Coordinate β-adrenergic inhibition of mitochondrial activity and angiogenesis arrest tumor growth

Investigating the therapeutic promise of Drug-Repurposed-Loaded Nanocarriers: A pioneering strategy in advancing colorectal cancer treatment

Globally, colorectal cancer is a major health problem that ranks in third place in terms of occurrences and second in terms of mortality worldwide. New cases increase annually, with the absence of effective therapies, especially for metastatic colorectal cancer, emphasizing the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Although conventional treatments are commonly used in oncotherapy, their success rate is low, which leads to the exploration of novel technologies. Recent efforts have focused on developing safe and efficient cancer nanocarriers. With their nanoscale properties, nanocarriers have the potential to utilize internal metabolic modifications amid cancer cells and healthy cells. Drug repurposing is an emerging strategy in cancer management as it is a faster, cheaper, and safer method than conventional drug development. However, most repurposed drugs are characterized by low-key pharmacokinetic characteristics, such as poor aqueous solubility, permeability, retention, and bioavailability. Nanoparticle formulations and delivery have expanded over the past few decades, creating opportunities for drug repurposing and promises as an advanced cancer modality. This review provides a concise and updated overview of colorectal cancer treatment regimens and their therapeutic limitations. Furthermore, the chemotherapeutic effect of various FDA-approved medications, including statins, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antidiabetic and anthelmintic agents, and their significance in colorectal cancer management. Along with the role of various nanocarrier systems in achieving the desired therapeutic outcomes of employing these redefined drugs.

The multifaceted role of beta-blockers in overcoming cancer progression and drug resistance: Extending beyond cardiovascular disorders

Beta-blockers are commonly used medications that antagonize β-adrenoceptors, reducing sympathetic nervous system activity. Emerging evidence suggests that beta-blockers may also have anticancer effects and help overcome drug resistance in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the contribution of different isoforms of beta-adrenoceptors in cancer progression, the current preclinical and clinical data on associations between beta-blockers use and cancer outcomes, as well as their ability to enhance responses to chemotherapy and other standard therapies. We discuss proposed mechanisms, including effects on angiogenesis, metastasis, cancer stem cells, and apoptotic pathways. Overall, results from epidemiological studies and small clinical trials largely indicate the beneficial effects of beta-blockers on cancer progression and drug resistance. However, larger randomized controlled trials are needed to firmly establish their clinical efficacy and optimal utilization as adjuvant agents in cancer therapy.

Euphorbia helioscopia L. exhibits promising therapeutic effects on hemangioendothelioma and melanoma through angiogenesis inhibition

BACKGROUND

Euphorbia helioscopia L (EHL), a widely used medicinal plant in traditional Chinese medicine, has shown promising effects on certain cancers. However, previous studies on EHL did not elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Herein, for the first time, we present the strong therapeutic potential of EHL extracts on malignant hemangioendothelioma, a rare type of vascular tumor.

PURPOSE

To investigate the potential anti-tumor mechanism of extracts of EHL on hemangioendothelioma and melanoma.

METHODS

The dried stems and leaves of EHL were extracted with Ethyl Acetate and n-Butyl alcohol, yielding two crude extracts Ethyl Acetate fraction (EA) and n-Butyl alcohol fraction (Bu). EA and Bu were prepared to assess the potential mechanism by assays for cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, colony formation, tube formation, cellular metabolic activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) antagonism, RNA expression and western blot. To further confirm the anti-tumor effect of EHL in vivo, we established hemangioendothelioma and melanoma tumor-bearing mouse model using node mice and administered with EA and Bu, tracked alterations in tumor volume and survival rate. Furthermore, tissue samples were obtained for histological, protein, and genetic investigations.

RESULTS

We demonstrate that the injection of EA and Bu, significantly inhibits tumor growth and prolongs the lifespan of tumor-bearing mice. Bu treatment exhibited a remarkable 33 % healing effect on the primary hemangioendothelioma tumor, bringing the survival rate to a level comparable to that of healthy mice. Mechanically, both EA and Bu impair respiratory chain complexes, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in DNA damage, cell apoptosis, and finally blocked angiogenesis. While EA demonstrates robust inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth and a broader impact on metabolism in vitro, the in vivo effect of Bu surpasses that of EA in terms of strength. EA and Bu also exhibit potent anti-tumor effects on a primary melanoma model by inhibiting angiogenesis. Importantly, when compared to other compounds used in the treatment of hemangioendothelioma, EA and Bu demonstrate more profound anti-tumor effects.

CONCLUSION

For the first time, our findings reveal that EHL extracts, especially the high polarity compounds, exhibit potent anti-tumor effects by targeting cellular metabolism, specifically through the inhibition of mitochondria-related metabolic activities. This leads to the accumulation of ROS and effectively suppresses abnormal angiogenesis.

Nebivolol, an antihypertensive agent, has new application in inhibiting melanoma

Repurposing existing drugs for cancer therapy has become an important strategy because of its advantages, such as cost reduction, effect and safety. The present study was designed to investigate the antimelanoma effect and possible mechanisms of action of nebivolol, which is an approved and widely prescribed antihypertensive agent. In this study, we explored the effect of nebivolol on cell proliferation and cell activity in melanoma in vitro and the potential antimelanoma mechanism of nebivolol through a series of experiments, including the analysis of the effects with regard to cell apoptosis and metastasis. Furthermore, we evaluated the antimelanoma effect on xenograft tumor models and inspected the antimelanoma mechanism of nebivolol in vivo using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining assays. As results in this work, in vitro , nebivolol possessed a strong activity for suppression proliferation and cell cycle arrest on melanoma. Moreover, nebivolol significantly induced cell apoptosis in melanoma through a mitochondrial-mediated endogenous apoptosis pathway. Additionally, nebivolol inhibited melanoma cell metastasis. More importantly, nebivolol exhibited significantly effective melanoma xenograft models in vivo , which related to the mechanism of apoptosis induction, proliferation inhibition, metastasis blocking and angiogenesis arrest. Overall, the data of the present study recommend that nebivolol holds great potential in application as a novel agent for the treatment of melanoma.

