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Rutter GA, Gresch A, Delgadillo Silva L, Benninger RKP. Exploring pancreatic beta-cell subgroups and their connectivity. Nat Metab 2024:10.1038/s42255-024-01097-6. [PMID: 39117960 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Functional pancreatic islet beta cells are essential to ensure glucose homeostasis across species from zebrafish to humans. These cells show significant heterogeneity, and emerging studies have revealed that connectivity across a hierarchical network is required for normal insulin release. Here, we discuss current thinking and areas of debate around intra-islet connectivity, cellular hierarchies and potential "controlling" beta-cell populations. We focus on methodologies, including comparisons of different cell preparations as well as in vitro and in vivo approaches to imaging and controlling the activity of human and rodent islet preparations. We also discuss the analytical approaches that can be applied to live-cell data to identify and study critical subgroups of cells with a disproportionate role in control Ca2+ dynamics and thus insulin secretion (such as "first responders", "leaders" and "hubs", as defined by Ca2+ responses to glucose stimulation). Possible mechanisms by which this hierarchy is achieved, its physiological relevance and how its loss may contribute to islet failure in diabetes mellitus are also considered. A glossary of terms and links to computational resources are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Rutter
- CHUM Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Anne Gresch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Luis Delgadillo Silva
- CHUM Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard K P Benninger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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2
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Wang C, Abadpour S, Aizenshtadt A, Dalmao-Fernandez A, Høyem M, Wilhelmsen I, Stokowiec J, Olsen PA, Krauss S, Chera S, Ghila L, Ræder H, Scholz H. Cell identity dynamics and insight into insulin secretagogues when employing stem cell-derived islets for disease modeling. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1392575. [PMID: 38933536 PMCID: PMC11199790 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1392575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived islets (SC-islets) are not only an unlimited source for cell-based therapy of type 1 diabetes but have also emerged as an attractive material for modeling diabetes and conducting screening for treatment options. Prior to SC-islets becoming the established standard for disease modeling and drug development, it is essential to understand their response to various nutrient sources in vitro. This study demonstrates an enhanced efficiency of pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation through the incorporation of WNT signaling inhibition following the definitive endoderm stage. We have identified a tri-hormonal cell population within SC-islets, which undergoes reduction concurrent with the emergence of elevated numbers of glucagon-positive cells during extended in vitro culture. Over a 6-week period of in vitro culture, the SC-islets consistently demonstrated robust insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation. Moreover, they manifested diverse reactivity patterns when exposed to distinct nutrient sources and exhibited deviant glycolytic metabolic characteristics in comparison to human primary islets. Although the SC-islets demonstrated an aberrant glucose metabolism trafficking, the evaluation of a potential antidiabetic drug, pyruvate kinase agonist known as TEPP46, significantly improved in vitro insulin secretion of SC-islets. Overall, this study provided cell identity dynamics investigation of SC-islets during prolonged culturing in vitro, and insights into insulin secretagogues. Associated advantages and limitations were discussed when employing SC-islets for disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chencheng Wang
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Center of Excellence, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shadab Abadpour
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Center of Excellence, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Andrea Dalmao-Fernandez
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Center of Excellence, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Merete Høyem
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Wilhelmsen
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Center of Excellence, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Justyna Stokowiec
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Center of Excellence, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petter Angell Olsen
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Center of Excellence, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Center of Excellence, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simona Chera
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Luiza Ghila
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Ræder
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne Scholz
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Center of Excellence, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Alver CG, Álvarez-Cubela S, Altilio I, Hutchison E, Warrner E, Viso ME, Vitale G, Oliver D, Pastori RL, Dominguez-Bendala J, Agarwal A. SliceChip: a benchtop fluidic platform for organotypic culture and serial assessment of human and rodent pancreatic slices. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1557-1572. [PMID: 38205530 PMCID: PMC10939771 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatically isolated pancreatic islets are the most commonly used ex vivo testbeds for diabetes research. Recently, precision-cut living slices of human pancreas are emerging as an exciting alternative because they maintain the complex architecture of the endocrine and exocrine tissues, and do not suffer from the mechanical and chemical stress of enzymatic isolation. We report a fluidic pancreatic SliceChip platform with dynamic environmental controls that generates a warm, oxygenated, and bubble-free fluidic pathway across singular immobilized slices with continuous deliver of fresh media and the ability to perform repeat serial perfusion assessments. A degasser ensures the system remains bubble-free while systemic pressurization with compressed oxygen ensures slice medium remains adequately oxygenated. Computational modeling of perfusion and oxygen dynamics within SliceChip guide the system's physiomimetic culture conditions. Maintenance of the physiological glucose dependent insulin secretion profile across repeat perfusion assessments of individual pancreatic slices kept under physiological oxygen levels demonstrated the culture capacity of our platform. Fluorescent images acquired every 4 hours of transgenic murine pancreatic slices were reliably stable and recoverable over a 5 day period due to the inclusion of a 3D-printed bioinert metallic anchor that maintained slice position within the SliceChip. Our slice on a chip platform has the potential to expand the useability of human pancreatic slices for diabetes pathogenesis and the development of new therapeutic approaches, while also enabling organotypic culture and assessment of other tissue slices such as brain and patient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Alver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Silvia Álvarez-Cubela
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Isabella Altilio
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Emily Hutchison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Emma Warrner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Mariana E Viso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Giana Vitale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - David Oliver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Ricardo L Pastori
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Juan Dominguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Ashutosh Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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4
