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Yan Q, Li H, Jiang H, Sun QF, Xie XC. Rules for dissipationless topotronics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado4756. [PMID: 38838153 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Topological systems hosting gapless boundary states have attracted huge attention as promising components for next-generation information processing, attributed to their capacity for dissipationless electronics. Nevertheless, recent theoretical and experimental inquiries have revealed the emergence of energy dissipation in precisely quantized electrical transport. Here, we present a criterion for the realization of truly no-dissipation design, characterized as Nin = Ntunl + Nbs, where Nin, Ntunl, and Nbs represent the number of modes participating in injecting, tunneling, and backscattering processes, respectively. The key lies in matching the number of injecting, tunneling, and backscattering modes, ensuring the equilibrium among all engaged modes inside the device. Among all the topological materials, we advocate for the indispensability of Chern insulators exhibiting higher Chern numbers to achieve functional devices and uphold the no-dissipation rule simultaneously. Furthermore, we design the topological current divider and collector, evading dissipation upon fulfilling the established criterion. Our work paves the path for developing the prospective topotronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yan
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hailong Li
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Theoretical Physics and Information Sciences (ICTPIS), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing and State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing-Feng Sun
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - X C Xie
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Theoretical Physics and Information Sciences (ICTPIS), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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2
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Li Y, Wang Y, Lian Z, Li H, Gao Z, Xu L, Wang H, Lu R, Li L, Feng Y, Zhu J, Liu L, Wang Y, Fu B, Yang S, Yang L, Wang Y, Xia T, Liu C, Jia S, Wu Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Liu C. Fabrication-induced even-odd discrepancy of magnetotransport in few-layer MnBi 2Te 4. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3399. [PMID: 38649376 PMCID: PMC11035656 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The van der Waals antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 represents a promising platform for exploring the layer-dependent magnetism and topological states of matter. Recently observed discrepancies between magnetic and transport properties have aroused controversies concerning the topological nature of MnBi2Te4 in the ground state. In this article, we demonstrate that fabrication can induce mismatched even-odd layer dependent magnetotransport in few-layer MnBi2Te4. We perform a comprehensive study of the magnetotransport properties in 6- and 7-septuple-layer MnBi2Te4, and reveal that both even- and odd-number-layer device can show zero Hall plateau phenomena in zero magnetic field. Importantly, a statistical survey of the optical contrast in more than 200 MnBi2Te4 flakes reveals that the zero Hall plateau in odd-number-layer devices arises from the reduction of the effective thickness during the fabrication, a factor that was rarely noticed in previous studies of 2D materials. Our finding not only provides an explanation to the controversies regarding the discrepancy of the even-odd layer dependent magnetotransport in MnBi2Te4, but also highlights the critical issues concerning the fabrication and characterization of 2D material devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxin Li
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongchao Wang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zichen Lian
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiting Gao
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liangcai Xu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices, Renmin University of China, 100872, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum State Construction and Manipulation (Ministry of Education), Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Rui'e Lu
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Longfei Li
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang Feng
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinjiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Liangyang Liu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongqian Wang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices, Renmin University of China, 100872, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum State Construction and Manipulation (Ministry of Education), Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Bohan Fu
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices, Renmin University of China, 100872, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum State Construction and Manipulation (Ministry of Education), Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices, Renmin University of China, 100872, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum State Construction and Manipulation (Ministry of Education), Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Luyi Yang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai, 201315, China
| | - Tianlong Xia
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices, Renmin University of China, 100872, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum State Construction and Manipulation (Ministry of Education), Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuang Jia
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Math and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, 100084, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Yayu Wang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, 100084, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices, Renmin University of China, 100872, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quantum State Construction and Manipulation (Ministry of Education), Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
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3
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Webb TA, Tamanna AN, Ding X, Verma N, Xu J, Krusin-Elbaum L, Dean CR, Basov DN, Pasupathy AN. Tunable Magnetic Domains in Ferrimagnetic MnSb 2Te 4. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4393-4399. [PMID: 38569084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Highly tunable properties make Mn(Bi,Sb)2Te4 a rich playground for exploring the interplay between band topology and magnetism: On one end, MnBi2Te4 is an antiferromagnetic topological insulator, while the magnetic structure of MnSb2Te4 (MST) can be tuned between antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic. Motivated to control electronic properties through real-space magnetic textures, we use magnetic force microscopy (MFM) to image the domains of ferrimagnetic MST. We find that magnetic field tunes between stripe and bubble domain morphologies, raising the possibility of topological spin textures. Moreover, we combine in situ transport with domain manipulation and imaging to both write MST device properties and directly measure the scaling of the Hall response with the domain area. This work demonstrates measurement of the local anomalous Hall response using MFM and opens the door to reconfigurable domain-based devices in the M(B,S)T family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Webb
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Afrin N Tamanna
- Department of Physics, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xiaxin Ding
- Department of Physics, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Nishchhal Verma
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jikai Xu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Lia Krusin-Elbaum
- Department of Physics, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Cory R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dmitri N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Abhay N Pasupathy
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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4
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Tang J, Cheng R. Lossless Spin-Orbit Torque in Antiferromagnetic Topological Insulator MnBi_{2}Te_{4}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:136701. [PMID: 38613287 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.136701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We formulate and quantify the spin-orbit torque (SOT) in intrinsic antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi_{2}Te_{4} of a few septuple-layer thick in charge-neutral condition, which exhibits pronounced layer-resolved characteristics and even-odd contrast. Contrary to traditional current-induced torques, our SOT is not accompanied by Ohm's currents, thus being devoid of Joule heating. We study the SOT-induced magnetic resonances, where in the tri-septuple-layer case we identify a peculiar exchange mode that is blind to microwaves but can be exclusively driven by the predicted SOT. As an inverse effect, the dynamical magnetic moments generate a pure adiabatic current, which occurs concomitantly with the SOT and gives rise to an overall reactance for the MnBi_{2}Te_{4}, enabling a lossless conversion of electric power into magnetic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Tang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Ran Cheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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5
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Jiang Q, Palmstrom JC, Singleton J, Chikara S, Graf D, Wang C, Shi Y, Malinowski P, Wang A, Lin Z, Shen L, Xu X, Xiao D, Chu JH. Revealing Fermi surface evolution and Berry curvature in an ideal type-II Weyl semimetal. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2310. [PMID: 38485725 PMCID: PMC10940624 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In type-II Weyl semimetals (WSMs), the tilting of the Weyl cones leads to the coexistence of electron and hole pockets that touch at the Weyl nodes. These electrons and holes experience the Berry curvature generated by the Weyl nodes, leading to an anomalous Hall effect that is highly sensitive to the Fermi level position. Here we have identified field-induced ferromagnetic MnBi2-xSbxTe4 as an ideal type-II WSM with a single pair of Weyl nodes. By employing a combination of quantum oscillations and high-field Hall measurements, we have resolved the evolution of Fermi-surface sections as the Fermi level is tuned across the charge neutrality point, precisely matching the band structure of an ideal type-II WSM. Furthermore, the anomalous Hall conductivity exhibits a heartbeat-like behavior as the Fermi level is tuned across the Weyl nodes, a feature of type-II WSMs that was long predicted by theory. Our work uncovers a large free carrier contribution to the anomalous Hall effect resulting from the unique interplay between the Fermi surface and diverging Berry curvature in magnetic type-II WSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianni Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Johanna C Palmstrom
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - John Singleton
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Shalinee Chikara
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - David Graf
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Paul Malinowski
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Aaron Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Zhong Lin
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lingnan Shen
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jiun-Haw Chu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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6
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Yan Q, Kar S, Chowdhury S, Bansil A. The Case for a Defect Genome Initiative. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2303098. [PMID: 38195961 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The Materials Genome Initiative (MGI) has streamlined the materials discovery effort by leveraging generic traits of materials, with focus largely on perfect solids. Defects such as impurities and perturbations, however, drive many attractive functional properties of materials. The rich tapestry of charge, spin, and bonding states hosted by defects are not accessible to elements and perfect crystals, and defects can thus be viewed as another class of "elements" that lie beyond the periodic table. Accordingly, a Defect Genome Initiative (DGI) to accelerate functional defect discovery for energy, quantum information, and other applications is proposed. First, major advances made under the MGI are highlighted, followed by a delineation of pathways for accelerating the discovery and design of functional defects under the DGI. Near-term goals for the DGI are suggested. The construction of open defect platforms and design of data-driven functional defects, along with approaches for fabrication and characterization of defects, are discussed. The associated challenges and opportunities are considered and recent advances towards controlled introduction of functional defects at the atomic scale are reviewed. It is hoped this perspective will spur a community-wide interest in undertaking a DGI effort in recognition of the importance of defects in enabling unique functionalities in materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimin Yan
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Swastik Kar
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sugata Chowdhury
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Arun Bansil
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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7
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Mei R, Zhao YF, Wang C, Ren Y, Xiao D, Chang CZ, Liu CX. Electrically Controlled Anomalous Hall Effect and Orbital Magnetization in Topological Magnet MnBi_{2}Te_{4}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:066604. [PMID: 38394580 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.066604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
