1
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Cirtala G, De Schutter E. Branch-specific clustered parallel fiber input controls dendritic computation in Purkinje cells. iScience 2024; 27:110756. [PMID: 39286509 PMCID: PMC11404202 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Most central neurons have intricately branched dendritic trees that integrate massive numbers of synaptic inputs. Intrinsic active mechanisms in dendrites can be heterogeneous and be modulated in a branch-specific way. However, it remains poorly understood how heterogeneous intrinsic properties contribute to processing of synaptic input. We propose the first computational model of the cerebellar Purkinje cell with dendritic heterogeneity, in which each branch is an individual unit and is characterized by its own set of ion channel conductance densities. When simultaneously activating a cluster of parallel fiber synapses, we measure the peak amplitude of a response and observe how changes in P-type calcium channel conductance density shift the dendritic responses from a linear one to a bimodal one including dendritic calcium spikes and vice-versa. These changes relate to the morphology of each branch. We show how dendritic calcium spikes propagate and how Kv4.3 channels block spreading depolarization to nearby branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cirtala
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna 904-0412, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Erik De Schutter
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna 904-0412, Okinawa, Japan
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2
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Chen C, Niehaus JK, Dinc F, Huang KL, Barnette AL, Tassou A, Shuster SA, Wang L, Lemire A, Menon V, Ritola K, Hantman AW, Zeng H, Schnitzer MJ, Scherrer G. Neural circuit basis of placebo pain relief. Nature 2024; 632:1092-1100. [PMID: 39048016 PMCID: PMC11358037 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07816-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Placebo effects are notable demonstrations of mind-body interactions1,2. During pain perception, in the absence of any treatment, an expectation of pain relief can reduce the experience of pain-a phenomenon known as placebo analgesia3-6. However, despite the strength of placebo effects and their impact on everyday human experience and the failure of clinical trials for new therapeutics7, the neural circuit basis of placebo effects has remained unclear. Here we show that analgesia from the expectation of pain relief is mediated by rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) neurons that project to the pontine nucleus (rACC→Pn)-a precerebellar nucleus with no established function in pain. We created a behavioural assay that generates placebo-like anticipatory pain relief in mice. In vivo calcium imaging of neural activity and electrophysiological recordings in brain slices showed that expectations of pain relief boost the activity of rACC→Pn neurons and potentiate neurotransmission in this pathway. Transcriptomic studies of Pn neurons revealed an abundance of opioid receptors, further suggesting a role in pain modulation. Inhibition of the rACC→Pn pathway disrupted placebo analgesia and decreased pain thresholds, whereas activation elicited analgesia in the absence of placebo conditioning. Finally, Purkinje cells exhibited activity patterns resembling those of rACC→Pn neurons during pain-relief expectation, providing cellular-level evidence for a role of the cerebellum in cognitive pain modulation. These findings open the possibility of targeting this prefrontal cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway with drugs or neurostimulation to treat pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jesse K Niehaus
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fatih Dinc
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karen L Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexander L Barnette
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adrien Tassou
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S Andrew Shuster
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lihua Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Lemire
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kimberly Ritola
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam W Hantman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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3
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Leong LM, Storace DA. Imaging different cell populations in the mouse olfactory bulb using the genetically encoded voltage indicator ArcLight. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:033402. [PMID: 38288247 PMCID: PMC10823906 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.3.033402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) are protein-based optical sensors that allow for measurements from genetically defined populations of neurons. Although in vivo imaging in the mammalian brain with early generation GEVIs was difficult due to poor membrane expression and low signal-to-noise ratio, newer and more sensitive GEVIs have begun to make them useful for answering fundamental questions in neuroscience. We discuss principles of imaging using GEVIs and genetically encoded calcium indicators, both useful tools for in vivo imaging of neuronal activity, and review some of the recent mechanistic advances that have led to GEVI improvements. We provide an overview of the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) and discuss recent studies using the GEVI ArcLight to study different cell types within the bulb using both widefield and two-photon microscopy. Specific emphasis is placed on using GEVIs to begin to study the principles of concentration coding in the OB, how to interpret the optical signals from population measurements in the in vivo brain, and future developments that will push the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Min Leong
- Florida State University, Department of Biological Science, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Douglas A. Storace
- Florida State University, Department of Biological Science, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
- Florida State University, Program in Neuroscience, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
- Florida State University, Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
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4
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Sims RR, Bendifallah I, Grimm C, Lafirdeen ASM, Domínguez S, Chan CY, Lu X, Forget BC, St-Pierre F, Papagiakoumou E, Emiliani V. Scanless two-photon voltage imaging. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5095. [PMID: 38876987 PMCID: PMC11178882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-photon voltage imaging has long been heralded as a transformative approach capable of answering many long-standing questions in modern neuroscience. However, exploiting its full potential requires the development of novel imaging approaches well suited to the photophysical properties of genetically encoded voltage indicators. We demonstrate that parallel excitation approaches developed for scanless two-photon photostimulation enable high-SNR two-photon voltage imaging. We use whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology to perform a thorough characterization of scanless two-photon voltage imaging using three parallel illumination approaches and lasers with different repetition rates and wavelengths. We demonstrate voltage recordings of high-frequency spike trains and sub-threshold depolarizations from neurons expressing the soma-targeted genetically encoded voltage indicator JEDI-2P-Kv. Using a low repetition-rate laser, we perform multi-cell recordings from up to fifteen targets simultaneously. We co-express JEDI-2P-Kv and the channelrhodopsin ChroME-ST and capitalize on their overlapping two-photon absorption spectra to simultaneously evoke and image action potentials using a single laser source. We also demonstrate in vivo scanless two-photon imaging of multiple cells simultaneously up to 250 µm deep in the barrel cortex of head-fixed, anaesthetised mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth R Sims
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Imane Bendifallah
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Grimm
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Soledad Domínguez
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Chung Yuen Chan
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benoît C Forget
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - François St-Pierre
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Valentina Emiliani
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.
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5
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Lin TF, Busch SE, Hansel C. Intrinsic and synaptic determinants of receptive field plasticity in Purkinje cells of the mouse cerebellum. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4645. [PMID: 38821918 PMCID: PMC11143328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-synaptic (intrinsic) plasticity of membrane excitability contributes to aspects of memory formation, but it remains unclear whether it merely facilitates synaptic long-term potentiation or plays a permissive role in determining the impact of synaptic weight increase. We use tactile stimulation and electrical activation of parallel fibers to probe intrinsic and synaptic contributions to receptive field plasticity in awake mice during two-photon calcium imaging of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Repetitive activation of both stimuli induced response potentiation that is impaired in mice with selective deficits in either synaptic or intrinsic plasticity. Spatial analysis of calcium signals demonstrated that intrinsic, but not synaptic plasticity, enhances the spread of dendritic parallel fiber response potentiation. Simultaneous dendrite and axon initial segment recordings confirm these dendritic events affect axonal output. Our findings support the hypothesis that intrinsic plasticity provides an amplification mechanism that exerts a permissive control over the impact of long-term potentiation on neuronal responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Feng Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Silas E Busch
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christian Hansel
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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6
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Silva NT, Ramírez-Buriticá J, Pritchett DL, Carey MR. Climbing fibers provide essential instructive signals for associative learning. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:940-951. [PMID: 38565684 PMCID: PMC11088996 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Supervised learning depends on instructive signals that shape the output of neural circuits to support learned changes in behavior. Climbing fiber (CF) inputs to the cerebellar cortex represent one of the strongest candidates in the vertebrate brain for conveying neural instructive signals. However, recent studies have shown that Purkinje cell stimulation can also drive cerebellar learning and the relative importance of these two neuron types in providing instructive signals for cerebellum-dependent behaviors remains unresolved. In the present study we used cell-type-specific perturbations of various cerebellar circuit elements to systematically evaluate their contributions to delay eyeblink conditioning in mice. Our findings reveal that, although optogenetic stimulation of either CFs or Purkinje cells can drive learning under some conditions, even subtle reductions in CF signaling completely block learning to natural stimuli. We conclude that CFs and corresponding Purkinje cell complex spike events provide essential instructive signals for associative cerebellar learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tatiana Silva
- Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Dominique L Pritchett
- Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Biology Department, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Megan R Carey
- Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
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7
