoptosis, is part of this machinery and how electrical activity might serve as a set point of regulation. Activity is known to be a pro-survival factor; however, how this effect is translated into enhanced survival chances on a neuronal level is not fully understood. In this study, we show that caspase activity is highest at the neonatal stage, while developmental cell death peaks at the end of the first postnatal week. During the first postnatal week, upregulation of BAX is accompanied by downregulation of BCL-2 protein, resulting in a high BAX/BCL-2 ratio when neuronal death rates are high. In cultured neurons, pharmacological blockade of activity leads to an acute upregulation of Bax, while elevated activity results in a lasting increase of BCL-2 expression. Spontaneously active neurons not only exhibit lower Bax levels than inactive neurons but also show almost exclusively BCL-2 expression. Disinhibition of network activity prevents the death of neurons overexpressing activated CASP3. This neuroprotective effect is not the result of reduced caspase activity but is associated with a downregulation of the BAX/BCL-2 ratio. Notably, increasing neuronal activity has a similar, non-additive effect as the blockade of BAX. Conclusively, high electrical activity modulates BAX/BCL-2 expression and leads to higher tolerance to CASP3 activity, increases survival, and presumably promotes non-apoptotic CASP3 functions in developing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schroer
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Davide Warm
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico De Rosa
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Sinning
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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7
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Vitale I, Pietrocola F, Guilbaud E, Aaronson SA, Abrams JM, Adam D, Agostini M, Agostinis P, Alnemri ES, Altucci L, Amelio I, Andrews DW, Aqeilan RI, Arama E, Baehrecke EH, Balachandran S, Bano D, Barlev NA, Bartek J, Bazan NG, Becker C, Bernassola F, Bertrand MJM, Bianchi ME, Blagosklonny MV, Blander JM, Blandino G, Blomgren K, Borner C, Bortner CD, Bove P, Boya P, Brenner C, Broz P, Brunner T, Damgaard RB, Calin GA, Campanella M, Candi E, Carbone M, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Cecconi F, Chan FKM, Chen GQ, Chen Q, Chen YH, Cheng EH, Chipuk JE, Cidlowski JA, Ciechanover A, Ciliberto G, Conrad M, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Czabotar PE, D'Angiolella V, Daugaard M, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, De Maria R, De Strooper B, Debatin KM, Deberardinis RJ, Degterev A, Del Sal G, Deshmukh M, Di Virgilio F, Diederich M, Dixon SJ, Dynlacht BD, El-Deiry WS, Elrod JW, Engeland K, Fimia GM, Galassi C, Ganini C, Garcia-Saez AJ, Garg AD, Garrido C, Gavathiotis E, Gerlic M, Ghosh S, Green DR, Greene LA, Gronemeyer H, Häcker G, Hajnóczky G, Hardwick JM, Haupt Y, He S, Heery DM, Hengartner MO, Hetz C, Hildeman DA, Ichijo H, Inoue S, Jäättelä M, Janic A, Joseph B, Jost PJ, Kanneganti TD, Karin M, Kashkar H, Kaufmann T, Kelly GL, Kepp O, Kimchi A, Kitsis RN, Klionsky DJ, Kluck R, Krysko DV, Kulms D, Kumar S, Lavandero S, Lavrik IN, Lemasters JJ, Liccardi G, Linkermann A, Lipton SA, Lockshin RA, López-Otín C, Luedde T, MacFarlane M, Madeo F, Malorni W, Manic G, Mantovani R, Marchi S, Marine JC, Martin SJ, Martinou JC, Mastroberardino PG, Medema JP, Mehlen P, Meier P, Melino G, Melino S, Miao EA, Moll UM, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Murphy DJ, Niklison-Chirou MV, Novelli F, Núñez G, Oberst A, Ofengeim D, Opferman JT, Oren M, Pagano M, Panaretakis T, Pasparakis M, Penninger JM, Pentimalli F, Pereira DM, Pervaiz S, Peter ME, Pinton P, Porta G, Prehn JHM, Puthalakath H, Rabinovich GA, Rajalingam K, Ravichandran KS, Rehm M, Ricci JE, Rizzuto R, Robinson N, Rodrigues CMP, Rotblat B, Rothlin CV, Rubinsztein DC, Rudel T, Rufini A, Ryan KM, Sarosiek KA, Sawa A, Sayan E, Schroder K, Scorrano L, Sesti F, Shao F, Shi Y, Sica GS, Silke J, Simon HU, Sistigu A, Stephanou A, Stockwell BR, Strapazzon F, Strasser A, Sun L, Sun E, Sun Q, Szabadkai G, Tait SWG, Tang D, Tavernarakis N, Troy CM, Turk B, Urbano N, Vandenabeele P, Vanden Berghe T, Vander Heiden MG, Vanderluit JL, Verkhratsky A, Villunger A, von Karstedt S, Voss AK, Vousden KH, Vucic D, Vuri D, Wagner EF, Walczak H, Wallach D, Wang R, Wang Y, Weber A, Wood W, Yamazaki T, Yang HT, Zakeri Z, Zawacka-Pankau JE, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhivotovsky B, Zhou W, Piacentini M, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Apoptotic cell death in disease-Current understanding of the NCCD 2023. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1097-1154. [PMID: 37100955 PMCID: PMC10130819 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that involves proteases of the caspase family. Pharmacological and genetic strategies that experimentally inhibit or delay apoptosis in mammalian systems have elucidated the key contribution of this process not only to (post-)embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis, but also to the etiology of multiple human disorders. Consistent with this notion, while defects in the molecular machinery for apoptotic cell death impair organismal development and promote oncogenesis, the unwarranted activation of apoptosis promotes cell loss and tissue damage in the context of various neurological, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, infectious, neoplastic and inflammatory conditions. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) gathered to critically summarize an abundant pre-clinical literature mechanistically linking the core apoptotic apparatus to organismal homeostasis in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilio Vitale
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO -IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Federico Pietrocola
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Emma Guilbaud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - John M Abrams
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Agostini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emad S Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- BIOGEM, Avellino, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Division of Systems Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - David W Andrews
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rami I Aqeilan
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Lautenberg Center for Immunology & Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Arama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniele Bano
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Nickolai A Barlev
- Department of Biomedicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Mathieu J M Bertrand
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marco E Bianchi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy and Ospedale San Raffaele IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - J Magarian Blander
- Department of Medicine, Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carl D Bortner
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pierluigi Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Patricia Boya
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Brenner
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l'oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, Villejuif, France
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rune Busk Damgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
- UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Carbone
- Thoracic Oncology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francis K-M Chan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- State Key Lab of Oncogene and its related gene, Ren-Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerry E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- The Technion-Integrated Cancer Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Munich, Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Institute for Cell Engineering and the Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Institute for Cell Engineering and the Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Centre for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ralph J Deberardinis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Area Science Park-Padriciano, Trieste, Italy
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Marc Diederich
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian D Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kurt Engeland
- Molecular Oncology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlo Ganini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Dermopatic Institute of Immaculate (IDI) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana J Garcia-Saez
- CECAD, Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM, UMR, 1231, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Anti-cancer Center Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Motti Gerlic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler school of Medicine, Tel Aviv university, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology and Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lloyd A Greene
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hinrich Gronemeyer
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Georg Häcker