We propose an intrinsic mechanism to understand the even-odd effect, namely, opposite signs of anomalous Hall resistance and different shapes of hysteresis loops for even and odd septuple layers (SLs), of MBE-grown MnBi_{2}Te_{4} thin films with electron doping. The nonzero hysteresis loops in the anomalous Hall effect and magnetic circular dichroism for even-SLs MnBi_{2}Te_{4} films originate from two different antiferromagnetic (AFM) configurations with different zeroth Landau level energies of surface states. The complex form of the anomalous Hall hysteresis loop can be understood from two magnetic transitions, a transition between two AFM states followed by a second transition to the ferromagnetic state. Our model also clarifies the relationship and distinction between axion parameter and magnetoelectric coefficient, and shows an even-odd oscillation behavior of magnetoelectric coefficients in MnBi_{2}Te_{4} films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Mei
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Yi-Fan Zhao
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Yafei Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Cui-Zu Chang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Chao-Xing Liu
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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8
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Li S, Liu T, Liu C, Wang Y, Lu HZ, Xie XC. Progress on the antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi 2Te 4. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwac296. [PMID: 38213528 PMCID: PMC10776361 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Topological materials, which feature robust surface and/or edge states, have now been a research focus in condensed matter physics. They represent a new class of materials exhibiting nontrivial topological phases, and provide a platform for exploring exotic transport phenomena, such as the quantum anomalous Hall effect and the quantum spin Hall effect. Recently, magnetic topological materials have attracted considerable interests due to the possibility to study the interplay between topological and magnetic orders. In particular, the quantum anomalous Hall and axion insulator phases can be realized in topological insulators with magnetic order. MnBi2Te4, as the first intrinsic antiferromagnetic topological insulator discovered, allows the examination of existing theoretical predictions; it has been extensively studied, and many new discoveries have been made. Here we review the progress made on MnBi2Te4 from both experimental and theoretical aspects. The bulk crystal and magnetic structures are surveyed first, followed by a review of theoretical calculations and experimental probes on the band structure and surface states, and a discussion of various exotic phases that can be realized in MnBi2Te4. The properties of MnBi2Te4 thin films and the corresponding transport studies are then reviewed, with an emphasis on the edge state transport. Possible future research directions in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Guangdong), Shenzhen 518045, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Shenzhen 518055, China
- International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Guangdong), Shenzhen 518045, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Shenzhen 518055, China
- International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Hai-Zhou Lu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Guangdong), Shenzhen 518045, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Shenzhen 518055, China
- International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - X C Xie
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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9
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Xu R, Xu L, Liu Z, Yang L, Chen Y. ARPES investigation of the electronic structure and its evolution in magnetic topological insulator MnBi 2+2nTe 4+3n family. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad313. [PMID: 38327664 PMCID: PMC10849349 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past 5 years, there has been significant research interest in the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator family compounds MnBi2+2nTe4+3n (where n = 0, 1, 2 …). In particular, exfoliated thin films of MnBi2Te4 have led to numerous experimental breakthroughs, such as the quantum anomalous Hall effect, axion insulator phase and high-Chern number quantum Hall effect without Landau levels. However, despite extensive efforts, the energy gap of the topological surface states due to exchange magnetic coupling, which is a key feature of the characteristic band structure of the system, remains experimentally elusive. The electronic structure measured by using angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) shows significant deviation from ab initio prediction and scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements, making it challenging to understand the transport results based on the electronic structure. This paper reviews the measurements of the band structure of MnBi2+2nTe4+3n magnetic topological insulators using ARPES, focusing on the evolution of their electronic structures with temperature, surface and bulk doping and film thickness. The aim of the review is to construct a unified picture of the electronic structure of MnBi2+2nTe4+3n compounds and explore possible control of their topological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lixuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhongkai Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China
- ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lexian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China
- ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, Shanghai 200031, China
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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10
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Hu C, Qian T, Ni N. Recent progress in MnBi 2nTe 3n+1 intrinsic magnetic topological insulators: crystal growth, magnetism and chemical disorder. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad282. [PMID: 38213523 PMCID: PMC10776370 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for magnetic topological materials has been at the forefront of condensed matter research for their potential to host exotic states such as axion insulators, magnetic Weyl semimetals, Chern insulators, etc. To date, the MnBi2nTe3n+1 family is the only group of materials showcasing van der Waals-layered structures, intrinsic magnetism and non-trivial band topology without trivial bands at the Fermi level. The interplay between magnetism and band topology in this family has led to the proposal of various topological phenomena, including the quantum anomalous Hall effect, quantum spin Hall effect and quantum magnetoelectric effect. Among these, the quantum anomalous Hall effect has been experimentally observed at record-high temperatures, highlighting the unprecedented potential of this family of materials in fundamental science and technological innovation. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the research progress in this intrinsic magnetic topological insulator family, with a focus on single-crystal growth, characterization of chemical disorder, manipulation of magnetism through chemical substitution and external pressure, and important questions that remain to be conclusively answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tiema Qian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ni Ni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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11
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Hu X, He X, Guo Z, Kamiya T, Wu J. Antisite-Defects Control of Magnetic Properties in MnSb 2Te 4. ACS NANO 2024; 18:738-749. [PMID: 38127649 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic magnetic topological materials Mn(Sb/Bi)2n+2Te3n+4 have attracted extensive attention due to their topological quantum properties. Although, the Mn-Sb/Bi antisite defects have been frequently reported to exert significant influences on both magnetism and band topology, their formation mechanism and the methods to manipulate their distribution and concentration remain elusive. Here, we present MnSb2Te4 as a typical example and demonstrate that Mn-Sb antisite defects and magnetism can be tuned by controlling the crystal growth conditions. The cooling rate is identified as the primary key parameter. Magnetization and chemical analysis demonstrate that a slower cooling rate would lead to a higher Mn concentration, a higher magnetic transition temperature, and a higher saturation moment. Further analysis indicates that the Mn content at the original Mn site (MnMn, 3a site) varies more significantly with the cooling rate than the Mn content at the Sb site (MnSb, 6c site). Based on experimental observations, magnetic phase diagrams regarding MnMn and MnSb concentrations are constructed. With the assistance of first-principles calculations, it is demonstrated that the Mn-Sb mixing states primarily result from the mixing entropy and the growth kinetics. The present findings offer valuable insights into defects engineering for preparation of two-dimensional quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinyi He
- MDX Research Center for Element Strategy, International Research Frontiers Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Zhilin Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Toshio Kamiya
- MDX Research Center for Element Strategy, International Research Frontiers Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Jiazhen Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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12
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Honma A, Takane D, Souma S, Yamauchi K, Wang Y, Nakayama K, Sugawara K, Kitamura M, Horiba K, Kumigashira H, Tanaka K, Kim TK, Cacho C, Oguchi T, Takahashi T, Ando Y, Sato T. Antiferromagnetic topological insulator with selectively gapped Dirac cones. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7396. [PMID: 37978297 PMCID: PMC10656484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiferromagnetic (AF) topological materials offer a fertile ground to explore a variety of quantum phenomena such as axion magnetoelectric dynamics and chiral Majorana fermions. To realize such intriguing states, it is essential to establish a direct link between electronic states and topology in the AF phase, whereas this has been challenging because of the lack of a suitable materials platform. Here we report the experimental realization of the AF topological-insulator phase in NdBi. By using micro-focused angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we discovered contrasting surface electronic states for two types of AF domains; the surface having the out-of-plane component in the AF-ordering vector displays Dirac-cone states with a gigantic energy gap, whereas the surface parallel to the AF-ordering vector hosts gapless Dirac states despite the time-reversal-symmetry breaking. The present results establish an essential role of combined symmetry to protect massless Dirac fermions under the presence of AF order and widen opportunities to realize exotic phenomena utilizing AF topological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Honma
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - D Takane
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - S Souma
- Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics (CSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - K Yamauchi
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Y Wang
- Institute of Physics II, University of Cologne, Köln, 50937, Germany
| | - K Nakayama
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - K Sugawara
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - M Kitamura
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - K Horiba
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - H Kumigashira
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - K Tanaka
- UVSOR Synchrotron Facility, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - T K Kim
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - C Cacho
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - T Oguchi
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - T Takahashi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ando
- Institute of Physics II, University of Cologne, Köln, 50937, Germany
| | - T Sato
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
- Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics (CSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innov1ation Smart (SRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
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13
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Volckaert K, Majchrzak P, Biswas D, Jones AJH, Bianchi M, Jiang Z, Dubourg R, Stenshøj RØ, Jensen ML, Jones NC, Hoffmann SV, Mi JL, Bremholm M, Pan XC, Chen YP, Hofmann P, Miwa JA, Ulstrup S. Surface Electronic Structure Engineering of Manganese Bismuth Tellurides Guided by Micro-Focused Angle-Resolved Photoemission. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301907. [PMID: 37204117 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Modification of the electronic structure of quantum matter by ad atom deposition allows for directed fundamental design of electronic and magnetic properties. This concept is utilized in the present study in order to tune the surface electronic structure of magnetic topological insulators based on MnBi2 Te4 . The topological bands of these systems are typically strongly electron-doped and hybridized with a manifold of surface states that place the salient topological states out of reach of electron transport and practical applications. In this study, micro-focused angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (microARPES) provides direct access to the termination-dependent dispersion of MnBi2 Te4 and MnBi4 Te7 during in situ deposition of rubidium atoms. The resulting band structure changes are found to be highly complex, encompassing coverage-dependent ambipolar doping effects, removal of surface state hybridization, and the collapse of a surface state band gap. In addition, doping-dependent band bending is found to give rise to tunable quantum well states. This wide range of observed electronic structure modifications can provide new ways to exploit the topological states and the rich surface electronic structures of manganese bismuth tellurides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Volckaert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Paulina Majchrzak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Deepnarayan Biswas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Alfred J H Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Marco Bianchi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Zhihao Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Raphaël Dubourg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Ørnekoll Stenshøj