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Wang HY, Takagi H, Stoney PN, Echeverria A, Kuhn B, Hsu KS, Takahashi T. Anoxia-induced hippocampal LTP is regeneratively produced by glutamate and nitric oxide from the neuro-glial-endothelial axis. iScience 2024; 27:109515. [PMID: 38591010 PMCID: PMC11000013 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient anoxia causes amnesia and neuronal death. This is attributed to enhanced glutamate release and modeled as anoxia-induced long-term potentiation (aLTP). aLTP is mediated by glutamate receptors and nitric oxide (·NO) and occludes stimulation-induced LTP. We identified a signaling cascade downstream of ·NO leading to glutamate release and a glutamate-·NO loop regeneratively boosting aLTP. aLTP in entothelial ·NO synthase (eNOS)-knockout mice and blocking neuronal NOS (nNOS) activity suggested that both nNOS and eNOS contribute to aLTP. Immunostaining result showed that eNOS is predominantly expressed in vascular endothelia. Transient anoxia induced a long-lasting Ca2+ elevation in astrocytes that mirrored aLTP. Blocking astrocyte metabolism or depletion of the NMDA receptor ligand D-serine abolished eNOS-dependent aLTP, suggesting that astrocytic Ca2+ elevation stimulates D-serine release from endfeet to endothelia, thereby releasing ·NO synthesized by eNOS. Thus, the neuro-glial-endothelial axis is involved in long-term enhancement of glutamate release after transient anoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Wang
- Cellular and Molecular Synaptic Function Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Cellular and Molecular Synaptic Function Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Patrick N. Stoney
- Cellular and Molecular Synaptic Function Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Anai Echeverria
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Kuei-Sen Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tomoyuki Takahashi
- Cellular and Molecular Synaptic Function Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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8
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Milicevic KD, Barbeau BL, Lovic DD, Patel AA, Ivanova VO, Antic SD. Physiological features of parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic interneurons contributing to high-frequency oscillations in the cerebral cortex. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 6:100121. [PMID: 38616956 PMCID: PMC11015061 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) inhibitory interneurons drive gamma oscillations (30-80 Hz), which underlie higher cognitive functions. In this review, we discuss two groups/aspects of fundamental properties of PV+ interneurons. In the first group (dubbed Before Axon), we list properties representing optimal synaptic integration in PV+ interneurons designed to support fast oscillations. For example: [i] Information can neither enter nor leave the neocortex without the engagement of fast PV+ -mediated inhibition; [ii] Voltage responses in PV+ interneuron dendrites integrate linearly to reduce impact of the fluctuations in the afferent drive; and [iii] Reversed somatodendritic Rm gradient accelerates the time courses of synaptic potentials arriving at the soma. In the second group (dubbed After Axon), we list morphological and biophysical properties responsible for (a) short synaptic delays, and (b) efficient postsynaptic outcomes. For example: [i] Fast-spiking ability that allows PV+ interneurons to outpace other cortical neurons (pyramidal neurons). [ii] Myelinated axon (which is only found in the PV+ subclass of interneurons) to secure fast-spiking at the initial axon segment; and [iii] Inhibitory autapses - autoinhibition, which assures brief biphasic voltage transients and supports postinhibitory rebounds. Recent advent of scientific tools, such as viral strategies to target PV cells and the ability to monitor PV cells via in vivo imaging during behavior, will aid in defining the role of PV cells in the CNS. Given the link between PV+ interneurons and cognition, in the future, it would be useful to carry out physiological recordings in the PV+ cell type selectively and characterize if and how psychiatric and neurological diseases affect initiation and propagation of electrical signals in this cortical sub-circuit. Voltage imaging may allow fast recordings of electrical signals from many PV+ interneurons simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina D. Milicevic
- University of Connecticut Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Center for Laser Microscopy, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Brianna L. Barbeau
- University of Connecticut Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Darko D. Lovic
- University of Connecticut Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Center for Laser Microscopy, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Aayushi A. Patel
- University of Connecticut Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Violetta O. Ivanova
- University of Connecticut Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Srdjan D. Antic
- University of Connecticut Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
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9
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Makarov R, Pagkalos M, Poirazi P. Dendrites and efficiency: Optimizing performance and resource utilization. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102812. [PMID: 37980803 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a highly efficient system that has evolved to optimize performance under limited resources. In this review, we highlight recent theoretical and experimental studies that support the view that dendrites make information processing and storage in the brain more efficient. This is achieved through the dynamic modulation of integration versus segregation of inputs and activity within a neuron. We argue that under conditions of limited energy and space, dendrites help biological networks to implement complex functions such as processing natural stimuli on behavioral timescales, performing the inference process on those stimuli in a context-specific manner, and storing the information in overlapping populations of neurons. A global picture starts to emerge, in which dendrites help the brain achieve efficiency through a combination of optimization strategies that balance the tradeoff between performance and resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Makarov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, 70013, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Greece. https://twitter.com/_RomanMakarov
| | - Michalis Pagkalos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, 70013, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Greece. https://twitter.com/MPagkalos
| | - Panayiota Poirazi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, 70013, Greece.
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10
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Li M, Eltabbal M, Tran HD, Kuhn B. Scn2a insufficiency alters spontaneous neuronal Ca 2+ activity in somatosensory cortex during wakefulness. iScience 2023; 26:108138. [PMID: 37876801 PMCID: PMC10590963 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SCN2A protein-truncating variants (PTV) can result in neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability, but they are less likely to cause epilepsy in comparison to missense variants. While in vitro studies showed PTV reduce action potential firing, consequences at in vivo network level remain elusive. Here, we generated a mouse model of Scn2a insufficiency using antisense oligonucleotides (Scn2a ASO mice), which recapitulated key clinical feature of SCN2A PTV disorders. Simultaneous two-photon Ca2+ imaging and electrocorticography (ECoG) in awake mice showed that spontaneous Ca2+ transients in somatosensory cortical neurons, as well as their pairwise co-activities were generally decreased in Scn2a ASO mice during spontaneous awake state and induced seizure state. The reduction of neuronal activities and paired co-activity are mechanisms associated with motor, social and cognitive deficits observed in our mouse model of severe Scn2a insufficiency, indicating these are likely mechanisms driving SCN2A PTV pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Li
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Mohamed Eltabbal
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hoang-Dai Tran
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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11
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Zang Y, De Schutter E. Recent data on the cerebellum require new models and theories. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 82:102765. [PMID: 37591124 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum has been a popular topic for theoretical studies because its structure was thought to be simple. Since David Marr and James Albus related its function to motor skill learning and proposed the Marr-Albus cerebellar learning model, this theory has guided and inspired cerebellar research. In this review, we summarize the theoretical progress that has been made within this framework of error-based supervised learning. We discuss the experimental progress that demonstrates more complicated molecular and cellular mechanisms in the cerebellum as well as new cell types and recurrent connections. We also cover its involvement in diverse non-motor functions and evidence of other forms of learning. Finally, we highlight the need to explain these new experimental findings into an integrated cerebellar model that can unify its diverse computational functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Zang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Volen Center and Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Erik De Schutter
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan. https://twitter.com/DeschutterOIST
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12
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Seemann KM, Kovács A, Schmid TE, Ilicic K, Multhoff G, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Michelagnoli C, Cieplicka-Oryńczak N, Jana S, Colombi G, Jentschel M, Schneider CM, Kuhn B. Neutron-activated, plasmonically excitable Fe-Pt-Yb 2O 3 nanoparticles delivering anti-cancer radiation against human glioblastoma cells. iScience 2023; 26:107683. [PMID: 37680485 PMCID: PMC10481348 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles can be functionalized in many ways for biomedical applications. Here, we combine four advantageous features in a novel Fe-Pt-Yb2O3 core-shell nanoparticle. (a) The nanoparticles have a size of 10 nm allowing them to diffuse through neuronal tissue. (b) The particles are superparamagnetic after synthesis and ferromagnetic after annealing, enabling directional control by magnetic fields, enhance NMRI contrast, and hyperthermia treatment. (c) After neutron-activation of the shell, they carry low-energetic, short half-life β-radiation from 175Yb, 177Yb, and 177Lu. (d) Additionally, the particles can be optically visualized by plasmonic excitation and luminescence. To demonstrate the potential of the particles for cancer treatment, we exposed cultured human glioblastoma cells (LN-18) to non-activated and activated particles to confirm that the particles are internalized, and that the β-radiation of the radioisotopes incorporated in the neutron-activated shell of the nanoparticles kills more than 98% of the LN-18 cancer cells, promising for future anti-cancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus M. Seemann
- Peter Grünberg Institute PGI-6, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - András Kovács
- Ernst-Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas E. Schmid
- Dpt. Radiation Oncology and TranslaTUM, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Katarina Ilicic
- Dpt. Radiation Oncology and TranslaTUM, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Dpt. Radiation Oncology and TranslaTUM, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst-Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Caterina Michelagnoli
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Natalia Cieplicka-Oryńczak
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Soumen Jana
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Giacomo Colombi
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael Jentschel
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Claus M. Schneider
- Peter Grünberg Institute PGI-6, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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13