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Marie Hardwick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Pharmacology, Oncology and Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ygal Haupt
- VITTAIL Ltd, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sudan He
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - David M Heery
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - David A Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Janic
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp J Jost
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Michael Karin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Adi Kimchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ruth Kluck
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Lab, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dagmar Kulms
- Department of Dermatology, Experimental Dermatology, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - John J Lemasters
- Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gianmaria Liccardi
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Lockshin
- Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
- St. John's University, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Malorni
- Center for Global Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gwenola Manic
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO -IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Claude Martinou
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pier G Mastroberardino
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- IFOM-ETS The AIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer, and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Meier
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Melino
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ute M Moll
- Department of Pathology and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Daniel J Murphy
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Flavia Novelli
- Thoracic Oncology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dimitry Ofengeim
- Rare and Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph T Opferman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theocharis Panaretakis
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of GU Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, NUHS, Singapore, Singapore
- ISEP, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus E Peter
- Department of Medicine, Division Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Porta
- Center of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hamsa Puthalakath
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Cell Clearance, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Markus Rehm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jean-Ehrland Ricci
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cecilia M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Barak Rotblat
- Department of Life sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The NIBN, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology and Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Microbiology Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Rufini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- University of Leicester, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutics Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emre Sayan
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Sesti
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yufang Shi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Giuseppe S Sica
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Antonella Sistigu
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Flavie Strapazzon
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyogène CNRS, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Erwei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Carol M Troy
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicoletta Urbano
- Department of Oncohaematology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem Program, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- The Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Vienna, Austria
- The Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia von Karstedt
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne K Voss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Domagoj Vucic
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Vuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henning Walczak
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Wallach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Achim Weber
- University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Will Wood
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huang-Tian Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zahra Zakeri
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Joanna E Zawacka-Pankau
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biophysics and p53 protein biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haibing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Wenzhao Zhou
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Zantut-Wittmann DE, Barreto IS, Laus AC, Moreno DA, Moma CA, Maia FFR, Assumpção LVMD, Reis RM. PD-L1 and MCL-1 markers and the relationship with prognostic characteristics of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 570:111931. [PMID: 37072108 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MCL-1 and PD-L1 proteins are related to carcinogenesis mechanisms in differentiated thyroid carcinoma(DTC). Tumor antigens stimulate the expression of PD-1 in immune cells, which binds to PD-L1 of tumor cells, inducing immune escape from the tumor. MCL-1, an anti-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 family, is necessary for the survival of T and B lymphocytes and has a high oncogenic potential. We aim to evaluate the clinical utility and relevance of MCL-1 and PD-L1 in the long-term prognosis of DTC. METHODS 120 DTC patients after total thyroidectomy and radioiodine therapy followed for a minimum of 2 years were included. Demographic features, tumor histopathology, persistence/recurrence risk, factors associated with outcome, initial response to therapy, persistence or disease-free at the follow-up were related to MCL-1 and PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression and BRAFV600E mutation. RESULTS 100(83.3%) were women, 46.64 ± 16.73 years old at diagnosis; 37(30.8%) patients were at high, 45(37.5%) of intermediate and 38(31.7%) of low disease recurrence/persistence risk. At the end of follow-up of 124.86 ± 65.36 months, 48(42.5%) had persistent disease. 103(85.8%) patients had papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 17(14.2%) follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). In PTC, moderate/strong PD-L1 and MCL-1 expressions were associated to BRAFV600E (p=0.0467; p=0.0044). PD-L1 was also associated with tall cell subtype (p=0.0274). In FTC, weak PD-L1 expression was associated to the largest nodule diameter (p=0.0100). Strong/moderate PD-L1 expression was associated to T2 and the weak expression with T3 in TNM classification (p=0.0490). Moderate MCL-1 expression was associated to smoking (p=0.0350). CONCLUSIONS PDL-1, marker of progression of tumor cells and MCL-1, anti-apoptotic marker, were associated with PTC carrying BRAFV600E mutation, while PDL-1 was associated with more aggressive PTC subtype. MCL-1 and PD-L1 could be useful in composing a panel to assess the prognosis of PTC patients. On the other hand, both markers seemed to have lower relevance to FTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Engelbrecht Zantut-Wittmann
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Icleia Siqueira Barreto
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Laus
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Aparecida Moma
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico Fernandes Ribeiro Maia
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lígia Vera Montali da Assumpção
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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Gil M, Gama V. Emerging mitochondrial-mediated mechanisms involved in oligodendrocyte development. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:354-366. [PMID: 36461887 PMCID: PMC9851982 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system and are generated after oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) transition into pre-oligodendrocytes and then into myelinating oligodendrocytes. Myelin is essential for proper signal transmission within the nervous system and axonal metabolic support. Although the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that support the differentiation, survival, integration, and subsequent myelination of appropriate axons have been well investigated, little is known about how mitochondria-related pathways such as mitochondrial dynamics, bioenergetics, and apoptosis finely tune these developmental events. Previous findings suggest that changes to mitochondrial morphology act as an upstream regulatory mechanism of neural stem cell (NSC) fate decisions. Whether a similar mechanism is engaged during OPC differentiation has yet to be elucidated. Maintenance of mitochondrial dynamics is vital for regulating cellular bioenergetics, functional mitochondrial networks, and the ability of cells to distribute mitochondria to subcellular locations, such as the growing processes of oligodendrocytes. Myelination is an energy-consuming event, thus, understanding the interplay between mitochondrial dynamics, metabolism, and apoptosis will provide further insight into mechanisms that mediate oligodendrocyte development in healthy and disease states. Here we will provide a concise overview of oligodendrocyte development and discuss the potential contribution of mitochondrial mitochondrial-mediated mechanisms to oligodendrocyte bioenergetics and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gil