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Mads Lykke Jensen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Nykola C Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Søren V Hoffmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jian-Li Mi
- Department of Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Martin Bremholm
- Department of Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Xing-Chen Pan
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yong P Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Philip Hofmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jill A Miwa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Søren Ulstrup
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
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14
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Chong SK, Lei C, Lee SH, Jaroszynski J, Mao Z, MacDonald AH, Wang KL. Anomalous Landau quantization in intrinsic magnetic topological insulators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4805. [PMID: 37558682 PMCID: PMC10412595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic magnetic topological insulator, Mn(Bi1-xSbx)2Te4, has been identified as a Weyl semimetal with a single pair of Weyl nodes in its spin-aligned strong-field configuration. A direct consequence of the Weyl state is the layer dependent Chern number, [Formula: see text]. Previous reports in MnBi2Te4 thin films have shown higher [Formula: see text] states either by increasing the film thickness or controlling the chemical potential. A clear picture of the higher Chern states is still lacking as data interpretation is further complicated by the emergence of surface-band Landau levels under magnetic fields. Here, we report a tunable layer-dependent [Formula: see text] = 1 state with Sb substitution by performing a detailed analysis of the quantization states in Mn(Bi1-xSbx)2Te4 dual-gated devices-consistent with calculations of the bulk Weyl point separation in the doped thin films. The observed Hall quantization plateaus for our thicker Mn(Bi1-xSbx)2Te4 films under strong magnetic fields can be interpreted by a theory of surface and bulk spin-polarised Landau level spectra in thin film magnetic topological insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kong Chong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Chao Lei
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Seng Huat Lee
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jan Jaroszynski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Mao
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Allan H MacDonald
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Kang L Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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15
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Roth N, Goodwin AL. Tuning electronic and phononic states with hidden order in disordered crystals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4328. [PMID: 37468516 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40063-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorder in crystals is rarely random, and instead involves local correlations whose presence and nature are hidden from conventional crystallographic probes. This hidden order can sometimes be controlled, but its importance for physical properties of materials is not well understood. Using simple models for electronic and interatomic interactions, we show how crystals with identical average structures but different types of hidden order can have very different electronic and phononic band structures. Increasing the strength of local correlations within hidden-order states can open band gaps and tune mode (de)localisation-both mechanisms allowing for fundamental changes in physical properties without long-range symmetry breaking. Taken together, our results demonstrate how control over hidden order offers a new mechanism for tuning material properties, orthogonal to the conventional principles of (ordered) structure/property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Roth
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Andrew L Goodwin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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He M, Fu Y, Huang Y, Sun H, Guo T, Lin W, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Yu G, He QL. Intrinsic and extrinsic dopings in epitaxial films MnBi 2Te 4. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35. [PMID: 37185321 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/accd39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4and members of its family have been the subject of theoretical and experimental research, which has revealed the presence of a variety of defects and disorders that are crucial in determining the topological and magnetic properties. This also brings about challenges in realizing the quantum states like the quantum anomalous Hall and the axion insulator states. Here, utilizing cryogenic magnetoelectric transport and magnetic measurements, we systematically investigate the effects arising from intrinsic doping by antisite defects and extrinsic doping by Sb in MnBi2Te4epitaxial films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. We demonstrate that the nonequilibrium condition in epitaxy allows a wide growth window for optimizing the crystalline quality and defect engineering. While the intrinsic antisite defects caused by the intermixing between Bi and Mn can be utilized to tune the Fermi level position as evidenced by a p-to-n conductivity transition, the extrinsic Sb-doping not only compensates for this doping effect but also modifies the magnetism and topology of the film, during which a topological phase transition is developed. Conflicting reports from the theoretical calculations and experimental measurements in bulk crystals versus epitaxial films are addressed, which highlights the intimate correlation between the magnetism and topology as well as the balance between the Fermi-level positioning and defect control. The present study provides an experimental support for the epitaxial growth of the intrinsic topological insulator and underlines that the topology, magnetism, and defect engineering should be revisited for enabling a steady and reliable film production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun He
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Huang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Sun
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengyu Guo
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlu Lin
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Lin He
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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17
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Tcakaev A, Rubrecht B, Facio JI, Zabolotnyy VB, Corredor LT, Folkers LC, Kochetkova E, Peixoto TRF, Kagerer P, Heinze S, Bentmann H, Green RJ, Gargiani P, Valvidares M, Weschke E, Haverkort MW, Reinert F, van den Brink J, Büchner B, Wolter AUB, Isaeva A, Hinkov V. Intermixing-Driven Surface and Bulk Ferromagnetism in the Quantum Anomalous Hall Candidate MnBi 6 Te 10. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2203239. [PMID: 36802132 PMCID: PMC10074120 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent realizations of the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) in MnBi2 Te4 and MnBi4 Te7 benchmark the (MnBi2 Te4 )(Bi2 Te3 )n family as a promising hotbed for further QAHE improvements. The family owes its potential to its ferromagnetically (FM) ordered MnBi2 Te4 septuple layers (SLs). However, the QAHE realization is complicated in MnBi2 Te4 and MnBi4 Te7 due to the substantial antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling between the SLs. An FM state, advantageous for the QAHE, can be stabilized by interlacing the SLs with an increasing number n of Bi2 Te3 quintuple layers (QLs). However, the mechanisms driving the FM state and the number of necessary QLs are not understood, and the surface magnetism remains obscure. Here, robust FM properties in MnBi6 Te10 (n = 2) with Tc ≈ 12 K are demonstrated and their origin is established in the Mn/Bi intermixing phenomenon by a combined experimental and theoretical study. The measurements reveal a magnetically intact surface with a large magnetic moment, and with FM properties similar to the bulk. This investigation thus consolidates the MnBi6 Te10 system as perspective for the QAHE at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul‐Vakhab Tcakaev
- Physikalisches Institut (EP‐IV)Universität WürzburgAm HublandD‐97074WürzburgGermany
- Würzburg‐Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmatGermany
| | - Bastian Rubrecht
- Leibniz Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 20D‐01069DresdenGermany
| | - Jorge I. Facio
- Leibniz Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 20D‐01069DresdenGermany
- Centro Atómico BarilocheInstituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA‐CONICET) and Instituto Balseiro. Av. Bustillo 9500Bariloche8400Argentina
| | - Volodymyr B. Zabolotnyy
- Physikalisches Institut (EP‐IV)Universität WürzburgAm HublandD‐97074WürzburgGermany
- Würzburg‐Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmatGermany
| | - Laura T. Corredor
- Leibniz Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 20D‐01069DresdenGermany
| | - Laura C. Folkers
- Würzburg‐Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmatGermany
- Institut für Festkörper‐ und MaterialphysikTechnische Universität DresdenD‐01062DresdenGermany
| | - Ekaterina Kochetkova
- Leibniz Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 20D‐01069DresdenGermany
| | - Thiago R. F. Peixoto
- Würzburg‐Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmatGermany
- Physikalisches Institut (EP‐VII)Universität WürzburgAm HublandD‐97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Philipp Kagerer
- Würzburg‐Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmatGermany
- Physikalisches Institut (EP‐VII)Universität WürzburgAm HublandD‐97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Simon Heinze
- Institute for Theoretical PhysicsHeidelberg UniversityPhilosophenweg 1969120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hendrik Bentmann
- Würzburg‐Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmatGermany
- Physikalisches Institut (EP‐VII)Universität WürzburgAm HublandD‐97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Robert J. Green
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of Physics and Engineering PhysicsUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKS7N 5E2Canada
| | - Pierluigi Gargiani
- ALBA Synchrotron Light SourceE‐08290 Cerdanyola del VallèsBarcelonaSpain
| | - Manuel Valvidares
- ALBA Synchrotron Light SourceE‐08290 Cerdanyola del VallèsBarcelonaSpain
| | - Eugen Weschke
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieAlbert‐Einstein‐Straße 15D‐12489BerlinGermany
| | - Maurits W. Haverkort
- Institute for Theoretical PhysicsHeidelberg UniversityPhilosophenweg 1969120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Friedrich Reinert
- Würzburg‐Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmatGermany
- Physikalisches Institut (EP‐VII)Universität WürzburgAm HublandD‐97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Jeroen van den Brink
- Würzburg‐Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmatGermany
- Leibniz Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 20D‐01069DresdenGermany
- Institut für Theoretische PhysikTechnische Universität DresdenD‐01062DresdenGermany
| | - Bernd Büchner
- Würzburg‐Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmatGermany
- Leibniz Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 20D‐01069DresdenGermany
- Institut für Festkörper‐ und MaterialphysikTechnische Universität DresdenD‐01062DresdenGermany
| | - Anja U. B. Wolter
- Würzburg‐Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmatGermany
- Leibniz Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 20D‐01069DresdenGermany
| | - Anna Isaeva
- Leibniz Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 20D‐01069DresdenGermany
- Van der Waals‐Zeeman InstituteDepartment of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 904Amsterdam1098 XHThe Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Hinkov
- Physikalisches Institut (EP‐IV)Universität WürzburgAm HublandD‐97074WürzburgGermany
- Würzburg‐Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmatGermany
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18
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Topological Phase Transitions Driven by Sn Doping in (Mn1−xSnx)Bi2Te4. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiferromagnetic ordering that MnBi2Te4 shows makes it invariant with respect to the combination of the time-reversal and primitive-lattice translation symmetries, giving rise to its topologically nontrivial nature and a number of fundamental phenomena. At the same time, the possibility to control the electronic and magnetic properties of this system can provide new effective ways for its application in devices. One of the approaches to manipulate MnBi2Te4 properties is the partial substitution of magnetic atoms in the compound with atoms of non-magnetic elements, which inevitably affect the interplay of magnetism and band topology in the system. In this work, we have carried out theoretical modelling of changes in the electronic structure that occur as a result of increasing the concentration of Sn atoms at Mn positions in the (Mn1−xSnx)Bi2Te4 compound both using Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker (KKR) Green’s function method as well as the widespread approach of using supercells with impurity in DFT methods. The calculated band structures were also compared with those experimentally measured by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) for samples with x values of 0, 0.19, 0.36, 0.52 and 0.86. We assume that the complex hybridization of Te-pz and Bi-pz orbitals with Sn and Mn ones leads to a non-linear dependence of band gap on Sn content in Mn positions, which is characterized by a plateau with a zero energy gap at some concentration values, suggesting possible topological phase transitions in the system.