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Lin TF, Busch SE, Hansel C. Intrinsic and synaptic determinants of receptive field plasticity in Purkinje cells of the mouse cerebellum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549760. [PMID: 37502848 PMCID: PMC10370111 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Non-synaptic ('intrinsic') plasticity of membrane excitability contributes to aspects of memory formation, but it remains unclear whether it merely facilitates synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP), or whether it plays a permissive role in determining the impact of synaptic weight increase. We use tactile stimulation and electrical activation of parallel fibers to probe intrinsic and synaptic contributions to receptive field (RF) plasticity in awake mice during two-photon calcium imaging of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Repetitive activation of both stimuli induced response potentiation that is impaired in mice with selective deficits in either intrinsic plasticity (SK2 KO) or LTP (CaMKII TT305/6VA). Intrinsic, but not synaptic, plasticity expands the local, dendritic RF representation. Simultaneous dendrite and axon initial segment recordings confirm that these dendritic events affect axonal output. Our findings support the hypothesis that intrinsic plasticity provides an amplification mechanism that exerts a permissive control over the impact of LTP on neuronal responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Feng Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Silas E Busch
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christian Hansel
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Busch SE, Hansel C. Climbing fiber multi-innervation of mouse Purkinje dendrites with arborization common to human. Science 2023; 381:420-427. [PMID: 37499000 PMCID: PMC10962609 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Canonically, each Purkinje cell (PC) in the adult cerebellum receives only one climbing fiber (CF) from the inferior olive. Underlying current theories of cerebellar function is the notion that this highly conserved one-to-one relationship renders Purkinje dendrites into a single computational compartment. However, we discovered that multiple primary dendrites are a near-universal morphological feature in humans. Using tract tracing, immunolabeling, and in vitro electrophysiology, we found that in mice ~25% of mature multibranched cells receive more than one CF input. Two-photon calcium imaging in vivo revealed that separate dendrites can exhibit distinct response properties to sensory stimulation, indicating that some multibranched cells integrate functionally independent CF-receptive fields. These findings indicate that PCs are morphologically and functionally more diverse than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas E. Busch
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Christian Hansel
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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15
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Aseyev N, Ivanova V, Balaban P, Nikitin E. Current Practice in Using Voltage Imaging to Record Fast Neuronal Activity: Successful Examples from Invertebrate to Mammalian Studies. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:648. [PMID: 37367013 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The optical imaging of neuronal activity with potentiometric probes has been credited with being able to address key questions in neuroscience via the simultaneous recording of many neurons. This technique, which was pioneered 50 years ago, has allowed researchers to study the dynamics of neural activity, from tiny subthreshold synaptic events in the axon and dendrites at the subcellular level to the fluctuation of field potentials and how they spread across large areas of the brain. Initially, synthetic voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) were applied directly to brain tissue via staining, but recent advances in transgenic methods now allow the expression of genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs), specifically in selected neuron types. However, voltage imaging is technically difficult and limited by several methodological constraints that determine its applicability in a given type of experiment. The prevalence of this method is far from being comparable to patch clamp voltage recording or similar routine methods in neuroscience research. There are more than twice as many studies on VSDs as there are on GEVIs. As can be seen from the majority of the papers, most of them are either methodological ones or reviews. However, potentiometric imaging is able to address key questions in neuroscience by recording most or many neurons simultaneously, thus providing unique information that cannot be obtained via other methods. Different types of optical voltage indicators have their advantages and limitations, which we focus on in detail. Here, we summarize the experience of the scientific community in the application of voltage imaging and try to evaluate the contribution of this method to neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Aseyev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Violetta Ivanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Pavel Balaban
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Evgeny Nikitin
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
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16
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Xu RS, Wu XM, Xiong ZQ. Low-intensity ultrasound directly modulates neural activity of the cerebellar cortex. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:918-926. [PMID: 37245844 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-intensity ultrasound is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique with the potential to focally manipulate deep brain activity at millimeter-scale resolution. However, there have been controversies over the direct influence of ultrasound on neurons, due to an indirect auditory activation. Besides, the capacity of ultrasound to stimulate the cerebellum remains underestimated. OBJECTIVE To validate the direct neuromodulation effects of ultrasound on the cerebellar cortex from both cellular and behavioral levels. METHODS Two-photon calcium imaging were used to measure the neuronal responses of cerebellar granule cells (GrCs) and Purkinje cells (PCs) to ultrasound application in awake mice. And a mouse model of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), in which direct activation of the cerebellar cortex leads to dyskinetic movements, was used to assess the ultrasound-induced behavioral responses. RESULTS Low-intensity ultrasound stimulus (0.1 W/cm2) evoked rapidly increased and sustained neural activity in GrCs and PCs at targeted region, while no significant changes in calcium signals were observed responding to off-target stimulus. The efficacy of ultrasonic neuromodulation relies on acoustic dose modified by ultrasonic duration and intensity. In addition, transcranial ultrasound reliably triggered dyskinesia attacks in proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (Prrt2) mutant mice, suggesting that the intact cerebellar cortex were activated by ultrasound. CONCLUSION Low-intensity ultrasound directly activates the cerebellar cortex in a dose-dependent manner, and thus serves as a promising tool for cerebellar manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Shui Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Mei Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, 201210, Shanghai, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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17
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Tang Y, Zhang X, An L, Yu Z, Liu JK. Diverse role of NMDA receptors for dendritic integration of neural dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011019. [PMID: 37036844 PMCID: PMC10085026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons, represented as a tree structure of morphology, have various distinguished branches of dendrites. Different types of synaptic receptors distributed over dendrites are responsible for receiving inputs from other neurons. NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are expressed as excitatory units, and play a key physiological role in synaptic function. Although NMDARs are widely expressed in most types of neurons, they play a different role in the cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). Utilizing a computational PC model with detailed dendritic morphology, we explored the role of NMDARs at different parts of dendritic branches and regions. We found somatic responses can switch from silent, to simple spikes and complex spikes, depending on specific dendritic branches. Detailed examination of the dendrites regarding their diameters and distance to soma revealed diverse response patterns, yet explain two firing modes, simple and complex spike. Taken together, these results suggest that NMDARs play an important role in controlling excitability sensitivity while taking into account the factor of dendritic properties. Given the complexity of neural morphology varying in cell types, our work suggests that the functional role of NMDARs is not stereotyped but highly interwoven with local properties of neuronal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Tang
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingling An
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhaofei Yu
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian K Liu
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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18
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Zhou Z, Mei H, Li R, Wang C, Fang K, Wang W, Tang Y, Dai Z. Progresses of animal robots: A historical review and perspectiveness. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11499. [PMID: 36411898 PMCID: PMC9674511 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal robots have remarkable advantages over traditional mechatronic ones in terms of energy supply, self-orientation, and natural concealment and can provide remarkable theoretical and practical values for scientific investigation, community service, military detection and other fields. Given these features, animal robots have become high-profile research objects and have recently attracted extensive attention. Herein, we have defined animal robots, reviewed the main types of animal robots, and discussed the potential developing directions. We have also detailed the mechanisms underlying the regulation of animal robots and introduced key methods for manipulating them. We have further proposed several application prospects for different types of animal robots. Finally, we have presented research directions for their further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyue Zhou
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Mei
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongxun Li
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenyuan Wang
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Fang
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yezhong Tang
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. No.9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhendong Dai
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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19
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Debnath A, Williams PDE, Bamber BA. Reduced Ca2+ transient amplitudes may signify increased or decreased depolarization depending on the neuromodulatory signaling pathway. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:931328. [PMID: 35937887 PMCID: PMC9354622 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.931328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulators regulate neuronal excitability and bias neural circuit outputs. Optical recording of neuronal Ca2+ transients is a powerful approach to study the impact of neuromodulators on neural circuit dynamics. We are investigating the polymodal nociceptor ASH in Caenorhabditis elegans to better understand the relationship between neuronal excitability and optically recorded Ca2+ transients. ASHs depolarize in response to the aversive olfactory stimulus 1-octanol (1-oct) with a concomitant rise in somal Ca2+, stimulating an aversive locomotory response. Serotonin (5-HT) potentiates 1-oct avoidance through Gαq signaling, which inhibits L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in ASH. Although Ca2+ signals in the ASH soma decrease, depolarization amplitudes increase because Ca2+ mediates inhibitory feedback control of membrane potential in this context. Here, we investigate octopamine (OA) signaling in ASH to assess whether this negative correlation between somal Ca2+ and depolarization amplitudes is a general phenomenon, or characteristic of certain neuromodulatory pathways. Like 5-HT, OA reduces somal Ca2+ transient amplitudes in ASH neurons. However, OA antagonizes 5-HT modulation of 1-oct avoidance behavior, suggesting that OA may signal through a different pathway. We further show that the pathway for OA diminution of ASH somal Ca2+ consists of the OCTR-1 receptor, the Go heterotrimeric G-protein, and the G-protein activated inwardly rectifying channels IRK-2 and IRK-3, and this pathway reduces depolarization amplitudes in parallel with somal Ca2+ transient amplitudes. Therefore, even within a single neuron, somal Ca2+ signal reduction may indicate either increased or decreased depolarization amplitude, depending on which neuromodulatory signaling pathways are activated, underscoring the need for careful interpretation of Ca2+ imaging data in neuromodulatory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Debnath