Ablation of Atp5if1 impairs metabolic reprogramming and proliferation of T lymphocytes and compromises mouse survival

T cells experience metabolic reprogramming to an enhanced glycolysis upon activation. Herein, we have investigated whether ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1), the physiological inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthase, participates in rewiring T cells to a particular metabolic phenotype. We show that the activation of naive CD4+ T lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo is accompanied by a sharp upregulation of IF1, which is expressed only in Th1 effector cells. T lymphocytes of conditional CD4+-IF1-knockout mice display impaired glucose uptake and flux through glycolysis, reducing the biogenesis of mitochondria and cellular proliferation after activation. Consequently, mice devoid of IF1 in T lymphocytes cannot mount an effective Th1 response against bacterial infection compromising their survival. Overall, we show that the inhibition of a fraction of ATP synthase by IF1 regulates metabolic reprogramming and functionality of T cells, highlighting the essential role of IF1 in adaptive immune responses.

Exosomes Derived from Mouse Breast Carcinoma Cells Facilitate Diabetic Wound Healing

BACKGROUND

Exosomes derived from breast cancer have been reported to play a role in promoting cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, which has the potential to accelerate the healing process of diabetic wounds. The aim of this investigation was to examine the function of exosomes originating from 4T1 mouse breast carcinoma cells (TEXs) in the process of diabetic wound healing.

METHODS

The assessment of primary mouse skin fibroblasts cell proliferation and migration was conducted through the utilization of CCK-8 and wound healing assays, while the tube formation of HUVECs was evaluated by tube formation assay. High-throughput sequencing, RT-qPCR and cell experiments were used to detect the roles of miR-126a-3p in HUVECs functions in vitro. The in vivo study employed a model of full-thickness excisional wounds in diabetic subjects to explore the potential therapeutic benefits of TEXs. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent techniques were utilized to evaluate histological changes in skin tissues.

RESULTS

The findings suggested that TEXs facilitate diabetic wound healing through the activation of cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. An upregulation of miR-126a-3p has been observed in TEXs, and it has demonstrated efficient transferability from 4T1 cells to HUVEC cells. The activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway has been attributed to miR-126a-3p derived from TEXs.

CONCLUSIONS

The promotion of chronic wound healing can be facilitated by TEXs through the activation of cellular migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. The activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway by miR-126a-3p originating from TEXs has been discovered, indicating a potential avenue for enhancing the regenerative capabilities of wounds treated with TEXs.

Identification of FTY720 and COH29 as novel topoisomerase I catalytic inhibitors by experimental and computational studies

The development of novel topoisomerase I (TOP1) inhibitors is crucial for overcoming the drawbacks and limitations of current TOP1 poisons. Here, we identified two potential TOP1 inhibitors, namely, FTY720 (a sphingosine 1-phosphate antagonist) and COH29 (a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor), through experimental screening of known active compounds. Biological experiments verified that FTY720 and COH29 were nonintercalative TOP1 catalytic inhibitors that did not induce the formation of DNA-TOP1 covalent complexes. Molecular docking revealed that FTY720 and COH29 interacted favorably with TOP1. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that FTY720 and COH29 could affect the catalytic domain of TOP1, thus resulting in altered DNA-binding cavity size. The alanine scanning and interaction entropy identified Arg536 as a hotspot residue. In addition, the bioinformatics analysis predicted that FTY720 and COH29 could be effective in treating malignant breast tumors. Biological experiments verified their antitumor activities using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Their combinatory effects with TOP1 poisons were also investigated. Further, FTY720 and COH29 were found to cause less DNA damage compared with TOP1 poisons. The findings provide reliable lead compounds for the development of novel TOP1 catalytic inhibitors and offer new insights into the potential clinical applications of FTY720 and COH29 in targeting TOP1.

The ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1) Contributes to the Warburg Effect and Is Regulated by Its Phosphorylation in S39 by a Protein Kinase A-like Activity

The relevant role played by the ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1) as a physiological in vivo inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthase in cancer and non-cancer cells, and in the mitochondria of different mouse tissues, as assessed in different genetic loss- and gain-of-function models of IF1 has been extensively documented. In this review we summarize our findings and those of others that favor the implication of IF1 in metabolic reprogramming to an enhanced glycolytic phenotype, which is mediated by its binding and inhibition of the ATP synthase. Moreover, we emphasize that IF1 is phosphorylated in vivo in its S39 by the c-AMP-dependent PKA activity of mitochondria to render an inactive inhibitor that is unable to interact with the enzyme, thus triggering the activation of ATP synthase. Overall, we discuss and challenge the results that argue against the role of IF1 as in vivo inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthase and stress that IF1 cannot be regarded solely as a pro-oncogenic protein because in some prevalent carcinomas, it prevents metastatic disease.

Mitochondrial dysfunction and therapeutic perspectives in osteoporosis

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, resulting in heightened vulnerability to fractures due to increased bone fragility. This condition primarily arises from an imbalance between the processes of bone resorption and formation. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to potentially constitute one of the most crucial mechanisms influencing the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. In essence, mitochondria play a crucial role in maintaining the delicate equilibrium between bone formation and resorption, thereby ensuring optimal skeletal health. Nevertheless, disruption of this delicate balance can arise as a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. In dysfunctional mitochondria, the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) becomes uncoupled, resulting in reduced ATP synthesis and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reinforcement of mitochondrial dysfunction is further exacerbated by the accumulation of aberrant mitochondria. In this review, we investigated and analyzed the correlation between mitochondrial dysfunction, encompassing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) impairment, mitophagy dysregulation, defects in mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, as well as excessive ROS accumulation, with regards to OP (Figure 1). Furthermore, we explore prospective strategies currently available for modulating mitochondria to ameliorate osteoporosis. Undoubtedly, certain therapeutic strategies still require further investigation to ensure their safety and efficacy as clinical treatments. However, from a mitochondrial perspective, the potential for establishing effective and safe therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis appears promising.

Beta-blocker adjunct therapy as a prospective anti-metastatic with cardio-oncologic regulation

The prevailing treatment stratagem in cancer therapy still challenges the dilemma of a probable metastatic spread following an initial diagnosis. Including an anti-metastatic agent demands a significant focus to overrule the incidence of treatment failures. Adrenergic stimulation underlying the metastatic spread paved the way for beta blockers as a breakthrough in repurposing as an anti-metastatic agent. However, the current treatment approach fails to fully harness the versatile potential of the drug in inhibiting probable metastasis. The beta blockers were seen to show a myriad of grip over the pro-metastatic and prognostic parameters of the patient. Novel interventions in immune therapy, onco-hypertension, surgery-induced stress, induction of apoptosis and angiogenesis inhibition have been used as evidence to interpret our objective of discussing the potential adjuvant role of the drug in the existing anti-cancer regimens. Adding weight to the relative incidence of onco-hypertension as an unavoidable side effect from chemotherapy, the slot for an anti-hypertensive agent is necessitated, and we try to suggest beta-blockers to fill this position. However, pointing out the paucity in the clinical study, we aim to review the current status of beta blockers under this interest to state how the drug should be included as a drug of choice in every patient undergoing cancer treatment.