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - V Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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10
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Koessinger AL, Cloix C, Koessinger D, Heiland DH, Bock FJ, Strathdee K, Kinch K, Martínez-Escardó L, Paul NR, Nixon C, Malviya G, Jackson MR, Campbell KJ, Stevenson K, Davis S, Elmasry Y, Ahmed A, O'Prey J, Ichim G, Schnell O, Stewart W, Blyth K, Ryan KM, Chalmers AJ, Norman JC, Tait SWG. Increased apoptotic sensitivity of glioblastoma enables therapeutic targeting by BH3-mimetics. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2089-2104. [PMID: 35473984 PMCID: PMC9525582 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent malignant primary brain tumour in adults. GBM typically has a poor prognosis, mainly due to a lack of effective treatment options leading to tumour persistence or recurrence. We investigated the therapeutic potential of targeting anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins in GBM. Levels of anti-apoptotic BCL-xL and MCL-1 were consistently increased in GBM compared with non-malignant cells and tissue. Moreover, we found that relative to their differentiated counterparts, patient-derived GBM stem-like cells also displayed higher expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members. High anti-apoptotic BCL-xL and MCL-1 expression correlated with heightened susceptibility of GBM to BCL-2 family protein-targeting BH3-mimetics. This is indicative of increased apoptotic priming. Indeed, GBM displayed an obligate requirement for MCL-1 expression in both tumour development and maintenance. Investigating this apoptotic sensitivity, we found that sequential inhibition of BCL-xL and MCL-1 led to robust anti-tumour responses in vivo, in the absence of overt toxicity. These data demonstrate that BCL-xL and MCL-1 pro-survival function is a fundamental prerequisite for GBM survival that can be therapeutically exploited by BH3-mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Koessinger
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Catherine Cloix
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Dominik Koessinger
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Henrik Heiland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian J Bock
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Department of Radiotherapy (MAASTRO), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Strathdee
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kevin Kinch
- Department of Neuropathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Martínez-Escardó
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Nikki R Paul
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gaurav Malviya
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Mark R Jackson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kirsteen J Campbell
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Katrina Stevenson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sandeep Davis
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Yassmin Elmasry
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Asma Ahmed
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jim O'Prey
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gabriel Ichim
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL) INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Oliver Schnell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - William Stewart
- Department of Neuropathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Anthony J Chalmers
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jim C Norman
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
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11
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Sancho M, Leiva D, Lucendo E, Orzáez M. Understanding MCL1: from cellular function and regulation to pharmacological inhibition. FEBS J 2022; 289:6209-6234. [PMID: 34310025 PMCID: PMC9787394 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL1), an antiapoptotic member of the BCL2 family characterized by a short half-life, functions as a rapid sensor that regulates cell death and other relevant processes that include cell cycle progression and mitochondrial homeostasis. In cancer, MCL1 overexpression contributes to cell survival and resistance to diverse chemotherapeutic agents; for this reason, several MCL1 inhibitors are currently under preclinical and clinical development for cancer treatment. However, the nonapoptotic functions of MCL1 may influence their therapeutic potential. Overall, the complexity of MCL1 regulation and function represent challenges to the clinical application of MCL1 inhibitors. We now summarize the current knowledge regarding MCL1 structure, regulation, and function that could impact the clinical success of MCL1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sancho
- Targeted Therapies on Cancer and Inflammation LaboratoryCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValenciaSpain
| | - Diego Leiva
- Targeted Therapies on Cancer and Inflammation LaboratoryCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValenciaSpain
| | - Estefanía Lucendo
- Targeted Therapies on Cancer and Inflammation LaboratoryCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValenciaSpain
| | - Mar Orzáez
- Targeted Therapies on Cancer and Inflammation LaboratoryCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValenciaSpain
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12
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Bagheri R, Rassouli FB, Gholamhosseinian H, Ebrahimi K, Mahdavi S, Goudarzi S, Iranshahi M, Rafatpanah H, Keramati MR. Radiation Response of Human Leukemia/Lymphoma Cells was Improved by 7-Geranyloxycoumarin. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221124479. [PMID: 36158737 PMCID: PMC9500271 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221124479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a blood neoplasm with specific geographic distribution. Although radiotherapy is a palliative treatment that provides long-term local control, single use of radiation leads to complications for patients. To introduce a novel multimodal approach against ATLL, we investigated combinatorial effects of 7-geranyloxycoumarin and radiation in vitro. Methods Viability of MT-2 cells was determined by resazurin assay upon administration of 7-geranyloxycoumarin alone and followed by radiation. Then, apoptosis was detected by annexin V and propidium iodide, and the expression of candidate genes was analyzed by qPCR. Results Findings revealed significant (P<.0001) improvement in radiation effects upon 7-geranyloxycoumarin pretreatment, most notably when cells were pretreated with 5 µg/ml 7-geranyloxycoumarin for 96 h, exposed to 6 Gy radiation and recovered for 48 h. These results were confirmed by flow cytometry, as the percentage of early and late apoptotic cells was increased after combinatorial treatment. In addition, significant (P< .0001) changes in CD44, c-MYC, cFLIPL, BMI-1, NF-κB (Rel A), and P53 expression was induced by 7-geranyloxycoumarin and radiation. Conclusions Current research indicated, for the first time, that combinatorial use of 7-geranyloxycoumarin and ionizing radiation could be considered as an effective therapeutic modality for ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Bagheri
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh B. Rassouli
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Gholamhosseinian
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Keyhan Ebrahimi
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shakiba Mahdavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sajad Goudarzi
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Keramati
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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13
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El-Saafin F, Bergamasco MI, Chen Y, May RE, Esakky P, Hediyeh-Zadeh S, Dixon M, Wilcox S, Davis MJ, Strasser A, Smyth GK, Thomas T, Voss AK. Loss of TAF8 causes TFIID dysfunction and p53-mediated apoptotic neuronal cell death. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1013-1027. [PMID: 35361962 PMCID: PMC9091217 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding general transcription factors cause neurological disorders. Despite clinical prominence, the consequences of defects in the basal transcription machinery during brain development are unclear. We found that loss of the TATA-box binding protein-associated factor TAF8, a component of the general transcription factor TFIID, in the developing central nervous system affected the expression of many, but notably not all genes. Taf8 deletion caused apoptosis, unexpectedly restricted to forebrain regions. Nuclear levels of the transcription factor p53 were elevated in the absence of TAF8, as were the mRNAs of the pro-apoptotic p53 target genes Noxa, Puma and Bax. The cell death in Taf8 forebrain regions was completely rescued by additional loss of p53, but Taf8 and p53 brains failed to initiate a neuronal expression program. Taf8 deletion caused aberrant transcription of promoter regions and splicing anomalies. We propose that TAF8 supports the directionality of transcription and co-transcriptional splicing, and that failure of these processes causes p53-induced apoptosis of neuronal cells in the developing mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrah El-Saafin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria I Bergamasco
