1
|
Wu Y, Liu J, Yu W, Zhang T, Mu H, Si G, Cui Z, Lin S, Zheng B, Qiu CW, Chen H, Ou Q. Monolithically Structured van der Waals Materials for Volume-Polariton Refraction and Focusing. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17065-17074. [PMID: 38885193 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Polaritons, hybrid light and matter waves, offer a platform for subwavelength on-chip light manipulation. Recent works on planar refraction and focusing of polaritons all rely on heterogeneous components with different refractive indices. A fundamental question, thus, arises whether it is possible to configure two-dimensional monolithic polariton lenses based on a single medium. Here, we design and fabricate a type of monolithic polariton lens by directly sculpting an individual hyperbolic van der Waals crystal. The in-plane polariton focusing through sculptured step-terraces is triggered by geometry-induced symmetry breaking of momentum matching in polariton refractions. We show that the monolithic polariton lenses can be robustly tuned by the rise of van der Waals terraces and their curvatures, achieving a subwavelength focusing resolution down to 10% of the free-space light wavelength. Fusing with transformation optics, monolithic polariton lenses with gradient effective refractive indices, such as Luneburg lenses and Maxwell's fisheye lenses, are expected by sculpting polaritonic structures with gradually varied depths. Our results bear potential in planar subwavelength lenses, integrated optical circuits, and photonic chips.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wu
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
- International Joint Innovation Centre, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Jingying Liu
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, VIC, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Wenzhi Yu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Haoran Mu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Guangyuan Si
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Zhenyang Cui
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
- International Joint Innovation Centre, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Shenghuang Lin
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
- International Joint Innovation Centre, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
- International Joint Innovation Centre, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Qingdong Ou
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, VIC, Clayton 3800, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton 3168, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Miller F, Chen R, Fröch J, Fang Z, Tara V, Geiger S, Majumdar A. Rewritable Photonic Integrated Circuit Canvas Based on Low-Loss Phase Change Material and Nanosecond Pulsed Lasers. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6844-6849. [PMID: 38804726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Programmable photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are an increasingly important platform in optical science and engineering. However, current programmable PICs are mostly formed through subtractive fabrication techniques, which limits the reconfigurability of the device and makes prototyping costly and time-consuming. A rewritable PIC architecture can circumvent these drawbacks, where PICs are repeatedly written and erased on a single PIC canvas. We demonstrate such a rewritable PIC platform by selective laser writing a layer of wide-band-gap phase change material (PCM) Sb2S3 with a low-cost benchtop setup. We show arbitrary patterning with resolution up to 300 nm and write dielectric assisted waveguides with a low optical loss of 0.0172 dB/μm. We envision that using this inexpensive benchtop platform thousands of PIC designs can be written, tested, and erased on the same chip without the need for lithography/etching tools or a nanofabrication facility, thus reducing manufacturing cost and increasing accessibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, 185 E. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Draper Scholar, The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 555 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, 185 E. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Johannes Fröch
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, 185 E. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, 3910 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zhuoran Fang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, 185 E. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Virat Tara
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, 185 E. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sarah Geiger
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 555 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Arka Majumdar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, 185 E. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, 3910 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Conrads L, Schüler L, Wirth KG, Wuttig M, Taubner T. Direct programming of confined surface phonon polariton resonators with the plasmonic phase-change material In 3SbTe 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3472. [PMID: 38658601 PMCID: PMC11043413 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tailoring light-matter interaction is essential to realize nanophotonic components. It can be achieved with surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs), an excitation of photons coupled with phonons of polar crystals, which also occur in 2d materials such as hexagonal boron nitride or anisotropic crystals. Ultra-confined resonances are observed by restricting the SPhPs to cavities. Phase-change materials (PCMs) enable non-volatile programming of these cavities based on a change in the refractive index. Recently, the plasmonic PCM In3SbTe2 (IST) was introduced which can be reversibly switched from an amorphous dielectric state to a crystalline metallic one in the entire infrared to realize numerous nanoantenna geometries. However, reconfiguring SPhP resonators to modify the confined polaritons modes remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate direct programming of confined SPhP resonators by phase-switching IST on top of a polar silicon carbide crystal and investigate the strongly confined resonance modes with scanning near-field optical microscopy. Reconfiguring the size of the resonators themselves result in enhanced mode confinements up to a value of λ / 35 . Finally, unconventional cavity shapes with complex field patterns are explored as well. This study is a first step towards rapid prototyping of reconfigurable SPhP resonators that can be easily transferred to hyperbolic and anisotropic 2d materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Conrads
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Luis Schüler
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Konstantin G Wirth
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Taubner
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Xu F, Huang Y, Gao L. Temporal dynamics of surface phonon polaritons in polar dielectric nanoparticles with nonlocality. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:15136-15146. [PMID: 38859172 DOI: 10.1364/oe.519622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) supported by polar dielectrics have been a promising platform for nanophotonics in mid-infrared spectral range. In this work, the temporal dynamic behavior of polar dielectric nanoparticles without (or with) spatial dispersion/nonlocality driven by the ultrashort Gaussian pulses is carried out. We demonstrate that three possible scenarios for the temporal evolutions of the dipole moment including ultrafast oscillations with the decay, exponential decay, and keeping a Gaussian shape exist, when the pulse duration of the incident field is much shorter than, similar to, and much longer than the localized SPhP lifetime. Once the nonlocal effect is considered, the oscillation period becomes large slightly, and the exponential decay turns fast. Furthermore, nonlocality-induced novel temporal behavior is found such as the decay with long-period oscillations when the center frequency of the incident pulse lies at the frequency of adjacent longitudinal resonant modes. The positive and negative time-shifts of the dielectric response reveal that the excitation of the dipole moment will be delayed or advanced. These temporal evolutions can pave the way towards potential applications in the modulation of ultrafast signals for the mid-infrared optoelectronic nanodevices.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yan Q, Lu D, Chen Q, Luo X, Xu M, Zhang Z, Yang X, Zhang X, Li P. Hybrid Ghost Phonon Polaritons in Thin-Film Heterostructure. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4346-4353. [PMID: 38587212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Ghost phonon polaritons (g-PhPs), a unique class of phonon polaritons in the infrared, feature ultralong diffractionless propagation (>20 μm) across the surface and tilted wavefronts in the bulk. Here, we study hybrid g-PhPs in a heterostructure of calcite and an ultrathin film of the phase change material (PCM) In3SbTe2, where the optical field is bound in the PCM film with enhanced confinement compared with conventional g-PhPs. Near-field optical images for hybrid g-PhPs reveal a lemniscate pattern in the momentum distribution. We fabricated In3SbTe2 gratings and investigated how different orientations and periodicities of gratings impact the propagation of hybrid g-PhPs. As the grating period decreases to zero, the wavefront of hybrid g-PhPs can be dynamically steered by varying the grating orientation. Our results highlight the promise of hybrid g-PhPs with tunable functionalities for nanophotonic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Yan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Dunzhu Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Qiyu Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Ming Xu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xinliang Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei 430074, China
- Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
| | - Peining Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cui Z, Xia S, Shen L, Zheng B, Chen H, Wu Y. Polariton Microfluidics for Nonreciprocal Dragging and Reconfigurable Shaping of Polaritons. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1360-1366. [PMID: 38252685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Dielectric environment engineering is an efficient and general approach to manipulating polaritons. Liquids serving as the surrounding media of polaritons have been used to shift polariton dispersions and tailor polariton wavefronts. However, those liquid-based methods have so far been limited to their static states, not fully unleashing the promise offered by the mobility of liquids. Here, we propose a microfluidic strategy for polariton manipulation by merging polaritonics with microfluidics. The diffusion of fluids causes gradient refractive indices over microchannels, which breaks the symmetry of polariton dispersions and realizes the microfluidic analogue to nonreciprocal polariton dragging. Based on polariton microfluidics, we also designed a set of on-chip polaritonic elements to actively shape polaritons, including planar lenses, off-axis lenses, Janus lenses, bends, and splitters. Our strategy expands the toolkit for the manipulation of polaritons at the subwavelength scale and possesses potential in the fields of polariton biochemistry and molecular sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Sihao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Lian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu C, Deng H, Huang YS, Yu H, Takeuchi I, Ríos Ocampo CA, Li M. Freeform direct-write and rewritable photonic integrated circuits in phase-change thin films. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1361. [PMID: 38181081 PMCID: PMC10775994 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) with rapid prototyping and reprogramming capabilities promise revolutionary impacts on a plethora of photonic technologies. We report direct-write and rewritable photonic circuits on a low-loss phase-change material (PCM) thin film. Complete end-to-end PICs are directly laser-written in one step without additional fabrication processes, and any part of the circuit can be erased and rewritten, facilitating rapid design modification. We demonstrate the versatility of this technique for diverse applications, including an optical interconnect fabric for reconfigurable networking, a photonic crossbar array for optical computing, and a tunable optical filter for optical signal processing. By combining the programmability of the direct laser writing technique with PCM, our technique unlocks opportunities for programmable photonic networking, computing, and signal processing. Moreover, the rewritable photonic circuits enable rapid prototyping and testing in a convenient and cost-efficient manner, eliminate the need for nanofabrication facilities, and thus promote the proliferation of photonics research and education to a broader community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changming Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Haoqin Deng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yi-Siou Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Heshan Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Carlos A. Ríos Ocampo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang H, Kumar A, Dai S, Lin X, Jacob Z, Oh SH, Menon V, Narimanov E, Kim YD, Wang JP, Avouris P, Martin Moreno L, Caldwell J, Low T. Planar hyperbolic polaritons in 2D van der Waals materials. Nat Commun 2024; 15:69. [PMID: 38167681 PMCID: PMC10761702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Anisotropic planar polaritons - hybrid electromagnetic modes mediated by phonons, plasmons, or excitons - in biaxial two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals crystals have attracted significant attention due to their fundamental physics and potential nanophotonic applications. In this Perspective, we review the properties of planar hyperbolic polaritons and the variety of methods that can be used to experimentally tune them. We argue that such natural, planar hyperbolic media should be fairly common in biaxial and uniaxial 2D and 1D van der Waals crystals, and identify the untapped opportunities they could enable for functional (i.e. ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric) polaritons. Lastly, we provide our perspectives on the technological applications of such planar hyperbolic polaritons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, 315211, Ningbo, China