Dynamics of Endothelial Cell Generation and Turnover in Arteries During Homeostasis and Diseases

BACKGROUND

Endothelial cell (EC) generation and turnover by self-proliferation contributes to vascular repair and regeneration. The ability to accurately measure the dynamics of EC generation would advance our understanding of cellular mechanisms of vascular homeostasis and diseases. However, it is currently challenging to evaluate the dynamics of EC generation in large vessels such as arteries because of their infrequent proliferation.

METHODS

By using dual recombination systems based on Cre-loxP and Dre-rox, we developed a genetic system for temporally seamless recording of EC proliferation in vivo. We combined genetic recording of EC proliferation with single-cell RNA sequencing and gene knockout to uncover cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying EC generation in arteries during homeostasis and disease.

RESULTS

Genetic proliferation tracing reveals that ≈3% of aortic ECs undergo proliferation per month in adult mice during homeostasis. The orientation of aortic EC division is generally parallel to blood flow in the aorta, which is regulated by the mechanosensing protein Piezo1. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis reveals 4 heterogeneous aortic EC subpopulations with distinct proliferative activity. EC cluster 1 exhibits transit-amplifying cell features with preferential proliferative capacity and enriched expression of stem cell markers such as Sca1 and Sox18. EC proliferation increases in hypertension but decreases in type 2 diabetes, coinciding with changes in the extent of EC cluster 1 proliferation. Combined gene knockout and proliferation tracing reveals that Hippo/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 signaling pathways regulate EC proliferation in large vessels.

CONCLUSIONS

Genetic proliferation tracing quantitatively delineates the dynamics of EC generation and turnover, as well as EC division orientation, in large vessels during homeostasis and disease. An EC subpopulation in the aorta exhibits more robust cell proliferation during homeostasis and type 2 diabetes, identifying it as a potential therapeutic target for vascular repair and regeneration.

Current trends and future prospects of drug repositioning in gastrointestinal oncology

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers comprise a significant number of cancer cases worldwide and contribute to a high percentage of cancer-related deaths. To improve survival rates of GI cancer patients, it is important to find and implement more effective therapeutic strategies with better prognoses and fewer side effects. The development of new drugs can be a lengthy and expensive process, often involving clinical trials that may fail in the early stages. One strategy to address these challenges is drug repurposing (DR). Drug repurposing is a developmental strategy that involves using existing drugs approved for other diseases and leveraging their safety and pharmacological data to explore their potential use in treating different diseases. In this paper, we outline the existing therapeutic strategies and challenges associated with GI cancers and explore DR as a promising alternative approach. We have presented an extensive review of different DR methodologies, research efforts and examples of repurposed drugs within various GI cancer types, such as colorectal, pancreatic and liver cancers. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of employing the DR approach in GI cancers to inform future research endeavors and clinical trials in this field.

RNA Interference against ATP as a Gene Therapy Approach for Prostate Cancer

Chemotherapeutic agents targeting energy metabolism have not achieved satisfactory results in different types of tumors. Herein, we developed an RNA interference (RNAi) method against adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by constructing an interfering plasmid-expressing ATP-binding RNA aptamer, which notably inhibited the growth of prostate cancer cells through diminishing the availability of cytoplasmic ATP and impairing the homeostasis of energy metabolism, and both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation were suppressed after RNAi treatment. Further identifying the mechanism underlying the effects of ATP aptamer, we surprisingly found that it markedly reduced the activity of membrane ionic channels and membrane potential which led to the dysfunction of mitochondria, such as the decrease of mitochondrial number, reduction in the respiration rate, and decline of mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production. Meanwhile, the shortage of ATP impeded the formation of lamellipodia that are essential for the movement of cells, consequently resulting in a significant reduction of cell migration. Both the downregulation of the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and endoplasmic reticulum kinase (ERK) and diminishing of lamellipodium formation led to cell apoptosis as well as the inhibition of angiogenesis and invasion. In conclusion, as the first RNAi modality targeting the blocking of ATP consumption, the present method can disturb the respiratory chain and ATP pool, which provides a novel regime for tumor therapies..

Manipulating mitochondrial electron flow enhances tumor immunogenicity

Although tumor growth requires the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), the relative contribution of complex I (CI) and complex II (CII), the gatekeepers for initiating electron flow, remains unclear. In this work, we report that the loss of CII, but not that of CI, reduces melanoma tumor growth by increasing antigen presentation and T cell-mediated killing. This is driven by succinate-mediated transcriptional and epigenetic activation of major histocompatibility complex-antigen processing and presentation (MHC-APP) genes independent of interferon signaling. Furthermore, knockout of methylation-controlled J protein (MCJ), to promote electron entry preferentially through CI, provides proof of concept of ETC rewiring to achieve antitumor responses without side effects associated with an overall reduction in mitochondrial respiration in noncancer cells. Our results may hold therapeutic potential for tumors that have reduced MHC-APP expression, a common mechanism of cancer immunoevasion.

Mitochondrial energy metabolism correlates with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Background

Reprogramming of mitochondrial energy metabolism (MEM) is an important hallmark of tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Currently, there are no studies that have examined MEM in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and relevant drug targets have not yet been identified.

Methods

The ESCC single-cell transcriptome sequencing dataset, GSE145370, was analyzed, using the AUCell R package to screen for MEM-related genes in high-scoring cell populations. Monocle was used to infer cell differentiation and CellChat to analyze intercellular communication networks. Finally, transcription levels of prognostic genes were analyzed using a complementary DNA microarray from 15 patients with ESCC.

Results

A total of 121 MEM-related genes were differentially expressed in seven cell populations in the TME, and four high-scoring cell populations were identified. As a result, the MEM state of T cells is significantly different from that of macrophages and epithelial cells, and signaling communication between T cells and macrophages is the strongest. These findings suggest that immunosuppression is related to metabolic reprogramming. Additionally, marker genes of high-scoring cells and the top10 receptor-ligand pairs may become new targets for rebuilding immune cell metabolism. Furthermore, the 4-MEM gene risk signature had good predictive power for overall survival and drug sensitivity. MAP1LC3A, APOE, APPL1, and NDUFA are novel potential immunotherapeutic targets for remodeling the TME. Finally, teal-time quantitative PCR was used to verify APOE and MAP1LC3A expression.