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Paul D. E. Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bruce A. Bamber
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Bruce A. Bamber,
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20
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Papaioannou S, Medini P. Advantages, Pitfalls, and Developments of All Optical Interrogation Strategies of Microcircuits in vivo. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:859803. [PMID: 35837124 PMCID: PMC9274136 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.859803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The holy grail for every neurophysiologist is to conclude a causal relationship between an elementary behaviour and the function of a specific brain area or circuit. Our effort to map elementary behaviours to specific brain loci and to further manipulate neural activity while observing the alterations in behaviour is in essence the goal for neuroscientists. Recent advancements in the area of experimental brain imaging in the form of longer wavelength near infrared (NIR) pulsed lasers with the development of highly efficient optogenetic actuators and reporters of neural activity, has endowed us with unprecedented resolution in spatiotemporal precision both in imaging neural activity as well as manipulating it with multiphoton microscopy. This readily available toolbox has introduced a so called all-optical physiology and interrogation of circuits and has opened new horizons when it comes to precisely, fast and non-invasively map and manipulate anatomically, molecularly or functionally identified mesoscopic brain circuits. The purpose of this review is to describe the advantages and possible pitfalls of all-optical approaches in system neuroscience, where by all-optical we mean use of multiphoton microscopy to image the functional response of neuron(s) in the network so to attain flexible choice of the cells to be also optogenetically photostimulated by holography, in absence of electrophysiology. Spatio-temporal constraints will be compared toward the classical reference of electrophysiology methods. When appropriate, in relation to current limitations of current optical approaches, we will make reference to latest works aimed to overcome these limitations, in order to highlight the most recent developments. We will also provide examples of types of experiments uniquely approachable all-optically. Finally, although mechanically non-invasive, all-optical electrophysiology exhibits potential off-target effects which can ambiguate and complicate the interpretation of the results. In summary, this review is an effort to exemplify how an all-optical experiment can be designed, conducted and interpreted from the point of view of the integrative neurophysiologist.
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21
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Lee RX, Stephens GJ, Kuhn B. Social Relationship as a Factor for the Development of Stress Incubation in Adult Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:854486. [PMID: 35685272 PMCID: PMC9172995 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.854486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While stress reactions can emerge long after the triggering event, it remains elusive how they emerge after a protracted, seemingly stress-free period during which stress incubates. Here, we study the behavioral development in mice isolated after observing an aggressive encounter inflicted upon their pair-housed partners. We developed a spatially resolved fine-scale behavioral analysis and applied it to standard behavioral tests. It reveals that the seemingly sudden behavioral changes developed gradually. These behavioral changes were not observed if the aggressive encounter happened to a stranger mouse, suggesting that social bonding is a prerequisite for stress incubation in this paradigm. This finding was corroborated by hemisphere-specific morphological changes in cortex regions centering at the anterior cingulate cortex, a cognitive and emotional center. Our non-invasive analytical methods to capture informative behavioral details may have applications beyond laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray X. Lee
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Biological Physics Theory Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ray X. Lee,
| | - Greg J. Stephens
- Biological Physics Theory Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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22
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Kamran SA, Hossain KF, Moghnieh H, Riar S, Bartlett A, Tavakkoli A, Sanders KM, Baker SA. New open-source software for subcellular segmentation and analysis of spatiotemporal fluorescence signals using deep learning. iScience 2022; 25:104277. [PMID: 35573197 PMCID: PMC9095751 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular imaging instrumentation advancements as well as readily available optogenetic and fluorescence sensors have yielded a profound need for fast, accurate, and standardized analysis. Deep-learning architectures have revolutionized the field of biomedical image analysis and have achieved state-of-the-art accuracy. Despite these advancements, deep learning architectures for the segmentation of subcellular fluorescence signals is lacking. Cellular dynamic fluorescence signals can be plotted and visualized using spatiotemporal maps (STMaps), and currently their segmentation and quantification are hindered by slow workflow speed and lack of accuracy, especially for large datasets. In this study, we provide a software tool that utilizes a deep-learning methodology to fundamentally overcome signal segmentation challenges. The software framework demonstrates highly optimized and accurate calcium signal segmentation and provides a fast analysis pipeline that can accommodate different patterns of signals across multiple cell types. The software allows seamless data accessibility, quantification, and graphical visualization and enables large dataset analysis throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Amit Kamran
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Anderson Medical Building MS352, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | | - Hussein Moghnieh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering], McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Sarah Riar
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Anderson Medical Building MS352, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Allison Bartlett
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Anderson Medical Building MS352, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Anderson Medical Building MS352, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Salah A. Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Anderson Medical Building MS352, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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23
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Moore JJ, Robert V, Rashid SK, Basu J. Assessing Local and Branch-specific Activity in Dendrites. Neuroscience 2022; 489:143-164. [PMID: 34756987 PMCID: PMC9125998 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dendrites are elaborate neural processes which integrate inputs from various sources in space and time. While decades of work have suggested an independent role for dendrites in driving nonlinear computations for the cell, only recently have technological advances enabled us to capture the variety of activity in dendrites and their coupling dynamics with the soma. Under certain circumstances, activity generated in a given dendritic branch remains isolated, such that the soma or even sister dendrites are not privy to these localized signals. Such branch-specific activity could radically increase the capacity and flexibility of coding for the cell as a whole. Here, we discuss these forms of localized and branch-specific activity, their functional relevance in plasticity and behavior, and their supporting biophysical and circuit-level mechanisms. We conclude by showcasing electrical and optical approaches in hippocampal area CA3, using original experimental data to discuss experimental and analytical methodology and key considerations to take when investigating the functional relevance of independent dendritic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Moore
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vincent Robert
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shannon K Rashid
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jayeeta Basu
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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24
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Dhanya SK, Hasan G. Two photon imaging of calcium responses in murine Purkinje neurons. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101105. [PMID: 35098161 PMCID: PMC8783150 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purkinje neurons (PNs) are an important component of the motor learning and coordination circuit and are affected in spino-cerebellar ataxias. Maintaining healthy PNs in cerebellar slices and recording their Ca2+ transients can be challenging. Here, we describe a protocol for measuring Ca2+ transients in PNs from adult mice, including problem-solving tips. This protocol can be used to measure neuronal excitability and agonist-mediated Ca2+ signaling in cerebellar slices expressing a genetic Ca2+ reporter in all PNs, thus improving yield of data. For complete details on the use and execution of this profile, please refer to Dhanya and Hasan (2021). The protocol describes ways of maintaining viable Purkinje neurons in slices for hours It details measuring neuronal excitability and agonist mediated Ca2+ signaling in PNs It describes how to obtain PNs labeled with a genetically encoded Ca2+ sensor, GCaMP6 It demonstrates altered evoked Ca2+ transients from PN-specific STIM1 knockout neurons
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja Kumari Dhanya
- National Centre for Biological Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India
- Sastra University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Gaiti Hasan
- National Centre for Biological Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India
- Corresponding author
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25
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Murphy-Baum BL, Awatramani GB. Parallel processing in active dendrites during periods of intense spiking activity. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110412. [PMID: 35196499 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A neuron's ability to perform parallel computations throughout its dendritic arbor substantially improves its computational capacity. However, during natural patterns of activity, the degree to which computations remain compartmentalized, especially in neurons with active dendritic trees, is not clear. Here, we examine how the direction of moving objects is computed across the bistratified dendritic arbors of ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) in the mouse retina. We find that although local synaptic signals propagate efficiently throughout their dendritic trees, direction-selective computations in one part of the dendritic arbor have little effect on those being made elsewhere. Independent dendritic processing allows DSGCs to compute the direction of moving objects multiple times as they traverse their receptive fields, enabling them to rapidly detect changes in motion direction on a sub-receptive-field basis. These results demonstrate that the parallel processing capacity of neurons can be maintained even during periods of intense synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gautam B Awatramani
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
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26