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yunshun Chen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rose E May
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Prabagaran Esakky
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Soroor Hediyeh-Zadeh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mathew Dixon
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Wilcox
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Melissa J Davis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim Thomas
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Anne K Voss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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14
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Rezaeian AH, Wei W, Inuzuka H. The regulation of neuronal autophagy and cell survival by MCL1 in Alzheimer's disease. ACTA MATERIA MEDICA 2022; 1:42-55. [PMID: 35233562 DOI: 10.15212/amm-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining neuronal integrity and functions requires precise mechanisms controlling organelle and protein quality. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by functional defects in the clearance and recycling of intracellular components. As such, neuronal homeostasis involves autophagy, mitophagy, and apoptosis. Compromised activity in these cellular processes may cause pathological phenotypes of AD. Dysfunction of mitochondria is one of the hallmarks of AD. Mitophagy is a critical mitochondria quality control system, and the impaired mitophagy is observed in AD. Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1), a member of the pro-survival B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (BCL2) family, is a mitochondria-targeted protein that contributes to maintaining mitochondrial integrity. Mcl1 knockout mice display peri-implantation lethality. The studies on conditional Mcl1 knockout mice demonstrate that MCL1 plays a central role in neurogenesis and neuronal survival during brain development. Accumulating evidence reveals the critical role of MCL1 as a regulator of neuronal autophagy, mitophagy, and survival. In this review, we discuss the emerging neuroprotective function of MCL1 and how dysregulation of MCL1 signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. As the pro-survival BCL2 family of proteins are promising targets of pharmacological intervention with BH3 mimetic drugs, we also discuss the promise of MCL1-targeting therapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdol-Hossein Rezaeian
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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15
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Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Burn-Associated Acute Kidney Injury-A New Paradigm? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052470. [PMID: 35269613 PMCID: PMC8910144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
O2 deprivation induces stress in living cells linked to free-radical accumulation and oxidative stress (OS) development. Hypoxia is established when the overall oxygen pressure is less than 40 mmHg in cells or tissues. However, tissues and cells have different degrees of hypoxia. Hypoxia or low O2 tension may be present in both physiological (during embryonic development) and pathological circumstances (ischemia, wound healing, and cancer). Meanwhile, the kidneys are major energy-consuming organs, being second only to the heart, with an increased mitochondrial content and O2 consumption. Furthermore, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are the key players that orchestrate the mammalian response to hypoxia. HIFs adapt cells to low oxygen concentrations by regulating transcriptional programs involved in erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, and metabolism. On the other hand, one of the life-threatening complications of severe burns is acute kidney injury (AKI). The dreaded functional consequence of AKI is an acute decline in renal function. Taking all these aspects into consideration, the aim of this review is to describe the role and underline the importance of HIFs in the development of AKI in patients with severe burns, because kidney hypoxia is constant in the presence of severe burns, and HIFs are major players in the adaptative response of all tissues to hypoxia.
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16
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Zhu HL, Dai LM, Xiong YW, Shi XT, Liu WB, Fu YT, Zhou GX, Zhang S, Gao L, Zhang C, Zhao LL, Xu XF, Huang YC, Xu DX, Wang H. Gestational exposure to environmental cadmium induces placental apoptosis and fetal growth restriction via Parkin-modulated MCL-1 degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127268. [PMID: 34583167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal cadmium (Cd), a classical environmental pollutant, causes placental apoptosis and fetal growth restriction (FGR), whereby the mechanism remains unclear. Here, our human case-control study firstly showed that there was a positive association of Parkin mitochondrial translocation, MCL-1 reduction, placental apoptosis, and all-cause FGR. Subsequently, Cd was administered to establish in vitro and in vivo models of placental apoptosis or FGR. Our models demonstrated that Parkin mitochondrial translocation was observed in Cd-administrated placental trophoblasts. Meaningfully, Parkin siRNA (siR) dramatically mitigated Cd-triggered apoptosis in placental trophoblasts. Mdivi-1 (M-1), an inhibitor for Parkin mitochondrial translocation, mitigated Cd-induced apoptosis in placental trophoblasts, which further ameliorated the effect of attenuated placental sizes in Cd-exposed mice. Furthermore, the interaction of MCL-1 with Parkin or Ub in Cd-stimulated cells was stronger than that in controls. MG132, an inhibitor for proteasome, abolished MCL-1 degradation in Cd-stimulated cells. Importantly, Parkin siR and M-1 memorably abolished the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of MCL-1 in placental trophoblasts. Interestingly, mito-TEMPO and melatonin, two mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, obviously rescued Cd-caused mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decrease, Parkin mitochondrial translocation, MCL-1 degradation, and apoptosis in placental trophoblasts. In conclusion, cadmium induces placental apoptosis and FGR via mtROS-mediated Parkin-modulated degradation of MCL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Long Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Min Dai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Yong-Wei Xiong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Xue-Ting Shi
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Wei-Bo Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Yi-Ting Fu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Guo-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Lan Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Ling-Li Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui, China
| | - Yi-Chao Huang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Oligodendrocytes depend on MCL-1 to prevent spontaneous apoptosis and white matter degeneration. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1133. [PMID: 34873168 PMCID: PMC8648801 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurologic disorders often disproportionately affect specific brain regions, and different apoptotic mechanisms may contribute to white matter pathology in leukodystrophies or gray matter pathology in poliodystrophies. We previously showed that neural progenitors that generate cerebellar gray matter depend on the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-xL. Conditional deletion of Bcl-xL in these progenitors produces spontaneous apoptosis and cerebellar hypoplasia, while similar conditional deletion of Mcl-1 produces no phenotype. Here we show that, in contrast, postnatal oligodendrocytes depend on MCL-1. We found that brain-wide Mcl-1 deletion caused apoptosis specifically in mature oligodendrocytes while sparing astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursors, resulting in impaired myelination and progressive white matter degeneration. Disabling apoptosis through co-deletion of Bax or Bak rescued white matter degeneration, implicating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in Mcl-1-dependence. Bax and Bak co-deletions rescued different aspects of the Mcl-1-deleted phenotype, demonstrating their discrete roles in white matter stability. MCL-1 protein abundance was reduced in eif2b5-mutant mouse model of the leukodystrophy vanishing white matter disease (VWMD), suggesting the potential for MCL-1 deficiency to contribute to clinical neurologic disease. Our data show that oligodendrocytes require MCL-1 to suppress apoptosis, implicate MCL-1 deficiency in white matter pathology, and suggest apoptosis inhibition as a leukodystrophy therapy.