Conclusion

MEM heterogeneity was observed in the immunosupressive TME of ESCC. Prognostic models based on MEM-related genes are helpful for screening early treatment patient groups and realizing personalized treatment. APOE and MAP1LC3A are potential target genes for the development of anti-ESCC drugs based on MEM-related genes.

The role of gut microbiota and drug interactions in the development of colorectal cancer

The human gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem regulating the host's environmental interaction. The same functional food or drug may have varying bioavailability and distinct effects on different individuals. Drugs such as antibiotics can alter the intestinal flora, thus affecting health. However, the relationship between intestinal flora and non-antibiotic drugs is bidirectional: it is not only affected by drugs; nevertheless, it can alter the drug structure through enzymes and change the bioavailability, biological activity, or toxicity of drugs to improve their efficacy and safety. This review summarizes the roles and mechanisms of antibiotics, antihypertensive drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, lipid-lowering drugs, hypoglycemic drugs, virus-associated therapies, metabolites, and dietary in modulating the colorectal cancer gut microbiota. It provides a reference for future antitumor therapy targeting intestinal microorganisms.

IF1 promotes oligomeric assemblies of sluggish ATP synthase and outlines the heterogeneity of the mitochondrial membrane potential

The coexistence of two pools of ATP synthase in mitochondria has been largely neglected despite in vitro indications for the existence of reversible active/inactive state transitions in the F1-domain of the enzyme. Herein, using cells and mitochondria from mouse tissues, we demonstrate the existence in vivo of two pools of ATP synthase: one active, the other IF1-bound inactive. IF1 is required for oligomerization and inactivation of ATP synthase and for proper cristae formation. Immunoelectron microscopy shows the co-distribution of IF1 and ATP synthase, placing the inactive "sluggish" ATP synthase preferentially at cristae tips. The intramitochondrial distribution of IF1 correlates with cristae microdomains of high membrane potential, partially explaining its heterogeneous distribution. These findings support that IF1 is the in vivo regulator of the active/inactive state transitions of the ATP synthase and suggest that local regulation of IF1-ATP synthase interactions is essential to activate the sluggish ATP synthase.

The NADPH oxidase NOX4 regulates redox and metabolic homeostasis preventing HCC progression

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The NADPH oxidase NOX4 plays a tumor-suppressor function in HCC. Silencing NOX4 confers higher proliferative and migratory capacity to HCC cells and increases their in vivo tumorigenic potential in xenografts in mice. NOX4 gene deletions are frequent in HCC, correlating with higher tumor grade and worse recurrence-free and overall survival rates. However, despite the accumulating evidence of a protective regulatory role in HCC, the cellular processes governed by NOX4 are not yet understood. Accordingly, the aim of this work was to better understand the molecular mechanisms regulated by NOX4 in HCC in order to explain its tumor-suppressor action.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

Experimental models: cell-based loss or gain of NOX4 function experiments, in vivo hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine in Nox4 -deficient mice, and analyses in human HCC samples. Methods include cellular and molecular biology analyses, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, as well as histological and immunohistochemical analyses in tissues. Results identified MYC as being negatively regulated by NOX4. MYC mediated mitochondrial dynamics and a transcriptional program leading to increased oxidative metabolism, enhanced use of both glucose and fatty acids, and an overall higher energetic capacity and ATP level. NOX4 deletion induced a redox imbalance that augmented nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity and was responsible for MYC up-regulation.

CONCLUSIONS

Loss of NOX4 in HCC tumor cells induces metabolic reprogramming in a Nrf2/MYC-dependent manner to promote HCC progression.

The Mitochondrial ATP Synthase/IF1 Axis in Cancer Progression: Targets for Therapeutic Intervention

Cancer poses a significant global health problem with profound personal and economic implications on National Health Care Systems. The reprograming of metabolism is a major trait of the cancer phenotype with a clear potential for developing effective therapeutic strategies to combat the disease. Herein, we summarize the relevant role that the mitochondrial ATP synthase and its physiological inhibitor, ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1), play in metabolic reprogramming to an enhanced glycolytic phenotype. We stress that the interplay in the ATP synthase/IF1 axis has additional functional roles in signaling mitohormetic programs, pro-oncogenic or anti-metastatic phenotypes depending on the cell type. Moreover, the same axis also participates in cell death resistance of cancer cells by restrained mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. We emphasize the relevance of the different post-transcriptional mechanisms that regulate the specific expression and activity of ATP synthase/IF1, to stimulate further investigations in the field because of their potential as future targets to treat cancer. In addition, we review recent findings stressing that mitochondria metabolism is the primary altered target in lung adenocarcinomas and that the ATP synthase/IF1 axis of OXPHOS is included in the most significant signature of metastatic disease. Finally, we stress that targeting mitochondrial OXPHOS in pre-clinical mouse models affords a most effective therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment.

IF1 ablation prevents ATP synthase oligomerization, enhances mitochondrial ATP turnover and promotes an adenosine-mediated pro-inflammatory phenotype

ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1) regulates the activity of mitochondrial ATP synthase. The expression of IF1 in differentiated human and mouse cells is highly variable. In intestinal cells, the overexpression of IF1 protects against colon inflammation. Herein, we have developed a conditional IF1-knockout mouse model in intestinal epithelium to investigate the role of IF1 in mitochondrial function and tissue homeostasis. The results show that IF1-ablated mice have increased ATP synthase/hydrolase activities, leading to profound mitochondrial dysfunction and a pro-inflammatory phenotype that impairs the permeability of the intestinal barrier compromising mouse survival upon inflammation. Deletion of IF1 prevents the formation of oligomeric assemblies of ATP synthase and alters cristae structure and the electron transport chain. Moreover, lack of IF1 promotes an intramitochondrial Ca²⁺ overload in vivo, minimizing the threshold to Ca²⁺-induced permeability transition (mPT). Removal of IF1 in cell lines also prevents the formation of oligomeric assemblies of ATP synthase, minimizing the threshold to Ca²⁺-induced mPT. Metabolomic analyses of mice serum and colon tissue highlight that IF1 ablation promotes the activation of de novo purine and salvage pathways. Mechanistically, lack of IF1 in cell lines increases ATP synthase/hydrolase activities and installs futile ATP hydrolysis in mitochondria, resulting in the activation of purine metabolism and in the accumulation of adenosine, both in culture medium and in mice serum. Adenosine, through ADORA2B receptors, promotes an autoimmune phenotype in mice, stressing the role of the IF1/ATP synthase axis in tissue immune responses. Overall, the results highlight that IF1 is required for ATP synthase oligomerization and that it acts as a brake to prevent ATP hydrolysis under in vivo phosphorylating conditions in intestinal cells.