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Kútna V, O'Leary VB, Hoschl C, Ovsepian SV. Cerebellar demyelination and neurodegeneration associated with mTORC1 hyperactivity may contribute to the developmental onset of autism-like neurobehavioral phenotype in a rat model. Autism Res 2022; 15:791-805. [PMID: 35178882 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum hosts more than half of all neurons of the human brain, with their organized activity playing a key role in coordinating motor functions. Cerebellar activity has also been implicated in the control of speech, communication, and social behavior, which are compromised in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Despite major research advances, there is a shortage of mechanistic data relating cellular and molecular changes in the cerebellum to autistic behavior. We studied the impact of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 haploinsufficiency (Tsc2+/-) with downstream mTORC1 hyperactivity on cerebellar morphology and cellular organization in 1, 9, and 18 m.o. Eker rats, to determine possible structural correlates of an autism-like behavioural phenotype in this model. We report a greater developmental expansion of the cerebellar vermis, owing to enlarged white matter and thickened molecular layer. Histochemical and immunofluorescence data suggest age-related demyelination of central tract of the vermis, as evident from reduced level of myelin-basic protein in the arbora vitae. We also observed a higher number of astrocytes in Tsc2+/- rats of older age while the number of Purkinje cells (PCs) in these animals was lower than in wild-type controls. Unlike astrocytes and PCs, Bergmann glia remained unaltered at all ages in both genotypes, while the number of microglia was higher in Tsc2+/- rats of older age. The convergent evidence for a variety of age-dependent cellular changes in the cerebellum of rats associated with mTORC1 hyperactivity, thus, predicts an array of functional impairments, which may contribute to the developmental onset of an autism-like behavioral phenotype in this model. LAY SUMMARY: This study elucidates the impact of constitutive mTORC1 hyperactivity on cerebellar morphology and cellular organization in a rat model of autism and epilepsy. It describes age-dependent degeneration of Purkinje neurons, with demyelination of central tract as well as activation of microglia, and discusses the implications of these changes for neuro-behavioral phenotypes. The described changes provide new indications for the putative mechanisms underlying cerebellar impairments with their age-related onset, which may contribute to the pathobiology of autism, epilepsy, and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viera Kútna
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Valerie Bríd O'Leary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Hoschl
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Saak V Ovsepian
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
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27
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Larkum ME, Wu J, Duverdin SA, Gidon A. The guide to dendritic spikes of the mammalian cortex in vitro and in vivo. Neuroscience 2022; 489:15-33. [PMID: 35182699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Half a century since their discovery by Llinás and colleagues, dendritic spikes have been observed in various neurons in different brain regions, from the neocortex and cerebellum to the basal ganglia. Dendrites exhibit a terrifically diverse but stereotypical repertoire of spikes, sometimes specific to subregions of the dendrite. Despite their prevalence, we only have a glimpse into their role in the behaving animal. This article aims to survey the full range of dendritic spikes found in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, compare them in vivo versus in vitro, and discuss new studies describing dendritic spikes in the human cortex. We focus on dendritic spikes in neocortical and hippocampal neurons and present a roadmap to identify and understand the broader role of dendritic spikes in single-cell computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Larkum
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiameng Wu
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah A Duverdin
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Gidon
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Georgiou L, Echeverría A, Georgiou A, Kuhn B. Ca + activity maps of astrocytes tagged by axoastrocytic AAV transfer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabe5371. [PMID: 35138891 PMCID: PMC8827655 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe5371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes exhibit localized Ca2+ microdomain (MD) activity thought to be actively involved in information processing in the brain. However, functional organization of Ca2+ MDs in space and time in relationship to behavior and neuronal activity is poorly understood. Here, we first show that adeno-associated virus (AAV) particles transfer anterogradely from axons to astrocytes. Then, we use this axoastrocytic AAV transfer to express genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators at high-contrast circuit specifically. In combination with two-photon microscopy and unbiased, event-based analysis, we investigated cortical astrocytes embedded in the vibrissal thalamocortical circuit. We found a wide range of Ca2+ MD signals, some of which were ultrafast (≤300 ms). Frequency and size of signals were extensively increased by locomotion but only subtly with sensory stimulation. The overlay of these signals resulted in behavior-dependent maps with characteristic Ca2+ activity hotspots, maybe representing memory engrams. These functional subdomains are stable over days, suggesting subcellular specialization.
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29
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Bando Y, Wenzel M, Yuste R. Simultaneous two-photon imaging of action potentials and subthreshold inputs in vivo. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7229. [PMID: 34893595 PMCID: PMC8664861 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the input-output computations of neuronal populations, we developed ArcLight-ST, a genetically-encoded voltage indicator, to specifically measure subthreshold membrane potentials. We combined two-photon imaging of voltage and calcium, and successfully discriminated subthreshold inputs and spikes with cellular resolution in vivo. We demonstrate the utility of the method by mapping epileptic seizures progression through cortical circuits, revealing divergent sub- and suprathreshold dynamics within compartmentalized epileptic micronetworks. Two-photon, two-color imaging of calcium and voltage enables mapping of inputs and outputs in neuronal populations in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Bando
- NeuroTechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA. .,Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Michael Wenzel
- NeuroTechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rafael Yuste
- NeuroTechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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30
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Cecchetto C, Vassanelli S, Kuhn B. Simultaneous Two-Photon Voltage or Calcium Imaging and Multi-Channel Local Field Potential Recordings in Barrel Cortex of Awake and Anesthetized Mice. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:741279. [PMID: 34867155 PMCID: PMC8632658 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.741279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal population activity, both spontaneous and sensory-evoked, generates propagating waves in cortex. However, high spatiotemporal-resolution mapping of these waves is difficult as calcium imaging, the work horse of current imaging, does not reveal subthreshold activity. Here, we present a platform combining voltage or calcium two-photon imaging with multi-channel local field potential (LFP) recordings in different layers of the barrel cortex from anesthetized and awake head-restrained mice. A chronic cranial window with access port allows injecting a viral vector expressing GCaMP6f or the voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) ANNINE-6plus, as well as entering the brain with a multi-channel neural probe. We present both average spontaneous activity and average evoked signals in response to multi-whisker air-puff stimulations. Time domain analysis shows the dependence of the evoked responses on the cortical layer and on the state of the animal, here separated into anesthetized, awake but resting, and running. The simultaneous data acquisition allows to compare the average membrane depolarization measured with ANNINE-6plus with the amplitude and shape of the LFP recordings. The calcium imaging data connects these data sets to the large existing database of this important second messenger. Interestingly, in the calcium imaging data, we found a few cells which showed a decrease in calcium concentration in response to vibrissa stimulation in awake mice. This system offers a multimodal technique to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of neuronal signals through a 3D architecture in vivo. It will provide novel insights on sensory coding, closing the gap between electrical and optical recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cecchetto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Stefano Vassanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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31
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Intrinsic optical signal imaging and targeted injections through a chronic cranial window of a head-fixed mouse. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100779. [PMID: 34505087 PMCID: PMC8413905 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic optical signal imaging (ISI) is a hemodynamic response-based technique to map the functional architecture of the cortex. ISI is often used as an auxiliary method to localize cortical areas for targeted electrophysiology, pharmacology, or imaging experiments. Here, we provide a protocol for ISI through a cranial window with an access port to identify the area of the primary visual cortex (V1) in a head-fixed mouse, followed by targeted viral vector injection, which enables subsequent two-photon imaging of V1 layer 6 corticothalamic neurons. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to our paper Augustinaite and Kuhn (2020b). Intrinsic optical signal imaging through a chronic cranial window of a head-fixed mouse Mapping of primary visual cortex and other sensory cortical areas Injection through the access port of a chronic cranial window of a head-fixed mouse Instructions for V1 layer 6 labeling long after chronic cranial window surgery
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32
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Sinha M, Narayanan R. Active Dendrites and Local Field Potentials: Biophysical Mechanisms and Computational Explorations. Neuroscience 2021; 489:111-142. [PMID: 34506834 PMCID: PMC7612676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurons and glial cells are endowed with membranes that express a rich repertoire of ion channels, transporters, and receptors. The constant flux of ions across the neuronal and glial membranes results in voltage fluctuations that can be recorded from the extracellular matrix. The high frequency components of this voltage signal contain information about the spiking activity, reflecting the output from the neurons surrounding the recording location. The low frequency components of the signal, referred to as the local field potential (LFP), have been traditionally thought to provide information about the synaptic inputs that impinge on the large dendritic trees of various neurons. In this review, we discuss recent computational and experimental studies pointing to a critical role of several active dendritic mechanisms that can influence the genesis and the location-dependent spectro-temporal dynamics of LFPs, spanning different brain regions. We strongly emphasize the need to account for the several fast and slow dendritic events and associated active mechanisms - including gradients in their expression profiles, inter- and intra-cellular spatio-temporal interactions spanning neurons and glia, heterogeneities and degeneracy across scales, neuromodulatory influences, and activitydependent plasticity - towards gaining important insights about the origins of LFP under different behavioral states in health and disease. We provide simple but essential guidelines on how to model LFPs taking into account these dendritic mechanisms, with detailed methodology on how to account for various heterogeneities and electrophysiological properties of neurons and synapses while studying LFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Sinha
