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Romano F, Barbieri L, Staurenghi G, Salvetti AP. Hyperreflective Ganglion Cell Layer Band in Choroideremia. Retina 2024; 44:e42-e43. [PMID: 37972966 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000004003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Romano
- Eye Clinic, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Harvard Retinal Imaging Lab, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lucrezia Barbieri
- Eye Clinic, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Staurenghi
- Eye Clinic, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Salvetti
- Eye Clinic, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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2
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Januschowski K, Rickmann A, Smith J, Pastor-Idoate S, Pastor JC. Vision loss associated with silicone oil endotamponade in vitreoretinal surgery - a review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024:10.1007/s00417-024-06520-y. [PMID: 38888804 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-024-06520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the definition, prevalence and classification of different types of unexplained vision loss associated with silicone oil (SO) endotamponades (SO in situ (SOIS) or after removal of SO (ROSO)) in vitreoretinal surgery and identifying the most specific clinical findings and suggesting possible causes. METHODS Review of the literature regarding randomized clinical trials (RCTs), retrospective case-control, cohort studies and case series evaluating the risk of using SO, published in English between 1994 and 2023, conducting a computer-based search of the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase. The search was supplemented using the Medline option 'Related Articles' and consulting review articles on the topic. RESULTS Findings from reported clinical examinations in SOIS and ROSO are analyzed and finally different theories regarding the underlying pathophysiology are described. From the clinical point of view, findings have been found in OCT, OCTA, microperimetry and electrophysiological studies. Other clearly identifiable causes of vision loss related to the use of SO are listed and commented as differential diagnosis. Finally, the different physiopathological theories of the two types of causes of unexplained vision have been analyzed. CONCLUSION Unexpected vision loss under or after SO tamponade (SOIS and ROSO) is a significant concern which is probably underestimated because it is not a clearly defined and known entity. The most frequently described changes were in the ganglion cell complex but this unexpected vision loss remains a serious and unexplained concern for vitreoretinal surgeons and should be identified by clinicians, addressed by manufacturers and reported to Health Authorities as a serious incident according to the new regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Januschowski
- Mount St. Peter Eye Clinic, Max-Planck-Str. 14-16, 54296, Trier, Germany
- Medical Department, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Annekatrin Rickmann
- Medical Department, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
- Ophthalmology Department, Knappschaft Hospital Sulzbach, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Smith
- Sunderland Eye Infirmary, Queen Alexandra Road, Sunderland, SR2 9HP, UK
| | - Salvador Pastor-Idoate
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Pastor
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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3
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Nguyen Y, Rudd Zhong Manis J, Ronczkowski NM, Bui T, Oxenrider A, Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC. Unveiling the gut-eye axis: how microbial metabolites influence ocular health and disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1377186. [PMID: 38799150 PMCID: PMC11122920 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1377186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate interplay between the gut microbiota and ocular health has surpassed conventional medical beliefs, fundamentally reshaping our understanding of organ interconnectivity. This review investigates into the intricate relationship between gut microbiota-derived metabolites and their consequential impact on ocular health and disease pathogenesis. By examining the role of specific metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate and bile acids (BAs), herein we elucidate their significant contributions to ocular pathologies, thought-provoking the traditional belief of organ sterility, particularly in the field of ophthalmology. Highlighting the dynamic nature of the gut microbiota and its profound influence on ocular health, this review underlines the necessity of comprehending the complex workings of the gut-eye axis, an emerging field of science ready for further exploration and scrutiny. While acknowledging the therapeutic promise in manipulating the gut microbiome and its metabolites, the available literature advocates for a targeted, precise approach. Instead of broad interventions, it emphasizes the potential of exploiting specific microbiome-related metabolites as a focused strategy. This targeted approach compared to a precision tool rather than a broad-spectrum solution, aims to explore the therapeutic applications of microbiome-related metabolites in the context of various retinal diseases. By proposing a nuanced strategy targeted at specific microbial metabolites, this review suggests that addressing specific deficiencies or imbalances through microbiome-related metabolites might yield expedited and pronounced outcomes in systemic health, extending to the eye. This focused strategy holds the potential in bypassing the irregularity associated with manipulating microbes themselves, paving a more efficient pathway toward desired outcomes in optimizing gut health and its implications for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Nguyen
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Tommy Bui
- Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Allston Oxenrider
- Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Menaka C. Thounaojam
- Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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4
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Tsioti I, Steiner BL, Escher P, Zinkernagel MS, Benz PM, Kokona D. Systemic Lipopolysaccharide Exposure Exacerbates Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024; 32:19-30. [PMID: 36441988 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2147547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of a systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulus in the course of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in C57BL/6 J mice. A group of CNV-subjected mice received 1 mg/kg LPS via the tail vein immediately after CNV induction. Mouse eyes were monitored in vivo with fluorescein angiography for 2 weeks. In situ hybridization and flow cytometry were performed in the retina at different time points. LPS led to increased fluorescein leakage 3 days after CNV, correlated with a large influx of monocyte-derived macrophages and increase of pro-inflammatory microglia/macrophages in the retina. Additionally, LPS enhanced Vegfα mRNA expression by Glul-expressing cells but not Aif1 positive microglia/macrophages in the laser lesion. These findings suggest that systemic LPS exposure has transient detrimental effects in the course of CNV through activation of microglia/macrophages to a pro-inflammatory phenotype and supports the important role of these cells in the CNV course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tsioti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice L Steiner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Escher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin S Zinkernagel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter M Benz
- Department of CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Despina Kokona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Wegener AJ, Hyer MM, Targett I, Kloster A, Shaw GA, Rodriguez AMM, Dyer SK, Neigh GN. Behavior, synaptic mitochondria, and microglia are differentially impacted by chronic adolescent stress and repeated endotoxin exposure in male and female rats. Stress 2024; 27:2299971. [PMID: 38179979 PMCID: PMC11064104 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2023.2299971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity and chronic inflammation have both been associated with cognitive impairment and neural compromise. In this study, we investigated the interactions between a history of chronic adolescent stress (CAS) and repeated endotoxin exposure on behavior, synaptic mitochondria, and microglia in adult male and female Wistar rats. Adult rats from chronic stress and control conditions were exposed to either repeated endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) or saline injections every 3 days for 9 weeks. In both sexes, repeated LPS, regardless of stress history, impaired working memory in the Y maze. Regarding spatial memory, LPS impaired function for females; whereas, CAS altered function in males. Although males had an increase in anxiety-like behavior shortly after CAS, there were no long-term effects on anxiety-like behavior or social interaction observed in males or females. Stress did not alter synaptic mitochondrial function in either sex. Repeated LPS altered synaptic mitochondrial function such that ATP production was increased in females only. There were no observed increases in IBA-1 positive cells within the hippocampus for either sex. However, LPS and CAS altered microglia morphology in females. Impact of repeated LPS was evident at the terminal endpoint with increased spleen weight in both sexes and decreased adrenal weight in males only. Circulating cytokines were not impacted by repeated LPS at the terminal endpoint, but evidence of CAS effects on cytokines in females were evident. These data suggest a long-term impact of chronic stress and an impact of repeated endotoxin challenge in adulthood; however, not all physiological and behavioral metrics examined were impacted by the paradigm employed in this study and the two environmental challenges rarely interacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wegener
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M M Hyer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - I Targett
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - A Kloster
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - G A Shaw
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - A M M Rodriguez
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S K Dyer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - G N Neigh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Rodrigo MJ, Martinez-Rincon T, Subias M, Mendez-Martinez S, Garcia-Herranz D, Garcia-Feijoo J, Herrero-Vanrell R, Pablo L, Bravo-Osuna I, Munuera I, Garcia-Martin E. Influence of sex on chronic steroid-induced glaucoma: 24-Weeks follow-up study in rats. Exp Eye Res 2024; 238:109736. [PMID: 38036216 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate ocular changes based on sex in steroid-induced glaucoma models in rats comparing healthy controls, over 24 weeks follow-up. Eighty-nine Long-Evans rats (38 males and 51 females) with steroid-induced glaucoma were analysed. Two steroid-induced glaucoma models were generated by injecting poly-co-lactic-glycolic acid microspheres loaded with dexamethasone (MMDEX model) and dexamethasone-fibronectin (MMDEXAFIBRO model) into the ocular anterior chamber. Intraocular pressure was measured by rebound tonometer Tonolab®. Neuroretinal function was analysed using dark- and light-adapted electroretinography (Roland consult® RETIanimal ERG), and structure was analysed using optical coherence tomography (OCT Spectralis, Heidelberg® Engineering) using Retina Posterior Pole, Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer and Ganglion Cell Layer protocols over 24 weeks. Males showed statistically (p < 0.05) higher intraocular pressure measurements. In both sexes and models neuroretinal thickness tended to decrease over time. In the MMDEX model, males showed higher IOP values and greatest percentage thickness loss in the Ganglion Cell Layer (p = 0.015). Females receiving MMDEXAFIBRO experienced large fluctuations in thickness, a higher percentage loss (on average) in Retina Posterior Pole (p = 0.035), Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer and Ganglion Cell Layer than aged-matched males, and the highest thickness loss rate by mmHg. Although no difference was found by sex in dark- and light-adapted electroretinography, increased amplitude in photopic negative response was found in MMDEX males and MMDEXAFIBRO females at 12 weeks. Although both glaucoma models used dexamethasone, different intraocular pressure and neuroretinal changes were observed depending on sex and other influential cofactors (fibronectin). Both sex and the induced glaucoma model influenced neuroretinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rodrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain; Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Spain; National Ocular Researcha Network RD21/0002/0050. RICORS Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (RD21/0002). Carlos III Health Institute, Spain
| | - T Martinez-Rincon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain; Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Subias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain; Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Mendez-Martinez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain; Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - D Garcia-Herranz
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Ophthalmology Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - J Garcia-Feijoo
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Health Research Institute, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - R Herrero-Vanrell
- National Ocular Researcha Network RD21/0002/0050. RICORS Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (RD21/0002). Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Ophthalmology Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; University Institute for Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - L Pablo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain; Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Spain; National Ocular Researcha Network RD21/0002/0050. RICORS Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (RD21/0002). Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Biotech Vision, Instituto Oftalmologico Quiron, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Bravo-Osuna
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Ophthalmology Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; University Institute for Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - I Munuera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain; Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - E Garcia-Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain; Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Spain; National Ocular Researcha Network RD21/0002/0050. RICORS Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (RD21/0002). Carlos III Health Institute, Spain.