| | - Anshuman Kumar
- Laboratory of Optics of Quantum Materials, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Siyuan Dai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Research and Education Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Xiao Lin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zubin Jacob
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Physics, City College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Evgenii Narimanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Young Duck Kim
- Department of Physics and Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Phaedon Avouris
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Luis Martin Moreno
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Departamento de Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Joshua Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Tony Low
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A. Numerically Exact Solution for a Real Polaritonic System under Vibrational Strong Coupling in Thermodynamic Equilibrium: Loss of Light-Matter Entanglement and Enhanced Fluctuations. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:8801-8814. [PMID: 37972347 PMCID: PMC10720342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The first numerically exact simulation of a full ab initio molecular quantum system (HD+) under strong ro-vibrational coupling to a quantized optical cavity mode in thermal equilibrium is presented. Theoretical challenges in describing strongly coupled systems of mixed quantum statistics (bosons and Fermions) are discussed and circumvented by the specific choice of our molecular system. Our numerically exact simulations highlight the absence of zero temperature for the strongly coupled matter and light subsystems, due to cavity-induced noncanonical conditions. Furthermore, we explore the temperature dependency of light-matter quantum entanglement, which emerges for the ground state but is quickly lost already in the deep cryogenic regime. This is in contrast to predictions from the Jaynes-Cummings model, which is the standard starting point to model collective strong-coupling chemistry phenomenologically. Moreover, we find that the fluctuations of matter remain modified by the quantum nature of the thermal and vacuum-field fluctuations for significant temperatures, e.g., at ambient conditions. These observations (loss of entanglement and coupling to quantum fluctuations) have implications for the understanding and control of polaritonic chemistry and materials science, since a semiclassical theoretical description of light-matter interaction becomes reasonable, but the typical (classical) canonical equilibrium assumption for the nuclear subsystem remains violated. This opens the door for quantum fluctuation-induced stochastic resonance phenomena under vibrational strong coupling, which have been suggested as a plausible theoretical mechanism to explain the experimentally observed resonance phenomena in the absence of periodic driving that has not yet been fully understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang X, Lu X, Xia Z. Realization of a photoswitchable anapole metasurface based on phase change material Ge 2Sb 2Te 5. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:9253-9260. [PMID: 38108695 DOI: 10.1364/ao.503134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The electromagnetic anapole mode originates from the phase cancellation interference between the far-field radiation of an oscillating electric dipole moment and toroidal dipole moment, which presents a radiation-free state of light while enhancing the near-field, and has potential applications in micro- and nanophotonics. The active control of the anapole is crucial for the design and realization of tunable photonic devices. In this paper, we realize dynamic tuning of an anapole metasurface and metasurface optical switching based on the phase change material G e 2 S b 2 T e 5 (GST). By utilizing the destructive interference of the electric dipole moment and ring dipole moment, we design the non-radiative anapole mode. At the same time, we introduce the phase change material GST to dynamically regulate the intensity and position of the far-field scattering, electric field, and transmission spectra, and to realize the transition from anapole mode to electric dipole mode. At the same time, the modulation of the transmission spectrum by the metasurface after the addition of GST film is achieved. A relative transmission modulation of 640.62% is achieved. Our study provides ideas for realizing effective active modulation of active micro- and nanophotonic devices, and promotes active modulation of active micro- and nanophotonic devices in lasers and filters and potential applications in dynamic near-field imaging.
Collapse
|
11
|
He M, Matson JR, Yu M, Cleri A, Sunku SS, Janzen E, Mastel S, Folland TG, Edgar JH, Basov DN, Maria JP, Law S, Caldwell JD. Polariton design and modulation via van der Waals/doped semiconductor heterostructures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7965. [PMID: 38042825 PMCID: PMC10693602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) can be supported in materials where the real parts of their permittivities along different directions are opposite in sign. HPhPs offer confinements of long-wavelength light to deeply subdiffractional scales, while the evanescent field allows for interactions with substrates, enabling the tuning of HPhPs by altering the underlying materials. Yet, conventionally used noble metal and dielectric substrates restrict the tunability of this approach. To overcome this challenge, here we show that doped semiconductor substrates, e.g., InAs and CdO, enable a significant tuning effect and dynamic modulations. We elucidated HPhP tuning with the InAs plasma frequency in the near-field, with a maximum difference of 8.3 times. Moreover, the system can be dynamically modulated by photo-injecting carriers into the InAs substrate, leading to a wavevector change of ~20%. Overall, the demonstrated hBN/doped semiconductor platform offers significant improvements towards manipulating HPhPs, and potential for engineered and modulated polaritonic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Joseph R Matson
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Mingyu Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Angela Cleri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sai S Sunku
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Stephanie Law
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou Y, Waelchli A, Boselli M, Crassee I, Bercher A, Luo W, Duan J, van Mechelen JLM, van der Marel D, Teyssier J, Rischau CW, Korosec L, Gariglio S, Triscone JM, Kuzmenko AB. Thermal and electrostatic tuning of surface phonon-polaritons in LaAlO 3/SrTiO 3 heterostructures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7686. [PMID: 38001108 PMCID: PMC10673882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phonon polaritons are promising for infrared applications due to a strong light-matter coupling and subwavelength energy confinement they offer. Yet, the spectral narrowness of the phonon bands and difficulty to tune the phonon polariton properties hinder further progress in this field. SrTiO3 - a prototype perovskite oxide - has recently attracted attention due to two prominent far-infrared phonon polaritons bands, albeit without any tuning reported so far. Here we show, using cryogenic infrared near-field microscopy, that long-propagating surface phonon polaritons are present both in bare SrTiO3 and in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures hosting a two-dimensional electron gas. The presence of the two-dimensional electron gas increases dramatically the thermal variation of the upper limit of the surface phonon polariton band due to temperature dependent polaronic screening of the surface charge carriers. Furthermore, we demonstrate a tunability of the upper surface phonon polariton frequency in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 via electrostatic gating. Our results suggest that oxide interfaces are a new platform bridging unconventional electronics and long-wavelength nanophotonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Zhou
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nano-Photonics and Nano-Structure (NPNS), Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Adrien Waelchli
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Margherita Boselli
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Iris Crassee
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Bercher
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Weiwei Luo
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jiahua Duan
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
| | - J L M van Mechelen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Dirk van der Marel
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Teyssier
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Carl Willem Rischau
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Korosec
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Gariglio
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Triscone
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Alexey B Kuzmenko
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nobile N, Erickson JR, Ríos C, Zhang Y, Hu J, Vitale SA, Xiong F, Youngblood N. Time-Resolved Temperature Mapping Leveraging the Strong Thermo-Optic Effect in Phase-Change Materials. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:3576-3585. [PMID: 37869555 PMCID: PMC10588450 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical phase-change materials are highly promising for emerging applications such as tunable metasurfaces, reconfigurable photonic circuits, and non-von Neumann computing. However, these materials typically require both high melting temperatures and fast quenching rates to reversibly switch between their crystalline and amorphous phases: a significant challenge for large-scale integration. In this work, we use temperature-dependent ellipsometry to study the thermo-optic effect in GST and use these results to demonstrate an experimental technique that leverages the thermo-optic effect in GST to enable both spatial and temporal thermal measurements of two common electro-thermal microheater designs currently used by the phase-change community. Our approach shows excellent agreement between experimental results and numerical simulations and provides a noninvasive method for rapid characterization of electrically programmable phase-change devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas
A. Nobile
- University
of Pittsburgh, Deppartments of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - John R. Erickson
- University
of Pittsburgh, Deppartments of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Carlos Ríos
- University
of Maryland, Departments of
Materials Science and Engineering, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- University
of Maryland, Institute for Research
in Electronics and Applied Physics, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yifei Zhang
- MIT, Departments of
Materials Science and Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Juejun Hu
- MIT, Departments of
Materials Science and Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Steven A. Vitale