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayanan
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
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33
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Hiyoshi K, Shiraishi A, Fukuda N, Tsuda S. In vivo wide-field voltage imaging in zebrafish with voltage-sensitive dye and genetically encoded voltage indicator. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:417-428. [PMID: 34411280 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The brain consists of neural circuits, which are assemblies of various neuron types. For understanding how the brain works, it is essential to identify the functions of each type of neuron and neuronal circuits. Recent advances in our understanding of brain function and its development have been achieved using light to detect neuronal activity. Optical measurement of membrane potentials through voltage imaging is a desirable approach, enabling fast, direct, and simultaneous detection of membrane potentials in a population of neurons. Its high speed and directness can help detect synaptic and action potentials and hyperpolarization, which encode critical information for brain function. Here, we describe in vivo voltage imaging procedures that we have recently established using zebrafish, a powerful animal model in developmental biology and neuroscience. By applying two types of voltage sensors, voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs, Di-4-ANEPPS) and genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs, ASAP1), spatiotemporal dynamics of voltage signals can be detected in the whole cerebellum and spinal cord in awake fish at single-cell and neuronal population levels. Combining this method with other approaches, such as optogenetics, behavioral analysis, and electrophysiology would facilitate a deeper understanding of the network dynamics of the brain circuitry and its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Hiyoshi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama City, Japan
| | - Asuka Shiraishi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama City, Japan
| | - Narumi Fukuda
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama City, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsuda
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama City, Japan.,Integrative Research Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Saitama University, Saitama City, Japan
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34
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Fanning A, Shakhawat A, Raymond JL. Population calcium responses of Purkinje cells in the oculomotor cerebellum driven by non-visual input. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1391-1402. [PMID: 34346783 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00715.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The climbing fiber input to the cerebellum conveys instructive signals that can induce synaptic plasticity and learning by triggering complex spikes accompanied by large calcium transients in Purkinje cells. In the cerebellar flocculus, which supports oculomotor learning, complex spikes are driven by image motion on the retina, which could indicate an oculomotor error. In the same neurons, complex spikes also can be driven by non-visual signals. It has been shown that the calcium transients accompanying each complex spike can vary in amplitude, even within a given cell, therefore, we compared the calcium responses associated with the visual and non-visual inputs to floccular Purkinje cells. The calcium indicator GCaMP6f was selectively expressed in Purkinje cells, and fiber photometry was used to record the calcium responses from a population of Purkinje cells in the flocculus of awake behaving mice. During visual (optokinetic) stimuli and pairing of vestibular and visual stimuli, the calcium level increased during contraversive retinal image motion. During performance of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in the dark, calcium increased during contraversive head rotation and the associated ipsiverse eye movements. The amplitude of this non-visual calcium response was comparable to that during conditions with retinal image motion present that induce oculomotor learning. Thus, population calcium responses of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar flocculus to visual and non-visual input are similar to what has been reported previously for complex spikes, suggesting that multimodal instructive signals control the synaptic plasticity supporting oculomotor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fanning
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Amin Shakhawat
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer L Raymond
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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35
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Stuyt G, Godenzini L, Palmer LM. Local and Global Dynamics of Dendritic Activity in the Pyramidal Neuron. Neuroscience 2021; 489:176-184. [PMID: 34280492 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the measurement and comparison of activity across compartments of the pyramidal neuron. Dendritic activity can occur both locally, on a single dendritic segment, or globally, involving multiple compartments of the single neuron. Little is known about how these dendritic dynamics shape and contribute to information processing and behavior. Although it has been difficult to characterize local and global activity in vivo due to the technical challenge of simultaneously recording from the entire dendritic arbor and soma, the rise of calcium imaging has driven the increased feasibility and interest of these experiments. However, the distinction between local and global activity made by calcium imaging requires careful consideration. In this review we describe local and global activity, discuss the difficulties and caveats of this distinction, and present the evidence of local and global activity in information processing and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Stuyt
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Luca Godenzini
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lucy M Palmer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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36
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Paulk AC, Yang JC, Cleary DR, Soper DJ, Halgren M, O’Donnell AR, Lee SH, Ganji M, Ro YG, Oh H, Hossain L, Lee J, Tchoe Y, Rogers N, Kiliç K, Ryu SB, Lee SW, Hermiz J, Gilja V, Ulbert I, Fabó D, Thesen T, Doyle WK, Devinsky O, Madsen JR, Schomer DL, Eskandar EN, Lee JW, Maus D, Devor A, Fried SI, Jones PS, Nahed BV, Ben-Haim S, Bick SK, Richardson RM, Raslan AM, Siler DA, Cahill DP, Williams ZM, Cosgrove GR, Dayeh SA, Cash SS. Microscale Physiological Events on the Human Cortical Surface. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3678-3700. [PMID: 33749727 PMCID: PMC8258438 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite ongoing advances in our understanding of local single-cellular and network-level activity of neuronal populations in the human brain, extraordinarily little is known about their "intermediate" microscale local circuit dynamics. Here, we utilized ultra-high-density microelectrode arrays and a rare opportunity to perform intracranial recordings across multiple cortical areas in human participants to discover three distinct classes of cortical activity that are not locked to ongoing natural brain rhythmic activity. The first included fast waveforms similar to extracellular single-unit activity. The other two types were discrete events with slower waveform dynamics and were found preferentially in upper cortical layers. These second and third types were also observed in rodents, nonhuman primates, and semi-chronic recordings from humans via laminar and Utah array microelectrodes. The rates of all three events were selectively modulated by auditory and electrical stimuli, pharmacological manipulation, and cold saline application and had small causal co-occurrences. These results suggest that the proper combination of high-resolution microelectrodes and analytic techniques can capture neuronal dynamics that lay between somatic action potentials and aggregate population activity. Understanding intermediate microscale dynamics in relation to single-cell and network dynamics may reveal important details about activity in the full cortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique C Paulk
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jimmy C Yang
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel R Cleary
- Departments of Neurosciences and Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel J Soper
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mila Halgren
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Sang Heon Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mehran Ganji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hongseok Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lorraine Hossain
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Youngbin Tchoe
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas Rogers
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kivilcim Kiliç
- Departments of Neurosciences and Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sang Baek Ryu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Seung Woo Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John Hermiz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vikash Gilja
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - István Ulbert
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, 1519 Budapest, Hungary
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Fabó
- Epilepsy Centrum, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, 1145 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Thesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Werner K Doyle
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joseph R Madsen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donald L Schomer
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas Maus
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anna Devor
- Departments of Neurosciences and Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shelley I Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Boston VA Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Pamela S Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brian V Nahed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sharona Ben-Haim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sarah K Bick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Ahmed M Raslan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Dominic A Siler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ziv M Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - G Rees Cosgrove
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shadi A Dayeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Francioni V, Harnett MT. Rethinking Single Neuron Electrical Compartmentalization: Dendritic Contributions to Network Computation In Vivo. Neuroscience 2021; 489:185-199. [PMID: 34116137 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Decades of experimental and theoretical work support a now well-established theory that active dendritic processing contributes to the computational power of individual neurons. This theory is based on the high degree of electrical compartmentalization observed in the dendrites of single neurons in ex vivo preparations. Compartmentalization allows dendrites to conduct semi-independent operations on their inputs before final integration and output at the axon, producing a "network-in-a-neuron." However, recent in vivo functional imaging experiments in mouse cortex have reported surprisingly little evidence for strong dendritic compartmentalization. In this review, we contextualize these new findings and discuss their impact on the future of the field. Specifically, we consider how highly coordinated, and thus less compartmentalized, activity in soma and dendrites can contribute to cortical computations including nonlinear mixed selectivity, prediction/expectation, multiplexing, and credit assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Francioni
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Mark T Harnett
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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38