The combination of NDUFS1 with CD4+ T cell infiltration predicts favorable prognosis in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma

Background: Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is an immunogenic tumor, and immune infiltrates are relevant to patients' therapeutic response and prognosis. NDUFS1, the core subunit of mitochondrial complex I, has been reported to be associated with KIRC patients' prognosis. However, the upstream regulator for NDUFS1 and their correlations with immune infiltration remain unclear. Methods: The expression of NDUFS genes in KIRC and their influences on patients' survival were investigated by UALCAN, ENCORI, Oncomine, TIMER as well as Kaplan-Meier Plotter. miRNAs regulating NDUFS1 were predicted and analyzed by TargetScan and ENCORI. The correlations between NDUFS1 expression and immune cell infiltration or gene marker sets of immune infiltrates were analyzed via TIMER. The overall survival in high/low NDUFS1 or hsa-miR-320b expressed KIRC patients with or without immune infiltrates were analyzed via Kaplan-Meier Plotter. The combined NDUFS1 expression and/or CD4⁺ T cell infiltration on KIRC patients' overall survival were validated by multiplexed immunofluorescence (mIF) staining in tissue microarray (TMA). Furthermore, the influences of NDUFS1 expression on the chemotaxis of CD4⁺ T cells to KIRC cells were performed by transwell migration assays. Results: We found that the low expression of NDUFS1 mRNA and protein in KIRC was correlated with unfavorable patients' survival and poor infiltration of CD4⁺ T cells. In patients with decreased CD4⁺ T cell infiltration whose pathological grade less than III, TMA mIF staining showed that low expression of NDUFS1 had significantly poor OS than that with high expression of NDUFS1 did. Furthermore, hsa-miR-320b, a possible negative regulator of NDUFS1, was highly expressed in KIRC. And, low NDUFS1 or high hsa-miR-320b consistently correlated to unfavorable outcomes in KIRC patients with decreased CD4⁺ T cell infiltration. In vitro, NDUFS1 overexpression significantly increased the chemotaxis of CD4⁺ T cell to KIRC cells. Conclusion: Together, NDUFS1, upregulated by decreased hsa-miR-320b expression in KIRC patients, might act as a biomarker for CD4⁺ T cell infiltration. And, the combination of NDUFS1 with CD4⁺ T cell infiltration predicts favorable prognosis in KIRC.

Nebivolol versus placebo in patients undergoing anthracyclines (CONTROL Trial): rationale and study design

AIMS

Anthracyclines are the chemotherapeutic agents most frequently associated with cardiotoxicity, while remaining widely used. Different neurohormonal blockers have been tested as a primary prevention strategy to prevent or attenuate the onset of cardiotoxicity, with mixed results. However, prior studies were often limited by a nonblinded design and an assessment of cardiac function based only on echocardiographic imaging. Moreover, on the basis of an improved mechanistic understanding of anthracycline cardiotoxicity mechanisms, new therapeutic strategies have been proposed. Among cardioprotective drugs, nebivolol might be able to prevent the cardiotoxic effects of anthracyclines, through its protective properties towards the myocardium, endothelium, and cardiac mitochondria. This study aims to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of the beta blocker nebivolol in a prospective, placebo-controlled, superiority randomized trial in patients with breast cancer or diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who have a normal cardiac function and will receive anthracyclines as part of their first-line chemotherapy programme.

METHODS

The CONTROL trial is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, superiority trial. Patients with breast cancer or a DLBCL, with a normal cardiac function as assessed by echocardiography, scheduled for treatment with anthracyclines as part of their first-line chemotherapy programme will be randomized 1 : 1 to nebivolol 5 mg once daily (o.d.) or placebo. Patients will be examined with cardiological assessment, echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers at baseline, 1 month, 6 months and 12 months. A cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) assessment will be performed at baseline and at 12 months. The primary end point is defined as left ventricular ejection fraction reduction assessed by CMR at 12 months of follow-up.

CONCLUSION

The CONTROL trial is designed to provide evidence to assess the cardioprotective role of nebivolol in patients undergoing chemotherapy with anthracyclines.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study is registered in the EudraCT registry (number: 2017-004618-24) and in the ClinicalTrials.gov registry (identifier: NCT05728632).

The tumor-nerve circuit in breast cancer

It is well established that innervation is one of the updated hallmarks of cancer and that psychological stress promotes the initiation and progression of cancer. The breast tumor environment includes not only fibroblasts, adipocytes, endothelial cells, and lymphocytes but also neurons, which is increasingly discovered important in breast cancer progression. Peripheral nerves, especially sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerves, have been reported to play important but different roles in breast cancer. However, their roles in the breast cancer progression and treatment are still controversial. In addition, the brain is one of the favorite sites of breast cancer metastasis. In this review, we first summarize the innervation of breast cancer and its mechanism in regulating cancer growth and metastasis. Next, we summarize the neural-related molecular markers in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. In addition, we review drugs and emerging technologies used to block the interactions between nerves and breast cancer. Finally, we discuss future research directions in this field. In conclusion, the further research in breast cancer and its interactions with innervated neurons or neurotransmitters is promising in the clinical management of breast cancer.

Computational drug repurposing of Akt-1 allosteric inhibitors for non-small cell lung cancer

Non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) are the predominant form of lung malignancy and the reason for the highest number of cancer-related deaths. Widespread deregulation of Akt, a serine/threonine kinase, has been reported in NSCLC. Allosteric Akt inhibitors bind in the space separating the Pleckstrin homology (PH) and catalytic domains, typically with tryptophan residue (Trp-80). This could decrease the regulatory site phosphorylation by stabilizing the PH-in conformation. Hence, in this study, a computational investigation was undertaken to identify allosteric Akt-1 inhibitors from FDA-approved drugs. The molecules were docked at standard precision (SP) and extra-precision (XP), followed by Prime molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on selected hits. Post XP-docking, fourteen best hits were identified from a library of 2115 optimized FDA-approved compounds, demonstrating several beneficial interactions such as pi-pi stacking, pi-cation, direct, and water-bridged hydrogen bonds with the crucial residues (Trp-80 and Tyr-272) and several amino acid residues in the allosteric ligand-binding pocket of Akt-1. Subsequent MD simulations to verify the stability of chosen drugs to the Akt-1 allosteric site showed valganciclovir, dasatinib, indacaterol, and novobiocin to have high stability. Further, predictions for possible biological interactions were performed using computational tools such as ProTox-II, CLC-Pred, and PASSOnline. The shortlisted drugs open a new class of allosteric Akt-1 inhibitors for the therapy of NSCLC.