- Advanced
Materials and Microsystems Group, MIT Lincoln
Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Feng Xiong
- University
of Pittsburgh, Deppartments of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Nathan Youngblood
- University
of Pittsburgh, Deppartments of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao Y, Li G, Yao Y, Chen J, Xue M, Bao L, Jin K, Ge C, Chen J. Tunable heterostructural prism for planar polaritonic switch. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:1757-1763. [PMID: 37507260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The study of phonon polaritons in van der Waals materials at the nanoscale has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential applications in nanophotonics. The unique properties of these materials, such as their ability to support sub-diffraction imaging, sensing, and hyperlenses, have made them a promising avenue for the development of new techniques in the field. Despite these advancements, there still exists a challenge in achieving dynamically reversible manipulation of phonon polaritons in these materials due to their insulating properties. In this study, we present experimental results on the reversible manipulation of anisotropic phonon polaritons in α-MoO3 on top of a VO2 film, a phase-change material known for its dramatic changes in dielectric properties between its insulating and metallic states. Our findings demonstrate that the engineered VO2 film enables a switch in the propagation of polaritons in the mid-infrared region by modifying the dielectric properties of the film through temperature changes. Our results represent a promising approach to effectively control the flow of light energy at the nanoscale and offer the potential for the design and fabrication of integrated, flat sub-diffraction polaritonic devices. This study adds to the growing body of work in the field of nanophotonics and highlights the importance of considering phase-change materials for the development of new techniques in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqian Zhao
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China; Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ge Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyu Yao
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117550, Singapore
| | - Jiancui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengfei Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihong Bao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Kuijuan Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chen Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jianing Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aryana K, Kim HJ, Popescu CC, Vitale S, Bae HB, Lee T, Gu T, Hu J. Toward Accurate Thermal Modeling of Phase Change Material-Based Photonic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2304145. [PMID: 37649187 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable or programmable photonic devices are rapidly growing and have become an integral part of many optical systems. The ability to selectively modulate electromagnetic waves through electrical stimuli is crucial in the advancement of a variety of applications from data communication and computing devices to environmental science and space explorations. Chalcogenide-based phase-change materials (PCMs) are one of the most promising material candidates for reconfigurable photonics due to their large optical contrast between their different solid-state structural phases. Although significant efforts have been devoted to accurate simulation of PCM-based devices, in this paper, three important aspects which have often evaded prior models yet having significant impacts on the thermal and phase transition behavior of these devices are highlighted: the enthalpy of fusion, the heat capacity change upon glass transition, as well as the thermal conductivity of liquid-phase PCMs. The important topic of switching energy scaling in PCM devices, which also helps explain why the three above-mentioned effects have long been overlooked in electronic PCM memories but only become important in photonics, is further investigated. These findings offer insight to facilitate accurate modeling of PCM-based photonic devices and can inform the development of more efficient reconfigurable optics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
| | - Cosmin-Constantin Popescu
- Department of Materials & Science Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Steven Vitale
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Hyung Bin Bae
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Taewoo Lee
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Tian Gu
- Department of Materials & Science Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials & Science Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Matson J, Wasserroth S, Ni X, Obst M, Diaz-Granados K, Carini G, Renzi EM, Galiffi E, Folland TG, Eng LM, Michael Klopf J, Mastel S, Armster S, Gambin V, Wolf M, Kehr SC, Alù A, Paarmann A, Caldwell JD. Controlling the propagation asymmetry of hyperbolic shear polaritons in beta-gallium oxide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5240. [PMID: 37640711 PMCID: PMC10462611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural anisotropy in crystals is crucial for controlling light propagation, particularly in the infrared spectral regime where optical frequencies overlap with crystalline lattice resonances, enabling light-matter coupled quasiparticles called phonon polaritons (PhPs). Exploring PhPs in anisotropic materials like hBN and MoO3 has led to advancements in light confinement and manipulation. In a recent study, PhPs in the monoclinic crystal β-Ga2O3 (bGO) were shown to exhibit strongly asymmetric propagation with a frequency dispersive optical axis. Here, using scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), we directly image the symmetry-broken propagation of hyperbolic shear polaritons in bGO. Further, we demonstrate the control and enhancement of shear-induced propagation asymmetry by varying the incident laser orientation and polariton momentum using different sizes of nano-antennas. Finally, we observe significant rotation of the hyperbola axis by changing the frequency of incident light. Our findings lay the groundwork for the widespread utilization and implementation of polaritons in low-symmetry crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sören Wasserroth
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiang Ni
- School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maximilian Obst
- Institute of Applied Physics, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Giulia Carini
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Maria Renzi
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emanuele Galiffi
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lukas M Eng
- Institute of Applied Physics, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Sean Armster
- NG NEXT, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Redondo Beach, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Gambin
- NG NEXT, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Redondo Beach, CA, USA
| | - Martin Wolf
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne C Kehr
- Institute of Applied Physics, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen M, Zhong Y, Harris E, Li J, Zheng Z, Chen H, Wu JS, Jarillo-Herrero P, Ma Q, Edgar JH, Lin X, Dai S. Van der Waals isotope heterostructures for engineering phonon polariton dispersions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4782. [PMID: 37553366 PMCID: PMC10409777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40449-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Element isotopes are characterized by distinct atomic masses and nuclear spins, which can significantly influence material properties. Notably, however, isotopes in natural materials are homogenously distributed in space. Here, we propose a method to configure material properties by repositioning isotopes in engineered van der Waals (vdW) isotopic heterostructures. We showcase the properties of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) isotopic heterostructures in engineering confined photon-lattice waves-hyperbolic phonon polaritons. By varying the composition, stacking order, and thicknesses of h10BN and h11BN building blocks, hyperbolic phonon polaritons can be engineered into a variety of energy-momentum dispersions. These confined and tailored polaritons are promising for various nanophotonic and thermal functionalities. Due to the universality and importance of isotopes, our vdW isotope heterostructuring method can be applied to engineer the properties of a broad range of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- Materials Research and Education Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Y Zhong
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - E Harris
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, MA, 02467, USA
| | - J Li
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Z Zheng
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA, 02139, USA
| | - H Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
| | - J-S Wu
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30050, Taiwan
| | - P Jarillo-Herrero
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Q Ma
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, MA, 02467, USA
| | - J H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - X Lin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - S Dai
- Materials Research and Education Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
He M, Hoogendoorn L, Dixit S, Pan Z, Lu G, Diaz-Granados K, Li D, Caldwell JD. Guided Polaritons along the Forbidden Direction in MoO 3 with Geometrical Confinement. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37235534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Highly anisotropic materials show great promise for spatial control and the manipulation of polaritons. In-plane hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) supported by α-phase molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) allow for wave propagation with a high directionality due to the hyperbola-shaped isofrequency contour (IFC). However, the IFC prohibits propagations along the [001] axis, hindering information or energy flow. Here, we illustrate a novel approach to manipulating the HPhP propagation direction. We experimentally demonstrate that geometrical confinement in the [100] axis can guide HPhPs along the forbidden direction with phase velocity becoming negative. We further developed an analytical model to provide insights into this transition. Moreover, as the guided HPhPs are formed in-plane, modal profiles were directly imaged to further expand our understanding of the formation of HPhPs. Our work reveals a possibility for manipulating HPhPs and paves the way for promising applications in metamaterials, nanophotonics, and quantum optics based on natural van der Waals materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, USA
| | - Levi Hoogendoorn
- Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering (VINSE), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, USA
- Integrated Science Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, USA
| | - Zhiliang Pan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, USA
| | - Guanyu Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, USA
| | - Katja Diaz-Granados
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, USA
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, USA
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Miller F, Chen R, Fröch JE, Rarick H, Geiger S, Majumdar A. Rewritable photonic integrated circuits using dielectric-assisted phase-change material waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2385-2388. [PMID: 37126279 DOI: 10.1364/ol.486403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) can drastically expand the capabilities of quantum and classical optical information science and engineering. PICs are commonly fabricated using selective material etching, a subtractive process. Thus, the chip's functionality cannot be substantially altered once fabricated. Here, we propose to exploit wide-bandgap non-volatile phase-change materials (PCMs) to create rewritable PICs. A PCM-based PIC can be written using a nanosecond pulsed laser without removing any material, akin to rewritable compact disks. The whole circuit can then be erased by heating, and a new circuit can be rewritten. We designed a dielectric-assisted PCM waveguide consisting of a thick dielectric layer on top of a thin layer of wide-bandgap PCMs Sb2S3 and Sb2Se3. The low-loss PCMs and our designed waveguides lead to negligible optical loss. Furthermore, we analyzed the spatiotemporal laser pulse shape to write the PICs. Our proposed platform will enable low-cost manufacturing and have a far-reaching impact on the rapid prototyping of PICs, validation of new designs, and photonic education.