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Priyandoko D, Widowati W, Lenny L, Novianti S, Revika R, Kusuma HSW, Sholihah IA. Green Tea Extract Reduced Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in L2 Cells as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Model Through Genes and Cytokine Pro-Inflammatory. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2024; 16:57-65. [PMID: 38605739 PMCID: PMC11005400 DOI: 10.18502/ajmb.v16i1.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung inflammatory condition that has the capacity to impair gas exchange and lead to hypoxemia. This condition is found to have been one of the most prevalent in patients of COVID-19 with a more serious condition. Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) contains polyphenols that possess many health benefits. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory activities of green tea extract in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung cells as ARDS cells model. Methods In this study, rat lung cells (L2) were induced by LPS to mimic the inflammation observed in ARDS and later treated with green tea extract. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin (IL)-12, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) as well as Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) were investigated using the ELISA method. Gene expression of NOD-Like Receptor Protein 3 (NLRP-3), Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-product (RAGE), Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR-4), and Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were evaluated by qRTPCR. Apoptotic cells were measured using flow cytometry. Results The results showed that green tea extract treatment can reduce inflammation by suppressing gene expressions of NF-κB, NLRP-3, TLR-4, and RAGE, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, TNF-α, and CRP, an acute phase protein. Apoptosis levels of inflamed cells also found to be lowered when green tea extract was administered; thus, also increasing live cells compared to non-treated cells. Conclusion These findings could lead to the future development of supplements from green tea to help alleviate ARDS symptoms, especially during critical moments such as the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didik Priyandoko
- Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Widowati
- Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, Indonesia
| | - Lenny Lenny
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, BSD Campus, Tangerang 15345, Indonesia
| | - Sintya Novianti
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, BSD Campus, Tangerang 15345, Indonesia
| | - Revika Revika
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, BSD Campus, Tangerang 15345, Indonesia
| | | | - Ika Adhani Sholihah
- Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama, Bandung 40163, Indonesia
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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Martínez-Gil N, Kutsyr O, Fernández-Sánchez L, Sánchez-Sáez X, Albertos-Arranz H, Sánchez-Castillo C, Vidal-Gil L, Cuenca N, Lax P, Maneu V. Ischemia-Reperfusion Increases TRPM7 Expression in Mouse Retinas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16068. [PMID: 38003256 PMCID: PMC10671235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia is the main cause of cell death in retinal diseases such as vascular occlusions, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, or retinopathy of prematurity. Although excitotoxicity is considered the primary mechanism of cell death during an ischemic event, antagonists of glutamatergic receptors have been unsuccessful in clinical trials with patients suffering ischemia or stroke. Our main purpose was to analyze if the transient receptor potential channel 7 (TRPM7) could contribute to retinal dysfunction in retinal pathologies associated with ischemia. By using an experimental model of acute retinal ischemia, we analyzed the changes in retinal function by electroretinography and the changes in retinal morphology by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography (OCTA). Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the pattern of TRPM7 and its expression level in the retina. Our results show that ischemia elicited a decrease in retinal responsiveness to light stimuli along with reactive gliosis and a significant increase in the expression of TRPM7 in Müller cells. TRPM7 could emerge as a new drug target to be explored in retinal pathologies associated with ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martínez-Gil
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (N.M.-G.); (X.S.-S.); (H.A.-A.); (C.S.-C.); (L.V.-G.); (N.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Oksana Kutsyr
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (O.K.); (L.F.-S.)
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (O.K.); (L.F.-S.)
| | - Xavier Sánchez-Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (N.M.-G.); (X.S.-S.); (H.A.-A.); (C.S.-C.); (L.V.-G.); (N.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Henar Albertos-Arranz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (N.M.-G.); (X.S.-S.); (H.A.-A.); (C.S.-C.); (L.V.-G.); (N.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Carla Sánchez-Castillo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (N.M.-G.); (X.S.-S.); (H.A.-A.); (C.S.-C.); (L.V.-G.); (N.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Lorena Vidal-Gil
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (N.M.-G.); (X.S.-S.); (H.A.-A.); (C.S.-C.); (L.V.-G.); (N.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (N.M.-G.); (X.S.-S.); (H.A.-A.); (C.S.-C.); (L.V.-G.); (N.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Pedro Lax
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (N.M.-G.); (X.S.-S.); (H.A.-A.); (C.S.-C.); (L.V.-G.); (N.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (O.K.); (L.F.-S.)
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Lincke JB, Christe L, Unterlauft JD, Zinkernagel MS, Zysset-Burri DC. Microbiome and Retinal Vascular Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1675-1682. [PMID: 36963629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome consists of more than a thousand different microbes and their associated genes and microbial metabolites. It influences various host metabolic pathways and is therefore important for homeostasis. In recent years, its influence on health and disease has been extensively researched. Dysbiosis, or imbalance in the gut microbiome, is associated with several diseases. Consequent chronic inflammation may lead to or promote inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and other diseases. The pathogenesis of the three most common retinal vascular diseases, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and retinal artery occlusion, may also be influenced by an altered microbiome and associated risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and obesity. Direct cause-effect relationships remain less well understood. A potential prevention or treatment modality for these diseases could be targeting and modulating the individual's gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel-Benjamin Lincke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Lucine Christe
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Darius Unterlauft
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin S Zinkernagel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denise C Zysset-Burri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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10
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García-Arroyo R, Domènech EB, Herrera-Úbeda C, Asensi MA, Núñez de Arenas C, Cuezva JM, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Pallardó FV, Mirra S, Marfany G. Exacerbated response to oxidative stress in the Retinitis Pigmentosa Cerkl KD/KO mouse model triggers retinal degeneration pathways upon acute light stress. Redox Biol 2023; 66:102862. [PMID: 37660443 PMCID: PMC10491808 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina is particularly vulnerable to genetic and environmental alterations that generate oxidative stress and cause cellular damage in photoreceptors and other retinal neurons, eventually leading to cell death. CERKL (CERamide Kinase-Like) mutations cause Retinitis Pigmentosa and Cone-Rod Dystrophy in humans, two disorders characterized by photoreceptor degeneration and progressive vision loss. CERKL is a resilience gene against oxidative stress, and its overexpression protects cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Besides, CERKL contributes to stress granule-formation and regulates mitochondrial dynamics in the retina. Using the CerklKD/KO albino mouse model, which recapitulates the human disease, we aimed to study the impact of Cerkl knockdown on stress response and activation of photoreceptor death mechanisms upon light/oxidative stress. After acute light injury, we assessed immediate or late retinal stress response, by combining both omic and non-omic approaches. Our results show that Cerkl knockdown increases ROS levels and causes a basal exacerbated stress state in the retina, through alterations in glutathione metabolism and stress granule production, overall compromising an adequate response to additional oxidative damage. As a consequence, several cell death mechanisms are triggered in CerklKD/KO retinas after acute light stress. Our studies indicate that Cerkl gene is a pivotal player in regulating light-challenged retinal homeostasis and shed light on how mutations in CERKL lead to blindness by dysregulation of the basal oxidative stress response in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío García-Arroyo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena B Domènech
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Herrera-Úbeda
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Asensi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez de Arenas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Serena Mirra
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Liao CH, Yen CC, Chen HL, Liu YH, Chen YH, Lan YW, Chen KR, Chen W, Chen CM. Novel Kefir Exopolysaccharides (KEPS) Mitigate Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Systemic Inflammation in Luciferase Transgenic Mice through Inhibition of the NF-κB Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1724. [PMID: 37760027 PMCID: PMC10525830 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel kefir exopolysaccharides (KEPS) derived from kefir grain fermentation were found to have a small molecular weight (12 kDa) compared to the traditionally high molecular weight (12,000 kDa) of kefiran (KE). KE has been shown to possess antioxidant, blood pressure-lowering, and immune-modulating effects. In this study, we characterized KEPS and KE and evaluated their anti-inflammatory properties in vitro using RAW264.7 macrophages. The main monosaccharide components were identified as glucose (98.1 ± 0.06%) in KEPS and galactose (45.36 ± 0.16%) and glucose (47.13 ± 0.06%) in KE, respectively. Both KEPS and KE significantly reduced IL-6 secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. We further investigated their effects in LPS-induced systemic injury in male and female NF-κB-luciferase+/+ transgenic mice. Mice received oral KEPS (100 mg/kg) or KE (100 mg/kg) for seven days, followed by LPS or saline injection. KEPS and KE inhibited NF-κB signaling, as indicated by reduced luciferase expression and phosphorylated NF-κB levels. LPS-induced systemic injury increased luciferase signals, especially in the kidney, spleen, pancreas, lung, and gut tissues of female mice compared to male mice. Additionally, it upregulated inflammatory mediators in these organs. However, KEPS and KE effectively suppressed the expression of inflammatory mediators, including p-MAPK and IL-6. These findings demonstrate that KEPS can alleviate LPS-induced systemic damage by inhibiting NF-κB/MAPK signaling, suggesting their potential as a treatment for inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Huei Liao
- Department of Life Sciences, and Doctorial Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.Y.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (K.-R.C.)
| | - Chih-Ching Yen
- Department of Life Sciences, and Doctorial Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.Y.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (K.-R.C.)
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ling Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Hsien Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, and Doctorial Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.Y.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (K.-R.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jen-Ai Hospital, Dali Branch, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, and Doctorial Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.Y.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (K.-R.C.)
| | - Ying-Wei Lan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Ke-Rong Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, and Doctorial Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.Y.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (K.-R.C.)
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan;
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, and Doctorial Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.Y.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (K.-R.C.)