Blockade of ß-Adrenergic Receptors by Nebivolol Enables Tumor Control Potential for Uveal Melanoma in 3D Tumor Spheroids and 2D Cultures

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary cancer of the eye in adults. A new systemic therapy is needed to reduce the high metastasis and mortality rate. As β-blockers are known to have anti-tumor effects on various cancer entities, this study focuses on investigating the effect of β1-selective blockers atenolol, celiprolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, esmolol, betaxolol, and in particular, nebivolol on UM. The study was performed on 3D tumor spheroids as well as 2D cell cultures, testing tumor viability, morphological changes, long-term survival, and apoptosis. Flow cytometry revealed the presence of all three β-adrenoceptors with a dominance of β2-receptors on cell surfaces. Among the blockers tested, solely nebivolol concentration-dependently decreased viability and altered 3D tumor spheroid structure. Nebivolol blocked the repopulation of cells spreading from 3D tumor spheroids, indicating a tumor control potential at a concentration of ≥20 µM. Mechanistically, nebivolol induced ATP depletion and caspase-3/7 activity, indicating that mitochondria-dependent signaling is involved. D-nebivolol or nebivolol combined with the β2-antagonist ICI 118.551 displayed the highest anti-tumor effects, suggesting a contribution of both β1- and β2-receptors. Thus, the present study reveals the tumor control potential of nebivolol in UM, which may offer a perspective for co-adjuvant therapy to reduce recurrence or metastasis.

Recent advances of mitochondrial complex I inhibitors for cancer therapy: Current status and future perspectives

Mitochondrial complex I (CI) as a critical multifunctional respiratory complex of electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation has been identified as vital and essence in ATP production, biosynthesis and redox balance. Recent progress in targeting CI has provided both insight and inspiration for oncotherapy, highlighting that the development of CI-targeting inhibitors is a promising therapeutic approach to fight cancer. Natural products possessing of ample scaffold diversity and structural complexity are the majority source of CI inhibitors, although low specificity and safety hinder their extensive application. Along with the gradual deepening in understanding of CI structure and function, significant progress has been achieved in exploiting novel and selective small molecules targeting CI. Among them, IACS-010759 had been approved by FDA for phase I trial in advanced cancers. Moreover, drug repurposing represents an effective and prospective strategy for CI inhibitor discovery. In this review, we mainly elaborate the biological function of CI in tumor progression, summarize the CI inhibitors reported in recent years and discuss the further perspectives for CI inhibitor application, expecting this work may provide insights into innovative discovery of CI-targeting drugs for cancer treatment.

Type 2 diabetes candidate genes, including PAX5, cause impaired insulin secretion in human pancreatic islets

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is caused by insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. To identify candidate genes contributing to T2D pathophysiology, we studied human pancreatic islets from approximately 300 individuals. We found 395 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in islets from individuals with T2D, including, to our knowledge, novel (OPRD1, PAX5, TET1) and previously identified (CHL1, GLRA1, IAPP) candidates. A third of the identified expression changes in islets may predispose to diabetes, as expression of these genes associated with HbA1c in individuals not previously diagnosed with T2D. Most DEGs were expressed in human β cells, based on single-cell RNA-Seq data. Additionally, DEGs displayed alterations in open chromatin and associated with T2D SNPs. Mouse KO strains demonstrated that the identified T2D-associated candidate genes regulate glucose homeostasis and body composition in vivo. Functional validation showed that mimicking T2D-associated changes for OPRD1, PAX5, and SLC2A2 impaired insulin secretion. Impairments in Pax5-overexpressing β cells were due to severe mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, we discovered PAX5 as a potential transcriptional regulator of many T2D-associated DEGs in human islets. Overall, we have identified molecular alterations in human pancreatic islets that contribute to β cell dysfunction in T2D pathophysiology.

Breast cancer and neurotransmitters: emerging insights on mechanisms and therapeutic directions

Exploring the relationship between various neurotransmitters and breast cancer cell growth has revealed their likely centrality to improving breast cancer treatment. Neurotransmitters play a key role in breast cancer biology through their effects on the cell cycle, epithelial mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, inflammation, the tumor microenvironment and other pathways. Neurotransmitters and their receptors are vital to the initiation, progression and drug resistance of cancer and progress in our biological understanding may point the way to lower-cost and lower-risk antitumor therapeutic strategies. This review discusses multiple neurotransmitters in the context of breast cancer. It also discusses risk factors, repurposing of pharmaceuticals impacting neurotransmitter pathways, and the opportunity for better integrated models that encompass exercise, the intestinal microbiome, and other non-pharmacologic considerations. Neurotransmitters' role in breast cancer should no longer be ignored; it may appear to complicate the molecular picture but the ubiquity of neurotransmitters and their wide-ranging impacts provide an organizing framework upon which further understanding and progress against breast cancer can be based.

Integration of Silica Nanorattles with Manganese-Doped In2S3/InOOH to Enable Ultrasound-Mediated Tumor Theranostics

As a result of their radiation-free nature and deep-penetration ability, tumor theranostics mediated by ultrasound have become increasingly recognized as a modality with high potential for translation into clinical cancer treatment. The effective integration of ultrasound imaging and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) into one nanoplatform remains an enormous challenge yet to be fully resolved. Here, a novel theranostic system, consisting of rattle-type SiO₂ (r-SiO₂) loaded with Mn-doped In₂S₃/InOOH (SMISO), was designed and synthesized to enable an improved ultrasound imaging-guided therapy. With Mn-doped In₂S₃/InOOH (MISO) and a heterojunction structure, this novel sonosensitizer facilitates the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for SDT. By coupling interfaces between the shell and core in rattle-type SiO₂, multiple reflections/scattering are generated, while MISO has high acoustic impedance. By integrating r-SiO₂ and MISO, the SMISO composite nanoparticles (NPs) increase the acoustic reflection and provide enhanced contrast for ultrasound imaging. Through the effective accumulation in tumors, which was monitored by B-mode ultrasound imaging in vivo, SMISO composite NPs effectively inhibited tumor growth without adverse side effects under ultrasound irradiation treatment. This work therefore provides a new approach to integrate a novel gas-free ultrasound contrast agent and a semiconductor sonosensitizer for cancer theranostics.