Collapse
|
20
|
Herzig Sheinfux H, Jung M, Orsini L, Ceccanti M, Mahalanabish A, Martinez-Cercós D, Torre I, Barcons Ruiz D, Janzen E, Edgar JH, Pruneri V, Shvets G, Koppens FHL. Transverse Hypercrystals Formed by Periodically Modulated Phonon Polaritons. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7377-7383. [PMID: 37010352 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystals and metamaterials are two overarching paradigms for manipulating light. By combining these approaches, hypercrystals can be created, which are hyperbolic dispersion metamaterials that undergo periodic modulation and mix photonic-crystal-like aspects with hyperbolic dispersion physics. Despite several attempts, there has been limited experimental realization of hypercrystals due to technical and design constraints. In this work, hypercrystals with nanoscale lattice constants ranging from 25 to 160 nm were created. The Bloch modes of these crystals were then measured directly using scattering near-field microscopy. The dispersion of the Bloch modes was extracted from the frequency dependence of the Bloch modes, revealing a clear switch from positive to negative group velocity. Furthermore, spectral features specific to hypercrystals were observed in the form of sharp density of states peaks, which are a result of intermodal coupling and should not appear in ordinary polaritonic crystals with an equivalent geometry. These findings are in agreement with theoretical predictions that even simple lattices can exhibit a rich hypercrystal bandstructure. This work is of both fundamental and practical interest, providing insight into nanoscale light-matter interactions and the potential to manipulate the optical density of states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Minwoo Jung
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lorenzo Orsini
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matteo Ceccanti
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aditya Mahalanabish
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Iacopo Torre
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Barcons Ruiz
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Durland Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5102, United States
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Durland Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5102, United States
| | - Valerio Pruneri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Frank H L Koppens
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guo X, Lyu W, Chen T, Luo Y, Wu C, Yang B, Sun Z, García de Abajo FJ, Yang X, Dai Q. Polaritons in Van der Waals Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2201856. [PMID: 36121344 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
2D monolayers supporting a wide variety of highly confined plasmons, phonon polaritons, and exciton polaritons can be vertically stacked in van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) with controlled constituent layers, stacking sequence, and even twist angles. vdWHs combine advantages of 2D material polaritons, rich optical structure design, and atomic scale integration, which have greatly extended the performance and functions of polaritons, such as wide frequency range, long lifetime, ultrafast all-optical modulation, and photonic crystals for nanoscale light. Here, the state of the art of 2D material polaritons in vdWHs from the perspective of design principles and potential applications is reviewed. Some fundamental properties of polaritons in vdWHs are initially discussed, followed by recent discoveries of plasmons, phonon polaritons, exciton polaritons, and their hybrid modes in vdWHs. The review concludes with a perspective discussion on potential applications of these polaritons such as nanophotonic integrated circuits, which will benefit from the intersection between nanophotonics and materials science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tinghan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bei Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering and QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu W, Fang W, Shi T, Ming X, Wang Y, Xie L, Peng L, Chen HT, Ying Y. Plasmonic Terahertz Devices and Sensors Based on Carbon Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12560-12569. [PMID: 36847242 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tunable terahertz (THz) photonic devices are imperative in a wide range of applications ranging from THz signal modulation to molecular sensing. One of the currently prevailing methods is based on arrays of metallic or dielectric resonators integrated with functional materials in response to an external stimulus, in which for the purpose of sensing the external stimuli may introduce inadvertent undesirable effects into the target samples to be measured. Here we developed an alternative approach by postprocessing nanothickness macro-assembled graphene (nMAG) films with widely tunable THz conductivity, enabling versatile solid-state THz devices and sensors, showing multifunctional nMAG-based applications. The THz conductivities of free-standing nMAGs showed a broad range from 1.2 × 103 S/m in reduced graphene oxide before annealing to 4.0 × 106 S/m in a nMAG film annealed at 2800 °C. We fabricated nMAG/dielectric/metal and nMAG/dielectric/nMAG THz Salisbury absorbers with broad reflectance ranging from 0% to 80%. The highly conductive nMAG films enabled THz metasurfaces for sensing applications. Taking advantage of the resonant field enhancement arising from the plasmonic metasurface structures and the strong interactions between analyte molecules and nMAG films, we successfully detected diphenylamine with a limit of detection of 4.2 pg. Those wafer-scale nMAG films present promising potential in high-performance THz electronics, photonics, and sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendao Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wenzhang Fang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Teng Shi
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Xin Ming
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Li Peng
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Hou-Tong Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cortés E, Wendisch FJ, Sortino L, Mancini A, Ezendam S, Saris S, de S. Menezes L, Tittl A, Ren H, Maier SA. Optical Metasurfaces for Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15082-15176. [PMID: 35728004 PMCID: PMC9562288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured surfaces with designed optical functionalities, such as metasurfaces, allow efficient harvesting of light at the nanoscale, enhancing light-matter interactions for a wide variety of material combinations. Exploiting light-driven matter excitations in these artificial materials opens up a new dimension in the conversion and management of energy at the nanoscale. In this review, we outline the impact, opportunities, applications, and challenges of optical metasurfaces in converting the energy of incoming photons into frequency-shifted photons, phonons, and energetic charge carriers. A myriad of opportunities await for the utilization of the converted energy. Here we cover the most pertinent aspects from a fundamental nanoscopic viewpoint all the way to applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cortés
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,
| | - Fedja J. Wendisch
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Sortino
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Ezendam
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Seryio Saris
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Leonardo de S. Menezes
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal de
Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Haoran Ren
- MQ Photonics
Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Macquarie
Park, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Stefan A. Maier
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,School
of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,Department
of Phyiscs, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lian X, Liu C, Fu J, Liu X, Ren Q, Wan X, Xiao W, Cai Z, Wang L. Design of plasmonic enhanced all-optical phase-change memory for secondary storage applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:495204. [PMID: 35973383 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac89f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phase-change optical device has recently gained tremendous interest due to its ultra-fast transmitting speed, multiplexing and large bandwidth. However, majority of phase-change optical devices are only devoted to on-chip components such as optical tensor core and optical main memory, while developing a secondary storage memory in an optical manner is rarely reported. To address this issue, we propose a novel phase-change optical memory based on plasmonic resonance effects for secondary storage applications. Such design makes use of the plasmonic dimer nanoantenna to generate plasmonic resonance inside the chalcogenide alloy, and thus enables the performance improvements in terms of energy consumption and switching speed. It is found that choosing height, radius, and separation of the plasmonic nanoantenna as 10 nm, 150 nm, and 10 nm, respectively, allows for a write/erase energies of 100 and 240 pJ and a write/erase speed of 10 ns for crystallization and amorphization processes, respectively. Such performance merits encouragingly prevail conventional secondary storage memories and thus pave a route towards the advent of all-optical computer in near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Lian
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunhu Liu
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinke Fu
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingying Ren
- Electrical and Electronic Center, College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wan
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanang Xiao
- Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu JITRI Intelligent Integrated Circuit Design Technology Co., Ltd, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214028, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikuang Cai
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Aghamiri NA, Hu G, Fali A, Zhang Z, Li J, Balendhran S, Walia S, Sriram S, Edgar JH, Ramanathan S, Alù A, Abate Y. Reconfigurable hyperbolic polaritonics with correlated oxide metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4511. [PMID: 35922424 PMCID: PMC9349304 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polaritons enable subwavelength confinement and highly anisotropic flows of light over a wide spectral range, holding the promise for applications in modern nanophotonic and optoelectronic devices. However, to fully realize their practical application potential, facile methods enabling nanoscale active control of polaritons are needed. Here, we introduce a hybrid polaritonic-oxide heterostructure platform consisting of van der Waals crystals, such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) or alpha-phase molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3), transferred on nanoscale oxygen vacancy patterns on the surface of prototypical correlated perovskite oxide, samarium nickel oxide, SmNiO3 (SNO). Using a combination of scanning probe microscopy and infrared nanoimaging techniques, we demonstrate nanoscale reconfigurability of complex hyperbolic phonon polaritons patterned at the nanoscale with high resolution. Hydrogenation and temperature modulation allow spatially localized conductivity modulation of SNO nanoscale patterns, enabling robust real-time modulation and nanoscale reconfiguration of hyperbolic polaritons. Our work paves the way towards nanoscale programmable metasurface engineering for reconfigurable nanophotonic applications. Phonon polaritons in anisotropic van der Waals materials enable subwavelength confinement and controllable flow of light at the nanoscale. Here, the authors exploit correlated perovskite oxide (SmNiO3) substrates with tunable conductivity to obtain real-time modulation and nanoscale reconfiguration of hyperbolic polaritons in hBN and α-MoO3 crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Alireza Fali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jiahan Li