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Gupta R, Ambasta RK, Pravir Kumar. Autophagy and apoptosis cascade: which is more prominent in neuronal death? Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8001-8047. [PMID: 34741624 PMCID: PMC11072037 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are two crucial self-destructive processes that maintain cellular homeostasis, which are characterized by their morphology and regulated through signal transduction mechanisms. These pathways determine the fate of cellular organelle and protein involved in human health and disease such as neurodegeneration, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Cell death pathways share common molecular mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, calcium ion concentration, reactive oxygen species, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Some key signaling molecules such as p53 and VEGF mediated angiogenic pathway exhibit cellular and molecular responses resulting in the triggering of apoptotic and autophagic pathways. Herein, based on previous studies, we describe the intricate relation between cell death pathways through their common genes and the role of various stress-causing agents. Further, extensive research on autophagy and apoptotic machinery excavates the implementation of selective biomarkers, for instance, mTOR, Bcl-2, BH3 family members, caspases, AMPK, PI3K/Akt/GSK3β, and p38/JNK/MAPK, in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This molecular phenomenon will lead to the discovery of possible therapeutic biomolecules as a pharmacological intervention that are involved in the modulation of apoptosis and autophagy pathways. Moreover, we describe the potential role of micro-RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and biomolecules as therapeutic agents that regulate cell death machinery to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Mounting evidence demonstrated that under stress conditions, such as calcium efflux, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and oxidative stress intermediate molecules, namely p53 and VEGF, activate and cause cell death. Further, activation of p53 and VEGF cause alteration in gene expression and dysregulated signaling pathways through the involvement of signaling molecules, namely mTOR, Bcl-2, BH3, AMPK, MAPK, JNK, and PI3K/Akt, and caspases. Alteration in gene expression and signaling cascades cause neurotoxicity and misfolded protein aggregates, which are characteristics features of neurodegenerative diseases. Excessive neurotoxicity and misfolded protein aggregates lead to neuronal cell death by activating death pathways like autophagy and apoptosis. However, autophagy has a dual role in the apoptosis pathways, i.e., activation and inhibition of the apoptosis signaling. Further, micro-RNAs and LncRNAs act as pharmacological regulators of autophagy and apoptosis cascade, whereas, natural compounds and chemical compounds act as pharmacological inhibitors that rescue neuronal cell death through inhibition of apoptosis and autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
- , Delhi, India.
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Samy DM, Mostafa DK, Abdelmonsif DA, Ismail CA, Hassaan PS. Crosstalk of hypothalamic chemerin, histamine, and AMPK in diet-and olanzapine-induced obesity in rats. Life Sci 2021; 284:119897. [PMID: 34450172 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Contradiction overwhelms chemerin link to feeding behavior. Neither the chemerin central role on appetite regulation nor its relation to hypothalamic histamine and AMPK is verified. MAIN METHODS Food intake, body weight and hypothalamic biochemical changes were assessed after a single intra-cerebroventricular or intraperitoneal injection (ip) (1 μg/kg or 16 μg/kg, respectively) or chronic ip administration (8 μg/kg/day) of chemerin for 14 or 28 days. Hypothalamic neurobiochemical changes in chemerin/histamine/AMPK induced by either 8-week high fat diet (HFD) or food restriction were also investigated. To confirm chemerin-histamine crosstalk, these neurobiochemical changes were assessed under settings of H1-receptor agonism and/or antagonism by betahistine and/or olanzapine, respectively for 3 weeks. KEY FINDINGS Chemerin-injected rats exhibited anorexigenic behavior in both acute and chronic studies that was associated with a decreased AMPK activity in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). However, with long-term administration, chemerin anorexigenic effect gradually ceased. Contrarily to food restriction, 8-week HFD increased ARC expression of chemerin and its receptor CMKLR1, reducing food intake via an interplay of H1-receptors and AMPK activity. Blockage of H1-receptors by olanzapine disrupted chemerin signaling pathway with an increased AMPK activity, augmenting food intake. These changes were reversed to normal by betahistine coadministration. SIGNIFICANCE Chemerin is an anorexigenic adipokine, whose dysregulation is implicated in diet, and olanzapine-induced obesity through a histamine/AMPK axis in the ARC. Hypothalamic chemerin/CMKLR1 expression is a dynamic time-dependent response to changes in body weight and/or food intake. Targeting chemerin as a novel therapeutic approach against antipsychotic- or diet-induced obesity is worth to be further delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M Samy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Dalia Kamal Mostafa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Doaa A Abdelmonsif
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine Labs, Centre of Excellence for Regenerative Medicine Research, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Cherine A Ismail
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Passainte S Hassaan
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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20
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Moujalled D, Strasser A, Liddell JR. Molecular mechanisms of cell death in neurological diseases. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2029-2044. [PMID: 34099897 PMCID: PMC8257776 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tightly orchestrated programmed cell death (PCD) signalling events occur during normal neuronal development in a spatially and temporally restricted manner to establish the neural architecture and shaping the CNS. Abnormalities in PCD signalling cascades, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cell death associated with autophagy as well as in unprogrammed necrosis can be observed in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. These cell deaths can be activated in response to various forms of cellular stress (exerted by intracellular or extracellular stimuli) and inflammatory processes. Aberrant activation of PCD pathways is a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, resulting in unwanted loss of neuronal cells and function. Conversely, inactivation of PCD is thought to contribute to the development of brain cancers and to impact their response to therapy. For many neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers current treatment strategies have only modest effect, engendering the need for investigations into the origins of these diseases. With many diseases of the brain displaying aberrations in PCD pathways, it appears that agents that can either inhibit or induce PCD may be critical components of future therapeutic strategies. The development of such therapies will have to be guided by preclinical studies in animal models that faithfully mimic the human disease. In this review, we briefly describe PCD and unprogrammed cell death processes and the roles they play in contributing to neurodegenerative diseases or tumorigenesis in the brain. We also discuss the interplay between distinct cell death signalling cascades and disease pathogenesis and describe pharmacological agents targeting key players in the cell death signalling pathways that have progressed through to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Moujalled