Application Prospects of Triphenylphosphine-Based Mitochondria-Targeted Cancer Therapy

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and the most important impediments to the efforts to increase life expectancy worldwide. Currently, chemotherapy is the main treatment for cancer, but it is often accompanied by side effects that affect normal tissues and organs. The search for new alternatives to chemotherapy has been a hot research topic in the field of antineoplastic medicine. Drugs targeting diseased tissues or cells can significantly improve the efficacy of drugs. Therefore, organelle-targeted antitumor drugs are being explored, such as mitochondria-targeted antitumor drugs. Mitochondria is the central site of cellular energy production and plays an important role in cell survival and death. Moreover, a large number of studies have shown a close association between mitochondrial metabolism and tumorigenesis and progression, making mitochondria a promising new target for cancer therapy. Combining mitochondrial targeting agents with drug molecules is an effective way of mitochondrial targeting. In addition, hyperpolarized tumor cell membranes and mitochondrial membrane potentially allow selective accumulation of mitochondria-targeted drugs. This enhances the direct killing of tumor cells by drug molecules while minimizing the potential toxicity to normal cells. In this review, we discuss the common pro-mitochondrial agents, the advantages of triphenylphosphine (TPP) in mitochondrial-targeted cancer therapy and systematically summarize various TPP-based mitochondria-targeting anticancer drugs.

TRPM8 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by inducing SNORA55 mediated nuclear-mitochondrial communication

Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) play crucial roles in solid tumors such as prostate and breast cancers. But the role of TRPM8 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, the functional roles of TRPM8 in HCC were systematically investigated for the first time. It was found that the expression level of TRPM8 was significantly upregulated in HCC, which was positively correlated with the worse clinicopathological characteristics. Functional studies revealed that pharmacological inhibition or genetic downregulation of TRPM8 ameliorated hepatocarcinogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the oncogenic role of TRPM8 in HCC was at least partially achieved by affecting mitochondrial function. TRPM8 could modulate the expression of nucleolar relative molecule-small nucleolar RNA, H/ACA box 55 (SNORA55) by inducing transformation of chromatin structure and histone modification type. These data suggest that as a bridge molecule in TRPM8-triggered HCC, SNORA55 can migrate from nucleus to mitochondria and exert oncogenic role by affecting mitochondria function through targeting ATP5A1 and ATP5B. Herein, we uncovered the potent oncogenic role of TRPM8 in HCC by inducing nuclear and mitochondrial dysfunction in a SNORA55 dependent manner, and provided a potential therapeutic target for HCC.

Emerging Roles of NDUFS8 Located in Mitochondrial Complex I in Different Diseases

NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S8 (NDUFS8) is an essential core subunit and component of the iron-sulfur (FeS) fragment of mitochondrial complex I directly involved in the electron transfer process and energy metabolism. Pathogenic variants of the NDUFS8 are relevant to infantile-onset and severe diseases, including Leigh syndrome, cancer, and diabetes mellitus. With over 1000 nuclear genes potentially causing a mitochondrial disorder, the current diagnostic approach requires targeted molecular analysis, guided by a combination of clinical and biochemical features. Currently, there are only several studies on pathogenic variants of the NDUFS8 in Leigh syndrome, and a lack of literature on its precise mechanism in cancer and diabetes mellitus exists. Therefore, NDUFS8-related diseases should be extensively explored and precisely diagnosed at the molecular level with the application of next-generation sequencing technologies. A more distinct comprehension will be needed to shed light on NDUFS8 and its related diseases for further research. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge about NDUFS8 structural function, its pathogenic mutations in Leigh syndrome, as well as its underlying roles in cancer and diabetes mellitus is provided, offering potential pathogenesis, progress, and therapeutic target of different diseases. We also put forward some problems and solutions for the following investigations.

Screening of GPCR drugs for repurposing in breast cancer

Drug repurposing can overcome both substantial costs and the lengthy process of new drug discovery and development in cancer treatment. Some Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs have been found to have the potential to be repurposed as anti-cancer drugs. However, the progress is slow due to only a handful of strategies employed to identify drugs with repurposing potential. In this study, we evaluated GPCR-targeting drugs by high throughput screening (HTS) for their repurposing potential in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and drug-resistant human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer (BC), due to the dire need to discover novel targets and drugs in these subtypes. We assessed the efficacy and potency of drugs/compounds targeting different GPCRs for the growth rate inhibition in the following models: two TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468) and two HER2+ BC cell lines (BT474 and SKBR3), sensitive or resistant to lapatinib + trastuzumab, an effective combination of HER2-targeting therapies. We identified six drugs/compounds as potential hits, of which 4 were FDA-approved drugs. We focused on β-adrenergic receptor-targeting nebivolol as a candidate, primarily because of the potential role of these receptors in BC and its excellent long-term safety profile. The effects of nebivolol were validated in an independent assay in all the cell line models. The effects of nebivolol were independent of its activation of β3 receptors and nitric oxide production. Nebivolol reduced invasion and migration potentials which also suggests its inhibitory role in metastasis. Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare dataset found numerically but not statistically significant reduced risk of all-cause mortality in the nebivolol group. In-depth future analyses, including detailed in vivo studies and real-world data analysis with more patients, are needed to further investigate the potential of nebivolol as a repurposed therapy for BC.

Nerves in gastrointestinal cancer: from mechanism to modulations

Maintenance of gastrointestinal health is challenging as it requires balancing multifaceted processes within the highly complex and dynamic ecosystem of the gastrointestinal tract. Disturbances within this vibrant environment can have detrimental consequences, including the onset of gastrointestinal cancers. Globally, gastrointestinal cancers account for ~19% of all cancer cases and ~22.5% of all cancer-related deaths. Developing new ways to more readily detect and more efficiently target these malignancies are urgently needed. Whereas members of the tumour microenvironment, such as immune cells and fibroblasts, have already been in the spotlight as key players of cancer initiation and progression, the importance of the nervous system in gastrointestinal cancers has only been highlighted in the past few years. Although extrinsic innervations modulate gastrointestinal cancers, cells and signals from the gut's intrinsic innervation also have the ability to do so. Here, we shed light on this thriving field and discuss neural influences during gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. We focus on the interactions between neurons and components of the gastrointestinal tract and tumour microenvironment, on the neural signalling pathways involved, and how these factors affect the cancer hallmarks, and discuss the neural signatures in gastrointestinal cancers. Finally, we highlight neural-related therapies that have potential for the management of gastrointestinal cancers.