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19
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Ying Z, Chen B, Li C, Wei B, Dai Z, Guo F, Pan D, Zhang H, Wu D, Wang X, Zhang S, Fei F, Song F. Large Exchange Bias Effect and Coverage-Dependent Interfacial Coupling in CrI 3/MnBi 2Te 4 van der Waals Heterostructures. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:765-771. [PMID: 36542799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Igniting interface magnetic ordering of magnetic topological insulators by building a van der Waals heterostructure can help to reveal novel quantum states and design functional devices. Here, we observe an interesting exchange bias effect, indicating successful interfacial magnetic coupling, in CrI3/MnBi2Te4 ferromagnetic insulator/antiferromagnetic topological insulator (FMI/AFM-TI) heterostructure devices. The devices originally exhibit a negative exchange bias field, which decays with increasing temperature and is unaffected by the back-gate voltage. When we change the device configuration to be half-covered by CrI3, the exchange bias becomes positive with a very large exchange bias field exceeding 300 mT. Such sensitive manipulation is explained by the competition between the FM and AFM coupling at the interface of CrI3 and MnBi2Te4, pointing to coverage-dependent interfacial magnetic interactions. Our work will facilitate the development of topological and antiferromagnetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ying
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bo Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Boyuan Wei
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zheng Dai
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Fengyi Guo
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Danfeng Pan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Microfabrication and Integration Technology Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Di Wu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Atom Manufacturing Institute, Nanjing 211806, China
| | - Fucong Fei
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Atom Manufacturing Institute, Nanjing 211806, China
| | - Fengqi Song
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Atom Manufacturing Institute, Nanjing 211806, China
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20
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Yan C, Zhu Y, Miao L, Fernandez-Mulligan S, Green E, Mei R, Tan H, Yan B, Liu CX, Alem N, Mao Z, Yang S. Delicate Ferromagnetism in MnBi 6Te 10. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9815-9822. [PMID: 36315185 PMCID: PMC9801432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring magnetic orders in topological insulators is critical to the realization of topological quantum phenomena. An outstanding challenge is to find a material where atomic defects lead to tunable magnetic orders while maintaining a nontrivial topology. Here, by combining magnetization measurements, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, we reveal disorder-enabled, tunable magnetic ground states in MnBi6Te10. In the ferromagnetic phase, an energy gap of 15 meV is resolved at the Dirac point on the MnBi2Te4 termination. In contrast, antiferromagnetic MnBi6Te10 exhibits gapless topological surface states on all terminations. Transmission electron microscopy and magnetization measurements reveal substantial Mn vacancies and Mn migration in ferromagnetic MnBi6Te10. We provide a conceptual framework where a cooperative interplay of these defects drives a delicate change of overall magnetic ground state energies and leads to tunable magnetic topological orders. Our work provides a clear pathway for nanoscale defect-engineering toward the realization of topological quantum phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Yan
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - Yanglin Zhu
- Department
of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Leixin Miao
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | | | - Emanuel Green
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - Ruobing Mei
- Department
of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Hengxin Tan
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Binghai Yan
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Chao-Xing Liu
- Department
of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Nasim Alem
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Mao
- Department
of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Shuolong Yang
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
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21
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Vyazovskaya AY, Petrov EK, Koroteev YM, Bosnar M, Silkin IV, Chulkov EV, Otrokov MM. Superlattices of Gadolinium and Bismuth Based Thallium Dichalcogenides as Potential Magnetic Topological Insulators. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:38. [PMID: 36615948 PMCID: PMC9824305 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Using relativistic spin-polarized density functional theory calculations we investigate magnetism, electronic structure and topology of the ternary thallium gadolinium dichalcogenides TlGdZ2 (Z= Se and Te) as well as superlattices on their basis. We find TlGdZ2 to have an antiferromagnetic exchange coupling both within and between the Gd layers, which leads to frustration and a complex magnetic structure. The electronic structure calculations reveal both TlGdSe2 and TlGdTe2 to be topologically trivial semiconductors. However, as we show further, a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic topological insulator (TI) state can potentially be achieved by constructing superlattices of the TlGdZ2/(TlBiZ2)n type, in which structural units of TlGdZ2 are alternated with those of the isomorphic TlBiZ2 compounds, known to be non-magnetic 3D TIs. Our results suggest a new approach for achieving 3D magnetic TI phases in such superlattices which is applicable to a large family of thallium rare-earth dichalcogenides and is expected to yield a fertile and tunable playground for exotic topological physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Yu. Vyazovskaya
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Surfaces and Coatings, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Laboratory of Electronic and Spin Structure of Nanosystems, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Evgeniy K. Petrov
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Surfaces and Coatings, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Laboratory of Electronic and Spin Structure of Nanosystems, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Yury M. Koroteev
- Laboratory of Electronic and Spin Structure of Nanosystems, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Tomsk 634021, Russia
| | - Mihovil Bosnar
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 20080 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Igor V. Silkin
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Surfaces and Coatings, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Evgueni V. Chulkov
- Laboratory of Electronic and Spin Structure of Nanosystems, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 20080 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Mikhail M. Otrokov
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC), Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
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22
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Padmanabhan H, Stoica VA, Kim PK, Poore M, Yang T, Shen X, Reid AH, Lin MF, Park S, Yang J, Wang HH, Koocher NZ, Puggioni D, Georgescu AB, Min L, Lee SH, Mao Z, Rondinelli JM, Lindenberg AM, Chen LQ, Wang X, Averitt RD, Freeland JW, Gopalan V. Large Exchange Coupling Between Localized Spins and Topological Bands in MnBi 2 Te 4. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202841. [PMID: 36189841 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism in topological materials creates phases exhibiting quantized transport phenomena with potential technological applications. The emergence of such phases relies on strong interaction between localized spins and the topological bands, and the consequent formation of an exchange gap. However, this remains experimentally unquantified in intrinsic magnetic topological materials. Here, this interaction is quantified in MnBi2 Te4 , a topological insulator with intrinsic antiferromagnetism. This is achieved by optically exciting Bi-Te p states comprising the bulk topological bands and interrogating the consequent Mn 3d spin dynamics, using a multimodal ultrafast approach. Ultrafast electron scattering and magneto-optic measurements show that the p states demagnetize via electron-phonon scattering at picosecond timescales. Despite being energetically decoupled from the optical excitation, the Mn 3d spins, probed by resonant X-ray scattering, are observed to disorder concurrently with the p spins. Together with atomistic simulations, this reveals that the exchange coupling between localized spins and the topological bands is at least 100 times larger than the superexchange interaction, implying an optimal exchange gap of at least 25 meV in the surface states. By quantifying this exchange coupling, this study validates the materials-by-design strategy of utilizing localized magnetic order to manipulate topological phases, spanning static to ultrafast timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Padmanabhan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Vladimir A Stoica
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Peter K Kim
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Maxwell Poore
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Tiannan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Alexander H Reid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Suji Park
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Huaiyu Hugo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nathan Z Koocher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Danilo Puggioni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Alexandru B Georgescu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lujin Min
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Seng Huat Lee
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Mao
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - James M Rondinelli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Xijie Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Richard D Averitt
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - John W Freeland
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Venkatraman Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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23
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Zhang G, Wu H, Zhang L, Yang L, Xie Y, Guo F, Li H, Tao B, Wang G, Zhang W, Chang H. Two-Dimensional Van Der Waals Topological Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Device Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204380. [PMID: 36135779 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, 2D van der Waals (vdW) topological materials (TMs), including topological insulators and topological semimetals, which combine atomically flat 2D layers and topologically nontrivial band structures, have attracted increasing attention in condensed-matter physics and materials science. These easily cleavable and integrated TMs provide the ideal platform for exploring topological physics in the 2D limit, where new physical phenomena may emerge, and represent a potential to control and investigate exotic properties and device applications in nanoscale topological phases. However, multifaced efforts are still necessary, which is the prerequisite for the practical application of 2D vdW TMs. Herein, this review focuses on the preparation, properties, and device applications of 2D vdW TMs. First, three common preparation strategies for 2D vdW TMs are summarized, including single crystal exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, and molecular beam epitaxy. Second, the origin and regulation of various properties of 2D vdW TMs are introduced, involving electronic properties, transport properties, optoelectronic properties, thermoelectricity, ferroelectricity, and magnetism. Third, some device applications of 2D vdW TMs are presented, including field-effect transistors, memories, spintronic devices, and photodetectors. Finally, some significant challenges and opportunities for the practical application of 2D vdW TMs in 2D topological electronics are briefly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojie Zhang
- Quantum-Nano Matter and Device Lab, Center for Joining and Electronic Packaging, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Quantum-Nano Matter and Device Lab, Center for Joining and Electronic Packaging, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy Vehicle Power Lithium Battery, School of Microelectronics and Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
| | - Li Yang
- Quantum-Nano Matter and Device Lab, Center for Joining and Electronic Packaging, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuanmiao Xie
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy Vehicle Power Lithium Battery, School of Microelectronics and Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy Vehicle Power Lithium Battery, School of Microelectronics and Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
| | - Hongda Li
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy Vehicle Power Lithium Battery, School of Microelectronics and Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
| | - Boran Tao
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy Vehicle Power Lithium Battery, School of Microelectronics and Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
| | - Guofu Wang
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy Vehicle Power Lithium Battery, School of Microelectronics and Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Quantum-Nano Matter and Device Lab, Center for Joining and Electronic Packaging, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Shenzhen R&D Center of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Haixin Chang
- Quantum-Nano Matter and Device Lab, Center for Joining and Electronic Packaging, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Shenzhen R&D Center of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Shenzhen, 518000, China
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24
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Liu WL, Zhang X, Nie SM, Liu ZT, Sun XY, Wang HY, Ding JY, Jiang Q, Sun L, Xue FH, Huang Z, Su H, Yang YC, Jiang ZC, Lu XL, Yuan J, Cho S, Liu JS, Liu ZH, Ye M, Zhang SL, Weng HM, Liu Z, Guo YF, Wang ZJ, Shen DW. Spontaneous Ferromagnetism Induced Topological Transition in EuB_{6}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:166402. [PMID: 36306743 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.166402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between various symmetries and electronic bands topology is one of the core issues for topological quantum materials. Spontaneous magnetism, which leads to the breaking of time-reversal symmetry, has been proven to be a powerful approach to trigger various exotic topological phases. In this Letter, utilizing the combination of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy, and first-principles calculations, we present the direct evidence on the realization of the long-sought spontaneous ferromagnetism induced topological transition in soft ferromagnetic EuB_{6}. Explicitly, we reveal the topological transition is from Z_{2}=1 topological insulator in paramagnetic state to χ=1 magnetic topological semimetal in low temperature ferromagnetic state. Our results demonstrate that the simple band structure near the Fermi level and rich topological phases make EuB_{6} an ideal platform to study the topological phase physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Liu
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - S M Nie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Z T Liu
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - X Y Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - H Y Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - J Y Ding
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Q Jiang
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - L Sun
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - F H Xue
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Z Huang
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - H Su
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Y C Yang
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Z C Jiang
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - X L Lu
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J Yuan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Soohyun Cho
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - J S Liu
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z H Liu
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - M Ye
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - S L Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - H M Weng
- Institute of Physics and Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Y F Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Z J Wang
- Institute of Physics and Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - D W Shen
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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25
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Hu H, Chen N, Teng H, Yu R, Qu Y, Sun J, Xue M, Hu D, Wu B, Li C, Chen J, Liu M, Sun Z, Liu Y, Li P, Fan S, García de Abajo FJ, Dai Q. Doping-driven topological polaritons in graphene/α-MoO 3 heterostructures. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:940-946. [PMID: 35982316 PMCID: PMC9477736 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Control over charge carrier density provides an efficient way to trigger phase transitions and modulate the optoelectronic properties of materials. This approach can also be used to induce topological transitions in the optical response of photonic systems. Here we report a topological transition in the isofrequency dispersion contours of hybrid polaritons supported by a two-dimensional heterostructure consisting of graphene and α-phase molybdenum trioxide. By chemically changing the doping level of graphene, we observed that the topology of polariton isofrequency surfaces transforms from open to closed shapes as a result of doping-dependent polariton hybridization. Moreover, when the substrate was changed, the dispersion contour became dominated by flat profiles at the topological transition, thus supporting tunable diffractionless polariton propagation and providing local control over the optical contour topology. We achieved subwavelength focusing of polaritons down to 4.8% of the free-space light wavelength by using a 1.5-μm-wide silica substrate as an in-plane lens. Our findings could lead to on-chip applications in nanoimaging, optical sensing and manipulation of energy transfer at the nanoscale.