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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12
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Antropoli A, Arrigo A, Bianco L, Cavallari E, Berni A, Casoni F, Consalez G, Bandello F, Cremona O, Battaglia Parodi M. HYPERREFLECTIVE BAND IN THE GANGLION CELL LAYER IN RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA. Retina 2023; 43:1348-1355. [PMID: 36996465 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a sign that takes the form of a continuous hyperreflective band within the thickness of the ganglion cell layer (GCL), thus dubbed the "hyperreflective ganglion cell layer band" (HGB), which the authors detected in a fraction of patients affected by retinitis pigmentosa (RP). METHODS Retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of patients with RP examined between May 2015 and June 2021 were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of HGB, epiretinal membrane (ERM), macular hole, and cystoid macular edema (CME). The ellipsoid zone (EZ) width was also measured. A subgroup of patients underwent microperimetry in the central 2°, 4°, and 10°. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-four eyes from 77 subjects were included in the study. The HGB was present in 39 (25.3%) eyes with RP. Mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.39 ± 0.05 logMAR (approximately 20/50 Snellen equivalent) and 0.18 ± 0.03 logMAR (approximately 20/32 Snellen equivalent) in eyes with and without HGB, respectively ( P < 0.001). The two groups did not differ regarding EZ width; mean 2°, 4°, and 10° retinal sensitivity; and prevalence of CME, ERM, and macular hole. The multivariable analysis showed the presence of HGB to be a predictor of poorer BCVA ( P < 0.001). CONCLUSION HGB is an OCT finding detectable in approximately a quarter of eyes with RP and is associated with a poorer visual function. In the discussion, the authors speculate about possible morphogenetic scenarios to explain this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Antropoli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Alessandro Arrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Lorenzo Bianco
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Elena Cavallari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Alessandro Berni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
| | | | | | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
| | | | - Maurizio Battaglia Parodi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
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13
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Rafiyan M, Sadeghmousavi S, Akbarzadeh M, Rezaei N. Experimental animal models of chronic inflammation. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 4:100063. [PMID: 37334102 PMCID: PMC10276141 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2023.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a general term for a wide variety of both physiological and pathophysiological processes in the body which primarily prevents the body from diseases and helps to remove dead tissues. It has a crucial part in the body immune system. Tissue damage can recruit inflammatory cells and cytokines and induce inflammation. Inflammation can be classified as acute, sub-acute, and chronic. If it remained unresolved and lasted for prolonged periods, it would be considered as chronic inflammation (CI), which consequently exacerbates tissue damage in different organs. CI is the main pathophysiological cause of many disorders such as obesity, diabetes, arthritis, myocardial infarction, and cancer. Thus, it is critical to investigate different mechanisms involved in CI to understand its processes and to find proper anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches for it. Animal models are one of the most useful tools for study about different diseases and mechanisms in the body, and are important in pharmacological studies to find proper treatments. In this study, we discussed the various experimental animal models that have been used to recreate CI which can help us to enhance the understanding of CI mechanisms in human and contribute to the development of potent new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Rafiyan
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Sadeghmousavi
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Akbarzadeh
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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14
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Albertos-Arranz H, Martínez-Gil N, Sánchez-Sáez X, Noailles A, Monferrer Adsuara C, Remolí Sargues L, Pérez-Santonja JJ, Lax P, Calvo Andrés R, Cuenca N. Microglia activation and neuronal alterations in retinas from COVID-19 patients: correlation with clinical parameters. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 10:12. [PMID: 36855168 PMCID: PMC9974399 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-023-00329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different ocular alterations have been described in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our aim was to determine whether COVID-19 affected retinal cells and establish correlations with clinical parameters. METHODS Retinal sections and flat-mount retinas from human donors with COVID-19 (n = 16) and controls (n = 15) were immunostained. The location of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the morphology of microglial cells, Müller cells, astrocytes, and photoreceptors were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Microglial quantification and the area occupied by them were measured. Correlations among retinal and clinical parameters were calculated. RESULTS ACE2 was mainly located in the Müller cells, outer segment of cones and retinal pigment epithelium. Cell bodies of Müller cells in COVID-19 group showed greater staining of ACE2 and cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP). The 81.3% of COVID-19 patients presented disorganization of honeycomb-like pattern formed by Müller cells. Gliosis was detected in 56.3% of COVID-19 patients compared to controls (40%) as well as epiretinal membranes (ERMs) or astrocytes protruding (50%). Activated or ameboid-shape microglia was the main sign in the COVID-19 group (93.8%). Microglial migration towards the vessels was greater in the COVID-19 retinas (P < 0.05) and the area occupied by microglia was also reduced (P < 0.01) compared to control group. Cone degeneration was more severe in the COVID-19 group. Duration of the disease, age and respiratory failure were the most relevant clinical data in relation with retinal degeneration. CONCLUSIONS The retinas of patients with COVID-19 exhibit glial activation and neuronal alterations, mostly related to the inflammation, hypoxic conditions, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henar Albertos-Arranz
- grid.5268.90000 0001 2168 1800Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road W/N, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Natalia Martínez-Gil
- grid.5268.90000 0001 2168 1800Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road W/N, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Xavier Sánchez-Sáez
- grid.5268.90000 0001 2168 1800Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road W/N, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Agustina Noailles
- grid.5268.90000 0001 2168 1800Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road W/N, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Clara Monferrer Adsuara
- grid.106023.60000 0004 1770 977XDepartment of Ophthalmology, General University Hospital Consortium of Valencia (CHGUV), 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lidia Remolí Sargues
- grid.106023.60000 0004 1770 977XDepartment of Ophthalmology, General University Hospital Consortium of Valencia (CHGUV), 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J. Pérez-Santonja
- grid.411086.a0000 0000 8875 8879Department of Ophthalmology, General University Hospital of Alicante (HGUA), 03010 Alicante, Spain ,grid.513062.30000 0004 8516 8274Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- grid.5268.90000 0001 2168 1800Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road W/N, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Ramón Calvo Andrés
- grid.106023.60000 0004 1770 977XDepartment of Ophthalmology, General University Hospital Consortium of Valencia (CHGUV), 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road W/N, 03690, Alicante, Spain. .,Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain. .,National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), (RETICS) Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology (Oftared), 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Endothelial Toll-like receptor 4 is required for microglia activation in the murine retina after systemic lipopolysaccharide exposure. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:25. [PMID: 36739425 PMCID: PMC9899393 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clustering of microglia around the vasculature has been reported in the retina and the brain after systemic administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in mice. LPS acts via activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TRL4), which is expressed in several cell types including microglia, monocytes and vascular endothelial cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of systemic LPS in the pigmented mouse retina and the involvement of endothelial TLR4 in LPS-induced retinal microglia activation. METHODS C57BL/6J, conditional knockout mice that lack Tlr4 expression selectively on endothelial cells (TekCre-posTlr4loxP/loxP) and TekCre-negTlr4loxP/loxP mice were used. The mice were injected with 1 mg/kg LPS via the tail vein once per day for a total of 4 days. Prior to initiation of LPS injections and approximately 5 h after the last injection, in vivo imaging using fluorescein angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was performed. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, electroretinography and transmission electron microscopy were utilized to investigate the role of endothelial TLR4 in LPS-induced microglia activation and retinal function. RESULTS Activation of microglia, infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages, impaired ribbon synapse organization and retinal dysfunction were observed after the LPS exposure in C57BL/6J and TekCre-negTlr4loxP/loxP mice. None of these effects were observed in the retinas of conditional Tlr4 knockout mice after the LPS challenge. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that systemic LPS exposure can have detrimental effects in the healthy retina and that TLR4 expressed on endothelial cells is essential for retinal microglia activation and retinal dysfunction upon systemic LPS challenge. This important finding provides new insights into the role of microglia-endothelial cell interaction in inflammatory retinal disease.
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Riggins TE, Whitsitt QA, Saxena A, Hunter E, Hunt B, Thompson CH, Moore MG, Purcell EK. Gene Expression Changes in Cultured Reactive Rat Astrocyte Models and Comparison to Device-Associated Effects in the Brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.06.522870. [PMID: 36712012 PMCID: PMC9881929 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.06.522870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Implanted microelectrode arrays hold immense therapeutic potential for many neurodegenerative diseases. However, a foreign body response limits long-term device performance. Recent literature supports the role of astrocytes in the response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS) and suggests that reactive astrocytes exist on a spectrum of phenotypes, from beneficial to neurotoxic. The goal of our study was to gain insight into the subtypes of reactive astrocytes responding to electrodes implanted in the brain. In this study, we tested the transcriptomic profile of two reactive astrocyte culture models (cytokine cocktail or lipopolysaccharide, LPS) utilizing RNA sequencing, which we then compared to differential gene expression surrounding devices inserted into rat motor cortex via spatial transcriptomics. We interpreted changes in the genetic expression of the culture models to that of 24 hour, 1 week and 6 week rat tissue samples at multiple distances radiating from the injury site. We found overlapping expression of up to ∼250 genes between in vitro models and in vivo effects, depending on duration of implantation. Cytokine-induced cells shared more genes in common with chronically implanted tissue (≥1 week) in comparison to LPS-exposed cells. We revealed localized expression of a subset of these intersecting genes (e.g., Serping1, Chi3l1, and Cyp7b1) in regions of device-encapsulating, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing astrocytes identified with immunohistochemistry. We applied a factorization approach to assess the strength of the relationship between reactivity markers and the spatial distribution of GFAP-expressing astrocytes in vivo . We also provide lists of hundreds of differentially expressed genes between reactive culture models and untreated controls, and we observed 311 shared genes between the cytokine induced model and the LPS-reaction induced control model. Our results show that comparisons of reactive astrocyte culture models with spatial transcriptomics data can reveal new biomarkers of the foreign body response to implantable neurotechnology. These comparisons also provide a strategy to assess the development of in vitro models of the tissue response to implanted electrodes.