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Cohrs CM, Chen C, Atkinson MA, Drotar DM, Speier S. Bridging the Gap: Pancreas Tissue Slices From Organ and Tissue Donors for the Study of Diabetes Pathogenesis. Diabetes 2024; 73:11-22. [PMID: 38117999 PMCID: PMC10784654 DOI: 10.2337/dbi20-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, increased availability of human pancreatic tissues has allowed for major expansions in our understanding of islet biology in health and disease. Indeed, studies of fixed and frozen pancreatic tissues, as well as efforts using viable isolated islets obtained from organ donors, have provided significant insights toward our understanding of diabetes. However, the procedures associated with islet isolation result in distressed cells that have been removed from any surrounding influence. The pancreas tissue slice technology was developed as an in situ approach to overcome certain limitations associated with studies on isolated islets or fixed tissue. In this Perspective, we discuss the value of this novel platform and review how pancreas tissue slices, within a short time, have been integrated in numerous studies of rodent and human islet research. We show that pancreas tissue slices allow for investigations in a less perturbed organ tissue environment, ranging from cellular processes, over peri-islet modulations, to tissue interactions. Finally, we discuss the considerations and limitations of this technology in its future applications. We believe the pancreas tissue slices will help bridge the gap between studies on isolated islets and cells to the systemic conditions by providing new insight into physiological and pathophysiological processes at the organ level. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Human pancreas tissue slices represent a novel platform to study human islet biology in close to physiological conditions. Complementary to established technologies, such as isolated islets, single cells, and histological sections, pancreas tissue slices help bridge our understanding of islet physiology and pathophysiology from single cell to intact organ. Diverse sources of viable human pancreas tissue, each with distinct characteristics to be considered, are available to use in tissue slices for the study of diabetes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M. Cohrs
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Munich at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Chunguang Chen
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Munich at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mark A. Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL
| | - Denise M. Drotar
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL
| | - Stephan Speier
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Munich at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
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5
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James EA, Joglekar AV, Linnemann AK, Russ HA, Kent SC. The beta cell-immune cell interface in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Mol Metab 2023; 78:101809. [PMID: 37734713 PMCID: PMC10622886 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T1D is an autoimmune disease in which pancreatic islets of Langerhans are infiltrated by immune cells resulting in the specific destruction of insulin-producing islet beta cells. Our understanding of the factors leading to islet infiltration and the interplay of the immune cells with target beta cells is incomplete, especially in human disease. While murine models of T1D have provided crucial information for both beta cell and autoimmune cell function, the translation of successful therapies in the murine model to human disease has been a challenge. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we discuss current state of the art and consider knowledge gaps concerning the interface of the islet beta cell with immune infiltrates, with a focus on T cells. We discuss pancreatic and immune cell phenotypes and their impact on cell function in health and disease, which we deem important to investigate further to attain a more comprehensive understanding of human T1D disease etiology. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The last years have seen accelerated development of approaches that allow comprehensive study of human T1D. Critically, recent studies have contributed to our revised understanding that the pancreatic beta cell assumes an active role, rather than a passive position, during autoimmune disease progression. The T cell-beta cell interface is a critical axis that dictates beta cell fate and shapes autoimmune responses. This includes the state of the beta cell after processing internal and external cues (e.g., stress, inflammation, genetic risk) that that contributes to the breaking of tolerance by hyperexpression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I with presentation of native and neoepitopes and secretion of chemotactic factors to attract immune cells. We anticipate that emerging insights about the molecular and cellular aspects of disease initiation and progression processes will catalyze the development of novel and innovative intervention points to provide additional therapies to individuals affected by T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alok V Joglekar
- Center for Systems Immunology and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amelia K Linnemann
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sally C Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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6
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Panzer JK, Caicedo A. Protocol to generate and utilize pancreatic tissue slices to study endocrine and exocrine physiology in situ from mouse and human tissue. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102399. [PMID: 37392393 PMCID: PMC10336303 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic tissue slices allow functional investigations under close physiological conditions in situ. This approach is particularly advantageous for studying infiltrated and structurally damaged islets as found in T1D. More importantly, slices allow studying the interplay between endocrine and exocrine compartments. We here describe how to perform agarose injections, tissue preparation, and slice procedure for mouse and human tissue. We then describe in detail how to use the slices to perform functional studies using hormone secretion and calcium imaging as readouts. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Panzer et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Panzer
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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7
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Mateus Gonçalves L, Fahd Qadir MM, Boulina M, Makhmutova M, Pereira E, Almaça J. Pericyte dysfunction and impaired vasomotion are hallmarks of islets during the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112913. [PMID: 37531253 PMCID: PMC10529889 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets are endocrine organs that depend on their microvasculature to function. Along with endothelial cells, pericytes comprise the islet microvascular network. These mural cells are crucial for microvascular stability and function, but it is not known if/how they are affected during the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Here, we investigate islet pericyte density, phenotype, and function using living pancreas slices from donors without diabetes, donors with a single T1D-associated autoantibody (GADA+), and recent onset T1D cases. Our data show that islet pericyte and capillary responses to vasoactive stimuli are impaired early on in T1D. Microvascular dysfunction is associated with a switch in the phenotype of islet pericytes toward myofibroblasts. Using publicly available RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, we further found that transcriptional alterations related to endothelin-1 signaling and vascular and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling are hallmarks of single autoantibody (Aab)+ donor pancreata. Our data show that microvascular dysfunction is present at early stages of islet autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mateus Gonçalves
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, USA; Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Maria Boulina
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Madina Makhmutova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pereira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joana Almaça
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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8
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Skelin Klemen M, Dolenšek J, Križančić Bombek L, Pohorec V, Gosak M, Slak Rupnik M, Stožer A. The effect of forskolin and the role of Epac2A during activation, activity, and deactivation of beta cell networks. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1225486. [PMID: 37701894 PMCID: PMC10494243 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1225486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta cells couple stimulation by glucose with insulin secretion and impairments in this coupling play a central role in diabetes mellitus. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) amplifies stimulus-secretion coupling via protein kinase A and guanine nucleotide exchange protein 2 (Epac2A). With the present research, we aimed to clarify the influence of cAMP-elevating diterpene forskolin on cytoplasmic calcium dynamics and intercellular network activity, which are two of the crucial elements of normal beta cell stimulus-secretion coupling, and the role of Epac2A under normal and stimulated conditions. To this end, we performed functional multicellular calcium imaging of beta cells in mouse pancreas tissue slices after stimulation with glucose and forskolin in wild-type and Epac2A knock-out mice. Forskolin evoked calcium signals in otherwise substimulatory glucose and beta cells from Epac2A knock-out mice displayed a faster activation. During the plateau phase, beta cells from Epac2A knock-out mice displayed a slightly higher active time in response to glucose compared with wild-type littermates, and stimulation with forskolin increased the active time via an increase in oscillation frequency and a decrease in oscillation duration in both Epac2A knock-out and wild-type mice. Functional network properties during stimulation with glucose did not differ in Epac2A knock-out mice, but the presence of Epac2A was crucial for the protective effect of stimulation with forskolin in preventing a decline in beta cell functional connectivity with time. Finally, stimulation with forskolin prolonged beta cell activity during deactivation, especially in Epac2A knock-out mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Skelin Klemen