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Grants
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2020YFB2205701), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51902065, 52172139, 51925203, U2032206, 52072083, and 51972072)
- Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2202062), and Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB36000000, XDB30000000).
- Z.P.S. acknowledges the Academy of Finland (Grant Nos. 314810, 333982, 336144, and 336818), The Business Finland (ALDEL), the Academy of Finland Flagship Programme (320167, PREIN), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (820423, S2QUIP; 965124, FEMTOCHIP), the EU H2020-MSCA-RISE-872049 (IPN-Bio), and the ERC (834742).
- P.N.L acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grantno.62075070)
- S.F. acknowledges the support of the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant No. DE-FG02-07ER46426.
- F.J.G.A. acknowledges the ERC (Advanced Grant 789104-eNANO), the Spanish MINECO (SEV2015-0522), and the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanchao Teng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Renwen Yu
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Yunpeng Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhe Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengfei Xue
- The Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Debo Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Chen
- The Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peining Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain.
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Xu R, Bai Y, Zhou J, Li J, Gu X, Qin N, Yin Z, Du X, Zhang Q, Zhao W, Li Y, Wu Y, Ding C, Wang L, Liang A, Liu Z, Xu Y, Feng X, He K, Chen Y, Yang L. Evolution of the Electronic Structure of Ultrathin MnBi 2Te 4 Films. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6320-6327. [PMID: 35894743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin films of intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 exhibit fascinating quantum properties such as the quantum anomalous Hall effect and the axion insulator state. In this work, we systematically investigate the evolution of the electronic structure of MnBi2Te4 thin films. With increasing film thickness, the electronic structure changes from an insulator type with a large energy gap to one with in-gap topological surface states, which is, however, still in drastic contrast to the bulk material. By surface doping of alkali-metal atoms, a Rashba split band gradually emerges and hybridizes with topological surface states, which not only reconciles the puzzling difference between the electronic structures of the bulk and thin-film MnBi2Te4 but also provides an interesting platform to establish Rashba ferromagnet that is attractive for (quantum) anomalous Hall effect. Our results provide important insights into the understanding and engineering of the intriguing quantum properties of MnBi2Te4 thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunhe Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Na Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhongxu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yidian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cui Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aiji Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China
- ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhongkai Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China
- ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ke He
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China
- ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, Shanghai 200031, China
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K
| | - Lexian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
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27
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Klimovskikh II, Estyunin DA, Makarova TP, Tereshchenko OE, Kokh KA, Shikin AM. Electronic Structure of Pb Adsorbed Surfaces of Intrinsic Magnetic Topological Insulators. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6628-6634. [PMID: 35834754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently discovered intrinsic magnetic topological insulators (IMTIs) constitute a unique class of quantum materials that combine magnetism and nontrivial topology. One of the most promising applications of these materials is Majorana fermion creation; Majorana fermions are expected to arise when a superconductor is in contact with the surface of an IMTI. Here we study the adsorption of Pb ultrathin films on top of IMTIs of various stoichiometries. By means of XPS we figure out the formation of the Pb wetting layer coupled to the surface atoms for low coverages and overlayer growth on top upon further deposition. Investigation of the adsorbed surfaces by means of ARPES shows the Dirac cone survival, its shift in a binding energy, and the Pb electronic states appearance. The obtained results allow the Pb/IMTI interfaces to be constructed for the understanding of the proximity effect and provide an important step toward quantum device engineering based on IMTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya I Klimovskikh
- National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Moscow, 119049 Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
| | | | | | - Oleg E Tereshchenko
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Kokh
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo 650000, Russia
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28
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Li G, Wu X, Gao Y, Ma X, Hou F, Cheng H, Huang Q, Wu YC, DeCapua MC, Zhang Y, Lin J, Liu C, Huang L, Zhao Y, Yan J, Huang M. Observation of Ultrastrong Coupling between Substrate and the Magnetic Topological Insulator MnBi 2Te 4. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3856-3864. [PMID: 35503660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 has attracted significant interest recently as a promising platform for exploring exotic quantum phenomena. Here we report that, when atomically thin MnBi2Te4 is deposited on a substrate such as silicon oxide or gold, there is a very strong mechanical coupling between the atomic layer and the supporting substrate. This is manifested as an intense low-frequency breathing Raman mode that is present even for monolayer MnBi2Te4. Interestingly, this coupling turns out to be stronger than the interlayer coupling between the MnBi2Te4 atomic layers. We further found that these low-energy breathing modes are highly sensitive to sample degradation, and they become drastically weaker upon ambient air exposure. This is in contrast to the higher energy optical phonon modes which are much more robust, suggesting that the low-energy Raman modes found here can be an effective indicator of sample quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaomin Li
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Gao
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchen Hou
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyan Cheng
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoling Huang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueh-Chun Wu
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Matthew C DeCapua
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhao Lin
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Mingyuan Huang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
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29
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Defect-gradient-induced Rashba effect in van der Waals PtSe 2 layers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2759. [PMID: 35589733 PMCID: PMC9120180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Defect engineering is one of the key technologies in materials science, enriching the modern semiconductor industry and providing good test-beds for solid-state physics. While homogenous doping prevails in conventional defect engineering, various artificial defect distributions have been predicted to induce desired physical properties in host materials, especially associated with symmetry breakings. Here, we show layer-by-layer defect-gradients in two-dimensional PtSe2 films developed by selective plasma treatments, which break spatial inversion symmetry and give rise to the Rashba effect. Scanning transmission electron microscopy analyses reveal that Se vacancies extend down to 7 nm from the surface and Se/Pt ratio exhibits linear variation along the layers. The Rashba effect induced by broken inversion symmetry is demonstrated through the observations of nonreciprocal transport behaviors and first-principles density functional theory calculations. Our methodology paves the way for functional defect engineering that entangles spin and momentum of itinerant electrons for emerging electronic applications. Materials with strong Rashba-type spin-orbit coupling hold promise for spintronic applications and the investigation of topological phases of matter. Here, the authors report a method to generate layer-by-layer defect gradients in a van der Waals material, inducing broken spatial inversion symmetry and Rashba effect in the engineered layers.
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30
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Topological surface currents accessed through reversible hydrogenation of the three-dimensional bulk. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2308. [PMID: 35484140 PMCID: PMC9050701 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen, the smallest and most abundant element in nature, can be efficiently incorporated within a solid and drastically modify its electronic and structural state. In most semiconductors interstitial hydrogen binds to defects and is known to be amphoteric, namely it can act either as a donor (H+) or an acceptor (H−) of charge, nearly always counteracting the prevailing conductivity type. Here we demonstrate that hydrogenation resolves an outstanding challenge in chalcogenide classes of three-dimensional (3D) topological insulators and magnets — the control of intrinsic bulk conduction that denies access to quantum surface transport, imposing severe thickness limits on the bulk. With electrons donated by a reversible binding of H+ ions to Te(Se) chalcogens, carrier densities are reduced by over 1020cm−3, allowing tuning the Fermi level into the bulk bandgap to enter surface/edge current channels without altering carrier mobility or the bandstructure. The hydrogen-tuned topological nanostructures are stable at room temperature and tunable disregarding bulk size, opening a breadth of device platforms for harnessing emergent topological states. Hydrogen can be incorporated within a solid and drastically modify its electronic and structural state. Here, the authors report reversible binding of H+ ions to chalcogens in the Bi2Te3 class of topological insulators and magnets, allowing Fermi level tuning into the bulk gap without altering carrier mobility or the bandstructure.