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Rodrigo MJ, Bravo-Osuna I, Subias M, Montolío A, Cegoñino J, Martinez-Rincón T, Mendez-Martinez S, Aragón-Navas A, Garcia-Herranz D, Pablo LE, Herrero-Vanrell R, del Palomar AP, Garcia-Martin E. Tunable degrees of neurodegeneration in rats based on microsphere-induced models of chronic glaucoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20622. [PMID: 36450772 PMCID: PMC9712621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24954-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compares four different animal models of chronic glaucoma against normal aging over 6 months. Chronic glaucoma was induced in 138 Long-Evans rats and compared against 43 aged-matched healthy rats. Twenty-five rats received episcleral vein sclerosis injections (EPIm cohort) while the rest were injected in the eye anterior chamber with a suspension of biodegradable microspheres: 25 rats received non-loaded microspheres (N-L Ms cohort), 45 rats received microspheres loaded with dexamethasone (MsDexa cohort), and 43 rats received microspheres co-loaded with dexamethasone and fibronectin (MsDexaFibro cohort). Intraocular pressure, neuroretinal function, structure and vitreous interface were evaluated. Each model caused different trends in intraocular pressure, produced specific retinal damage and vitreous signals. The steepest and strongest increase in intraocular pressure was seen in the EPIm cohort and microspheres models were more progressive. The EPIm cohort presented the highest vitreous intensity and percentage loss in the ganglion cell layer, the MsDexa cohort presented the greatest loss in the retinal nerve fiber layer, and the MsDexaFibro cohort presented the greatest loss in total retinal thickness. Function decreased differently among cohorts. Using biodegradable microspheres models it is possible to generate tuned neurodegeneration. These results support the multifactorial nature of glaucoma based on several noxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Rodrigo
- grid.411106.30000 0000 9854 2756Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.417198.20000 0000 8497 6529Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Irene Bravo-Osuna
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ,grid.417198.20000 0000 8497 6529Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain ,Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Subias
- grid.411106.30000 0000 9854 2756Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Montolío
- grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Biomaterials Group, Aragon Engineering Research Institute (I3a), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Cegoñino
- grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Biomaterials Group, Aragon Engineering Research Institute (I3a), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Teresa Martinez-Rincón
- grid.411106.30000 0000 9854 2756Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Mendez-Martinez
- grid.411106.30000 0000 9854 2756Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alba Aragón-Navas
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ,grid.417198.20000 0000 8497 6529Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain ,Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Garcia-Herranz
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ,grid.417198.20000 0000 8497 6529Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain ,Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Emilio Pablo
- grid.411106.30000 0000 9854 2756Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.417198.20000 0000 8497 6529Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ,grid.417198.20000 0000 8497 6529Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain ,Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Pérez del Palomar
- grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Biomaterials Group, Aragon Engineering Research Institute (I3a), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Martin
- grid.411106.30000 0000 9854 2756Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.417198.20000 0000 8497 6529Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain ,C/Padre Arrupe, Servicio de Oftalmología, Edificio de Consultas Externas, Planta 1, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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18
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Martínez-Gil N, Kutsyr O, Noailles A, Fernández-Sánchez L, Vidal L, Sánchez-Sáez X, Sánchez-Castillo C, Lax P, Cuenca N, García AG, Maneu V. Purinergic Receptors P2X7 and P2X4 as Markers of Disease Progression in the rd10 Mouse Model of Inherited Retinal Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314758. [PMID: 36499084 PMCID: PMC9739106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R) is implicated in all neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. It is also involved in the retinal degeneration associated with glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy, and its overexpression in the retina is evident in these disorders. Retinitis pigmentosa is a progressive degenerative disease that ultimately leads to blindness. Here, we investigated the expression of P2X7R during disease progression in the rd10 mouse model of RP. As the purinergic receptor P2X4 is widely co-expressed with P2X7R, we also studied its expression in the retina of rd10 mice. The expression of P2X7R and P2X4R was examined by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and western blotting. In addition, we analyzed retinal functionality by electroretinographic recordings of visual responses and optomotor tests and retinal morphology. We found that the expression of P2X7R and P2X4R increased in rd10 mice concomitant with disease progression, but with different cellular localization. Our findings suggest that P2X7R and P2X4R might play an important role in RP progression, which should be further analyzed for the pharmacological treatment of inherited retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martínez-Gil
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Oksana Kutsyr
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Agustina Noailles
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Lorena Vidal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Xavier Sánchez-Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Carla Sánchez-Castillo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Antonio G. García
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence:
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19
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Zhao L, Hou C, Yan N. Neuroinflammation in retinitis pigmentosa: Therapies targeting the innate immune system. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059947. [PMID: 36389729 PMCID: PMC9647059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an important cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and lacks effective treatment strategies. Although mutations are the primary cause of RP, research over the past decades has shown that neuroinflammation is an important cause of RP progression. Due to the abnormal activation of immunity, continuous sterile inflammation results in neuron loss and structural destruction. Therapies targeting inflammation have shown their potential to attenuate photoreceptor degeneration in preclinical models. Regardless of variations in genetic background, inflammatory modulation is emerging as an important role in the treatment of RP. We summarize the evidence for the role of inflammation in RP and mention therapeutic strategies where available, focusing on the modulation of innate immune signals, including TNFα signaling, TLR signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, chemokine signaling and JAK/STAT signaling. In addition, we describe epigenetic regulation, the gut microbiome and herbal agents as prospective treatment strategies for RP in recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhao
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Hou
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Naihong Yan
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Naihong Yan,
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20
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Martínez-Gil N, Maneu V, Kutsyr O, Fernández-Sánchez L, Sánchez-Sáez X, Sánchez-Castillo C, Campello L, Lax P, Pinilla I, Cuenca N. Cellular and molecular alterations in neurons and glial cells in inherited retinal degeneration. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:984052. [PMID: 36225228 PMCID: PMC9548552 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.984052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple gene mutations have been associated with inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs). Despite the spectrum of phenotypes caused by the distinct mutations, IRDs display common physiopathology features. Cell death is accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress. The vertebrate retina has several attributes that make this tissue vulnerable to oxidative and nitrosative imbalance. The high energy demands and active metabolism in retinal cells, as well as their continuous exposure to high oxygen levels and light-induced stress, reveal the importance of tightly regulated homeostatic processes to maintain retinal function, which are compromised in pathological conditions. In addition, the subsequent microglial activation and gliosis, which triggers the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, trophic factors, and other molecules, further worsen the degenerative process. As the disease evolves, retinal cells change their morphology and function. In disease stages where photoreceptors are lost, the remaining neurons of the retina to preserve their function seek out for new synaptic partners, which leads to a cascade of morphological alterations in retinal cells that results in a complete remodeling of the tissue. In this review, we describe important molecular and morphological changes in retinal cells that occur in response to oxidative stress and the inflammatory processes underlying IRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martínez-Gil
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Oksana Kutsyr
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Sánchez-Sáez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Carla Sánchez-Castillo
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Campello
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Aragón Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Isabel Pinilla,
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Institute Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- *Correspondence: Nicolás Cuenca,
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21
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Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Immunological Tolerance in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also referred to as endotoxins, are major outer surface membrane components present on almost all Gram-negative bacteria and are major determinants of sepsis-related clinical complications including septic shock. LPS acts as a strong stimulator of innate or natural immunity in a wide variety of eukaryotic species ranging from insects to humans including specific effects on the adaptive immune system. However, following immune stimulation, lipopolysaccharide can induce tolerance which is an essential immune-homeostatic response that prevents overactivation of the inflammatory response. The tolerance induced by LPS is a state of reduced immune responsiveness due to persistent and repeated challenges, resulting in decreased expression of pro-inflammatory modulators and up-regulation of antimicrobials and other mediators that promote a reduction of inflammation. The presence of environmental-derived LPS may play a key role in decreasing autoimmune diseases and gut tolerance to the plethora of ingested antigens. The use of LPS may be an important immune adjuvant as demonstrated by the promotion of IDO1 increase when present in the fusion protein complex of CTB-INS (a chimera of the cholera toxin B subunit linked to proinsulin) that inhibits human monocyte-derived DC (moDC) activation, which may act through an IDO1-dependent pathway. The resultant state of DC tolerance can be further enhanced by the presence of residual E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which is almost always present in partially purified CTB-INS preparations. The approach to using an adjuvant with an autoantigen in immunotherapy promises effective treatment for devastating tissue-specific autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes (T1D).
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22
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Pinilla I, Maneu V, Campello L, Fernández-Sánchez L, Martínez-Gil N, Kutsyr O, Sánchez-Sáez X, Sánchez-Castillo C, Lax P, Cuenca N. Inherited Retinal Dystrophies: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Their Physiopathology and Therapeutic Implications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061086. [PMID: 35739983 PMCID: PMC9219848 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a large group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous diseases characterized by the progressive degeneration of the retina, ultimately leading to loss of visual function. Oxidative stress and inflammation play fundamental roles in the physiopathology of these diseases. Photoreceptor cell death induces an inflammatory state in the retina. The activation of several molecular pathways triggers different cellular responses to injury, including the activation of microglia to eliminate debris and recruit inflammatory cells from circulation. Therapeutical options for IRDs are currently limited, although a small number of patients have been successfully treated by gene therapy. Many other therapeutic strategies are being pursued to mitigate the deleterious effects of IRDs associated with oxidative metabolism and/or inflammation, including inhibiting reactive oxygen species’ accumulation and inflammatory responses, and blocking autophagy. Several compounds are being tested in clinical trials, generating great expectations for their implementation. The present review discusses the main death mechanisms that occur in IRDs and the latest therapies that are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pinilla
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa, University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain; (P.L.); (N.C.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Laura Campello
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Natalia Martínez-Gil
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Oksana Kutsyr
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Xavier Sánchez-Sáez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Carla Sánchez-Castillo
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Pedro Lax
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain; (P.L.); (N.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain; (P.L.); (N.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
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23
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Arterial Hypertension and the Hidden Disease of the Eye: Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112200. [PMID: 35683999 PMCID: PMC9182467 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor that is responsible for a heavy burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A critical aspect of cardiovascular risk estimation in hypertensive patients depends on the assessment of hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD), namely the generalized structural and functional changes in major organs induced by persistently elevated blood pressure values. The vasculature of the eye shares several common structural, functional, and embryological features with that of the heart, brain, and kidney. Since retinal microcirculation offers the unique advantage of being directly accessible to non-invasive and relatively simple investigation tools, there has been considerable interest in the development and modernization of techniques that allow the assessment of the retinal vessels’ structural and functional features in health and disease. With the advent of artificial intelligence and the application of sophisticated physics technologies to human sciences, consistent steps forward have been made in the study of the ocular fundus as a privileged site for diagnostic and prognostic assessment of diverse disease conditions. In this narrative review, we will recapitulate the main ocular imaging techniques that are currently relevant from a clinical and/or research standpoint, with reference to their pathophysiological basis and their possible diagnostic and prognostic relevance. A possible non pharmacological approach to prevent the onset and progression of retinopathy in the presence of hypertension and related cardiovascular risk factors and diseases will also be discussed.