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Dolenšek
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | | | - Viljem Pohorec
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marko Gosak
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Alma Mater Europaea, European Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Slak Rupnik
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Alma Mater Europaea, European Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andraž Stožer
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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9
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Kayser C, Brauer A, Susanne S, Wandmacher AM. The challenge of making the right choice: patient avatars in the era of cancer immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1237565. [PMID: 37638045 PMCID: PMC10449253 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1237565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are a key therapeutic strategy to fight cancer. Diverse approaches are used to activate tumor-directed immunity and to overcome tumor immune escape. The dynamic interplay between tumor cells and their tumor(immune)microenvironment (T(I)ME) poses a major challenge to create appropriate model systems. However, those model systems are needed to gain novel insights into tumor (immune) biology and a prerequisite to accurately develop and test immunotherapeutic approaches which can be successfully translated into clinical application. Several model systems have been established and advanced into so-called patient avatars to mimic the patient´s tumor biology. All models have their advantages but also disadvantages underscoring the necessity to pay attention in defining the rationale and requirements for which the patient avatar will be used. Here, we briefly outline the current state of tumor model systems used for tumor (immune)biological analysis as well as evaluation of immunotherapeutic agents. Finally, we provide a recommendation for further development to make patient avatars a complementary tool for testing and predicting immunotherapeutic strategies for personalization of tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kayser
- Group of Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Brauer
- Group of Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebens Susanne
- Group of Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Maxi Wandmacher
- Group of Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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10
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Zhang Q, Inagaki NF, Ito T. Recent advances in micro-sized oxygen carriers inspired by red blood cells. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2223050. [PMID: 37363800 PMCID: PMC10288928 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2223050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Supplementing sufficient oxygen to cells is always challenging in biomedical engineering fields such as tissue engineering. Originating from the concept of a 'blood substitute', nano-sized artificial oxygen carriers (AOCs) have been studied for a long time for the optimization of the oxygen supplementation and improvement of hypoxia environments in vitro and in vivo. When circulating in our bodies, micro-sized human red blood cells (hRBCs) feature a high oxygen capacity, a unique biconcave shape, biomechanical and rheological properties, and low frictional surfaces, making them efficient natural oxygen carriers. Inspired by hRBCs, recent studies have focused on evolving different AOCs into microparticles more feasibly able to achieve desired architectures and morphologies and to obtain the corresponding advantages. Recent micro-sized AOCs have been developed into additional categories based on their principal oxygen-carrying or oxygen-releasing materials. Various biomaterials such as lipids, proteins, and polymers have also been used to prepare oxygen carriers owing to their rapid oxygen transfer, high oxygen capacity, excellent colloidal stability, biocompatibility, suitable biodegradability, and long storage. In this review, we concentrated on the fabrication techniques, applied biomaterials, and design considerations of micro-sized AOCs to illustrate the advances in their performances. We also compared certain recent micro-sized AOCs with hRBCs where applicable and appropriate. Furthermore, we discussed existing and potential applications of different types of micro-sized AOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Zhang
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko F. Inagaki
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Ito
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Weitz J, Hurtado de Mendoza T, Tiriac H, Lee J, Sun S, Garg B, Patel J, Li K, Baumgartner J, Kelly KJ, Veerapong J, Hosseini M, Chen Y, Lowy AM. An Ex Vivo Organotypic Culture Platform for Functional Interrogation of Human Appendiceal Cancer Reveals a Prominent and Heterogenous Immunological Landscape. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:4793-4806. [PMID: 36067351 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epithelial neoplasms of the appendix are difficult to study preclinically given their low incidence, frequent mucinous histology, and absence of a comparable organ in mice for disease modeling. Although surgery is an effective treatment for localized disease, metastatic disease has a poor prognosis as existing therapeutics borrowed from colorectal cancer have limited efficacy. Recent studies reveal that appendiceal cancer has a genomic landscape distinct from colorectal cancer and thus preclinical models to study this disease are a significant unmet need. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We adopted an ex vivo slice model that permits the study of cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment. Mucinous carcinomatosis peritonei specimens obtained at surgical resection were cutoff using a vibratome to make 150-μm slices cultured in media. RESULTS Slice cultures were viable and maintained their cellular composition regarding the proportion of epithelial, immune cells, and fibroblasts over 7 days. Within donor specimens, we identified a prominent and diverse immune landscape and calcium imaging confirmed that immune cells were functional for 7 days. Given the diverse immune landscape, we treated slices with TAK981, an inhibitor of SUMOylation with known immunomodulatory functions, in early-phase clinical trials. In 5 of 6 donor samples, TAK981-treated slices cultures had reduced viability, and regulatory T cells (Treg). These data were consistent with TAK981 activity in purified Tregs using an in vitro murine model. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an approach to study appendiceal cancer therapeutics and pathobiology in a preclinical setting. These methods may be broadly applicable to the study of other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Weitz
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Tatiana Hurtado de Mendoza
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Herve Tiriac
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - James Lee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Siming Sun
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Bharti Garg
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jay Patel
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Kevin Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Joel Baumgartner
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Kaitlin J Kelly
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jula Veerapong
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Yuan Chen
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Andrew M Lowy
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
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12