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31
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Abstract
The emergence of magnetism in quantum materials creates a platform to realize spin-based applications in spintronics, magnetic memory, and quantum information science. A key to unlocking new functionalities in these materials is the discovery of tunable coupling between spins and other microscopic degrees of freedom. We present evidence for interlayer magnetophononic coupling in the layered magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4. Employing magneto-Raman spectroscopy, we observe anomalies in phonon scattering intensities across magnetic field-driven phase transitions, despite the absence of discernible static structural changes. This behavior is a consequence of a magnetophononic wave-mixing process that allows for the excitation of zone-boundary phonons that are otherwise ‘forbidden’ by momentum conservation. Our microscopic model based on density functional theory calculations reveals that this phenomenon can be attributed to phonons modulating the interlayer exchange coupling. Moreover, signatures of magnetophononic coupling are also observed in the time domain through the ultrafast excitation and detection of coherent phonons across magnetic transitions. In light of the intimate connection between magnetism and topology in MnBi2Te4, the magnetophononic coupling represents an important step towards coherent on-demand manipulation of magnetic topological phases. Tunable coupling between magnetism and the lattice is important for on-demand manipulation of magnetic phases. Here, the authors demonstrate that lattice vibrations can coherently modulate the interlayer magnetic exchange coupling in the magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4.
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32
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Ko W, Gai Z, Puretzky AA, Liang L, Berlijn T, Hachtel JA, Xiao K, Ganesh P, Yoon M, Li AP. Understanding Heterogeneities in Quantum Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2106909. [PMID: 35170112 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum materials are usually heterogeneous, with structural defects, impurities, surfaces, edges, interfaces, and disorder. These heterogeneities are sometimes viewed as liabilities within conventional systems; however, their electronic and magnetic structures often define and affect the quantum phenomena such as coherence, interaction, entanglement, and topological effects in the host system. Therefore, a critical need is to understand the roles of heterogeneities in order to endow materials with new quantum functions for energy and quantum information science applications. In this article, several representative examples are reviewed on the recent progress in connecting the heterogeneities to the quantum behaviors of real materials. Specifically, three intertwined topic areas are assessed: i) Reveal the structural, electronic, magnetic, vibrational, and optical degrees of freedom of heterogeneities. ii) Understand the effect of heterogeneities on the behaviors of quantum states in host material systems. iii) Control heterogeneities for new quantum functions. This progress is achieved by establishing the atomistic-level structure-property relationships associated with heterogeneities in quantum materials. The understanding of the interactions between electronic, magnetic, photonic, and vibrational states of heterogeneities enables the design of new quantum materials, including topological matter and quantum light emitters based on heterogenous 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhee Ko
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, USA
| | - Zheng Gai
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, USA
| | - Alexander A Puretzky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, USA
| | - Liangbo Liang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, USA
| | - Tom Berlijn
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, USA
| | - Jordan A Hachtel
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, USA
| | - Kai Xiao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, USA
| | - Panchapakesan Ganesh
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, USA
| | - Mina Yoon
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, USA
| | - An-Ping Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, USA
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33
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Takashiro T, Akiyama R, Kibirev IA, Matetskiy AV, Nakanishi R, Sato S, Fukasawa T, Sasaki T, Toyama H, Hiwatari KL, Zotov AV, Saranin AA, Hirahara T, Hasegawa S. Soft-Magnetic Skyrmions Induced by Surface-State Coupling in an Intrinsic Ferromagnetic Topological Insulator Sandwich Structure. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:881-887. [PMID: 35084202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A magnetic skyrmion induced on a ferromagnetic topological insulator (TI) is a real-space manifestation of the chiral spin texture in the momentum space and can be a carrier for information processing by manipulating it in tailored structures. Here, a sandwich structure containing two layers of a self-assembled ferromagnetic septuple-layer TI, Mn(Bi1-xSbx)2Te4 (MnBST), separated by quintuple layers of TI, (Bi1-xSbx)2Te3 (BST), is fabricated and skyrmions are observed through the topological Hall effect in an intrinsic magnetic topological insulator for the first time. The thickness of BST spacer layer is crucial in controlling the coupling between the gapped topological surface states in the two MnBST layers to stabilize the skyrmion formation. The homogeneous, highly ordered arrangement of the Mn atoms in the septuple-layer MnBST leads to a strong exchange interaction therein, which makes the skyrmions "soft magnetic". This would open an avenue toward a topologically robust rewritable magnetic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Takashiro
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryota Akiyama
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ivan A Kibirev
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Andrey V Matetskiy
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Ryosuke Nakanishi
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sato
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuro Fukasawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Taisuke Sasaki
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Haruko Toyama
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kota L Hiwatari
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Andrey V Zotov
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | | | - Toru Hirahara
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Shuji Hasegawa
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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34
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He QL, Hughes TL, Armitage NP, Tokura Y, Wang KL. Topological spintronics and magnetoelectronics. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:15-23. [PMID: 34949869 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Topological electronic materials, such as topological insulators, are distinct from trivial materials in the topology of their electronic band structures that lead to robust, unconventional topological states, which could bring revolutionary developments in electronics. This Perspective summarizes developments of topological insulators in various electronic applications including spintronics and magnetoelectronics. We group and analyse several important phenomena in spintronics using topological insulators, including spin-orbit torque, the magnetic proximity effect, interplay between antiferromagnetism and topology, and the formation of topological spin textures. We also outline recent developments in magnetoelectronics such as the axion insulator and the topological magnetoelectric effect observed using different topological insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lin He
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China.
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Taylor L Hughes
- Department of Physics and Institute for Condensed Matter Theory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - N Peter Armitage
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yoshinori Tokura
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
- Tokyo College, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kang L Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center of Quantum Sciences and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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35
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36
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Abstract
2D layered materials with diverse exciting properties have recently attracted tremendous interest in the scientific community. Layered topological insulator Bi2Se3 comes into the spotlight as an exotic state of quantum matter with insulating bulk states and metallic Dirac-like surface states. Its unique crystal and electronic structure offer attractive features such as broadband optical absorption, thickness-dependent surface bandgap and polarization-sensitive photoresponse, which enable 2D Bi2Se3 to be a promising candidate for optoelectronic applications. Herein, we present a comprehensive summary on the recent advances of 2D Bi2Se3 materials. The structure and inherent properties of Bi2Se3 are firstly described and its preparation approaches (i.e., solution synthesis and van der Waals epitaxy growth) are then introduced. Moreover, the optoelectronic applications of 2D Bi2Se3 materials in visible-infrared detection, terahertz detection, and opto-spintronic device are discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and prospects in this field are expounded on the basis of current development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakun K. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Sijie J. Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Y. Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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37
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Liu J, Hesjedal T. Magnetic Topological Insulator Heterostructures: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021:e2102427. [PMID: 34665482 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Topological insulators (TIs) provide intriguing prospects for the future of spintronics due to their large spin-orbit coupling and dissipationless, counter-propagating conduction channels in the surface state. The combination of topological properties and magnetic order can lead to new quantum states including the quantum anomalous Hall effect that was first experimentally realized in Cr-doped (Bi,Sb)2 Te3 films. Since magnetic doping can introduce detrimental effects, requiring very low operational temperatures, alternative approaches are explored. Proximity coupling to magnetically ordered systems is an obvious option, with the prospect to raise the temperature for observing the various quantum effects. Here, an overview of proximity coupling and interfacial effects in TI heterostructures is presented, which provides a versatile materials platform for tuning the magnetic and topological properties of these exciting materials. An introduction is first given to the heterostructure growth by molecular beam epitaxy and suitable structural, electronic, and magnetic characterization techniques. Going beyond transition-metal-doped and undoped TI heterostructures, examples of heterostructures are discussed, including rare-earth-doped TIs, magnetic insulators, and antiferromagnets, which lead to exotic phenomena such as skyrmions and exchange bias. Finally, an outlook on novel heterostructures such as intrinsic magnetic TIs and systems including 2D materials is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyi Liu
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Thorsten Hesjedal
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
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Wimmer S, Sánchez-Barriga J, Küppers P, Ney A, Schierle E, Freyse F, Caha O, Michalička J, Liebmann M, Primetzhofer D, Hoffman M, Ernst A, Otrokov MM, Bihlmayer G, Weschke E, Lake B, Chulkov EV, Morgenstern M, Bauer G, Springholz G, Rader O. Mn-Rich MnSb 2 Te 4 : A Topological Insulator with Magnetic Gap Closing at High Curie Temperatures of 45-50 K. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102935. [PMID: 34469013 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ferromagnetic topological insulators exhibit the quantum anomalous Hall effect, which is potentially useful for high-precision metrology, edge channel spintronics, and topological qubits. The stable 2+ state of Mn enables intrinsic magnetic topological insulators. MnBi2 Te4 is, however, antiferromagnetic with 25 K Néel temperature and is strongly n-doped. In this work, p-type MnSb2 Te4 , previously considered topologically trivial, is shown to be a ferromagnetic topological insulator for a few percent Mn excess. i) Ferromagnetic hysteresis with record Curie temperature of 45-50 K, ii) out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy, iii) a 2D Dirac cone with the Dirac point close to the Fermi level, iv) out-of-plane spin polarization as revealed by photoelectron spectroscopy, and v) a magnetically induced bandgap closing at the Curie temperature, demonstrated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), are shown. Moreover, a critical exponent of the magnetization β ≈ 1 is found, indicating the vicinity of a quantum critical point. Ab initio calculations reveal that Mn-Sb site exchange provides the ferromagnetic interlayer coupling and the slight excess of Mn nearly doubles the Curie temperature. Remaining deviations from the ferromagnetic order open the inverted bulk bandgap and render MnSb2 Te4 a robust topological insulator and new benchmark for magnetic topological insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wimmer
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Festkörperphysik, Johannes Kepler Universität, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Jaime Sánchez-Barriga
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Küppers
- II. Institute of Physics B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen Unversity, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ney
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Festkörperphysik, Johannes Kepler Universität, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Enrico Schierle
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedrich Freyse
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ondrej Caha
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, Brno, 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Michalička