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24
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Noailles A, Kutsyr O, Mayordomo-Febrer A, Lax P, López-Murcia M, Sanz-González SM, Pinazo-Durán MD, Cuenca N. Sodium Hyaluronate-Induced Ocular Hypertension in Rats Damages the Direction-Selective Circuit and Inner/Outer Retinal Plexiform Layers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:2. [PMID: 35503230 PMCID: PMC9078050 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the changes in retinal morphology in a rat model of chronic glaucoma induced by ocular hypertension. Methods Intraocular pressure (IOP) was surgically increased through weekly injections of sodium hyaluronate (HYA) in the anterior eye chamber of the left eye of male Wistar rats, whereas the right eyes were sham operated (salt solution). During the 10-week experimental period, IOP was measured weekly with a rebound tonometer. Retinal cryosections were prepared for histological/immunohistochemical analysis and morphometry. Results IOP was higher in HYA-treated eyes than in sham-operated eyes along the 10-week period, which was significant from the fourth to the nineth week. Ocular hypertension in HYA-treated eyes was associated with morphologic and morphometric changes in bipolar cells, ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells, ON/OFF starburst amacrine cells, and inner plexiform layer sublamina. Conclusions Serial HYA treatment in the rat anterior eye chamber results in mild-to-moderate elevated and sustained IOP and ganglion cell death, which mimics most human open-angle glaucoma hallmarks. The reduced number of direction-selective ganglion cells and starburst amacrine cells accompanied by a deteriorated ON/OFF plexus in this glaucoma model could lend insight to the abnormalities in motion perception observed in patients with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Noailles
- Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oksana Kutsyr
- Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aloma Mayordomo-Febrer
- Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Mixed Research Unit for Visual Health and Veterinary Ophthalmology CEU/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María López-Murcia
- Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain.,Mixed Research Unit for Visual Health and Veterinary Ophthalmology CEU/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia M Sanz-González
- OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-biology Research Group, Department of Surgery, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Pinazo-Durán
- OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-biology Research Group, Department of Surgery, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Mateos-Olivares M, Sobas E, Puertas-Neyra K, Peralta-Ramírez M, Gonzalez-Pérez R, Martín-Vallejo J, García-Vazquez C, Coco R, Pastor J, Pastor-Idoate S, Usategui-Martín R. Hair cortisol level as a molecular biomarker in retinitis pigmentosa patients. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Qin X, Zou H. The role of lipopolysaccharides in diabetic retinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:86. [PMID: 35193549 PMCID: PMC8862382 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of DM and the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population of the Western world. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is an essential ingredient of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, which induces systemic inflammatory responses and cellular apoptotic changes in the host. High-level serum LPS has been found in diabetic patients at the advanced stages, which is mainly due to gut leakage and dysbiosis. In this light, increasing evidence points to a strong correlation between systemic LPS challenge and the progression of DR. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet, LPS-related pathobiological events in the retina may contribute to the exacerbation of vasculopathy and neurodegeneration in DR. In this review, we focus on the involvement of LPS in the progression of DR, with emphasis on the blood-retina barrier dysfunction and dysregulated glial activation. Eventually, we summarize the recent advances in the therapeutic strategies for antagonising LPS activity, which may be introduced to DR treatment with promising clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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27
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He M, Wu T, Zhang L, Ye W, Ma J, Zhao C, Liu J, Zhou J. Correlation between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and clinical manifestations and complications of retinitis pigmentosa. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:e278-e287. [PMID: 34080305 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of inflammation in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has been receiving additional attention. However, the association between inflammation and the clinical manifestations and complications of RP is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) of RP complicated with cataract and explore the correlations between the NLR and specific clinical features of RP. METHODS This retrospective study included 79 RP patients complicated with cataract (125 eyes) and 63 age- and sex-matched patients (63 eyes) with age-related cataract (ARC). Patients' ocular examination results were collected and complete blood count results were used to calculate NLRs. The correlations between the NLR of RP patients and the parameters of ocular examinations were analysed. RESULTS The NLRs of RP patients with cataracts were significantly higher than those of ARC (1.93 ± 0.83 versus 1.65 ± 0.59, p = 0.029). The NLRs increased with the severity of posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC), zonular deficiency, poor preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (LogMAR>1), and visual field defects. Analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves suggested that NLR > 1.36 could predict higher degrees (PSC area >3%, >P1) of PSC (p = 0.002, 95% CI, 0.672-0.934), and that NLR > 2.12 could predict zonular weakness (p = 0.002, 95% CI, 0.665-0.928) in RP. CONCLUSION The NLRs in RP patients with cataract are not only higher but also associated with several clinical manifestations of RP. The NLR can be a predictive biomarker of higher degrees of PSC (>P1) and zonular weakness in RP before cataract surgery. These results suggest that systemic inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei He
- Department of Ophthalmology Xijing Hospital Eye Institute of Chinese PLA Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology Xijing Hospital Eye Institute of Chinese PLA Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Luning Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology Xijing Hospital Eye Institute of Chinese PLA Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology Xijing Hospital Eye Institute of Chinese PLA Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Jiyuan Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology Xijing Hospital Eye Institute of Chinese PLA Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology Xijing Hospital Eye Institute of Chinese PLA Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Jiahua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology Xijing Hospital Eye Institute of Chinese PLA Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology Xijing Hospital Eye Institute of Chinese PLA Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
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Scuderi G, Troiani E, Minnella AM. Gut Microbiome in Retina Health: The Crucial Role of the Gut-Retina Axis. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:726792. [PMID: 35095780 PMCID: PMC8795667 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.726792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The term microbiome means not only a complex ecosystem of microbial species that colonize our body but also their genome and the surrounding environment in which they live. Recent studies support the existence of a gut-retina axis involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic progressive ocular diseases, including age-related macular disorders. This review aims to underline the importance of the gut microbiome in relation to ocular health. After briefly introducing the characteristics of the gut microbiome in terms of composition and functions, the role of gut microbiome dysbiosis, in the development or progression of retinal diseases, is highlighted, focusing on the relationship between gut microbiome composition and retinal health based on the recently investigated gut-retina axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Scuderi
- Ophthalmology Unit, NESMOS Department, St. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gianluca Scuderi,
| | - Emidio Troiani
- Cardiology Unit, State Hospital, Institute for Social Security, Cailungo, San Marino
| | - Angelo Maria Minnella
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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29
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Loss of αA or αB-Crystallin Accelerates Photoreceptor Cell Death in a Mouse Model of P23H Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010070. [PMID: 35008496 PMCID: PMC8744961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerations (IRD) are a leading cause of visual impairment and can result from mutations in any one of a multitude of genes. Mutations in the light-sensing protein rhodopsin (RHO) is a leading cause of IRD with the most common of those being a missense mutation that results in substitution of proline-23 with histidine. This variant, also known as P23H-RHO, results in rhodopsin misfolding, initiation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, the unfolded protein response, and activation of cell death pathways. In this study, we investigate the effect of α-crystallins on photoreceptor survival in a mouse model of IRD secondary to P23H-RHO. We find that knockout of either αA- or αB-crystallin results in increased intraretinal inflammation, activation of apoptosis and necroptosis, and photoreceptor death. Our data suggest an important role for the ⍺-crystallins in regulating photoreceptor survival in the P23H-RHO mouse model of IRD.
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30
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Ortega JT, Jastrzebska B. Neuroinflammation as a Therapeutic Target in Retinitis Pigmentosa and Quercetin as Its Potential Modulator. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111935. [PMID: 34834350 PMCID: PMC8623264 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is a multilayer neuronal tissue located in the back of the eye that transduces the environmental light into a neural impulse. Many eye diseases caused by endogenous or exogenous harm lead to retina degeneration with neuroinflammation being a major hallmark of these pathologies. One of the most prevalent retinopathies is retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a clinically and genetically heterogeneous hereditary disorder that causes a decline in vision and eventually blindness. Most RP cases are related to mutations in the rod visual receptor, rhodopsin. The mutant protein triggers inflammatory reactions resulting in the activation of microglia to clear degenerating photoreceptor cells. However, sustained insult caused by the abnormal genetic background exacerbates the inflammatory response and increases oxidative stress in the retina, leading to a decline in rod photoreceptors followed by cone photoreceptors. Thus, inhibition of inflammation in RP has received attention and has been explored as a potential therapeutic strategy. However, pharmacological modulation of the retinal inflammatory response in combination with rhodopsin small molecule chaperones would likely be a more advantageous therapeutic approach to combat RP. Flavonoids, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and modulate the stability and folding of rod opsin, could be a valid option in developing treatment strategies against RP.
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31
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Short-term high-fat feeding exacerbates degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa by promoting retinal oxidative stress and inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100566118. [PMID: 34667124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100566118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) can induce hyperglycemia and metabolic syndromes that, in turn, can trigger visual impairment. To evaluate the acute effects of HFD feeding on retinal degeneration, we assessed retinal function and morphology, inflammatory state, oxidative stress, and gut microbiome in dystrophic retinal degeneration 10 (rd10) mice, a model of retinitis pigmentosa, fed an HFD for 2 to 3 wk. Short-term HFD feeding impaired retinal responsiveness and visual acuity and enhanced photoreceptor degeneration, microglial cell activation, and Müller cell gliosis. HFD consumption also triggered the expression of inflammatory and oxidative markers in rd10 retinas. Finally, an HFD caused gut microbiome dysbiosis, increasing the abundance of potentially proinflammatory bacteria. Thus, HFD feeding drives the pathological processes of retinal degeneration by promoting oxidative stress and activating inflammatory-related pathways. Our findings suggest that consumption of an HFD could accelerate the progression of the disease in patients with retinal degenerative disorders.