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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21
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Wang H, Guo M, Wei H, Chen Y. Targeting MCL-1 in cancer: current status and perspectives. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:67. [PMID: 33883020 PMCID: PMC8061042 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid leukemia 1 (MCL-1) is an antiapoptotic protein of the BCL-2 family that prevents apoptosis by binding to the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins. Overexpression of MCL-1 is frequently observed in many tumor types and is closely associated with tumorigenesis, poor prognosis and drug resistance. The central role of MCL-1 in regulating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway makes it an attractive target for cancer therapy. Significant progress has been made with regard to MCL-1 inhibitors, some of which have entered clinical trials. Here, we discuss the mechanism by which MCL-1 regulates cancer cell apoptosis and review the progress related to MCL-1 small molecule inhibitors and their role in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolan Wang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Hudie Wei
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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22
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Flemmer RT, Connolly SP, Geizer BA, Opferman JT, Vanderluit JL. The Role of Mcl-1 in Embryonic Neural Precursor Cell Apoptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:659531. [PMID: 33959612 PMCID: PMC8093775 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.659531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, regulates neural precursor cell (NPC) survival in both the developing and adult mammalian nervous system. It is unclear when during the neurogenic period Mcl-1 becomes necessary for NPC survival and whether Bax is the sole pro-apoptotic target of Mcl-1. To address these questions, we used the nervous system-specific Nestin-Cre Mcl-1 conditional knockout mouse line (Mcl-1 CKO) to assess the anti-apoptotic role of Mcl-1 in developmental neurogenesis. Loss of Mcl-1 resulted in a wave of apoptosis beginning in the brainstem and cervical spinal cord at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) and in the forebrain at E10.5. Apoptosis was first observed ventrally in each region and spread dorsally over time. Within the spinal cord, apoptosis also spread in a rostral to caudal direction following the path of differentiation. Breeding the Mcl-1 CKO mouse with the Bax null mouse rescued the majority of NPC from apoptosis except in the dorsomedial brainstem and ventral thoracic spinal cord where only 50% were rescued. This demonstrates that Mcl-1 promotes NPC survival primarily by inhibiting the activation of Bax, but that Bax is not the sole pro-apoptotic target of Mcl-1 during embryonic neurogenesis. Interestingly, although co-deletion of Bax rescued the majority of NPC apoptosis, it resulted in embryonic lethality at E13, whereas conditional deletion of both Mcl-1 and Bax rescued embryonic lethality. In summary, this study demonstrates the widespread dependency on Mcl-1 during nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Flemmer
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Sarah P Connolly
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Brittany A Geizer
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Joseph T Opferman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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23
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Cho H, Jang JE, Eom JI, Jeung HK, Chung H, Kim JS, Cheong JW, Min YH. Arsenic trioxide synergistically promotes the antileukaemic activity of venetoclax by downregulating Mcl-1 in acute myeloid leukaemia cells. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:28. [PMID: 33858507 PMCID: PMC8051086 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evasion of apoptosis through dysregulated Bcl-2 family members is a hallmark of leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Therefore, targeting Bcl-2 with venetoclax has been suggested as an attractive strategy for inducing apoptosis in AML LSCs. However, the selective inhibition of Bcl-2 in AML often leads to upregulation of Mcl-1, another dominant anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein conferring venetoclax resistance. METHODS We assessed the combined effect of venetoclax and arsenic trioxide (ATO) on leukaemic cell viability, apoptosis, combination index, and cell cycle in the human LSC-like KG1 and KG1a cells. The synergistic effect of venetoclax and ATO on apoptosis was also examined in primary CD34+ and CD34+CD38- LSCs from the bone marrow (BM) of AML patients, and compared with those from healthy donors. RESULTS Venetoclax efficiently impaired cell viability and dose-dependently promoted apoptosis when combined with ATO; their synergism was aptly represented by the combination index. The combination of venetoclax and ATO impaired cell cycle progression by restricting cells within the sub-G1 phase and facilitating caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death associated with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, while sparing healthy BM haematopoietic stem cells. Mechanistically, ATO mitigated venetoclax-induced upregulation of Mcl-1 by the inhibition of AKT and ERK, along with activation of GSK-3β. This led to the Mcl-1 destabilisation, triggering Noxa and Bim to facilitate apoptosis and the consequent activation of the apoptosis executioner protein Bak. Moreover, the combination promoted phosphorylation of ATM, Chk2, p38, and H2AX, indicating an active DNA damage response. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the synergistic, preferential antileukaemic effects of venetoclax and ATO on LSCs, providing a rationale for preclinical and clinical trials by combining these agents already being used in clinical practice to treat acute leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsoo Cho
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Jang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-In Eom
- Avison Biomedical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoi-Kyung Jeung
- Avison Biomedical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Haerim Chung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kim
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Won Cheong
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Hong Min
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Involvement of Bcl-xL in Neuronal Function and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063202. [PMID: 33801158 PMCID: PMC8004157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) family of proteins are mainly known for their role in the regulation of apoptosis by preventing pore formation at the mitochondrial outer membrane and subsequent caspase activation. However, Bcl-2 proteins also have non-canonical functions, independent of apoptosis. Indeed, the cell death machinery, including Bcl-2 homologs, was reported to be essential for the central nervous system (CNS), notably with respect to synaptic transmission and axon pruning. Here we focused on Bcl-xL, a close Bcl-2 homolog, which plays a major role in neuronal development, as bclx knock out mice prematurely die at embryonic day 13.5, showing massive apoptosis in the CNS. In addition, we present evidence that Bcl-xL fosters ATP generation by the mitochondria to fuel high energy needs by neurons, and its contribution to synaptic transmission. We discuss how Bcl-xL might control local and transient activation of caspases in neurons without causing cell death. Consistently, Bcl-xL may contribute to morphological changes, such as sprouting and retractation of axon branches, in the context of CNS plasticity. Regarding degenerative diseases and aging, a better understanding of the numerous roles of the cell death machinery in neurons may have future clinical implications.