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Rafiei N, Moghadam MG, Au A, Regeenes R, Chidambaram S, Liang T, Wang Y, Yip CM, Gaisano H, Rocheleau JV. Design of a versatile microfluidic device for imaging precision-cut-tissue slices. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35793653 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac7eea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Precision-cut-tissues (PCTs), which preserve many aspects of a tissue's microenvironment, are typically imaged using conventional sample dishes and chambers. These can require large amounts of reagent and, when used for flow-through experiments, the shear forces applied on the tissues are often ill-defined. Their physical design also makes it difficult to image large volumes and repetitively image smaller regions of interest in the living slice. We report here on the design of a versatile microfluidic device capable of holding mouse or human pancreas PCTs for 3D fluorescence imaging using confocal and selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM). Our design positions PCTs within a 5 × 5 mm × 140µm deep chamber fitted with 150µm tall channels to facilitate media exchange. Shear stress in the device is localized to small regions on the surface of the tissue and can be easily controlled. This design allows for media exchange at flowrates ∼10-fold lower than those required for conventional chambers. Finally, this design allows for imaging the same immunofluorescently labeled PCT with high resolution on a confocal and with large field of view on a SPIM, without adversely affecting image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Rafiei
- Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammadamir G Moghadam
- Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Au
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Romario Regeenes
- Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tao Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher M Yip
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Herbert Gaisano
- Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan V Rocheleau
- Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Stožer A, Šterk M, Paradiž Leitgeb E, Markovič R, Skelin Klemen M, Ellis CE, Križančić Bombek L, Dolenšek J, MacDonald PE, Gosak M. From Isles of Königsberg to Islets of Langerhans: Examining the Function of the Endocrine Pancreas Through Network Science. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:922640. [PMID: 35784543 PMCID: PMC9240343 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.922640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Islets of Langerhans are multicellular microorgans located in the pancreas that play a central role in whole-body energy homeostasis. Through secretion of insulin and other hormones they regulate postprandial storage and interprandial usage of energy-rich nutrients. In these clusters of hormone-secreting endocrine cells, intricate cell-cell communication is essential for proper function. Electrical coupling between the insulin-secreting beta cells through gap junctions composed of connexin36 is particularly important, as it provides the required, most important, basis for coordinated responses of the beta cell population. The increasing evidence that gap-junctional communication and its modulation are vital to well-regulated secretion of insulin has stimulated immense interest in how subpopulations of heterogeneous beta cells are functionally arranged throughout the islets and how they mediate intercellular signals. In the last decade, several novel techniques have been proposed to assess cooperation between cells in islets, including the prosperous combination of multicellular imaging and network science. In the present contribution, we review recent advances related to the application of complex network approaches to uncover the functional connectivity patterns among cells within the islets. We first provide an accessible introduction to the basic principles of network theory, enumerating the measures characterizing the intercellular interactions and quantifying the functional integration and segregation of a multicellular system. Then we describe methodological approaches to construct functional beta cell networks, point out possible pitfalls, and specify the functional implications of beta cell network examinations. We continue by highlighting the recent findings obtained through advanced multicellular imaging techniques supported by network-based analyses, giving special emphasis to the current developments in both mouse and human islets, as well as outlining challenges offered by the multilayer network formalism in exploring the collective activity of islet cell populations. Finally, we emphasize that the combination of these imaging techniques and network-based analyses does not only represent an innovative concept that can be used to describe and interpret the physiology of islets, but also provides fertile ground for delineating normal from pathological function and for quantifying the changes in islet communication networks associated with the development of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Stožer
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marko Šterk
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Eva Paradiž Leitgeb
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Rene Markovič
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maša Skelin Klemen
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Cara E. Ellis
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Jurij Dolenšek
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Patrick E. MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marko Gosak
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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14
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Marolt U, Paradiž Leitgeb E, Pohorec V, Lipovšek S, Venglovecz V, Gál E, Ébert A, Menyhárt I, Potrč S, Gosak M, Dolenšek J, Stožer A. Calcium imaging in intact mouse acinar cells in acute pancreas tissue slices. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268644. [PMID: 35657915 PMCID: PMC9165796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiology and pathophysiology of the exocrine pancreas are in close connection to changes in intra-cellular Ca2+ concentration. Most of our knowledge is based on in vitro experiments on acinar cells or acini enzymatically isolated from their surroundings, which can alter their structure, physiology, and limit our understanding. Due to these limitations, the acute pancreas tissue slice technique was introduced almost two decades ago as a complementary approach to assess the morphology and physiology of both the endocrine and exocrine pancreas in a more conserved in situ setting. In this study, we extend previous work to functional multicellular calcium imaging on acinar cells in tissue slices. The viability and morphological characteristics of acinar cells within the tissue slice were assessed using the LIVE/DEAD assay, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence imaging. The main aim of our study was to characterize the responses of acinar cells to stimulation with acetylcholine and compare them with responses to cerulein in pancreatic tissue slices, with special emphasis on inter-cellular and inter-acinar heterogeneity and coupling. To this end, calcium imaging was performed employing confocal microscopy during stimulation with a wide range of acetylcholine concentrations and selected concentrations of cerulein. We show that various calcium oscillation parameters depend monotonically on the stimulus concentration and that the activity is rather well synchronized within acini, but not between acini. The acute pancreas tissue slice represents a viable and reliable experimental approach for the evaluation of both intra- and inter-cellular signaling characteristics of acinar cell calcium dynamics. It can be utilized to assess many cells simultaneously with a high spatiotemporal resolution, thus providing an efficient and high-yield platform for future studies of normal acinar cell biology, pathophysiology, and screening pharmacological substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Marolt
- Clinical department for abdominal and general surgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (UM); (JD); (AS)
| | - Eva Paradiž Leitgeb
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Viljem Pohorec
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Saška Lipovšek
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Viktória Venglovecz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eleonóra Gál
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Ébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Menyhárt
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Stojan Potrč
- Clinical department for abdominal and general surgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marko Gosak
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Dolenšek
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (UM); (JD); (AS)
| | - Andraž Stožer
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (UM); (JD); (AS)
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15