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32
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Haran JP, Bradley E, Zeamer AL, Cincotta L, Salive MC, Dutta P, Mutaawe S, Anya O, Meza-Segura M, Moormann AM, Ward DV, McCormick BA, Bucci V. Inflammation-type dysbiosis of the oral microbiome associates with the duration of COVID-19 symptoms and long COVID. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e152346. [PMID: 34403368 PMCID: PMC8564890 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.152346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, many individuals experience prolonged symptoms, termed long-lasting COVID-19 symptoms (long COVID). Long COVID is thought to be linked to immune dysregulation due to harmful inflammation, with the exact causes being unknown. Given the role of the microbiome in mediating inflammation, we aimed to examine the relationship between the oral microbiome and the duration of long COVID symptoms. Tongue swabs were collected from patients presenting with COVID-19 symptoms. Confirmed infections were followed until resolution of all symptoms. Bacterial composition was determined by metagenomic sequencing. We used random forest modeling to identify microbiota and clinical covariates that are associated with long COVID symptoms. Of the patients followed, 63% developed ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 and 37% went on to long COVID. Patients with prolonged symptoms had significantly higher abundances of microbiota that induced inflammation, such as members of the genera Prevotella and Veillonella, which, of note, are species that produce LPS. The oral microbiome of patients with long COVID was similar to that of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Altogether, our findings suggest an association with the oral microbiome and long COVID, revealing the possibility that dysfunction of the oral microbiome may have contributed to this draining disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Haran
- Department of Emergency Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems.,Program in Microbiome Dynamics, and
| | - Evan Bradley
- Department of Emergency Medicine.,Program in Microbiome Dynamics, and
| | - Abigail L Zeamer
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems.,Program in Microbiome Dynamics, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ann M Moormann
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Doyle V Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems.,Program in Microbiome Dynamics, and
| | - Beth A McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems.,Program in Microbiome Dynamics, and
| | - Vanni Bucci
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems.,Program in Microbiome Dynamics, and
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33
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Karlsen TR, Kong XY, Holm S, Quiles-Jiménez A, Dahl TB, Yang K, Sagen EL, Skarpengland T, S Øgaard JD, Holm K, Vestad B, Olsen MB, Aukrust P, Bjørås M, Hov JR, Halvorsen B, Gregersen I. NEIL3-deficiency increases gut permeability and contributes to a pro-atherogenic metabolic phenotype. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19749. [PMID: 34611194 PMCID: PMC8492623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its consequences cause considerable morbidity and mortality world-wide. We have previously shown that expression of the DNA glycosylase NEIL3 is regulated in human atherosclerotic plaques, and that NEIL3-deficiency enhances atherogenesis in Apoe-/- mice. Herein, we identified a time point prior to quantifiable differences in atherosclerosis between Apoe-/-Neil3-/- mice and Apoe-/- mice. Mice at this age were selected to explore the metabolic and pathophysiological processes preceding extensive atherogenesis in NEIL3-deficient mice. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of young Apoe-/-Neil3-/- mice revealed significant metabolic disturbances as compared to mice expressing NEIL3, particularly in metabolites dependent on the gut microbiota. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal bacterial DNA indeed confirmed that the NEIL3-deficient mice had altered gut microbiota, as well as increased circulating levels of the bacterially derived molecule LPS. The mice were challenged with a FITC-conjugated dextran to explore gut permeability, which was significantly increased in the NEIL3-deficient mice. Further, immunohistochemistry showed increased levels of the proliferation marker Ki67 in the colonic epithelium of NEIL3-deficient mice, suggesting increased proliferation of intestinal cells and gut leakage. We suggest that these metabolic alterations serve as drivers of atherosclerosis in NEIL3-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Rune Karlsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Xiang Yi Kong
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ana Quiles-Jiménez
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuva B Dahl
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital HF, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kuan Yang
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen L Sagen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tonje Skarpengland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas D S Øgaard
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beate Vestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria B Olsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Johannes R Hov
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ida Gregersen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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34
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Elmaleh DR, Downey MA, Kundakovic L, Wilkinson JE, Neeman Z, Segal E. New Approaches to Profile the Microbiome for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1373-1401. [PMID: 34219718 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progressive neurodegenerative diseases represent some of the largest growing treatment challenges for public health in modern society. These diseases mainly progress due to aging and are driven by microglial surveillance and activation in response to changes occurring in the aging brain. The lack of efficacious treatment options for Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the focus of this review, and other neurodegenerative disorders has encouraged new approaches to address neuroinflammation for potential treatments. Here we will focus on the increasing evidence that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is characterized by inflammation that may carry over to the central nervous system and into the brain. Neuroinflammation is the common thread associated with neurodegenerative diseases, but it is yet unknown at what point and how innate immune function turns pathogenic for an individual. This review will address extensive efforts to identify constituents of the gut microbiome and their neuroactive metabolites as a peripheral path to treatment. This approach is still in its infancy in substantive clinical trials and requires thorough human studies to elucidate the metabolic microbiome profile to design appropriate treatment strategies for early stages of neurodegenerative disease. We view that in order to address neurodegenerative mechanisms of the gut, microbiome and metabolite profiles must be determined to pre-screen AD subjects prior to the design of specific, chronic titrations of gut microbiota with low-dose antibiotics. This represents an exciting treatment strategy designed to balance inflammatory microglial involvement in disease progression with an individual's manifestation of AD as influenced by a coercive inflammatory gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Elmaleh
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,AZTherapies, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jeremy E Wilkinson
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ziv Neeman
- Department of Radiology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.,Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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35
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Vishwakarma A, Verma D. Microorganisms: crucial players of smokeless tobacco for several health attributes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6123-6132. [PMID: 34331556 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Global consumption of smokeless tobacco (SLT) reached 300 million users worldwide majorly from middle-income countries. More than 4000 chemical compounds represent it as one of the noxious consumable products by humans. Besides toxicants/carcinogens, the heavy microbial load on smokeless tobacco further keeps human health at higher risk. Several of these inhabitant microbes participate in biofilm formation and secrete endotoxin/mycotoxins and proinflammatory-like molecules, leading to several oral diseases. Tobacco-associated bacteria exhibit their role in tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) formation and acetaldehyde production; both are well-documented carcinogens. Moreover, tobacco exhibits the potential to alter the oral microbiome and induce dysbiotic conditions that lead to the onset of several oral and systemic diseases. Traditional cultivation approaches of microbiology provide partial information of microbial communities of a habitat; therefore, microbiomics has now been employed to study the metagenomes of entire microbial communities. In the past 5 years, few NGS-based investigations have revealed that SLT harbors four dominant phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) dominating Bacillus spp. and/or Pseudomonas spp. However, functional characterization of their genetic elements will be a more informative attribute to understand the correlation between inhabitant microbial diversity and their relatedness concerning abundance and diseases. This review provides an update on the microbial diversity of SLT and its associated attributes in human health. KEY POINTS: • Heavy microbial load on smokeless tobacco alarms for poor oral hygiene. • Inhabitant microorganisms of SLT participate in TSNA and biofilm formation. • SLTs alter the oral microbiome and causes oral dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Vishwakarma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India
| | - Digvijay Verma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India.
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36
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Trotta MC, Gharbia S, Herman H, Mladin B, Hermenean A, Balta C, Cotoraci C, Peteu VE, Gesualdo C, Petrillo F, Galdiero M, Alfano R, Gherghiceanu M, D’Amico M, Rossi S, Hermenean A. Sex and Age-Related Differences in Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis in Balb/c Mice Retina Involve Resolvin D1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6280. [PMID: 34208040 PMCID: PMC8230628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The pro-resolving lipid mediator Resolvin D1 (RvD1) has already shown protective effects in animal models of diabetic retinopathy. This study aimed to investigate the retinal levels of RvD1 in aged (24 months) and younger (3 months) Balb/c mice, along with the activation of macro- and microglia, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. (2) Methods: Retinas from male and female mice were used for immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. (3) Results: Endogenous retinal levels of RvD1 were reduced in aged mice. While RvD1 levels were similar in younger males and females, they were markedly decreased in aged males but less reduced in aged females. Both aged males and females showed a significant increase in retinal microglia activation compared to younger mice, with a more marked reactivity in aged males than in aged females. The same trend was shown by astrocyte activation, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and nitrosative stress, in line with the microglia and Müller cell hypertrophy evidenced in aged retinas by electron microscopy. (4) Conclusions: Aged mice had sex-related differences in neuroinflammation and apoptosis and low retinal levels of endogenous RvD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.C.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Sami Gharbia
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Revolutiei Av., 310144 Arad, Romania; (S.G.); (H.H.); (B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Hildegard Herman
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Revolutiei Av., 310144 Arad, Romania; (S.G.); (H.H.); (B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Bianca Mladin
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Revolutiei Av., 310144 Arad, Romania; (S.G.); (H.H.); (B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Andrei Hermenean
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Av., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Cornel Balta
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Revolutiei Av., 310144 Arad, Romania; (S.G.); (H.H.); (B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Coralia Cotoraci
- Faculty of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Revolutiei Av., 310144 Arad, Romania;
| | - Victor Eduard Peteu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei Av., 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Carlo Gesualdo
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Luigi De Crecchio 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Francesco Petrillo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, P.zza Università 2, 95131 Catania, Italy;
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.C.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Roberto Alfano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences “DAMSS”, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, P.zza L. Miraglia 2, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Mihaela Gherghiceanu
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Av., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.H.); (M.G.)
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei Av., 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Michele D’Amico
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.C.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Settimio Rossi
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Luigi De Crecchio 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Anca Hermenean
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Revolutiei Av., 310144 Arad, Romania; (S.G.); (H.H.); (B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Revolutiei Av., 310144 Arad, Romania;
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Wiącek MP, Gosławski W, Grabowicz A, Sobuś A, Kawa MP, Baumert B, Paczkowska E, Milczarek S, Osękowska B, Safranow K, Zawiślak A, Lubiński W, Machaliński B, Machalińska A. Long-Term Effects of Adjuvant Intravitreal Treatment with Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Lineage-Negative Cells in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6631921. [PMID: 34122558 PMCID: PMC8192192 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6631921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous bone marrow-derived lineage-negative (Lin-) cells present antiapoptotic and neuroprotective activity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of novel autologous Lin- cell therapy during a 12-month follow-up period. METHODS Intravitreal injection of Lin- cells in 30 eyes with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) was performed. The fellow eyes (FEs) were considered control eyes. Functional and morphological eye examinations were performed before and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the injection. RESULTS Patients whose symptoms started less than 10 years ago gained 14 ± 10 letters, while those with a longer disease duration gained 2.86 ± 8.54 letters compared to baseline at the 12-month follow-up (p = 0.021). There were significantly higher differences in response densities of P1-wave amplitudes in the first ring of multifocal ERGs in treated eyes than FE recordings in all follow-up points were detected. Accordingly, the mean deviation in 10-2 static perimetry improved significantly in the treated eyes compared with fellow eyes 12 months after the procedure. The QoL scores improved significantly and lasted until the 9-month visit. CONCLUSION Lin- cell-based therapy is safe and effective, especially for a well-selected group of RP patients who still maintained good function of the foveal cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta P. Wiącek
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Gosławski
- Second Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Grabowicz
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Sobuś
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Miłosz P. Kawa
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Baumert
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Edyta Paczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Milczarek
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bogumiła Osękowska
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Alicja Zawiślak
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Lubiński
- Second Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bogusław Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Machalińska
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Kutsyr O, Maestre-Carballa L, Lluesma-Gomez M, Martinez-Garcia M, Cuenca N, Lax P. Retinitis pigmentosa is associated with shifts in the gut microbiome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6692. [PMID: 33758301 PMCID: PMC7988170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is known to influence the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. However, there has been relatively little focus upon the implications of the gut microbiome in retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Here, we investigated changes in gut microbiome composition linked to RP, by assessing both retinal degeneration and gut microbiome in the rd10 mouse model of RP as compared to control C57BL/6J mice. In rd10 mice, retinal responsiveness to flashlight stimuli and visual acuity were deteriorated with respect to observed in age-matched control mice. This functional decline in dystrophic animals was accompanied by photoreceptor loss, morphologic anomalies in photoreceptor cells and retinal reactive gliosis. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data showed a microbial gut dysbiosis with differences in alpha and beta diversity at the genera, species and amplicon sequence variants (ASV) levels between dystrophic and control mice. Remarkably, four fairly common ASV in healthy gut microbiome belonging to Rikenella spp., Muribaculaceace spp., Prevotellaceae UCG-001 spp., and Bacilli spp. were absent in the gut microbiome of retinal disease mice, while Bacteroides caecimuris was significantly enriched in mice with RP. The results indicate that retinal degenerative changes in RP are linked to relevant gut microbiome changes. The findings suggest that microbiome shifting could be considered as potential biomarker and therapeutic target for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Kutsyr
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Lucía Maestre-Carballa
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Mónica Lluesma-Gomez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez-Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Institute Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
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Retinal Inflammation, Cell Death and Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042096. [PMID: 33672611 PMCID: PMC7924201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a group of retinal disorders that cause progressive and severe loss of vision because of retinal cell death, mainly photoreceptor cells. IRDs include retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the most common IRD. IRDs present a genetic and clinical heterogeneity that makes it difficult to achieve proper treatment. The progression of IRDs is influenced, among other factors, by the activation of the immune cells (microglia, macrophages, etc.) and the release of inflammatory molecules such as chemokines and cytokines. Upregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is found in IRDs. This cytokine may influence photoreceptor cell death. Different cell death mechanisms are proposed, including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, excessive activation of calpains, or parthanatos for photoreceptor cell death. Some of these cell death mechanisms are linked to TNFα upregulation and inflammation. Therapeutic approaches that reduce retinal inflammation have emerged as useful therapies for slowing down the progression of IRDs. We focused this review on the relationship between retinal inflammation and the different cell death mechanisms involved in RP. We also reviewed the main anti-inflammatory therapies for the treatment of IRDs.