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KN, 66506, USA
| | | | - Sumeet Walia
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sharath Sriram
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KN, 66506, USA
| | - Shriram Ramanathan
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yohannes Abate
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Q, Ou Q, Si G, Hu G, Dong S, Chen Y, Ni J, Zhao C, Fuhrer MS, Yang Y, Alù A, Hillenbrand R, Qiu CW. Unidirectionally excited phonon polaritons in high-symmetry orthorhombic crystals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn9774. [PMID: 35905184 PMCID: PMC9337755 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn9774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Advanced control over the excitation of ultraconfined polaritons-hybrid light and matter waves-empowers unique opportunities for many nanophotonic functionalities, e.g., on-chip circuits, quantum information processing, and controlling thermal radiation. Recent work has shown that highly asymmetric polaritons are directly governed by asymmetries in crystal structures. Here, we experimentally demonstrate extremely asymmetric and unidirectional phonon polariton (PhP) excitation via directly patterning high-symmetry orthorhombic van der Waals (vdW) crystal α-MoO3. This phenomenon results from symmetry breaking of momentum matching in polaritonic diffraction in vdW materials. We show that the propagation of PhPs can be versatile and robustly tailored via structural engineering, while PhPs in low-symmetry (e.g., monoclinic and triclinic) crystals are largely restricted by their naturally occurring permittivities. Our work synergizes grating diffraction phenomena with the extreme anisotropy of high-symmetry vdW materials, enabling unexpected control of infrared polaritons along different pathways and opening opportunities for applications ranging from on-chip photonics to directional heat dissipation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qingdong Ou
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE) , Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Guangyuan Si
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Shaohua Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027 China
| | - Jincheng Ni
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Michael S. Fuhrer
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yuanjie Yang
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Andrea Alù
- Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zheng C, Simpson RE, Tang K, Ke Y, Nemati A, Zhang Q, Hu G, Lee C, Teng J, Yang JKW, Wu J, Qiu CW. Enabling Active Nanotechnologies by Phase Transition: From Electronics, Photonics to Thermotics. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15450-15500. [PMID: 35894820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phase transitions can occur in certain materials such as transition metal oxides (TMOs) and chalcogenides when there is a change in external conditions such as temperature and pressure. Along with phase transitions in these phase change materials (PCMs) come dramatic contrasts in various physical properties, which can be engineered to manipulate electrons, photons, polaritons, and phonons at the nanoscale, offering new opportunities for reconfigurable, active nanodevices. In this review, we particularly discuss phase-transition-enabled active nanotechnologies in nonvolatile electrical memory, tunable metamaterials, and metasurfaces for manipulation of both free-space photons and in-plane polaritons, and multifunctional emissivity control in the infrared (IR) spectrum. The fundamentals of PCMs are first introduced to explain the origins and principles of phase transitions. Thereafter, we discuss multiphysical nanodevices for electronic, photonic, and thermal management, attesting to the broad applications and exciting promises of PCMs. Emerging trends and valuable applications in all-optical neuromorphic devices, thermal data storage, and encryption are outlined in the end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Robert E Simpson
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Kechao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MOE), School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujie Ke
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Arash Nemati
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Singapore 487372, Singapore.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California 94720, United States
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang T, Zheng C, Chen ZN, Qiu CW. Negative Reflection and Negative Refraction in Biaxial van der Waals Materials. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5607-5614. [PMID: 35771963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Negative reflection and negative refraction are exotic phenomena that can be achieved by platforms such as double-negative metamaterial, hyperbolic metamaterial, and phase-discontinuity metasurface. Recently, natural biaxial van der Waals (vdW) materials, which support extremely anisotropic, low-loss, and highly confined polaritons from infrared to visible regime, are emerging as promising candidates for planar reflective and refractive optics. Here, we introduce three degrees of freedom, namely interface, crystal direction, and electric tunability, to manipulate the reflection and refraction of the polaritons. With broken in-plane symmetry contributed by the interface and crystal direction, distinguished reflection, and refraction such as negative and backward reflection, positive and negative refraction could exist simultaneously and exhibit high tunability. The numerical simulations show good consistency with the theoretical analysis. Our findings provide a robust recipe for the realization of negative reflection and refraction in biaxial vdW materials, paving the way for the polaritonics and on-chip integrated circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Chunqi Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Zhi Ning Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Qu Y, Chen N, Teng H, Hu H, Sun J, Yu R, Hu D, Xue M, Li C, Wu B, Chen J, Sun Z, Liu M, Liu Y, García de Abajo FJ, Dai Q. Tunable Planar Focusing Based on Hyperbolic Phonon Polaritons in α-MoO 3. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105590. [PMID: 35238092 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of the propagation and energy-transport characteristics of subwavelength infrared (IR) light fields is critical for the application of nanophotonic devices in photocatalysis, biosensing, and thermal management. In this context, metamaterials are useful composite materials, although traditional metal-based structures are constrained by their weak mid-IR response, while their associated capabilities for optical propagation and focusing are limited by the size of attainable artificial optical structures and the poor performance of the available active means of control. Herein, a tunable planar focusing device operating in the mid-IR region is reported by exploiting highly oriented in-plane hyperbolic phonon polaritons in α-MoO3 . Specifically, an unprecedented change of effective focal length of polariton waves from 0.7 to 7.4 μm is demonstrated by the following three different means of control: the dimension of the device, the employed light frequency, and engineering of phonon-plasmon hybridization. The high confinement characteristics of phonon polaritons in α-MoO3 permit the focal length and focal spot size to be reduced to 1/15 and 1/33 of the incident wavelength, respectively. In particular, the anisotropic phonon polaritons supported in α-MoO3 are combined with tunable surface-plasmon polaritons in graphene to realize in situ and dynamical control of the focusing performance, thus paving the way for phonon-polariton-based planar nanophotonic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Na Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hanchao Teng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hai Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhe Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Renwen Yu
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), 08860, Spain
| | - Debo Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mengfei Xue
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
- The Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Chen
- The Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-02150, Finland
- QTF Centre of Excellence Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), 08860, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Deng N, Long H, Wang K, Han X, Wang B, Wang K, Lu P. Giant optical anisotropy of WS 2flakes in the visible region characterized by Au substrate assisted near-field optical microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:345201. [PMID: 35508119 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6c96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) have attracted considerable attention in the field of photonic integrated circuits due to their giant optical anisotropy. However, on account of their inherent loss in the visible region and the difficulty of measuring high refractive index materials, near-field characterizations of the optical anisotropy of TMD in the visible region have inherent experimental difficulties. In this work, we present a systematical characterization of the optical anisotropy in tungsten disulfide (WS2) flakes by using scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) excited at 671 nm. Transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic (TM) waveguide modes can be excited in WS2flakes with suitable thickness, respectively. With the assistance of the Au substrate, the contrast of the near-field fringes is enhanced in comparison with the SiO2substrate. By combining waveguide mode near-field imaging and theoretical calculations, the in-plane and out-of-plane refractive indexes of WS2are determined to be 4.96 and 3.01, respectively, indicating a high birefringence value up to 1.95. This work offers experimental evidence for the potential application of WS2in optoelectronic integrated circuits in the visible region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Deng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Long
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixiang Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People's Republic of China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zheng Z, Jiang J, Xu N, Wang X, Huang W, Ke Y, Zhang S, Chen H, Deng S. Controlling and Focusing In-Plane Hyperbolic Phonon Polaritons in α-MoO 3 with a Curved Plasmonic Antenna. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104164. [PMID: 34791711 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) sustained in polar van der Waals (vdW) crystals exhibit extraordinary confinement of long-wave electromagnetic fields to the deep subwavelength scale. In stark contrast to uniaxial vdW hyperbolic materials, recently emerged biaxial hyperbolic materials, such as α-MoO3 and α-V2 O5 , offer new degrees of freedom for controlling light in two-dimensions due to their distinctive in-plane hyperbolic dispersions. However, the control and focusing of these in-plane HPhPs remain elusive. Here, a versatile technique is proposed for launching, controlling, and focusing in-plane HPhPs in α-MoO3 with geometrically designed curved gold plasmonic antennas. It is found that the subwavelength manipulation and focusing behaviors are strongly dependent on the curvature of the antenna extremity. This strategy operates effectively in a broadband spectral region. These findings not only provide fundamental insights into the manipulation of light by biaxial hyperbolic crystals at the nanoscale but also open up new opportunities for planar nanophotonic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zebo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Jingyao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Ningsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ximiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Wuchao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Yanlin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Shouren Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications, Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, 450006, China
| | - Huanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Shaozhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Aryana K, Zhang Y, Tomko JA, Hoque MSB, Hoglund ER, Olson DH, Nag J, Read JC, Ríos C, Hu J, Hopkins PE. Suppressed electronic contribution in thermal conductivity of Ge 2Sb 2Se 4Te. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7187. [PMID: 34893593 PMCID: PMC8664948 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated nanophotonics is an emerging research direction that has attracted great interests for technologies ranging from classical to quantum computing. One of the key-components in the development of nanophotonic circuits is the phase-change unit that undergoes a solid-state phase transformation upon thermal excitation. The quaternary alloy, Ge2Sb2Se4Te, is one of the most promising material candidates for application in photonic circuits due to its broadband transparency and large optical contrast in the infrared spectrum. Here, we investigate the thermal properties of Ge2Sb2Se4Te and show that upon substituting tellurium with selenium, the thermal transport transitions from an electron dominated to a phonon dominated regime. By implementing an ultrafast mid-infrared pump-probe spectroscopy technique that allows for direct monitoring of electronic and vibrational energy carrier lifetimes in these materials, we find that this reduction in thermal conductivity is a result of a drastic change in electronic lifetimes of Ge2Sb2Se4Te, leading to a transition from an electron-dominated to a phonon-dominated thermal transport mechanism upon selenium substitution. In addition to thermal conductivity measurements, we provide an extensive study on the thermophysical properties of Ge2Sb2Se4Te thin films such as thermal boundary conductance, specific heat, and sound speed from room temperature to 400 °C across varying thicknesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiumars Aryana
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John A Tomko
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Md Shafkat Bin Hoque
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Eric R Hoglund
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - David H Olson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Joyeeta Nag
- Western Digital Corporation, San Jose, CA, 95119, USA
| | - John C Read
- Western Digital Corporation, San Jose, CA, 95119, USA
| | - Carlos Ríos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick E Hopkins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Barnett J, Wehmeier L, Heßler A, Lewin M, Pries J, Wuttig M, Klopf JM, Kehr SC, Eng LM, Taubner T. Far-Infrared Near-Field Optical Imaging and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy of Laser-Crystallized and -Amorphized Phase Change Material Ge 3Sb 2Te 6. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9012-9020. [PMID: 34665620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chalcogenide phase change materials reversibly switch between non-volatile states with vastly different optical properties, enabling novel active nanophotonic devices. However, a fundamental understanding of their laser-switching behavior is lacking and the resulting local optical properties are unclear at the nanoscale. Here, we combine infrared scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) to investigate four states of laser-switched Ge3Sb2Te6 (as-deposited amorphous, crystallized, reamorphized, and recrystallized) with nanometer lateral resolution. We find SNOM to be especially sensitive to differences between crystalline and amorphous states, while KPFM has higher sensitivity to changes introduced by melt-quenching. Using illumination from a free-electron laser, we use the higher sensitivity to free charge carriers of far-infrared (THz) SNOM compared to mid-infrared SNOM and find evidence that the local conductivity of crystalline states depends on the switching process. This insight into the local switching of optical properties is essential for developing active nanophotonic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Barnett
- I. Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Wehmeier
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- ct.qmat, Dresden-Würzburg Cluster of Excellence-EXC 2147, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Heßler
- I. Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Lewin
- I. Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Pries
- I. Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- I. Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Michael Klopf
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne C Kehr
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas M Eng
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- ct.qmat, Dresden-Würzburg Cluster of Excellence-EXC 2147, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Taubner
- I. Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Benea-Chelmus IC, Meretska ML, Elder DL, Tamagnone M, Dalton LR, Capasso F. Electro-optic spatial light modulator from an engineered organic layer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5928. [PMID: 34635655 PMCID: PMC8505481 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailored nanostructures provide at-will control over the properties of light, with applications in imaging and spectroscopy. Active photonics can further open new avenues in remote monitoring, virtual or augmented reality and time-resolved sensing. Nanomaterials with χ(2) nonlinearities achieve highest switching speeds. Current demonstrations typically require a trade-off: they either rely on traditional χ(2) materials, which have low non-linearities, or on application-specific quantum well heterostructures that exhibit a high χ(2) in a narrow band. Here, we show that a thin film of organic electro-optic molecules JRD1 in polymethylmethacrylate combines desired merits for active free-space optics: broadband record-high nonlinearity (10-100 times higher than traditional materials at wavelengths 1100-1600 nm), a custom-tailored nonlinear tensor at the nanoscale, and engineered optical and electronic responses. We demonstrate a tuning of optical resonances by Δλ = 11 nm at DC voltages and a modulation of the transmitted intensity up to 40%, at speeds up to 50 MHz. We realize 2 × 2 single- and 1 × 5 multi-color spatial light modulators. We demonstrate their potential for imaging and remote sensing. The compatibility with compact laser diodes, the achieved millimeter size and the low power consumption are further key features for laser ranging or reconfigurable optics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryna L Meretska
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Delwin L Elder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michele Tamagnone
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Larry R Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Interface nano-optics with van der Waals polaritons. Nature 2021; 597:187-195. [PMID: 34497390 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons are hybrid excitations of matter and photons. In recent years, polaritons in van der Waals nanomaterials-known as van der Waals polaritons-have shown great promise to guide the flow of light at the nanoscale over spectral regions ranging from the visible to the terahertz. A vibrant research field based on manipulating strong light-matter interactions in the form of polaritons, supported by these atomically thin van der Waals nanomaterials, is emerging for advanced nanophotonic and opto-electronic applications. Here we provide an overview of the state of the art of exploiting interface optics-such as refractive optics, meta-optics and moiré engineering-for the control of van der Waals polaritons. This enhanced control over van der Waals polaritons at the nanoscale has not only unveiled many new phenomena, but has also inspired valuable applications-including new avenues for nano-imaging, sensing, on-chip optical circuitry, and potentially many others in the years to come.
Collapse
|
36
|
Pavlidis G, Schwartz JJ, Matson J, Folland T, Liu S, Edgar JH, Caldwell JD, Centrone A. Experimental confirmation of long hyperbolic polariton lifetimes in monoisotopic ( 10B) hexagonal boron nitride at room temperature. APL MATERIALS 2021; 9:10.1063/5.0061941. [PMID: 37720466 PMCID: PMC10502608 DOI: 10.1063/5.0061941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) enable strong confinements, low losses, and intrinsic beam steering capabilities determined by the refractive index anisotropy-providing opportunities from hyperlensing to flat optics and other applications. Here, two scanning-probe techniques, photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) and scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), are used to map infrared ( 6.4 - 7.4 μ m ) HPhPs in large (up to 120 × 250 μ m 2 near-monoisotopic > 99 % B 10 ) hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) flakes. Wide ( ≈ 40 μ m ) PTIR and s-SNOM scans on such large flakes avoid interference from polaritons launched from different asperities (edges, folds, surface defects, etc.) and together with Fourier analyses 0.05 μ m - 1 resolution) enable precise measurements of HPhP lifetimes (up to ≈ 4.2 p s and propagation lengths (up to ≈ 25 and ≈ 17 μ m for the first- and second-order branches, respectively). With respect to naturally abundant hBN, we report an eightfold improved, record-high (for hBN) propagating figure of merit (i.e., with both high confinement and long lifetime) in ≈ 99 % B 10 hBN, achieving, finally, theoretically predicted values. We show that wide near-field scans critically enable accurate estimates of the polaritons' lifetimes and propagation lengths and that the incidence angle of light, with respect to both the sample plane and the flake edge, needs to be considered to extract correctly the dispersion relation from the near-field polaritons maps. Overall, the measurements and data analyses employed here elucidate details pertaining to polaritons' propagation in isotopically enriched hBN and pave the way for developing high-performance HPhP-based devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georges Pavlidis
- Nanoscale Spectroscopy Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Schwartz
- Nanoscale Spectroscopy Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Joseph Matson
- Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Thomas Folland
- Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Tim Taylor Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - James H. Edgar
- Tim Taylor Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Josh D. Caldwell
- Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Nanoscale Spectroscopy Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Planar refraction and lensing of highly confined polaritons in anisotropic media. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4325. [PMID: 34267201 PMCID: PMC8282686 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Refraction between isotropic media is characterized by light bending towards the normal to the boundary when passing from a low- to a high-refractive-index medium. However, refraction between anisotropic media is a more exotic phenomenon which remains barely investigated, particularly at the nanoscale. Here, we visualize and comprehensively study the general case of refraction of electromagnetic waves between two strongly anisotropic (hyperbolic) media, and we do it with the use of nanoscale-confined polaritons in a natural medium: α-MoO3. The refracted polaritons exhibit non-intuitive directions of propagation as they traverse planar nanoprisms, enabling to unveil an exotic optical effect: bending-free refraction. Furthermore, we develop an in-plane refractive hyperlens, yielding foci as small as λp/6, being λp the polariton wavelength (λ0/50 compared to the wavelength of free-space light). Our results set the grounds for planar nano-optics in strongly anisotropic media, with potential for effective control of the flow of energy at the nanoscale. Refraction between anisotropic media is still an unexplored phenomenon. Here, the authors investigate the propagation of hyperbolic phonon polaritons traversing α-MoO3 nanoprisms, showing a bending-free refraction effect and sub-diffractional focusing with foci size as small as 1/50 of the light wavelength in free space.