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25
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It's time to die: BH3 mimetics in solid tumors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118987. [PMID: 33600840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The removal of cells by apoptosis is an essential process regulating tissue homeostasis. Cancer cells acquire the ability to circumvent apoptosis and survive in an unphysiological tissue context. Thereby, the Bcl-2 protein family plays a key role in the initiation of apoptosis, and overexpression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins is one of the molecular mechanisms protecting cancer cells from apoptosis. Recently, small molecules targeting the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins have been identified, and with venetoclax the first of these BH3 mimetics has been approved for the treatment of leukemia. In solid tumors the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL are frequently overexpressed or genetically amplified. In this review, we summarize the role of Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL in solid tumors and compare the different BH3 mimetics targeting Mcl-1 or Bcl-xL.
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26
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Abstract
Bcl-xL is a pro-survival protein of the Bcl2 family found in the mitochondrial membrane. Bcl-xL supports growth, development, and maturation of neurons, and it also prevents neuronal death during neurotoxic stimulation. This article reviews the mechanisms and upstream signaling that regulate the activity and abundance of Bcl-xL. Our team and others have reported that oxidative stress is a key regulator of intracellular Bcl-xL balance in neurons. Oxidative stress regulates synthesis, degradation, and activity of Bcl-xL and therefore neuronal function. During apoptosis, pro-apoptotic Bcl2 proteins such as Bax and Bak translocate to and oligomerize in the mitochondrial membrane. Formation of oligomers causes release of cytochrome c and activation of caspases that lead to neuronal death. Bcl-xL binds directly to pro-apoptotic Bcl2 proteins to block apoptotic signaling. Although anti-apoptotic roles of Bcl-xL have been well documented, an increasing number of studies in recent decades show that protein binding partners of Bcl-xL are not limited to Bcl2 proteins. Bcl-xL forms a complex with F1Fo ATP synthase, DJ-1, DRP1, IP3R, and the ryanodine receptor. These proteins support physiological processes in neurons such as growth and development and prevent neuronal damage by regulating mitochondrial ATP production, synapse formation, synaptic vesicle recycling, neurotransmission, and calcium signaling. However, under conditions of oxidative stress, Bcl-xL undergoes proteolytic cleavage thus lowering the abundance of functional Bcl-xL in neurons. Additionally, oxidative stress alters formation of Bcl-xL-mediated multiprotein complexes by regulating post-translational phosphorylation. Finally, oxidative stress regulates transcription factors that target the Bcl-x gene and alter accessibility of microRNA to mRNA influencing mRNA levels of Bcl-xL. In this review, we discussed how Bcl-xL supports the normal physiology of neurons, and how oxidative stress contributes to pathology by manipulating the dynamics of Bcl-xL production, degradation, and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-A Park
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, College of Human Environmental Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Katheryn Broman
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, College of Human Environmental Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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27
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Veleta KA, Cleveland AH, Babcock BR, He YW, Hwang D, Sokolsky-Papkov M, Gershon TR. Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins BCL-xL and MCL-1 integrate neural progenitor survival and proliferation during postnatal cerebellar neurogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:1579-1592. [PMID: 33293647 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendency of brain cells to undergo apoptosis in response to exogenous events varies across neural development, with apoptotic threshold dependent on proliferation state. Proliferative neural progenitors show a low threshold for apoptosis, while terminally differentiated neurons are relatively refractory. To define the mechanisms linking proliferation and apoptotic threshold, we examined the effect of conditionally deleting Bcl2l1, the gene that codes the antiapoptotic protein BCL-xL, in cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs), and of co-deleting Bcl2l1 homologs, antiapoptotic Mcl-1, or pro-apoptotic Bax. We found that cerebella in conditional Bcl2l1-deleted (Bcl-xLcKO) mice were severely hypoplastic due to the increased apoptosis of CGNPs and their differentiated progeny, the cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Apoptosis was highest as Bcl-xLcKO CGNPs exited the cell cycle to initiate differentiation, with proliferating Bcl-xLcKO CGNPs relatively less affected. Despite the overall reduction in cerebellar growth, SHH-dependent proliferation was prolonged in Bcl-xLcKO mice, as more CGNPs remained proliferative in the second postnatal week. Co-deletion of Bax rescued the Bcl-xLcKO phenotype, while co-deletion of Mcl-1 enhanced the phenotype. These findings show that CGNPs require BCL-xL to regulate BAX-dependent apoptosis, and that this role can be partially compensated by MCL-1. Our data further show that BCL-xL expression regulates MCL-1 abundance in CGNPs, and suggest that excessive MCL-1 in Bcl-xLcKO mice prolongs CGNP proliferation by binding SUFU, resulting in increased SHH pathway activation. Accordingly, we propose that BCL-xL and MCL-1 interact with each other and with developmental mechanisms that regulate proliferation, to adjust the apoptotic threshold as CGNPs progress through postnatal neurogenesis to CGNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Veleta
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Abigail H Cleveland
- UNC Cancer Cell Biology Training Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Benjamin R Babcock
- Department of Neurology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - You-Wen He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Duhyeong Hwang
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Marina Sokolsky-Papkov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Timothy R Gershon
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Department of Neurology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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28
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Neuronal cell life, death, and axonal degeneration as regulated by the BCL-2 family proteins. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:108-122. [PMID: 33162554 PMCID: PMC7852532 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration and neuronal cell death are fundamental processes in development and contribute to the pathology of neurological disease in adults. Both processes are regulated by BCL-2 family proteins which orchestrate the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). MOM permeabilization (MOMP) results in the activation of pro-apoptotic molecules that commit neurons to either die or degenerate. With the success of small-molecule inhibitors targeting anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins for the treatment of lymphoma, we can now envision the use of inhibitors of apoptosis with exquisite selectivity for BCL-2 family protein regulation of neuronal apoptosis in the treatment of nervous system disease. Critical to this development is deciphering which subset of proteins is required for neuronal apoptosis and axon degeneration, and how these two different outcomes are separately regulated. Moreover, noncanonical BCL-2 family protein functions unrelated to the regulation of MOMP, including impacting necroptosis and other modes of cell death may reveal additional potential targets and/or confounders. This review highlights our current understanding of BCL-2 family mediated neuronal cell death and axon degeneration, while identifying future research questions to be resolved to enable regulating neuronal survival pharmacologically.