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Exacerbation of AMD Phenotype in Lasered CNV Murine Model by Dysbiotic Oral Pathogens. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020309. [PMID: 33670526 PMCID: PMC7922506 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence underscores an association between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and periodontal disease (PD), yet the biological basis of this linkage and the specific role of oral dysbiosis caused by PD in AMD pathophysiology remains unclear. Furthermore, a simple reproducible model that emulates characteristics of both AMD and PD has been lacking. Hence, we established a novel AMD+PD murine model to decipher the potential role of oral infection (ligature-enhanced) with the keystone periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, in the progression of neovasculogenesis in a laser-induced choroidal-neovascularization (Li-CNV) mouse retina. By a combination of fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography, we documented inflammatory drusen-like lesions, reduced retinal thickness, and increased vascular leakage in AMD+PD mice retinae. H&E further confirmed a significant reduction of retinal thickness and subretinal drusen-like deposits. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed significant induction of choroidal/retinal vasculogenesis in AMD+PD mice. qPCR identified increased expression of oxidative-stress, angiogenesis, pro-inflammatory mediators, whereas antioxidants and anti-inflammatory genes in AMD+PD mice retinae were notably decreased. Through qPCR, we detected Pg and its fimbrial 16s-RrNA gene expression in the AMD+PD mice retinae. To sum-up, this is the first in vivo study signifying a role of periodontal infection in augmentation of AMD phenotype, with the aid of a pioneering AMD+PD murine model established in our laboratory.
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Garcia-Herranz D, Rodrigo MJ, Subias M, Martinez-Rincon T, Mendez-Martinez S, Bravo-Osuna I, Bonet A, Ruberte J, Garcia-Feijoo J, Pablo L, Garcia-Martin E, Herrero-Vanrell R. Novel Use of PLGA Microspheres to Create an Animal Model of Glaucoma with Progressive Neuroretinal Degeneration. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020237. [PMID: 33567776 PMCID: PMC7915113 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive degeneration of neuroretinal tissue with maintained elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) to simulate chronic glaucoma was produced by intracameral injections of poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres (Ms) in rat eyes. The right eye of 39 rats received different sizes of PLGA-Ms (2 µL suspension; 10% w/v): 14 with 38–20 µm Ms (Ms38/20 model) and 25 with 20–10 µm particles (Ms20/10 model). This novel glaucoma animal model was compared to the episcleral vein sclerosis (EPI) model (25 eyes). Injections were performed at baseline, two, four and six weeks. Clinical signs, IOP, retina and optic nerve thicknesses (using in vivo optical coherence tomography; OCT), and histological studies were performed. An IOP increment was observed in all three groups, however, the values obtained from the PLGA-Ms injection resulted lower with a better preservation of the ocular surface. In fact, the injection of Ms20/10 created a gentler, more progressive, and more sustained increase in IOP. This IOP alteration was correlated with a significant decrease in most OCT parameters and in histological ganglion-cell count for the three conditions throughout the eight-week follow-up. In all cases, progressive degeneration of the retina, retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve, simulating chronic glaucoma, was detected by OCT and corroborated by histological study. Results showed an alternative glaucoma model to the well-known episcleral vein model, which was simpler to perform, more reproducible and easier to monitor in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Garcia-Herranz
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.G.-H.); (I.B.-O.); (J.G.-F.)
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Rodrigo
- Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.J.R.); (L.P.); (E.G.-M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.S.); (T.M.-R.); (S.M.-M.)
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Subias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.S.); (T.M.-R.); (S.M.-M.)
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Teresa Martinez-Rincon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.S.); (T.M.-R.); (S.M.-M.)
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Mendez-Martinez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.S.); (T.M.-R.); (S.M.-M.)
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Irene Bravo-Osuna
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.G.-H.); (I.B.-O.); (J.G.-F.)
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.J.R.); (L.P.); (E.G.-M.)
- Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aina Bonet
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.B.); (J.R.)
- CIBER for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jesus Ruberte
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.B.); (J.R.)
- CIBER for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Julian Garcia-Feijoo
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.G.-H.); (I.B.-O.); (J.G.-F.)
- Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.J.R.); (L.P.); (E.G.-M.)
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Pablo
- Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.J.R.); (L.P.); (E.G.-M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.S.); (T.M.-R.); (S.M.-M.)
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Martin
- Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.J.R.); (L.P.); (E.G.-M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.S.); (T.M.-R.); (S.M.-M.)
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.G.-H.); (I.B.-O.); (J.G.-F.)
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.J.R.); (L.P.); (E.G.-M.)
- Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-1739; Fax: +34-91-394-1736
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Kutsyr O, Sánchez-Sáez X, Martínez-Gil N, de Juan E, Lax P, Maneu V, Cuenca N. Gradual Increase in Environmental Light Intensity Induces Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Accelerates Retinal Neurodegeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:1. [PMID: 32744596 PMCID: PMC7441298 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a blinding neurodegenerative disease of the retina that can be affected by many factors. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of different environmental light intensities in rd10 mice retina. Methods C57BL/6J and rd10 mice were bred and housed under three different environmental light intensities: scotopic (5 lux), mesopic (50 lux), and photopic (300 lux). Visual function was studied using electroretinography and optomotor testing. The structural and morphological integrity of the retinas was evaluated by optical coherence tomography imaging and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, inflammatory processes and oxidative stress markers were analyzed by flow cytometry and western blotting. Results When the environmental light intensity was higher, retinal function decreased in rd10 mice and was accompanied by light-dependent photoreceptor loss, followed by morphological alterations, and synaptic connectivity loss. Moreover, light-dependent retinal degeneration was accompanied by an increased number of inflammatory cells, which became more activated and phagocytic, and by an exacerbated reactive gliosis. Furthermore, light-dependent increment in oxidative stress markers in rd10 mice retina pointed to a possible mechanism for light-induced photoreceptor degeneration. Conclusions An increase in rd10 mice housing light intensity accelerates retinal degeneration, activating cell death, oxidative stress pathways, and inflammatory cells. Lighting intensity is a key factor in the progression of retinal degeneration, and standardized lighting conditions are advisable for proper analysis and interpretation of experimental results from RP animal models, and specifically from rd10 mice. Also, it can be hypothesized that light protection could be an option to slow down retinal degeneration in some cases of RP.
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Lukiw WJ, Arceneaux L, Li W, Bond T, Zhao Y. Gastrointestinal (GI)-Tract Microbiome Derived Neurotoxins and their Potential Contribution to Inflammatory Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE & PARKINSONISM 2021; 11:525. [PMID: 34457996 PMCID: PMC8395586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal (GI)-tract microbiome is a rich, complex and dynamic source of microorganisms that possess a staggering diversity and complexity. Importantly there is a significant variability in microbial complexity even amongst healthy individuals-this has made it difficult to link specific microbial abundance patterns with age-related neurological disease. GI-tract commensal microorganisms are generally beneficial to human metabolism and immunity, however enterotoxigenic forms of microbes possess significant potential to secrete what are amongst the most neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory biopolymers known. These include toxic glycolipids such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), enterotoxins, microbial-derived amyloids and small non-coding RNA. One major microbial species of the GI-tract microbiome, about ~100-fold more abundant than Escherichia coli in deep GI-tract regions is Bacteroides fragilis, an anaerobic, rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium. B. fragilis can secrete: (i) a particularly potent, pro-inflammatory and unique LPS subtype (BF-LPS); and (ii) a zinc-metalloproteinase known as B. fragilis-toxin (BFT) or fragilysin. Ongoing studies indicate that BF-LPS and/or BFT disrupt paracellular-and transcellular-barriers by cleavage of intercellular-proteins resulting in 'leaky' barriers. These barriers: (i) become defective and more penetrable with aging and disease; and (ii) permit entry of microbiome-derived neurotoxins into the systemic-circulation from which they next transit the blood-brain barrier and gain access to the CNS. Here LPS accumulates and significantly alters homeostatic patterns of gene expression. The affinity of LPS for neuronal nuclei is significantly enhanced in the presence of amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) peptides. Recent research on the appearance of the brain thanatomicrobiome at the time of death and the increasing likelihood of a complex brain microbiome are reviewed and discussed. This paper will also highlight some recent advances in this extraordinary research area that links the pro-inflammatory exudates of the GI-tract microbiome with innate-immune disturbances and inflammatory-signaling within the CNS with reference to Alzheimer's disease (AD) wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health
Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Health Sciences Center,
New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health
Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States,Corresponding author: Dr. Walter J. Lukiw, LSU
Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New
Orleans, LA, United States,
| | - Lisa Arceneaux
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health
Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Wenhong Li
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health
Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi
University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Nanchang, China
| | - Taylor Bond
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health
Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health
Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Louisiana State
University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Sectoral activation of glia in an inducible mouse model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16967. [PMID: 33046772 PMCID: PMC7552392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of blinding disorders caused by diverse mutations, including in rhodopsin (RHO). Effective therapies have yet to be discovered. The I307N Rho mouse is a light-inducible model of autosomal dominant RP. Our purpose was to describe the glial response in this mouse model to educate future experimentation. I307N Rho mice were exposed to 20,000 lx of light for thirty minutes to induce retinal degeneration. Immunofluorescence staining of cross-sections and flat-mounts was performed to visualize the response of microglia and Müller glia. Histology was correlated with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging (SD-OCT). Microglia dendrites extended between photoreceptors within two hours of induction, withdrew their dendrites between twelve hours and one day, appeared ameboid by three days, and assumed a ramified morphology by one month. Glial activation was more robust in the inferior retina and modulated across the boundary of light damage. SD-OCT hyper-reflectivity overlapped with activated microglia. Finally, microglia transiently adhered to the RPE before which RPE cells appeared dysmorphic. Our data demonstrate the spatial and temporal pattern of glial activation in the I307N Rho mouse, and correlate these patterns with SD-OCT images, assisting in interpretation of SD-OCT images in preclinical models and in human RP.