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Roth Y. QLCA and Entangled States as Single-Neuron Activity Generators. Front Comput Neurosci 2021; 15:600075. [PMID: 34149386 PMCID: PMC8206504 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2021.600075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Each neuron in the central nervous system has many dendrites, which provide input information through impulses. Assuming that a neuron's decision to continue or stop firing is made by rules applied to the dendrites' inputs, we associate neuron activity with a quantum like-cellular automaton (QLCA) concepts. Following a previous study that related the CA description with entangled states, we provide a quantum-like description of neuron activity. After reviewing and presenting the entanglement concept expressed by QLCA terminology, we propose a model that relates quantum-like measurement to consciousness. Then, we present a toy model that reviews the QLCA theory, which is adapted to our terminology. The study also focuses on implementing QLCA formalism to describe a single neuron activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Roth
- Oranim Academic College, Science Department, Kiryat Tiv'on, Israel
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39
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Chien MP, Brinks D, Testa-Silva G, Tian H, Phil Brooks F, Adam Y, Bloxham B, Gmeiner B, Kheifets S, Cohen AE. Photoactivated voltage imaging in tissue with an archaerhodopsin-derived reporter. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/19/eabe3216. [PMID: 33952514 PMCID: PMC8099184 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivated genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) have the potential to enable optically sectioned voltage imaging at the intersection of a photoactivation beam and an imaging beam. We developed a pooled high-throughput screen to identify archaerhodopsin mutants with enhanced photoactivation. After screening ~105 cells, we identified a novel GEVI, NovArch, whose one-photon near-infrared fluorescence is reversibly enhanced by weak one-photon blue or two-photon near-infrared excitation. Because the photoactivation leads to fluorescent signals catalytically rather than stoichiometrically, high fluorescence signals, optical sectioning, and high time resolution are achieved simultaneously at modest blue or two-photon laser power. We demonstrate applications of the combined molecular and optical tools to optical mapping of membrane voltage in distal dendrites in acute mouse brain slices and in spontaneously active neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Ping Chien
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daan Brinks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Guilherme Testa-Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - He Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - F Phil Brooks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yoav Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Blox Bloxham
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Benjamin Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Simon Kheifets
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Adam E Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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40
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Autonomous Purkinje cell activation instructs bidirectional motor learning through evoked dendritic calcium signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2153. [PMID: 33846328 PMCID: PMC8042043 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The signals in cerebellar Purkinje cells sufficient to instruct motor learning have not been systematically determined. Therefore, we applied optogenetics in mice to autonomously excite Purkinje cells and measured the effect of this activity on plasticity induction and adaptive behavior. Ex vivo, excitation of channelrhodopsin-2-expressing Purkinje cells elicits dendritic Ca2+ transients with high-intensity stimuli initiating dendritic spiking that additionally contributes to the Ca2+ response. Channelrhodopsin-2-evoked Ca2+ transients potentiate co-active parallel fiber synapses; depression occurs when Ca2+ responses were enhanced by dendritic spiking. In vivo, optogenetic Purkinje cell activation drives an adaptive decrease in vestibulo-ocular reflex gain when vestibular stimuli are paired with relatively small-magnitude Purkinje cell Ca2+ responses. In contrast, pairing with large-magnitude Ca2+ responses increases vestibulo-ocular reflex gain. Optogenetically induced plasticity and motor adaptation are dependent on endocannabinoid signaling, indicating engagement of this pathway downstream of Purkinje cell Ca2+ elevation. Our results establish a causal relationship among Purkinje cell Ca2+ signal size, opposite-polarity plasticity induction, and bidirectional motor learning. Plastic reweighting of parallel fiber synaptic strength is a mechanism for the acquisition of cerebellum-dependent motor learning. Here, the authors found that optogenetic activation of PCs generates dendritic Ca2+ signals that induce plasticity in vitro and instruct learned changes to coincident eye movements in vivo.
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41
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Cai C, Friedrich J, Singh A, Eybposh MH, Pnevmatikakis EA, Podgorski K, Giovannucci A. VolPy: Automated and scalable analysis pipelines for voltage imaging datasets. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008806. [PMID: 33852574 PMCID: PMC8075204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage imaging enables monitoring neural activity at sub-millisecond and sub-cellular scale, unlocking the study of subthreshold activity, synchrony, and network dynamics with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. However, high data rates (>800MB/s) and low signal-to-noise ratios create bottlenecks for analyzing such datasets. Here we present VolPy, an automated and scalable pipeline to pre-process voltage imaging datasets. VolPy features motion correction, memory mapping, automated segmentation, denoising and spike extraction, all built on a highly parallelizable, modular, and extensible framework optimized for memory and speed. To aid automated segmentation, we introduce a corpus of 24 manually annotated datasets from different preparations, brain areas and voltage indicators. We benchmark VolPy against ground truth segmentation, simulations and electrophysiology recordings, and we compare its performance with existing algorithms in detecting spikes. Our results indicate that VolPy's performance in spike extraction and scalability are state-of-the-art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjia Cai
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Johannes Friedrich
- Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Amrita Singh
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - M. Hossein Eybposh
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Kaspar Podgorski
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Andrea Giovannucci
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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42
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Population imaging discrepancies between a genetically-encoded calcium indicator (GECI) versus a genetically-encoded voltage indicator (GEVI). Sci Rep 2021; 11:5295. [PMID: 33674659 PMCID: PMC7935943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically-encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are essential for studying brain function, while voltage indicators (GEVIs) are slowly permeating neuroscience. Fundamentally, GECI and GEVI measure different things, but both are advertised as reporters of “neuronal activity”. We quantified the similarities and differences between calcium and voltage imaging modalities, in the context of population activity (without single-cell resolution) in brain slices. GECI optical signals showed 8–20 times better SNR than GEVI signals, but GECI signals attenuated more with distance from the stimulation site. We show the exact temporal discrepancy between calcium and voltage imaging modalities, and discuss the misleading aspects of GECI imaging. For example, population voltage signals already repolarized to the baseline (~ disappeared), while the GECI signals were still near maximum. The region-to-region propagation latencies, easily captured by GEVI imaging, are blurred in GECI imaging. Temporal summation of GECI signals is highly exaggerated, causing uniform voltage events produced by neuronal populations to appear with highly variable amplitudes in GECI population traces. Relative signal amplitudes in GECI recordings are thus misleading. In simultaneous recordings from multiple sites, the compound EPSP signals in cortical neuropil (population signals) are less distorted by GEVIs than by GECIs.
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43
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Daria VR, Castañares ML, Bachor HA. Spatio-temporal parameters for optical probing of neuronal activity. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:13-33. [PMID: 33747244 PMCID: PMC7930150 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenge to understand the complex neuronal circuit functions in the mammalian brain has brought about a revolution in light-based neurotechnologies and optogenetic tools. However, while recent seminal works have shown excellent insights on the processing of basic functions such as sensory perception, memory, and navigation, understanding more complex brain functions is still unattainable with current technologies. We are just scratching the surface, both literally and figuratively. Yet, the path towards fully understanding the brain is not totally uncertain. Recent rapid technological advancements have allowed us to analyze the processing of signals within dendritic arborizations of single neurons and within neuronal circuits. Understanding the circuit dynamics in the brain requires a good appreciation of the spatial and temporal properties of neuronal activity. Here, we assess the spatio-temporal parameters of neuronal responses and match them with suitable light-based neurotechnologies as well as photochemical and optogenetic tools. We focus on the spatial range that includes dendrites and certain brain regions (e.g., cortex and hippocampus) that constitute neuronal circuits. We also review some temporal characteristics of some proteins and ion channels responsible for certain neuronal functions. With the aid of the photochemical and optogenetic markers, we can use light to visualize the circuit dynamics of a functioning brain. The challenge to understand how the brain works continue to excite scientists as research questions begin to link macroscopic and microscopic units of brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent R. Daria
- Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Hans-A. Bachor
- Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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44
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Fast variational alignment of non-flat 1D displacements for applications in neuroimaging. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 353:109076. [PMID: 33484744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of signal analysis and pattern matching, alignment of 1D signals for the comparison of signal morphologies is an important problem. For image processing and computer vision, 2D optical flow (OF) methods find wide application for motion analysis and image registration and variational OF methods have been continuously improved over the past decades. NEW METHOD We propose a variational method for the alignment and displacement estimation of 1D signals. We pose the estimation of non-flat displacements as an optimization problem with a similarity and smoothness term similar to variational OF estimation. To this end, we can make use of efficient optimization strategies that allow real-time applications on consumer grade hardware. RESULTS We apply our method to two applications from functional neuroimaging: The alignment of 2-photon imaging line scan recordings and the denoising of evoked and event-related potentials in single trial matrices. We can report state of the art results in terms of alignment quality and computing speeds. EXISTING METHODS Existing methods for 1D alignment target mostly constant displacements, do not allow native subsample precision or precise control over regularization or are slower than the proposed method. CONCLUSIONS Our method is implemented as a MATLAB toolbox and is online available. It is suitable for 1D alignment problems, where high accuracy and high speed is needed and non-constant displacements occur.