Collapse
|
38
|
Yang J, Krix ZE, Kim S, Tang J, Mayyas M, Wang Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Li LH, Hamilton AR, Aharonovich I, Sushkov OP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Near-Field Excited Archimedean-like Tiling Patterns in Phonon-Polaritonic Crystals. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9134-9142. [PMID: 33929186 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phonon-polaritons (PhPs) arise from the strong coupling of photons to optical phonons. They offer light confinement and harnessing below the diffraction limit for applications including sensing, imaging, superlensing, and photonics-based communications. However, structures consisting of both suspended and supported hyperbolic materials on periodic dielectric substrates are yet to be explored. Here we investigate phonon-polaritonic crystals (PPCs) that incorporate hyperbolic hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) to a silicon-based photonic crystal. By using the near-field excitation in scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), we resolved two types of repetitive local field distribution patterns resembling the Archimedean-like tiling on hBN-based PPCs, i.e., dipolar-like field distributions and highly dispersive PhP interference patterns. We demonstrate the tunability of PPC band structures by varying the thickness of hyperbolic materials, supported by numerical simulations. Lastly, we conducted scattering-type nanoIR spectroscopy to confirm the interaction of hBN with photonic crystals. The introduced PPCs will provide the base for fabricating essential subdiffraction components of advanced optical systems in the mid-IR range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zeb E Krix
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yifang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alex R Hamilton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Oleg P Sushkov
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hu Y, Tong M, Xu Z, Cheng X, Jiang T. Bifunctional Spatiotemporal Metasurfaces for Incident Angle-Tunable and Ultrafast Optically Switchable Electromagnetically Induced Transparency. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006489. [PMID: 33838009 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in tunable metamaterials/metasurfaces facilitates their utilization in novel optical components, and lead to many breakthroughs in light tailoring by giving birth to diverse spatiotemporal dynamics. In the ascendant field of terahertz (THz) photonics, the ultrafast modulation is the fundamental process of technological advancements in high-speed wireless communications, sensing, and imaging. However, the current research efforts have been mainly devoted to studies of single functionality under the control of one stimulus, which has plateaued in terms of innovative new features. Here, building on the incident angle-induced C2 symmetry breaking of split ring pairs, we experimentally demonstrate extremely versatile, ultrafast THz switching behaviors at continuously alterable resonant states. The direction-controlled resonance hybridization provides another excellent degree of routing freedom, owing to its robustness, simplicity, and wide tunability. By leveraging such virtues, single LC mode and EIT-like resonance under normal and oblique incidence conditions are both effectively switched-off by means of photon injection. Considering the ultrashort lifetime of free carriers in MoSe2 crystal, the corresponding transient dynamics show an ultrafast recovery time within 700 ps. The strategy proposed here is a viable pathway for multidimensional THz wave manipulation, which gears up a crucial step for diversified functionalities in deployable metaphotonic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Mingyu Tong
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Zhongjie Xu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Xiangai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Tian Jiang
- Beijing Interdisciplinary Research Center, National University of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100010, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
He M, Halimi SI, Folland TG, Sunku SS, Liu S, Edgar JH, Basov DN, Weiss SM, Caldwell JD. Guided Mid-IR and Near-IR Light within a Hybrid Hyperbolic-Material/Silicon Waveguide Heterostructure. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004305. [PMID: 33522035 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicon waveguides have enabled large-scale manipulation and processing of near-infrared optical signals on chip. Yet, expanding the bandwidth of guided waves to other frequencies will further increase the functionality of silicon as a photonics platform. Frequency multiplexing by integrating additional architectures is one approach to the problem, but this is challenging to design and integrate within the existing form factor due to scaling with the free-space wavelength. This paper demonstrates that a hexagonal boron nitride (hBN)/silicon hybrid waveguide can simultaneously enable dual-band operation at both mid-infrared (6.5-7.0 µm) and telecom (1.55 µm) frequencies, respectively. The device is realized via the lithography-free transfer of hBN onto a silicon waveguide, maintaining near-infrared operation. In addition, mid-infrared waveguiding of the hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) supported in hBN is induced by the index contrast between the silicon waveguide and the surrounding air underneath the hBN, thereby eliminating the need for deleterious etching of the hyperbolic medium. The behavior of HPhP waveguiding in both straight and curved trajectories is validated within an analytical waveguide theoretical framework. This exemplifies a generalizable approach based on integrating hyperbolic media with silicon photonics for realizing frequency multiplexing in on-chip photonic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Sami I Halimi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Sai S Sunku
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sharon M Weiss
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Heßler A, Wahl S, Leuteritz T, Antonopoulos A, Stergianou C, Schön CF, Naumann L, Eicker N, Lewin M, Maß TWW, Wuttig M, Linden S, Taubner T. In 3SbTe 2 as a programmable nanophotonics material platform for the infrared. Nat Commun 2021; 12:924. [PMID: 33568636 PMCID: PMC7876017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The high dielectric optical contrast between the amorphous and crystalline structural phases of non-volatile phase-change materials (PCMs) provides a promising route towards tuneable nanophotonic devices. Here, we employ the next-generation PCM In3SbTe2 (IST) whose optical properties change from dielectric to metallic upon crystallization in the whole infrared spectral range. This distinguishes IST as a switchable infrared plasmonic PCM and enables a programmable nanophotonics material platform. We show how resonant metallic nanostructures can be directly written, modified and erased on and below the meta-atom level in an IST thin film by a pulsed switching laser, facilitating direct laser writing lithography without need for cumbersome multi-step nanofabrication. With this technology, we demonstrate large resonance shifts of nanoantennas of more than 4 µm, a tuneable mid-infrared absorber with nearly 90% absorptance as well as screening and nanoscale “soldering” of metallic nanoantennas. Our concepts can empower improved designs of programmable nanophotonic devices for telecommunications, (bio)sensing and infrared optics, e.g. programmable infrared detectors, emitters and reconfigurable holograms. Here, the authors introduce In3SbTe2 (IST) as a programmable material platform for plasmonics and nanophotonics in the infrared. They demonstrate direct optical writing, modifying and erasing of metallic crystalline IST nanoantennas, tuning their resonances, as well as nanoscale screening and soldering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heßler
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sophia Wahl
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Till Leuteritz
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Lukas Naumann
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niklas Eicker
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Lewin
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias W W Maß
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Linden
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Taubner
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang L, Liu J, Ren B, Song J, Jiang Y. Tuning of mid-infrared absorption through phonon-plasmon-polariton hybridization in a graphene/hBN/graphene nanodisk array. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:2288-2298. [PMID: 33726427 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we utilize a heterostructured graphene/hBN/graphene nanodisk array to implement an electrically tunable absorber in and out of the Reststrahlen band (RSB) region of hBN. Tuning of phonon-type resonance absorption in the RSB region is achieved through phonon-plasmon-polariton hybridization. The hybrid phonon mode enabled a 290 nm shift of the resonant wavelength, and the sensitivity of absorption peak to the electrical control is 362.5 nm/eV. Simultaneously, the nearly perfect absorption is obtained in the condition of high chemical potential of graphene. Moreover, the plasmon polaritons are strongly modified by phonon polaritons of hBN, so the FWHM of absorption peaks out of the RSB region reduce to 45-49 nm, and the maximum Q of absorption reaches 220.44 at EF=0.65 eV, which is paving a way toward coherent emission at the atmospheric transparent band. Importantly, graphene-assisted hyperbolic phonon polaritons of hBN will enable future phonon devices with high optical performance and wide tunability.