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marcus Liebmann
- II. Institute of Physics B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen Unversity, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Primetzhofer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Universitet Uppsala, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala, 75120, Sweden
| | - Martin Hoffman
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Johannes Kepler Universität, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Arthur Ernst
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Johannes Kepler Universität, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Mikhail M Otrokov
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC), Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián/Donostia, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48011, Spain
| | - Gustav Bihlmayer
- Peter Grünberg Institut and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Eugen Weschke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bella Lake
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Evgueni V Chulkov
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastián/Donostia, 20018, Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, San Sebastián/Donostia, 20080, Spain
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, 198504, Russia
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Markus Morgenstern
- II. Institute of Physics B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen Unversity, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Günther Bauer
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Festkörperphysik, Johannes Kepler Universität, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Gunther Springholz
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Festkörperphysik, Johannes Kepler Universität, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Oliver Rader
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Zhong H, Bao C, Wang H, Li J, Yin Z, Xu Y, Duan W, Xia TL, Zhou S. Light-Tunable Surface State and Hybridization Gap in Magnetic Topological Insulator MnBi 8Te 13. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6080-6086. [PMID: 34242038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MnBi8Te13 is an intrinsic ferromagnetic (FM) topological insulator with different complex surface terminations. Resolving the electronic structures of different termination surfaces and manipulation of the electronic state are important. Here, by using micrometer spot time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (μ-TrARPES), we resolve the electronic structures and reveal the ultrafast dynamics upon photoexcitation. Photoinduced filling of the surface state hybridization gap is observed for the Bi2Te3 quintuple layer directly above MnBi2Te4 accompanied by a nontrivial shift of the surface state, suggesting light-tunable interlayer interaction. Relaxation of photoexcited electrons and holes is observed within 1-2 ps. Our work reveals photoexcitation as a potential control knob for tailoring the interlayer interaction and surface state of MnBi8Te13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Changhua Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Functional Materials and Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Jiaheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zichen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Long Xia
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Functional Materials and Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Shuyun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Shao J, Liu Y, Zeng M, Li J, Wu X, Ma XM, Jin F, Lu R, Sun Y, Gu M, Wang K, Wu W, Wu L, Liu C, Liu Q, Zhao Y. Pressure-Tuned Intralayer Exchange in Superlattice-Like MnBi 2Te 4/(Bi 2Te 3) n Topological Insulators. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5874-5880. [PMID: 34197120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic structures of MnBi2Te4(Bi2Te3)n can be manipulated by tuning the interlayer coupling via the number of Bi2Te3 spacer layers n, while the intralayer ferromagnetic (FM) exchange coupling is considered too robust to control. By applying hydrostatic pressure up to 3.5 GPa, we discover opposite responses of magnetic properties for n = 1 and 2. MnBi4Te7 stays at A-type antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase with a decreasing Néel temperature and an increasing saturation field. In sharp contrast, MnBi6Te10 experiences a phase transition from A-type AFM to a quasi-two-dimensional FM state with a suppressed saturation field under pressure. First-principles calculations reveal the essential role of intralayer exchange coupling from lattice compression in determining these magnetic properties. Such magnetic phase transition is also observed in 20% Sb-doped MnBi6Te10 because of the in-plane lattice compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Shao
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuntian Liu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Meng Zeng
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Ma
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ruie Lu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yichen Sun
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mingqiang Gu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kedong Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liusuo Wu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qihang Liu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Computational Science and Material Design, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of for Advanced Quantum Functional Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Varnava N, Wilson JH, Pixley JH, Vanderbilt D. Controllable quantum point junction on the surface of an antiferromagnetic topological insulator. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3998. [PMID: 34183668 PMCID: PMC8238970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering and manipulation of unidirectional channels has been achieved in quantum Hall systems, leading to the construction of electron interferometers and proposals for low-power electronics and quantum information science applications. However, to fully control the mixing and interference of edge-state wave functions, one needs stable and tunable junctions. Encouraged by recent material candidates, here we propose to achieve this using an antiferromagnetic topological insulator that supports two distinct types of gapless unidirectional channels, one from antiferromagnetic domain walls and the other from single-height steps. Their distinct geometric nature allows them to intersect robustly to form quantum point junctions, which then enables their control by magnetic and electrostatic local probes. We show how the existence of stable and tunable junctions, the intrinsic magnetism and the potential for higher-temperature performance make antiferromagnetic topological insulators a promising platform for electron quantum optics and microelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicodemos Varnava
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Center for Materials Theory, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Justin H Wilson
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Center for Materials Theory, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - J H Pixley
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Center for Materials Theory, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - David Vanderbilt
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Center for Materials Theory, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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42
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Zhu T, Bishop AJ, Zhou T, Zhu M, O'Hara DJ, Baker AA, Cheng S, Walko RC, Repicky JJ, Liu T, Gupta JA, Jozwiak CM, Rotenberg E, Hwang J, Žutić I, Kawakami RK. Synthesis, Magnetic Properties, and Electronic Structure of Magnetic Topological Insulator MnBi 2Se 4. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5083-5090. [PMID: 34097421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic magnetic topological insulators MnBi2Te4 and MnBi2Se4 support novel topological states related to symmetry breaking by magnetic order. Unlike MnBi2Te4, the study of MnBi2Se4 has been inhibited by the lack of bulk crystals, as the van der Waals (vdW) crystal is not the thermodynamic equilibrium phase. Here, we report the layer-by-layer synthesis of vdW MnBi2Se4 crystals using nonequilibrium molecular beam epitaxy. Atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy identify a well-ordered vdW crystal with septuple-layer base units. The magnetic properties agree with the predicted layered antiferromagnetic ordering but disagree with its predicted out-of-plane orientation. Instead, our samples exhibit an easy-plane anisotropy, which is explained by including dipole-dipole interactions. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy reveals the gapless Dirac-like surface state, which demonstrates that MnBi2Se4 is a topological insulator above the magnetic-ordering temperature. These studies show that MnBi2Se4 is a promising candidate for exploring rich topological phases of layered antiferromagnetic topological insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancong Zhu
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Alexander J Bishop
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Menglin Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dante J O'Hara
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Alexander A Baker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Shuyu Cheng
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Robert C Walko
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jacob J Repicky
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jay A Gupta
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Chris M Jozwiak
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eli Rotenberg
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jinwoo Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Igor Žutić
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Roland K Kawakami
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Huan S, Zhang S, Jiang Z, Su H, Wang H, Zhang X, Yang Y, Liu Z, Wang X, Yu N, Zou Z, Shen D, Liu J, Guo Y. Multiple Magnetic Topological Phases in Bulk van der Waals Crystal MnSb_{4}Te_{7}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:246601. [PMID: 34213928 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.246601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic van der Waals crystals MnBi_{2}Te_{4}/(Bi_{2}Te_{3})_{n} have drawn significant attention due to their rich topological properties and the tunability by external magnetic field. Although the MnBi_{2}Te_{4}/(Bi_{2}Te_{3})_{n} family have been intensively studied in the past few years, their close relatives, the MnSb_{2}Te_{4}/(Sb_{2}Te_{3})_{n} family, remain much less explored. In this work, combining magnetotransport measurements, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and first principles calculations, we find that MnSb_{4}Te_{7}, the n=1 member of the MnSb_{2}Te_{4}/(Sb_{2}Te_{3})_{n} family, is a magnetic topological system with versatile topological phases that can be manipulated by both carrier doping and magnetic field. Our calculations unveil that its A-type antiferromagnetic (AFM) ground state stays in a Z_{2} AFM topological insulator phase, which can be converted to an inversion-symmetry-protected axion insulator phase when in the ferromagnetic (FM) state. Moreover, when this system in the FM phase is slightly carrier doped on either the electron or hole side, it becomes a Weyl semimetal with multiple Weyl nodes in the highest valence bands and lowest conduction bands, which are manifested by the measured notable anomalous Hall effect. Our work thus introduces a new magnetic topological material with different topological phases that are highly tunable by carrier doping or magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchun Huan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhicheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hao Su
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yichen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Zhengtai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Na Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dawei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianpeng Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yanfeng Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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Abstract
Introducing magnetism into topological insulators breaks time-reversal symmetry, and the magnetic exchange interaction can open a gap in the otherwise gapless topological surface states. This allows various novel topological quantum states to be generated, including the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) and axion insulator states. Magnetic doping and magnetic proximity are viewed as being useful means of exploring the interaction between topology and magnetism. However, the inhomogeneity of magnetic doping leads to complicated magnetic ordering and small exchange gaps, and consequently the observed QAHE appears only at ultralow temperatures. Therefore, intrinsic magnetic topological insulators are highly desired for increasing the QAHE working temperature and for investigating topological quantum phenomena further. The realization and characterization of such systems are essential for both fundamental physics and potential technical revolutions. This review summarizes recent research progress in intrinsic magnetic topological insulators, focusing mainly on the antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 and its family of materials. van der Waals material MnBi2Te4 is an intrinsic antiferromagnetic topological insulator Under moderate magnetic field, MnBi2Te4 may become a magnetic Weyl semimetal MnBi2Te4 and its family of materials have brought great progress in studying novel topological quantum states Quantum anomalous Hall effect above the liquid-nitrogen temperature can be expected in MnBi2Te4-related systems