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Abstract
Apoptotic cells are commonly observed in a broad range of tissues during mammalian embryonic and fetal development. Specific requirements and functions of programmed cell death were inferred from early observations. These inferences did not hold up to functional proof for a requirement of apoptosis for normal tissue development in all cases. In this review, we summarize how the appraisal of the importance of developmental apoptosis has changed over the years, in particular with detailed functional assessment, such as by using gene-targeted mice lacking essential initiators or mediators of apoptosis. In recent years, the essentials of developmental apoptosis have emerged. We hypothesize that apoptosis is predominantly required to balance cell proliferation. The two interdependent processes—cell proliferation and apoptosis—together more powerfully regulate tissue growth than does each process alone. We proposed that this ensures that tissues and cell populations attain the appropriate size that allows fusion in the body midline and retain the size of cavities once formed. In addition, a limited number of tissues, albeit not all previously proposed, rely on apoptosis for remodeling, chiefly aortic arch remodeling, elimination of supernumerary neurons, removal of vaginal septa, and removal of interdigital webs in the formation of hands and feet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Voss
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Li M, Wang D, He J, Chen L, Li H. Bcl-X L: A multifunctional anti-apoptotic protein. Pharmacol Res 2020; 151:104547. [PMID: 31734345 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-XL) is one of the anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family that is localized in the mitochondria. Bcl-XL is one of the key regulators of apoptosis that can also regulate other important cellular functions. Bcl-XL is overexpressed in many cancers, and its inhibitors have shown good therapeutic effects. Bcl-XL interacts with Beclin 1, a key factor regulating autophagy. Bcl-XL is essential for the survival of neurons and plays protective roles in neuronal injuries. It can promote the growth of neurons and the correct formation of neural networks, enhance synaptic plasticity, and control neurotoxicity. Bcl-XL can also promote the transport of Ca2+ to mitochondria, increase the production of ATP, and improve metabolic efficiency. In addition, targeting Bcl-XL has shown potential value in autoimmune diseases and aging. In this review, we summarize the functions of Bcl-XL in cancer, autophagy, Ca2+ signaling, neuroprotection, neuronal growth and synaptic plasticity, energy metabolism, immunity, and senescence as revealed by investigations conducted in the past 10 years. Moreover, we list some inhibitors that have been developed based on the functions of Bcl-XL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dun Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jianhua He
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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31
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Robinson EJ, Aguiar S, Smidt MP, van der Heide LP. MCL1 as a Therapeutic Target in Parkinson's Disease? Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:1056-1065. [PMID: 31706839 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta are selectively lost during the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent work performed on the role of the Bcl2 family (highly specialized proteins which control cellular survival and death) in midbrain dopamine neurons has led to the identification of the Bcl2 factor Mcl1 as a weak link in the survival of these neurons. We hypothesize that the regulation of BCL2 proteins may explain this selective vulnerability, and may even provide a novel therapeutic opportunity - strengthening weak links such as MCL1 could result in a delay or complete abrogation of cell death during PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Robinson
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Aguiar
- Ageing and Cellular Senescence Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Marten P Smidt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lars P van der Heide
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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32
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HUWE1 controls MCL1 stability to unleash AMBRA1-induced mitophagy. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:1155-1168. [PMID: 31434979 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated mitophagy is a crucial process involved in mitochondria quality control. AMBRA1 is a mitophagy receptor for the selective removal of damaged mitochondria in mammalian cells. A critical unresolved issue is how AMBRA1-mediated mitophagy is controlled in response to cellular stress. Here, we investigated the role of BCL2-family proteins on AMBRA1-dependent mitophagy and showed that MCL1 delays AMBRA1-dependent mitophagy. Indeed, MCL1 overexpression is sufficient to inhibit recruitment to mitochondria of the E3 Ubiquitin ligase HUWE1, a crucial dynamic partner of AMBRA1, upon AMBRA1-mediated mitophagy induction. In addition, we found that during mitophagy induced by AMBRA1, MCL1 levels decreased but were sustained by inhibition of the GSK-3β kinase, which delayed AMBRA1-mediated mitophagy. Also, we showed that MCL1 was phosphorylated by GSK-3β at a conserved GSK-3 phosphorylation site (S159) during AMBRA1-mediated mitophagy and that this event was accompanied by HUWE1-dependent MCL1 degradation. Altogether, our results demonstrate that MCL1 stability is regulated by the kinase GSK-3β and the E3 ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 in regulating AMBRA1-mediated mitophagy. Our work thus defines MCL1 as an upstream stress-sensitive protein, functional in AMBRA1-mediated mitophagy.
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Hollville E, Romero SE, Deshmukh M. Apoptotic cell death regulation in neurons. FEBS J 2019; 286:3276-3298. [PMID: 31230407 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a major role in shaping the developing nervous system during embryogenesis as neuronal precursors differentiate to become post-mitotic neurons. However, once neurons are incorporated into functional circuits and become mature, they greatly restrict their capacity to die via apoptosis, thus allowing the mature nervous system to persist in a healthy and functional state throughout life. This robust restriction of the apoptotic pathway during neuronal differentiation and maturation is defined by multiple unique mechanisms that function to more precisely control and restrict the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. However, while these mechanisms are necessary for neuronal survival, mature neurons are still capable of activating the apoptotic pathway in certain pathological contexts. In this review, we highlight key mechanisms governing the survival of post-mitotic neurons, while also detailing the physiological and pathological contexts in which neurons are capable of overcoming this high apoptotic threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selena E Romero
- Neuroscience Center, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, USA
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Neuroscience Center, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, USA
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