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45
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The Cellular Electrophysiological Properties Underlying Multiplexed Coding in Purkinje Cells. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1850-1863. [PMID: 33452223 PMCID: PMC7939085 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1719-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal firing patterns are crucial to underpin circuit level behaviors. In cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), both spike rates and pauses are used for behavioral coding, but the cellular mechanisms causing code transitions remain unknown. We use a well-validated PC model to explore the coding strategy that individual PCs use to process parallel fiber (PF) inputs. We find increasing input intensity shifts PCs from linear rate-coders to burst-pause timing-coders by triggering localized dendritic spikes. We validate dendritic spike properties with experimental data, elucidate spiking mechanisms, and predict spiking thresholds with and without inhibition. Both linear and burst-pause computations use individual branches as computational units, which challenges the traditional view of PCs as linear point neurons. Dendritic spike thresholds can be regulated by voltage state, compartmentalized channel modulation, between-branch interaction and synaptic inhibition to expand the dynamic range of linear computation or burst-pause computation. In addition, co-activated PF inputs between branches can modify somatic maximum spike rates and pause durations to make them carry analog signals. Our results provide new insights into the strategies used by individual neurons to expand their capacity of information processing. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding how neurons process information is a fundamental question in neuroscience. Purkinje cells (PCs) were traditionally regarded as linear point neurons. We used computational modeling to unveil their electrophysiological properties underlying the multiplexed coding strategy that is observed during behaviors. We demonstrate that increasing input intensity triggers localized dendritic spikes, shifting PCs from linear rate-coders to burst-pause timing-coders. Both coding strategies work at the level of individual dendritic branches. Our work suggests that PCs have the ability to implement branch-specific multiplexed coding at the cellular level, thereby increasing the capacity of cerebellar coding and learning.
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46
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Roome CJ, Kuhn B. Dendritic coincidence detection in Purkinje neurons of awake mice. eLife 2020; 9:59619. [PMID: 33345779 PMCID: PMC7771959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic coincidence detection is fundamental to neuronal processing yet remains largely unexplored in awake animals. Specifically, the underlying dendritic voltage–calcium relationship has not been directly addressed. Here, using simultaneous voltage and calcium two-photon imaging of Purkinje neuron spiny dendrites, we show how coincident synaptic inputs and resulting dendritic spikes modulate dendritic calcium signaling during sensory stimulation in awake mice. Sensory stimulation increased the rate of postsynaptic potentials and dendritic calcium spikes evoked by climbing fiber and parallel fiber synaptic input. These inputs are integrated in a time-dependent and nonlinear fashion to enhance the sensory-evoked dendritic calcium signal. Intrinsic supralinear dendritic mechanisms, including voltage-gated calcium channels and metabotropic glutamate receptors, are recruited cooperatively to expand the dynamic range of sensory-evoked dendritic calcium signals. This establishes how dendrites can use multiple interplaying mechanisms to perform coincidence detection, as a fundamental and ongoing feature of dendritic integration in behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Roome
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
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47
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Dorgans K, Kuhn B, Uusisaari MY. Imaging Subthreshold Voltage Oscillation With Cellular Resolution in the Inferior Olive in vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:607843. [PMID: 33381015 PMCID: PMC7767970 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.607843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage imaging with cellular resolution in mammalian brain slices is still a challenging task. Here, we describe and validate a method for delivery of the voltage-sensitive dye ANNINE-6plus (A6+) into tissue for voltage imaging that results in higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than conventional bath application methods. The not fully dissolved dye was injected into the inferior olive (IO) 0, 1, or 7 days prior to acute slice preparation using stereotactic surgery. We find that the voltage imaging improves after an extended incubation period in vivo in terms of labeled volume, homogeneous neuropil labeling with saliently labeled somata, and SNR. Preparing acute slices 7 days after the dye injection, the SNR is high enough to allow single-trial recording of IO subthreshold oscillations using wide-field (network-level) as well as high-magnification (single-cell level) voltage imaging with a CMOS camera. This method is easily adaptable to other brain regions where genetically-encoded voltage sensors are prohibitively difficult to use and where an ultrafast, pure electrochromic sensor, like A6+, is required. Due to the long-lasting staining demonstrated here, the method can be combined, for example, with deep-brain imaging using implantable GRIN lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dorgans
- Neuronal Rhythms in Movement Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Marylka Yoe Uusisaari
- Neuronal Rhythms in Movement Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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48
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Abstract
Chronic cranial window surgery is a critical procedure for in vivo imaging in neuroscience. Here, we describe our surgical protocol with several subtle improvements that increase the success rate significantly. The window allows high-quality imaging in head-fixed behaving mice within the first week after the surgical procedure and remains clear for months. We used this procedure to prepare mice for intrinsic signal imaging and two-photon imaging of layer 6 neurons in visual cortex. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Augustinaite and Kuhn (2020). Long-term, high-quality chronic cranial window for imaging applications Instructions for craniotomy and mounting of a cranial window with headplate Instructions for tracer, dye, and/or virus injection during the surgery Specific instructions for surgeries over primary visual cortex (V1) in mice
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49
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Leigh WA, Del Valle G, Kamran SA, Drumm BT, Tavakkoli A, Sanders KM, Baker SA. A high throughput machine-learning driven analysis of Ca 2+ spatio-temporal maps. Cell Calcium 2020; 91:102260. [PMID: 32795721 PMCID: PMC7530121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution Ca2+ imaging to study cellular Ca2+ behaviors has led to the creation of large datasets with a profound need for standardized and accurate analysis. To analyze these datasets, spatio-temporal maps (STMaps) that allow for 2D visualization of Ca2+ signals as a function of time and space are often used. Methods of STMap analysis rely on a highly arduous process of user defined segmentation and event-based data retrieval. These methods are often time consuming, lack accuracy, and are extremely variable between users. We designed a novel automated machine-learning based plugin for the analysis of Ca2+ STMaps (STMapAuto). The plugin includes optimized tools for Ca2+ signal preprocessing, automated segmentation, and automated extraction of key Ca2+ event information such as duration, spatial spread, frequency, propagation angle, and intensity in a variety of cell types including the Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). The plugin is fully implemented in Fiji and able to accurately detect and expeditiously quantify Ca2+ transient parameters from ICC. The plugin's speed of analysis of large-datasets was 197-fold faster than the commonly used single pixel-line method of analysis. The automated machine-learning based plugin described dramatically reduces opportunities for user error and provides a consistent method to allow high-throughput analysis of STMap datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley A Leigh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Guillermo Del Valle
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Sharif Amit Kamran
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Life & Health Science, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Co. Louth, Ireland
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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50
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Kuhn B, Picollo F, Carabelli V, Rispoli G. Advanced real-time recordings of neuronal activity with tailored patch pipettes, diamond multi-electrode arrays and electrochromic voltage-sensitive dyes. Pflugers Arch 2020; 473:15-36. [PMID: 33047171 PMCID: PMC7782438 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
To understand the working principles of the nervous system is key to figure out its electrical activity and how this activity spreads along the neuronal network. It is therefore crucial to develop advanced techniques aimed to record in real time the electrical activity, from compartments of single neurons to populations of neurons, to understand how higher functions emerge from coordinated activity. To record from single neurons, a technique will be presented to fabricate patch pipettes able to seal on any membrane with a single glass type and whose shanks can be widened as desired. This dramatically reduces access resistance during whole-cell recording allowing fast intracellular and, if required, extracellular perfusion. To simultaneously record from many neurons, biocompatible probes will be described employing multi-electrodes made with novel technologies, based on diamond substrates. These probes also allow to synchronously record exocytosis and neuronal excitability and to stimulate neurons. Finally, to achieve even higher spatial resolution, it will be shown how voltage imaging, employing fast voltage-sensitive dyes and two-photon microscopy, is able to sample voltage oscillations in the brain spatially resolved and voltage changes in dendrites of single neurons at millisecond and micrometre resolution in awake animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Kuhn
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Federico Picollo
- Department of Physics, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino and Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics, via Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Rispoli
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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