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Basile G, Qadir MMF, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Vetere A, Shoba V, Modell AE, Pastori RL, Russ HA, Wagner BK, Dominguez-Bendala J. Emerging diabetes therapies: Bringing back the β-cells. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101477. [PMID: 35331962 PMCID: PMC8987999 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell therapies are finally coming of age as a viable alternative to pancreatic islet transplantation for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. Several clinical trials using human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived β-like cells are currently underway, with encouraging preliminary results. Remaining challenges notwithstanding, these strategies are widely expected to reduce our reliance on human isolated islets for transplantation procedures, making cell therapies available to millions of diabetic patients. At the same time, advances in our understanding of pancreatic cell plasticity and the molecular mechanisms behind β-cell replication and regeneration have spawned a multitude of translational efforts aimed at inducing β-cell replenishment in situ through pharmacological means, thus circumventing the need for transplantation. SCOPE OF REVIEW We discuss here the current state of the art in hESC transplantation, as well as the parallel quest to discover agents capable of either preserving the residual mass of β-cells or inducing their proliferation, transdifferentiation or differentiation from progenitor cells. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Stem cell-based replacement therapies in the mold of islet transplantation are already around the corner, but a permanent cure for type 1 diabetes will likely require the endogenous regeneration of β-cells aided by interventions to restore the immune balance. The promise of current research avenues and a strong pipeline of clinical trials designed to tackle these challenges bode well for the realization of this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Basile
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M M F Qadir
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - F Mauvais-Jarvis
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - A Vetere
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - V Shoba
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - R L Pastori
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - H A Russ
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Colorado University Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | | | - J Dominguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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16
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Patel SN, Mathews CE, Chandler R, Stabler CL. The Foundation for Engineering a Pancreatic Islet Niche. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:881525. [PMID: 35600597 PMCID: PMC9114707 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.881525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in diabetes research is hindered, in part, by deficiencies in current experimental systems to accurately model human pathophysiology and/or predict clinical outcomes. Engineering human-centric platforms that more closely mimic in vivo physiology, however, requires thoughtful and informed design. Summarizing our contemporary understanding of the unique and critical features of the pancreatic islet can inform engineering design criteria. Furthermore, a broad understanding of conventional experimental practices and their current advantages and limitations ensures that new models address key gaps. Improving beyond traditional cell culture, emerging platforms are combining diabetes-relevant cells within three-dimensional niches containing dynamic matrices and controlled fluidic flow. While highly promising, islet-on-a-chip prototypes must evolve their utility, adaptability, and adoptability to ensure broad and reproducible use. Here we propose a roadmap for engineers to craft biorelevant and accessible diabetes models. Concurrently, we seek to inspire biologists to leverage such tools to ask complex and nuanced questions. The progenies of such diabetes models should ultimately enable investigators to translate ambitious research expeditions from benchtop to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smit N. Patel
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rachel Chandler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Cherie L. Stabler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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17
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Jacobelli J, Buser AE, Heiden DL, Friedman RS. Autoimmunity in motion: Mechanisms of immune regulation and destruction revealed by in vivo imaging. Immunol Rev 2022; 306:181-199. [PMID: 34825390 PMCID: PMC9135487 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity arises when mechanisms of immune tolerance fail. Here we discuss mechanisms of T cell activation and tolerance and the dynamics of the autoimmune response at the site of disease. Live imaging of autoimmunity provides the ability to analyze immune cell dynamics at the single-cell level within the complex intact environment where disease occurs. These analyses have revealed mechanisms of T cell activation and tolerance in the lymph nodes, mechanisms of T cell entry into sites of autoimmune disease, and mechanisms leading to pathogenesis or protection in the autoimmune lesions. The overarching conclusions point to stable versus transient T cell antigen presenting cell interactions dictating the balance between T cell activation and tolerance, and T cell restimulation as a driver of pathogenesis at the site of autoimmunity. Findings from models of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes are highlighted, however, the results have implications for basic mechanisms of T cell regulation during immune responses, tumor immunity, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Jacobelli
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Alan E. Buser
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Dustin L. Heiden
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Rachel S. Friedman
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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18
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Essaouiba A, Jellali R, Poulain S, Tokito F, Gilard F, Gakière B, Kim SH, Legallais C, Sakai Y, Leclerc E. Analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of pancreatic spheroids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells and matured in an organ-on-a-chip. Mol Omics 2022; 18:791-804. [DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00132b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of pancreatic cells from hiPSC is one of the emerging strategies to achieve an in vitro pancreas model. Here, hiPSC-derived β-like-cells spheroids were cultured in microfluidic environment and characterized using omics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Essaouiba
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiegne, France
- CNRS IRL 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba; Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Rachid Jellali
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiegne, France
| | - Stéphane Poulain
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba; Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Fumiya Tokito
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Françoise Gilard
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d’Evry, Université de Paris, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d’Evry, Université de Paris, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Soo Hyeon Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba; Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Cécile Legallais
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiegne, France
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- CNRS IRL 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba; Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Eric Leclerc
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiegne, France
- CNRS IRL 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba; Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
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19
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Alvarez Fallas ME, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Cujba AM, Manea T, Lambert C, Morrugares R, Sancho R. Stem/progenitor cells in normal physiology and disease of the pancreas. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 538:111459. [PMID: 34543699 PMCID: PMC8573583 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Though embryonic pancreas progenitors are well characterised, the existence of stem/progenitor cells in the postnatal mammalian pancreas has been long debated, mainly due to contradicting results on regeneration after injury or disease in mice. Despite these controversies, sequencing advancements combined with lineage tracing and organoid technologies indicate that homeostatic and trigger-induced regenerative responses in mice could occur. The presence of putative progenitor cells in the adult pancreas has been proposed during homeostasis and upon different stress challenges such as inflammation, tissue damage and oncogenic stress. More recently, single cell transcriptomics has revealed a remarkable heterogeneity in all pancreas cell types, with some cells showing the signature of potential progenitors. In this review we provide an overview on embryonic and putative adult pancreas progenitors in homeostasis and disease, with special emphasis on in vitro culture systems and scRNA-seq technology as tools to address the progenitor nature of different pancreatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Enrique Alvarez Fallas
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana-Maria Cujba