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Eremeev SV, Rusinov IP, Koroteev YM, Vyazovskaya AY, Hoffmann M, Echenique PM, Ernst A, Otrokov MM, Chulkov EV. Topological Magnetic Materials of the (MnSb 2Te 4)·(Sb 2Te 3) n van der Waals Compounds Family. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4268-4277. [PMID: 33908787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using density functional theory, we propose the (MnSb2Te4)·(Sb2Te3)n family of stoichiometric van der Waals compounds that harbor multiple topologically nontrivial magnetic phases. In the ground state, the first three members of the family (n = 0, 1, 2) are 3D antiferromagnetic topological insulators, while for n ≥ 3 a special phase is formed, in which a nontrivial topological order coexists with a partial magnetic disorder in the system of the decoupled 2D ferromagnets, whose magnetizations point randomly along the third direction. Furthermore, due to a weak interlayer exchange coupling, these materials can be field-driven into the FM Weyl semimetal (n = 0) or FM axion insulator states (n ≥ 1). Finally, in two dimensions, we reveal these systems to show intrinsic quantum anomalous Hall and AFM axion insulator states, as well as quantum Hall state, achieved under external magnetic field. Our results demonstrate that MnSb2Te4 is not topologically trivial as was previously believed that opens possibilities of realization of a wealth of topologically nontrivial states in the (MnSb2Te4)·(Sb2Te3)n family.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Eremeev
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634021 Tomsk, Russia
- Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - I P Rusinov
- Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yu M Koroteev
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634021 Tomsk, Russia
| | - A Yu Vyazovskaya
- Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Hoffmann
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Johannes Kepler Universität, A 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - P M Echenique
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC), Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales UPV/EHU, 20080 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - A Ernst
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Johannes Kepler Universität, A 4040 Linz, Austria
- Max-Planck-Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - M M Otrokov
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC), Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - E V Chulkov
- Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC), Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales UPV/EHU, 20080 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
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Vidal RC, Bentmann H, Facio JI, Heider T, Kagerer P, Fornari CI, Peixoto TRF, Figgemeier T, Jung S, Cacho C, Büchner B, van den Brink J, Schneider CM, Plucinski L, Schwier EF, Shimada K, Richter M, Isaeva A, Reinert F. Orbital Complexity in Intrinsic Magnetic Topological Insulators MnBi_{4}Te_{7} and MnBi_{6}Te_{10}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:176403. [PMID: 33988442 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.176403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES), we investigate the surface electronic structure of the magnetic van der Waals compounds MnBi_{4}Te_{7} and MnBi_{6}Te_{10}, the n=1 and 2 members of a modular (Bi_{2}Te_{3})_{n}(MnBi_{2}Te_{4}) series, which have attracted recent interest as intrinsic magnetic topological insulators. Combining circular dichroic, spin-resolved and photon-energy-dependent ARPES measurements with calculations based on density functional theory, we unveil complex momentum-dependent orbital and spin textures in the surface electronic structure and disentangle topological from trivial surface bands. We find that the Dirac-cone dispersion of the topologial surface state is strongly perturbed by hybridization with valence-band states for Bi_{2}Te_{3}-terminated surfaces but remains preserved for MnBi_{2}Te_{4}-terminated surfaces. Our results firmly establish the topologically nontrivial nature of these magnetic van der Waals materials and indicate that the possibility of realizing a quantized anomalous Hall conductivity depends on surface termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Vidal
- Experimentelle Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, EU
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Germany, EU
| | - H Bentmann
- Experimentelle Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, EU
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Germany, EU
| | - J I Facio
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany, EU
| | - T Heider
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA, 52425 Jülich, Germany, EU
| | - P Kagerer
- Experimentelle Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, EU
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Germany, EU
| | - C I Fornari
- Experimentelle Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, EU
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Germany, EU
| | - T R F Peixoto
- Experimentelle Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, EU
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Germany, EU
| | - T Figgemeier
- Experimentelle Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, EU
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Germany, EU
| | - S Jung
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - C Cacho
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - B Büchner
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Germany, EU
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany, EU
- Institut für Festkörper- und Materialphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, EU
| | - J van den Brink
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Germany, EU
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany, EU
- Institut für Festkörper- und Materialphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, EU
| | - C M Schneider
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA, 52425 Jülich, Germany, EU
| | - L Plucinski
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA, 52425 Jülich, Germany, EU
| | - E F Schwier
- Experimentelle Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, EU
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Germany, EU
- Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - K Shimada
- Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - M Richter
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany, EU
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, EU
| | - A Isaeva
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Germany, EU
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany, EU
- Department of Physics, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands, EU
| | - F Reinert
- Experimentelle Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, EU
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Germany, EU
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47
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Xu L, Mao Y, Wang H, Li J, Chen Y, Xia Y, Li Y, Pei D, Zhang J, Zheng H, Huang K, Zhang C, Cui S, Liang A, Xia W, Su H, Jung S, Cacho C, Wang M, Li G, Xu Y, Guo Y, Yang L, Liu Z, Chen Y, Jiang M. Persistent surface states with diminishing gap in MnBi 2Te 4/Bi 2Te 3 superlattice antiferromagnetic topological insulator. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:2086-2093. [PMID: 36732961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic topological quantum materials (TQMs) provide a fertile ground for the emergence of fascinating topological magneto-electric effects. Recently, the discovery of intrinsic antiferromagnetic (AFM) topological insulator MnBi2Te4 that could realize quantized anomalous Hall effect and axion insulator phase ignited intensive study on this family of TQM compounds. Here, we investigated the AFM compound MnBi4Te7 where Bi2Te3 and MnBi2Te4 layers alternate to form a superlattice. Using spatial- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we identified ubiquitous (albeit termination dependent) topological electronic structures from both Bi2Te3 and MnBi2Te4 terminations. Unexpectedly, while the bulk bands show strong temperature dependence correlated with the AFM transition, the topological surface states with a diminishing gap show negligible temperature dependence across the AFM transition. Together with the results of its sister compound MnBi2Te4, we illustrate important aspects of electronic structures and the effect of magnetic ordering in this family of magnetic TQMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Xu
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Material for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China; ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanhao Mao
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunyouyou Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Ding Pei
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Huijun Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Kui Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chaofan Zhang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Shengtao Cui
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Aiji Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China; ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, Shanghai 200031, China; Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wei Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China; ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Su
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Sungwon Jung
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Cephise Cacho
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Meixiao Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China; ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China; ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China; RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yanfeng Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lexian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhongkai Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China; ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Yulin Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China; ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, Shanghai 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
| | - Mianheng Jiang
- Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Functional Material for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University and CAS-Shanghai Science Research Center, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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48
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Lei C, Chen S, MacDonald AH. Magnetized topological insulator multilayers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27224-27230. [PMID: 33077591 PMCID: PMC7959519 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014004117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We discuss the magnetic and topological properties of bulk crystals and quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) thin films formed by stacking intrinsic magnetized topological insulator (for example, Mn ([Formula: see text])2X4 with X = Se,Te) septuple layers and topological insulator quintuple layers in arbitrary order. Our analysis makes use of a simplified model that retains only Dirac cone degrees of freedom on both surfaces of each septuple or quintuple layer. We demonstrate the model's applicability and estimate its parameters by comparing with ab initio density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. We then employ the coupled Dirac cone model to provide an explanation for the dependence of thin-film properties, particularly the presence or absence of the quantum anomalous Hall effect, on film thickness, magnetic configuration, and stacking arrangement, and to comment on the design of Weyl superlattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lei
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Allan H MacDonald
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712;
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49
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Fabrication of a novel magnetic topological heterostructure and temperature evolution of its massive Dirac cone. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4821. [PMID: 32973165 PMCID: PMC7515900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials that possess nontrivial topology and magnetism is known to exhibit exotic quantum phenomena such as the quantum anomalous Hall effect. Here, we fabricate a novel magnetic topological heterostructure Mn4Bi2Te7/Bi2Te3 where multiple magnetic layers are inserted into the topmost quintuple layer of the original topological insulator Bi2Te3. A massive Dirac cone (DC) with a gap of 40–75 meV at 16 K is observed. By tracing the temperature evolution, this gap is shown to gradually decrease with increasing temperature and a blunt transition from a massive to a massless DC occurs around 200–250 K. Structural analysis shows that the samples also contain MnBi2Te4/Bi2Te3. Magnetic measurements show that there are two distinct Mn components in the system that corresponds to the two heterostructures; MnBi2Te4/Bi2Te3 is paramagnetic at 6 K while Mn4Bi2Te7/Bi2Te3 is ferromagnetic with a negative hysteresis (critical temperature ~20 K). This novel heterostructure is potentially important for future device applications. Magnetic topological heterostructures are promising devices to manipulate emergent quantum effects. Here, Hirahara et al. fabricate a novel magnetic topological heterostructure with a massive Dirac cone which becomes a massless one tuned by temperature.
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50
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Nevola D, Li HX, Yan JQ, Moore RG, Lee HN, Miao H, Johnson PD. Coexistence of Surface Ferromagnetism and a Gapless Topological State in MnBi_{2}Te_{4}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:117205. [PMID: 32975987 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.117205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface magnetism and its correlation with the electronic structure are critical to understanding the topological surface state in the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi_{2}Te_{4}. Here, using static and time resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), we find a significant ARPES intensity change together with a gap opening on a Rashba-like conduction band. Comparison with a model simulation strongly indicates that the surface magnetism on cleaved MnBi_{2}Te_{4} is the same as its bulk state. The inability of surface ferromagnetism to open a gap in the topological surface state uncovers the novel complexity of MnBi_{2}Te_{4} that may be responsible for the low quantum anomalous Hall temperature of exfoliated MnBi_{2}Te_{4}.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nevola
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - H X Li
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J-Q Yan
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - R G Moore
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - H-N Lee
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - H Miao
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - P D Johnson
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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