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Seminotti B, Amaral AU, Grings M, Ribeiro CAJ, Leipnitz G, Wajner M. Lipopolysaccharide-Elicited Systemic Inflammation Induces Selective Vulnerability of Cerebral Cortex and Striatum of Developing Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficient (Gcdh -/-) Mice to Oxidative Stress. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:1024-1036. [PMID: 33001399 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated redox homeostasis in cerebral and peripheral tissues of wild type (WT) and glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout mice (Gcdh-/-) submitted to inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) since patients with glutaric aciduria type I (GA I) manifest acute encephalopathy during catabolic events triggered by inflammation. WT and Gcdh-/- mice fed a low (0.9%) or high (4.7%) Lys chow were euthanized 4 h after LPS intraperitoneal injection. Cerebral cortex of Lys-restricted Gcdh-/- animals presented no alterations of redox homeostasis, whereas those fed a high Lys chow showed increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, compared to WT mice. Furthermore, Gcdh-/- mice receiving low Lys and injected with LPS presented elevated MDA levels and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in cerebral cortex. LPS administration also decreased GSH values, as well as GPx and GR activities in cerebral cortex of Gcdh-/- mice receiving Lys overload. Further experiments performed in WT and Gcdh-/- mice injected with LPS and receiving either a low or high Lys chow revealed increased MDA levels and decreased GSH concentrations in cerebral cortex and striatum, but not in hippocampus, liver and heart of Gcdh-/- mice, suggesting a selective vulnerability of these cerebral structures to oxidative stress during an inflammatory process. LPS administration also increased S100B and NF-κF protein levels in brain of Gcdh-/- mice receiving high Lys. These data support the hypothesis that low Lys diet is beneficial in GA I by preventing redox imbalance, whereas a high Lys diet or systemic inflammation per se or combined induce oxidative stress in striatum and cerebral cortex that are mainly damaged in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seminotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Building 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Building 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Avenida Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS, 99709-910, Brazil
| | - Mateus Grings
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Building 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - César Augusto João Ribeiro
- Natural and Humanities Sciences Center, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Building 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Building 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-007, Brazil
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Grigoruta M, Chavez-Solano M, Varela-Ramirez A, Sierra-Fonseca JA, Orozco-Lucero E, Hamdan JN, Gosselink KL, Martinez-Martinez A. Maternal separation induces retinal and peripheral blood mononuclear cell alterations across the lifespan of female rats. Brain Res 2020; 1749:147117. [PMID: 32971085 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress alters the function and feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, and can contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration by modifying peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) activity. The retina, as part of the nervous system, is sensitive to immune changes induced by stress. However, the consequences of stress experienced at an early age on retinal development have not yet been elucidated. Here we aimed to evaluate the impact of maternal separation (MatSep) across three stages of the lifespan (adolescent, adult, and aged) on the retina, as well as on progression through the cell cycle and mitochondrial activity in PBMCs from female Wistar rats. Newborn pups were separated from their mother from postnatal day (PND) 2 until PND 14 for 3 h/day. Retinal analysis from the MatSep groups showed architectural alterations such as a diminished thickness of retinal layers, as well as increased expression of proinflammatory markers DJ-1, Iba-1, and CD45 and the gliotic marker GFAP. Additionally, MatSep disrupted the cell cycle and caused long-term increases in mitochondrial activity in PBMCs from adolescent and adult rats. Changes in the cell cycle profile of the PBMCs from aged MatSep rats were undetected. However, these PBMCs exhibited increased sensitivity to H2O2-induced oxidative stress in vitro. Therefore, these results suggest that early life stress can have long-term effects on retinal structure and function, possibly elicited by neonatal immune preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Grigoruta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences. Biomedical Sciences Institute. Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Anillo envolvente Pronaf y Estocolmo S/N, Zona Pronaf, 32315 Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico; Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, 79968 El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Marbella Chavez-Solano
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences. Biomedical Sciences Institute. Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Anillo envolvente Pronaf y Estocolmo S/N, Zona Pronaf, 32315 Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico; Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, 79968 El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Armando Varela-Ramirez
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, 79968 El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jorge A Sierra-Fonseca
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, 79968 El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ernesto Orozco-Lucero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences. Biomedical Sciences Institute. Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Anillo envolvente Pronaf y Estocolmo S/N, Zona Pronaf, 32315 Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Jameel N Hamdan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, 79968 El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Kristin L Gosselink
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, 79968 El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences. Biomedical Sciences Institute. Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Anillo envolvente Pronaf y Estocolmo S/N, Zona Pronaf, 32315 Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
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47
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Anti-Inflammatory Activity and ROS Regulation Effect of Sinapaldehyde in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184089. [PMID: 32906766 PMCID: PMC7570554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of SNAH in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by performing nitric oxide (NO) assays, cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, Western blotting, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. SNAH inhibited the production of NO (nitric oxide), reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6. Additionally, 100 μM SNAH significantly inhibited total NO and ROS inhibitory activity by 93% (p < 0.001) and 34% (p < 0.05), respectively. Protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) stimulated by LPS were also decreased by SNAH. Moreover, SNAH significantly (p < 0.001) downregulated the TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS mRNA expression upon LPS stimulation. In addition, 3–100 µM SNAH was not cytotoxic. Docking simulations and enzyme inhibitory assays with COX-2 revealed binding scores of −6.4 kcal/mol (IC50 = 47.8 μM) with SNAH compared to −11.1 kcal/mol (IC50 = 0.45 μM) with celecoxib, a known selective COX-2 inhibitor. Our results demonstrate that SNAH exerts anti-inflammatory effects via suppression of ROS and NO by COX-2 inhibition. Thus, SNAH may be useful as a pharmacological agent for treating inflammation-related diseases.
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Song J, Han D, Lee H, Kim DJ, Cho JY, Park JH, Seok SH. A Comprehensive Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Reveals Multiple Pathway Alterations in Response to the Inflammatory Stimuli. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093037. [PMID: 32344885 PMCID: PMC7246457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming and persistent inflammation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) induces destructive changes in the retinal environment. However, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate RPE-specific biological and metabolic responses against intense inflammation and identify the molecular characteristics determining pathological progression. We performed quantitative analyses of the proteome and phosphoproteome of the human-derived RPE cell line ARPE-19 after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 45 min or 24 h using the latest isobaric tandem-mass tags (TMTs) labeling approach. This approach led to the identification of 8984 proteins, of which 261 showed a 1.5-fold change in abundance after 24 h of treatment with LPS. A parallel phosphoproteome analysis identified 20,632 unique phosphopeptides from 3207 phosphoproteins with 3103 phosphorylation sites. Integrated proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses showed significant downregulation of proteins related to mitochondrial respiration and cell cycle checkpoint, while proteins related to lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, cell-matrix adhesion, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were upregulated after LPS stimulation. Further, phosphorylation events in multiple pathways, including MAPKK and Wnt/β-catenin signalings, were identified as involved in LPS-triggered pathobiology. In essence, our findings reveal multiple integrated signals exerted by RPE under inflammation and are expected to give insight into the development of therapeutic interventions for RPE disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Heonyi Lee
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Da Jung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.J.K.); (J.-Y.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.J.K.); (J.-Y.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.P.); (S.H.S.); Tel.: +82-2-880-1256 (J.-H.P.); +82-2-740-8302 (S.H.S.); Fax: +82-2-763-5206 (S.H.S.)
| | - Seung Hyeok Seok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.P.); (S.H.S.); Tel.: +82-2-880-1256 (J.-H.P.); +82-2-740-8302 (S.H.S.); Fax: +82-2-763-5206 (S.H.S.)
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49
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Matei N, Leahy S, Auvazian S, Thomas B, Blair NP, Shahidi M. Relation of Retinal Oxygen Measures to Electrophysiology and Survival Indicators after Permanent, Incomplete Ischemia in Rats. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:1273-1286. [PMID: 32207038 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies in experimental ischemia models by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) have reported reduced retinal electrophysiological function, coupled with inner retinal degeneration and gliosis. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that long-term (up to 14 days) BCCAO impairs oxygen delivery (DO2), which affects oxygen metabolism (MO2) and extraction fraction (OEF), electrophysiological function, morphology, and biochemical pathways. Twenty-one rats underwent BCCAO (N = 12) or sham surgery (N = 9) and were evaluated in separate groups after 3, 7, or 14 days. Electroretinography (ERG), optical coherence tomography, blood flow and vascular oxygen tension imaging, and morphological and biochemical evaluations were performed in both eyes. Reduced ERG b-wave amplitudes and delayed implicit times were reported at 3, 7, and 14 days following BCCAO. Total retinal blood flow, MO2, and DO2 were reduced in all BCCAO groups. OEF was increased in both 3- and 7-day groups, while no significant difference was observed in OEF at 14 days compared to the sham group. At 14 days following BCCAO, total and inner retinal layer thickness was reduced, while the outer nuclear layer thickness and gliosis were increased. There was an increase in nuclei containing fragmented DNA at 3 days following BCCAO. The compensatory elevation in OEF following BCCAO did not meet the tissue demand, resulting in the subsequent reduction of MO2. The associations between retinal MO2, DO2, and retinal function were shown to be significant in the sequelae of persistent ischemia. In sum, measurements of DO2, MO2, and OEF may become useful for characterizing salvageable tissue in vision-threatening pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael Matei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sophie Leahy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Selin Auvazian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Biju Thomas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Norman P Blair
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mahnaz Shahidi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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50
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Vojdani A, Vojdani E, Herbert M, Kharrazian D. Correlation between Antibodies to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides and Barrier Proteins in Sera Positive for ASCA and ANCA. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041381. [PMID: 32085663 PMCID: PMC7073094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with intestinal barrier dysfunction are more prone to autoimmunity. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gut bacteria have been shown to play a role in systemic inflammation, leading to the opening of the gut and blood-brain barrier (BBB). This study aims to measure antibodies against LPS and barrier proteins in samples positive for anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and compare them with these same antibodies in controls to determine whether a correlation between LPS and barrier proteins could be found. We obtained 94 ASCA- and 94 ANCA-positive blood samples, as well as 188 blood samples from healthy controls. Samples were assessed for antibodies to LPS, zonulin+occludin, S100B, and aquaporin-4 (AQP4). Results show significant elevation in antibodies in about 30% of ASCA- and ANCA-positive sera and demonstrate positive linear relationships between these antibodies. The findings suggest that individuals positive for ASCA and ANCA have increased odds of developing intestinal and BBB permeability compared to healthy subjects. The levels of LPS antibodies in both ASCA- and ANCA-positive and negative specimens showed from low and moderate to high correlation with antibodies to barrier proteins. This study shows that LPS, by damaging the gut and BBBs, contribute to the extra-intestinal manifestation of IBD. We conclude that IBD patients should be screened for LPS antibodies in an effort to detect or prevent possible barrier damage at the earliest stage possible to abrogate disease symptoms in IBS and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab, Inc. 822 S. Robertson Blvd, Ste 312, Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-657-1077
| | - Elroy Vojdani
- Regenera Medical, 11860 Wilshire Blvd., Ste. 301, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA;
| | - Martha Herbert
- Martha Herbert, Pediatric Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Rm CNY149-2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Datis Kharrazian
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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