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Teodora Manea
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Lambert
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rosario Morrugares
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain; Departamento de Biologia Celular, Fisiologia e Inmunologia, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rocio Sancho
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
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20
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Budd MA, Monajemi M, Colpitts SJ, Crome SQ, Verchere CB, Levings MK. Interactions between islets and regulatory immune cells in health and type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2378-2388. [PMID: 34550422 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from defects in immune self-tolerance that lead to inflammatory infiltrate in pancreatic islets, beta cell dysfunction and T cell-mediated killing of beta cells. Although therapies that broadly inhibit immunity show promise to mitigate autoinflammatory damage caused by effector T cells, these are unlikely to permanently reset tolerance or promote regeneration of the already diminished pool of beta cells. An emerging concept is that certain populations of immune cells may have the capacity to both promote tolerance and support the restoration of beta cells by supporting proliferation, differentiation and/or regeneration. Here we will highlight three immune cell types-macrophages, regulatory T cells and innate lymphoid cells-for which there is evidence of dual roles of immune regulation and tissue regeneration. We explore how findings in this area from other fields might be extrapolated to type 1 diabetes and highlight recent discoveries in the context of type 1 diabetes. We also discuss technological advances that are supporting this area of research and contextualise new therapeutic avenues to consider for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Budd
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mahdis Monajemi
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah J Colpitts
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Q Crome
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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21
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Weitz JR, Tiriac H, Hurtado de Mendoza T, Wascher A, Lowy AM. Using Organotypic Tissue Slices to Investigate the Microenvironment of Pancreatic Cancer: Pharmacotyping and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194991. [PMID: 34638476 PMCID: PMC8507648 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has the highest mortality rate of all major cancers and, disappointingly, neither immune- nor stroma-directed therapies are found to improve upon the current standard of care. Among the most challenging aspects of PDAC biology which impede clinical success are the physiological features of the pancreatic cancer microenvironment (TME), including the presence of a highly fibrotic extracellular matrix marked by perineural invasion and an immunosuppressive milieu. Many current strategies for PDAC therapy are focused on altering these features to improve therapeutic efficacy. This review discusses the recent investigations using organotypic tumor slices as a model system to study cellular and extracellular interactions of the pancreatic TME. Future studies utilizing such models may provide new insights into the TME by identifying mechanisms of communication between multiple cell types and investigating novel therapeutic approaches for personalized cancer therapy. Abstract Organotypic tissue slices prepared from patient tumors are a semi-intact ex vivo preparation that recapitulates many aspects of the tumor microenvironment (TME). While connections to the vasculature and nervous system are severed, the integral functional elements of the tumor remain intact for many days during the slice culture. During this window of time, the slice platforms offer a suite of molecular, biomechanical and functional tools to investigate PDAC biology. In this review, we first briefly discuss the development of pancreatic tissue slices as a model system. Next, we touch upon using slices as an orthogonal approach to study the TME as compared to other established 3D models, such as organoids. Distinct from most other models, the pancreatic slices contain autologous immune and other stromal cells. Taking advantage of the existing immune cells within the slices, we will discuss the breakthrough studies which investigate the immune compartment in the pancreas slices. These studies will provide an important framework for future investigations seeking to exploit or reprogram the TME for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Robert Weitz
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.R.W.); (H.T.); (T.H.d.M.); (A.W.)
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Herve Tiriac
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.R.W.); (H.T.); (T.H.d.M.); (A.W.)
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatiana Hurtado de Mendoza
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.R.W.); (H.T.); (T.H.d.M.); (A.W.)
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexis Wascher
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.R.W.); (H.T.); (T.H.d.M.); (A.W.)
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew M. Lowy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.R.W.); (H.T.); (T.H.d.M.); (A.W.)
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-822-2124
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22
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Abstract
This review focuses on the human pancreatic islet-including its structure, cell composition, development, function, and dysfunction. After providing a historical timeline of key discoveries about human islets over the past century, we describe new research approaches and technologies that are being used to study human islets and how these are providing insight into human islet physiology and pathophysiology. We also describe changes or adaptations in human islets in response to physiologic challenges such as pregnancy, aging, and insulin resistance and discuss islet changes in human diabetes of many forms. We outline current and future interventions being developed to protect, restore, or replace human islets. The review also highlights unresolved questions about human islets and proposes areas where additional research on human islets is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Diane C Saunders
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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23
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Qadir MMF, Bhondeley M, Beatty W, Gaupp DD, Doyle-Meyers LA, Fischer T, Bandyopadhyay I, Blair RV, Bohm R, Rappaport J, Lazartigues E, Heide RSV, Kolls JK, Qin X, Mauvais-Jarvis F. SARS-CoV-2 infection of the pancreas promotes thrombofibrosis and is associated with new-onset diabetes. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e151551. [PMID: 34241597 PMCID: PMC8410013 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests an association between severe acute respiratory syndrome–cornavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the occurrence of new-onset diabetes. We examined pancreatic expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), the cell entry factors for SARS-CoV-2, using publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data sets, and pancreatic tissue from control male and female nonhuman primates (NHPs) and humans. We also examined SARS-CoV-2 immunolocalization in pancreatic cells of SARS-CoV-2–infected NHPs and patients who had died from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We report expression of ACE2 in pancreatic islet, ductal, and endothelial cells in NHPs and humans. In pancreata from SARS-CoV-2–infected NHPs and COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2 infected ductal, endothelial, and islet cells. These pancreata also exhibited generalized fibrosis associated with multiple vascular thrombi. Two out of 8 NHPs developed new-onset diabetes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Two out of 5 COVID-19 patients exhibited new-onset diabetes at admission. These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection of the pancreas may promote acute and especially chronic pancreatic dysfunction that could potentially lead to new-onset diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology and Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Manika Bhondeley
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology and Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Molecular Microbiology Imaging facility, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dina D Gaupp
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Tracy Fischer
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ishitri Bandyopadhyay
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rudolf Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and.,Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Jay K Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology and Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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24