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu H, Dong W, Wang H, Lu L, Ruan Q, Tan YS, Simpson RE, Yang JKW. Rewritable color nanoprints in antimony trisulfide films. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/51/eabb7171. [PMID: 33328223 PMCID: PMC7744068 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb7171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Materials that exhibit large and rapid switching of their optical properties in the visible spectrum hold the key to color-changing devices. Antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) is a chalcogenide material that exhibits large refractive index changes of ~1 between crystalline and amorphous states. However, little is known about its ability to endure multiple switching cycles, its capacity for recording high-resolution patterns, nor the optical properties of the crystallized state. Unexpectedly, we show that crystalline Sb2S3 films that are just 20 nm thick can produce substantial birefringent phase retardation. We also report a high-speed rewritable patterning approach at subdiffraction resolutions (>40,000 dpi) using 780-nm femtosecond laser pulses. Partial reamorphization is demonstrated and then used to write and erase multiple microscale color images with a wide range of colors over a ~120-nm band in the visible spectrum. These solid-state, rapid-switching, and ultrahigh-resolution color-changing devices could find applications in nonvolatile ultrathin displays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Liu
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Weiling Dong
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Hao Wang
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Li Lu
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - You Sin Tan
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Robert E Simpson
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Álvarez-Pérez G, Folland TG, Errea I, Taboada-Gutiérrez J, Duan J, Martín-Sánchez J, Tresguerres-Mata AIF, Matson JR, Bylinkin A, He M, Ma W, Bao Q, Martín JI, Caldwell JD, Nikitin AY, Alonso-González P. Infrared Permittivity of the Biaxial van der Waals Semiconductor α-MoO 3 from Near- and Far-Field Correlative Studies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1908176. [PMID: 32495483 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The biaxial van der Waals semiconductor α-phase molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3 ) has recently received significant attention due to its ability to support highly anisotropic phonon polaritons (PhPs)-infrared (IR) light coupled to lattice vibrations-offering an unprecedented platform for controlling the flow of energy at the nanoscale. However, to fully exploit the extraordinary IR response of this material, an accurate dielectric function is required. Here, the accurate IR dielectric function of α-MoO3 is reported by modeling far-field polarized IR reflectance spectra acquired on a single thick flake of this material. Unique to this work, the far-field model is refined by contrasting the experimental dispersion and damping of PhPs, revealed by polariton interferometry using scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) on thin flakes of α-MoO3 , with analytical and transfer-matrix calculations, as well as full-wave simulations. Through these correlative efforts, exceptional quantitative agreement is attained to both far- and near-field properties for multiple flakes, thus providing strong verification of the accuracy of this model, while offering a novel approach to extracting dielectric functions of nanomaterials. In addition, by employing density functional theory (DFT), insights into the various vibrational states dictating the dielectric function model and the intriguing optical properties of α-MoO3 are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Ion Errea
- Fisika Aplikatua 1 Saila, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia/San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Donostia/San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia/San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Javier Taboada-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | - Jiahua Duan
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | - Javier Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | | | - Joseph R Matson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Andrei Bylinkin
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia/San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
| | - Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Weiliang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - José Ignacio Martín
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Alexey Y Nikitin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia/San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Pablo Alonso-González
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chemical switching of low-loss phonon polaritons in α-MoO 3 by hydrogen intercalation. Nat Commun 2020. [PMID: 32461577 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16459-3.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonon polaritons (PhPs) have attracted significant interest in the nano-optics communities because of their nanoscale confinement and long lifetimes. Although PhP modification by changing the local dielectric environment has been reported, controlled manipulation of PhPs by direct modification of the polaritonic material itself has remained elusive. Here, chemical switching of PhPs in α-MoO3 is achieved by engineering the α-MoO3 crystal through hydrogen intercalation. The intercalation process is non-volatile and recoverable, allowing reversible switching of PhPs while maintaining the long lifetimes. Precise control of the intercalation parameters enables analysis of the intermediate states, in which the needle-like hydrogenated nanostructures functioning as in-plane antennas effectively reflect and launch PhPs and form well-aligned cavities. We further achieve spatially controlled switching of PhPs in selective regions, leading to in-plane heterostructures with various geometries. The intercalation strategy introduced here opens a relatively non-destructive avenue connecting infrared nanophotonics, reconfigurable flat metasurfaces and van der Waals crystals.
Collapse
|
46
|
Wu Y, Ou Q, Yin Y, Li Y, Ma W, Yu W, Liu G, Cui X, Bao X, Duan J, Álvarez-Pérez G, Dai Z, Shabbir B, Medhekar N, Li X, Li CM, Alonso-González P, Bao Q. Chemical switching of low-loss phonon polaritons in α-MoO 3 by hydrogen intercalation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2646. [PMID: 32461577 PMCID: PMC7253429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonon polaritons (PhPs) have attracted significant interest in the nano-optics communities because of their nanoscale confinement and long lifetimes. Although PhP modification by changing the local dielectric environment has been reported, controlled manipulation of PhPs by direct modification of the polaritonic material itself has remained elusive. Here, chemical switching of PhPs in α-MoO3 is achieved by engineering the α-MoO3 crystal through hydrogen intercalation. The intercalation process is non-volatile and recoverable, allowing reversible switching of PhPs while maintaining the long lifetimes. Precise control of the intercalation parameters enables analysis of the intermediate states, in which the needle-like hydrogenated nanostructures functioning as in-plane antennas effectively reflect and launch PhPs and form well-aligned cavities. We further achieve spatially controlled switching of PhPs in selective regions, leading to in-plane heterostructures with various geometries. The intercalation strategy introduced here opens a relatively non-destructive avenue connecting infrared nanophotonics, reconfigurable flat metasurfaces and van der Waals crystals. Phonon polaritons hold promises for nanophotonic applications but external control of phonon polaritons remains challenging. Here, the authors achieve reversible and non-volatile switching of phonon polariton by modifying crystal structure and lattice vibrations via hydrogenation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Qingdong Ou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Yuefeng Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Weiliang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhi Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Guanyu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Cui
- Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaozhi Bao
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering (IAPME), University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jiahua Duan
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez-Pérez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, Spain
| | - Zhigao Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Babar Shabbir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nikhil Medhekar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Xiangping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chang-Ming Li
- Institute of Advanced Cross-field Science, College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pablo Alonso-González
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, Spain
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mörz F, Steinle T, Linnenbank H, Steinmann A, Giessen H. Alignment-free difference frequency light source tunable from 5 to 20 µm by mixing two independently tunable OPOs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:11883-11891. [PMID: 32403689 DOI: 10.1364/oe.385838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tunable mid-infrared ultrashort lasers have become an essential tool in vibrational spectroscopy in recent years. They enabled and pushed a variety of spectroscopic applications due to their high brilliance, beam quality, low noise, and accessible wavelength range up to 20 µm. Many state-of-the-art devices apply difference frequency generation (DFG) to reach the mid-infrared spectral region. Here, birefringent phase-matching is typically employed, resulting in a significant crystal rotation during wavelength tuning. This causes a beam offset, which needs to be compensated to maintain stable beam pointing. This is crucial for any application. In this work, we present a DFG concept, which avoids crystal rotation and eliminates beam pointing variations over a broad wavelength range. It is based on two independently tunable input beams, provided by synchronously pumped parametric seeding units. We compare our concept to the more common DFG approach of mixing the signal and idler beams from a single optical parametric amplifier (OPA) or oscillator (OPO). In comparison, our concept enhances the photon efficiency of wavelengths exceeding 11 µm more than a factor of 10 and we still achieve milliwatts of output power up to 20 µm. This concept enhances DFG setups for beam-pointing-sensitive spectroscopic applications and can enable research at the border between the mid- and far-IR range due to its highly efficient performance.
Collapse
|
48
|
Fali A, White ST, Folland TG, He M, Aghamiri NA, Liu S, Edgar JH, Caldwell JD, Haglund RF, Abate Y. Refractive Index-Based Control of Hyperbolic Phonon-Polariton Propagation. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7725-7734. [PMID: 31650843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) are generated when infrared photons couple to polar optic phonons in anisotropic media, confining long-wavelength light to nanoscale volumes. However, to realize the full potential of HPhPs for infrared optics, it is crucial to understand propagation and loss mechanisms on substrates suitable for applications from waveguiding to infrared sensing. We employ scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and nano-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in concert with analytical and numerical calculations, to elucidate HPhP characteristics as a function of the complex substrate dielectric function. We consider propagation on suspended, dielectric and metallic substrates to demonstrate that the thickness-normalized wavevector can be reduced by a factor of 25 simply by changing the substrate from dielectric to metallic behavior. Moreover, by incorporating the imaginary contribution to the dielectric function in lossy materials, the wavevector can be dynamically controlled by small local variations in loss or carrier density. Counterintuitively, higher-order HPhP modes are shown to exhibit the same change in the polariton wavevector as the fundamental mode, despite the drastic differences in the evanescent ranges of these polaritons. However, because polariton refraction is dictated by the fractional change in the wavevector, this still results in significant differences in polariton refraction and reduced sensitivity to substrate-induced losses for the higher-order HPhPs. Such effects may therefore be used to spatially separate hyperbolic modes of different orders and for index-based sensing schemes. Our results advance our understanding of fundamental hyperbolic polariton excitations and their potential for on-chip photonics and planar metasurface optics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Fali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Samuel T White
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , United States
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Neda A Aghamiri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Song Liu
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 United States
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 United States
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Richard F Haglund
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Yohannes Abate
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| |
Collapse
|