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Domínguez-Bendala J, Qadir MMF, Pastori RL. Temporal single-cell regeneration studies: the greatest thing since sliced pancreas? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:433-443. [PMID: 34006411 PMCID: PMC8239162 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of single-cell analytic techniques to the study of stem/progenitor cell niches supports the emerging view that pancreatic cell lineages are in a state of flux between differentiation stages. For all their value, however, such analyses merely offer a snapshot of the cellular palette of the tissue at any given time point. Conclusions about potential developmental/regeneration paths are solely based on bioinformatics inferences. In this context, the advent of new techniques for the long-term culture and lineage tracing of human pancreatic slices offers a virtual window into the native organ and presents the field with a unique opportunity to serially resolve pancreatic regeneration dynamics at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Domínguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ricardo Luis Pastori
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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25
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de Boer P, Giepmans BN. State-of-the-art microscopy to understand islets of Langerhans: what to expect next? Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:509-520. [PMID: 33667022 PMCID: PMC8252556 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of Langerhans and microscopic description of islets in the pancreas were crucial steps in the discovery of insulin. Over the past 150 years, many discoveries in islet biology and type 1 diabetes have been made using powerful microscopic techniques. In the past decade, combination of new probes, animal and tissue models, application of new biosensors and automation of light and electron microscopic methods and other (sub)cellular imaging modalities have proven their potential in understanding the beta cell under (patho)physiological conditions. The imaging evolution, from fluorescent jellyfish to real‐time intravital functional imaging, the revolution in automation and data handling and the increased resolving power of analytical imaging techniques are now converging. Here, we review innovative approaches that address islet biology from new angles by studying cells and molecules at high spatiotemporal resolution and in live models. Broad implementation of these cellular imaging techniques will shed new light on cause/consequence of (mal)function in islets of Langerhans in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal de Boer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Ng Giepmans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Huber MK, Drotar DM, Hiller H, Beery ML, Joseph P, Kusmartseva I, Speier S, Atkinson MA, Mathews CE, Phelps EA. Observing Islet Function and Islet-Immune Cell Interactions in Live Pancreatic Tissue Slices. J Vis Exp 2021:10.3791/62207. [PMID: 33900291 PMCID: PMC8314551 DOI: 10.3791/62207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Live pancreatic tissue slices allow for the study of islet physiology and function in the context of an intact islet microenvironment. Slices are prepared from live human and mouse pancreatic tissue embedded in agarose and cut using a vibratome. This method allows for the tissue to maintain viability and function in addition to preserving underlying pathologies such as type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The slice method enables new directions in the study of the pancreas through the maintenance of the complex structures and various intercellular interactions that comprise the endocrine and exocrine tissues of the pancreas. This protocol demonstrates how to perform staining and time-lapse microscopy of live endogenous immune cells within pancreatic slices along with assessments of islet physiology. Further, this approach can be refined to discern immune cell populations specific for islet cell antigens using major histocompatibility complex-multimer reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie K Huber
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Denise M Drotar
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
| | - Helmut Hiller
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Maria L Beery
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Paul Joseph
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Irina Kusmartseva
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Stephan Speier
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Edward A Phelps
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida;
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27
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Miranda MA, Macias-Velasco JF, Lawson HA. Pancreatic β-cell heterogeneity in health and diabetes: classes, sources, and subtypes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E716-E731. [PMID: 33586491 PMCID: PMC8238131 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00649.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells perform glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, a process at the center of type 2 diabetes etiology. Efforts to understand how β-cells behave in healthy and stressful conditions have revealed a wide degree of morphological, functional, and transcriptional heterogeneity. Sources of heterogeneity include β-cell topography, developmental origin, maturation state, and stress response. Advances in sequencing and imaging technologies have led to the identification of β-cell subtypes, which play distinct roles in the islet niche. This review examines β-cell heterogeneity from morphological, functional, and transcriptional perspectives, and considers the relevance of topography, maturation, development, and stress response. It also discusses how these factors have been used to identify β-cell subtypes, and how heterogeneity is impacted by diabetes. We examine open questions in the field and discuss recent technological innovations that could advance understanding of β-cell heterogeneity in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Miranda
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Juan F Macias-Velasco
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Heather A Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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28
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Tse HM, Gardner G, Dominguez-Bendala J, Fraker CA. The Importance of Proper Oxygenation in 3D Culture. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:634403. [PMID: 33859979 PMCID: PMC8042214 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.634403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture typically employs inexpensive, disposable plasticware, and standard humidified CO2/room air incubators (5% CO2, ∼20% oxygen). These methods have historically proven adequate for the maintenance of viability, function, and proliferation of many cell types, but with broad variation in culture practices. With technological advances it is becoming increasingly clear that cell culture is not a “one size fits all” procedure. Recently, there is a shift toward comprehension of the individual physiological niches of cultured cells. As scale-up production of single cell and 3D aggregates for therapeutic applications has expanded, researchers have focused on understanding the role of many environmental metabolites/forces on cell function and viability. Oxygen, due to its role in cell processes and the requirement for adequate supply to maintain critical energy generation, is one such metabolite gaining increased focus. With the advent of improved sensing technologies and computational predictive modeling, it is becoming evident that parameters such as cell seeding density, culture media height, cellular oxygen consumption rate, and aggregate dimensions should be considered for experimental reproducibility. In this review, we will examine the role of oxygen in 3D cell culture with particular emphasis on primary islets of Langerhans and stem cell-derived insulin-producing SC-β cells, both known for their high metabolic demands. We will implement finite element modeling (FEM) to simulate historical and current culture methods in referenced manuscripts and innovations focusing on oxygen distribution. Our group and others have shown that oxygen plays a key role in proliferation, differentiation, and function of these 3D aggregates. Their culture in plastic consistently results in core regions of hypoxia/anoxia exacerbated by increased media height, aggregate dimensions, and oxygen consumption rates. Static gas permeable systems ameliorate this problem. The use of rotational culture and other dynamic culture systems also have advantages in terms of oxygen supply but come with the caveat that these endocrine aggregates are also exquisitely sensitive to mechanical perturbation. As recent work demonstrates, there is a strong rationale for the use of alternate in vitro systems to maintain physio-normal environments for cell growth and function for better phenotypic approximation of in vivo counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Graeme Gardner
- Department of Surgery, Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Juan Dominguez-Bendala
- Department of Surgery, Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Christopher A Fraker
- Department of Surgery, Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
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29
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Al-Mrabeh A. β-Cell Dysfunction, Hepatic Lipid Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Health in Type 2 Diabetes: New Directions of Research and Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:226. [PMID: 33672162 PMCID: PMC7927138 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a major problem for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and dyslipidemia is one of the main drivers for both metabolic diseases. In this review, the major pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of β-cell dysfunction and recovery in T2DM are discussed in the context of abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health. (i) In normal health, continuous exposure of the pancreas to nutrient stimulus increases the demand on β-cells. In the long term, this will not only stress β-cells and decrease their insulin secretory capacity, but also will blunt the cellular response to insulin. (ii) At the pre-diabetes stage, β-cells compensate for insulin resistance through hypersecretion of insulin. This increases the metabolic burden on the stressed β-cells and changes hepatic lipoprotein metabolism and adipose tissue function. (iii) If this lipotoxic hyperinsulinemic environment is not removed, β-cells start to lose function, and CVD risk rises due to lower lipoprotein clearance. (iv) Once developed, T2DM can be reversed by weight loss, a process described recently as remission. However, the precise mechanism(s) by which calorie restriction causes normalization of lipoprotein metabolism and restores β-cell function are not fully established. Understanding the pathophysiological and molecular basis of β-cell failure and recovery during remission is critical to reduce β-cell burden and loss of function. The aim of this review is to highlight the link between lipoprotein export and lipid-driven β-cell dysfunction in T2DM and how this is related to cardiovascular health. A second aim is to understand the mechanisms of β-cell recovery after weight loss, and to explore new areas of research for developing more targeted future therapies to prevent T2DM and the associated CVD events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al-Mrabeh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Magnetic Resonance Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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30
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Patel SN, Ishahak M, Chaimov D, Velraj A, LaShoto D, Hagan DW, Buchwald P, Phelps EA, Agarwal A, Stabler CL. Organoid microphysiological system preserves pancreatic islet function within 3D matrix. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/7/eaba5515. [PMID: 33579705 PMCID: PMC7880596 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) multicellular organoids recapitulate the native complexities of human tissue better than traditional cellular monolayers. As organoids are insufficiently supported using standard static culture, microphysiological systems (MPSs) provide a key enabling technology to maintain organoid physiology in vitro. Here, a polydimethylsiloxane-free MPS that enables continuous dynamic culture and serial in situ multiparametric assessments was leveraged to culture organoids, specifically human and rodent pancreatic islets, within a 3D alginate hydrogel. Computational modeling predicted reduced hypoxic stress and improved insulin secretion compared to static culture. Experimental validation via serial, high-content, and noninvasive assessments quantitatively confirmed that the MPS platform retained organoid viability and functionality for at least 10 days, in stark contrast to the acute decline observed overnight under static conditions. Our findings demonstrate the importance of a dynamic in vitro microenvironment for the preservation of primary organoid function and the utility of this MPS for in situ multiparametric assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Patel
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - M Ishahak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - D Chaimov
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - A Velraj
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - D LaShoto
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - D W Hagan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - P Buchwald
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - E A Phelps
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - A Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - C L Stabler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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31
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Frikke-Schmidt H, Arvan P, Seeley RJ, Cras-Méneur C. Improved in vivo imaging method for individual islets across the mouse pancreas reveals a heterogeneous insulin secretion response to glucose. Sci Rep 2021; 11:603. [PMID: 33436691 PMCID: PMC7804140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While numerous techniques can be used to measure and analyze insulin secretion in isolated islets in culture, assessments of insulin secretion in vivo are typically indirect and only semiquantitative. The CpepSfGFP reporter mouse line allows the in vivo imaging of insulin secretion from individual islets after a glucose stimulation, in live, anesthetized mice. Imaging the whole pancreas at high resolution in live mice to track the response of each individual islet over time includes numerous technical challenges and previous reports were only limited in scope and non-quantitative. Elaborating on this previous model-through the development of an improved methodology addressing anesthesia, temperature control and motion blur-we were able to track and quantify longitudinally insulin content throughout a glucose challenge in up to two hundred individual islets simultaneously. Through this approach we demonstrate quantitatively for the first time that while isolated islets respond homogeneously to glucose in culture, their profiles differ significantly in vivo. Independent of size or location, some islets respond sharply to a glucose stimulation while others barely secrete at all. This platform therefore provides a powerful approach to study the impact of disease, diet, surgery or pharmacological treatments on insulin secretion in the intact pancreas in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Corentin Cras-Méneur
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Mateus Gonçalves L, Almaça J. Functional Characterization of the Human Islet Microvasculature Using Living Pancreas Slices. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:602519. [PMID: 33519711 PMCID: PMC7843926 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.602519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets are clusters of endocrine cells that secrete different hormones to regulate blood glucose levels. Efficient hormone secretion requires a close interaction of endocrine cells with their vascular system. Islets receive blood through feeding arteriole(s) that branch into capillaries made of endothelial cells covered by pericytes. While a lot is known about rodent islet blood vessels, the structure and function of the human islet microvasculature has been less investigated. In this study, we used living pancreas slices from non-diabetic human donors to examine the function of human islet blood vessels. Living human pancreas slices were incubated with a membrane permeant calcium indicator and pericytes/smooth muscle cells were visualized with a fluorescent antibody against the mural cell marker NG2 proteoglycan. By confocal microscopy, we simultaneously recorded changes in the diameter of lectin-labeled blood vessels and cytosolic calcium levels in mural cells in islets. We tested several stimuli with vasoactive properties, such as norepinephrine, endothelin-1 and adenosine and compared human vascular responses with those previously published for mouse islet blood vessels. Norepinephrine and endothelin-1 significantly constricted human islet feeding arterioles, while adenosine dilated them. Islet capillaries were less responsive and only 15-20% of the mouse and human islet capillary network showed vasomotion. Nevertheless, in these responsive regions, norepinephrine and endothelin-1 decreased both mouse and human islet capillary diameter. Changes in islet blood vessel diameter were coupled to changes in cytosolic calcium levels in adjacent mouse and human islet mural cells. Our study shows that mural cells in islets are the targets of different regulatory mechanisms of islet blood perfusion. Several alterations of the human islet microvasculature occur during diabetes progression. Elucidating their functional consequences in future studies will be critical for our understanding of disease pathogenesis.
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