Mitochondrial Stress in Metabolic Inflammation: Modest Benefits and Full Losses

Energy intake and metabolic balance are the pillars of health preservation. Overnutrition causes nonspecific, persistently low inflammatory state known as metabolic inflammation. This condition contributes to the pathophysiology of various metabolic disorders, such as atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. The mitochondria maintain the balance of energy metabolism. Excessive energy stress can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, which promotes metabolic inflammation. The inflammatory environment further impairs mitochondrial function. Accordingly, excellent organism design keeps the body metabolically healthy in the context of mitochondrial dysfunction, and moderate mitochondrial stress can have a beneficial effect. This review summarises the research progress on the multifaceted characterisation of mitochondrial dysfunction and its role in metabolic inflammation.

Profiling the Adrenergic System in Breast Cancer and the Development of Metastasis

Epidemiological studies and preclinical models suggest that chronic stress might accelerate breast cancer (BC) growth and the development of metastasis via sympathetic neural mechanisms. Nevertheless, the role of each adrenergic pathway (α1, α2, and β) in human samples remains poorly depicted. Herein, we propose to characterize the profile of the sympathetic system (e.g., release of catecholamines, expression of catecholamine metabolic enzymes and adrenoreceptors) in BC patients, and ascertain its relevance in the development of distant metastasis. Our results demonstrated that BC patients exhibited increased plasma levels of catecholamines when compared with healthy donors, and this increase was more evident in BC patients with distant metastasis. Our analysis using the BC-TCGA database revealed that the genes coding the most expressed adrenoreceptors in breast tissues (ADRA2A, ADRA2C, and ADRB2, by order of expression) as well as the catecholamine synthesizing (PNMT) and degrading enzyme (MAO-A and MAO-B) genes were downregulated in BC tissues. Importantly, the expression of ADRA2A, ADRA2C, and ADRB2 was correlated with metastatic BC and BC subtypes, and thus the prognosis of the disease. Overall, we gathered evidence that under stressful conditions, both the α2- and β2-signaling pathways might work on a synergetic matter, thus paving the way for the development of new therapeutic approaches.

Mitochondrial Effects of Common Cardiovascular Medications: The Good, the Bad and the Mixed

Mitochondria are central organelles in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system via the integration of several physiological processes, such as ATP generation via oxidative phosphorylation, synthesis/exchange of metabolites, calcium sequestration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production/buffering and control of cellular survival/death. Mitochondrial impairment has been widely recognized as a central pathomechanism of almost all cardiovascular diseases, rendering these organelles important therapeutic targets. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to occur in the setting of drug-induced toxicity in several tissues and organs, including the heart. Members of the drug classes currently used in the therapeutics of cardiovascular pathologies have been reported to both support and undermine mitochondrial function. For the latter case, mitochondrial toxicity is the consequence of drug interference (direct or off-target effects) with mitochondrial respiration/energy conversion, DNA replication, ROS production and detoxification, cell death signaling and mitochondrial dynamics. The present narrative review aims to summarize the beneficial and deleterious mitochondrial effects of common cardiovascular medications as described in various experimental models and identify those for which evidence for both types of effects is available in the literature.

Precision Nanomedicines: Targeting Hot Mitochondria in Cancer Cells

Mitochondrion is a multifunctional organelle in a cell, and it is one of the important targets of antitumor therapy. Conventional mitochondrial targeting strategies can hardly distinguish the mitochondria in cancer cells from those in normal cells, which might raise a concern about the biosafety. Recent studies suggest that a relatively high temperature of mitochondria exists in cancer cells. We named it tumor intrinsic mitochondrial overheating (TIMO). By taking advantage of the difference in mitochondrial temperatures between cancer cells and normal cells, therapeutic agents can be specifically delivered to the mitochondria in cancer cells. Here we will briefly overview the mitochondria-targeted delivery strategies. In addition, the recent discovery of hot mitochondria in cancer cells and the development of mitochondrial temperature-responsive delivery systems for antitumor therapy will be reviewed.

The Multifaceted ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1) in Energy Metabolism Reprogramming and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A New Player in Age-Associated Disorders?

Significance: The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, comprising the electron transport chain and ATP synthase, generates membrane potential, drives ATP synthesis, governs energy metabolism, and maintains redox balance. OXPHOS dysfunction is associated with a plethora of diseases ranging from rare inherited disorders to common conditions, including diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, as well as aging. There has been great interest in studying regulators of OXPHOS. Among these, ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) is an endogenous inhibitor of ATP synthase that has long been thought to avoid the consumption of cellular ATP when ATP synthase acts as an ATP hydrolysis enzyme. Recent Advances: Recent data indicate that IF1 inhibits ATP synthesis and is involved in a multitude of mitochondrial-related functions, such as mitochondrial quality control, energy metabolism, redox balance, and cell fate. IF1 also inhibits the ATPase activity of cell-surface ATP synthase, and it is used as a cardiovascular disease biomarker. Critical Issues: Although recent data have led to a paradigm shift regarding IF1 functions, these have been poorly studied in entire organisms and in different organs. The understanding of the cellular biology of IF1 is, therefore, still limited. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the current understanding of the role of IF1 in mitochondrial functions, health, and diseases. Future Directions: Further investigations of IF1 functions at the cell, organ, and whole-organism levels and in different pathophysiological conditions will help decipher the controversies surrounding its involvement in mitochondrial function and could unveil therapeutic strategies in human pathology. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 370-393.

Mitochondrial Elongation and OPA1 Play Crucial Roles during the Stemness Acquisition Process in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Simple Summary

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal neoplasia and the currently used treatments are not effective in a wide range of patients. Presently, the evidence points out that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are key players during tumor development, metastasis, chemoresistance, and tumor relapse. The study of the metabolism of CSCs, specifically the mitochondrial alterations, could pave the way to the discovery of new therapeutical targets. In this study, we show that during progressive de-differentiation, pancreatic CSCs undergo changes in mitochondrial mass, dynamics, and function. Interestingly, the silencing of OPA1, a protein involved in mitochondrial fusion, significantly inhibits the formation of CSCs. These results reveal new insight into mitochondria and stemness acquisition that could be useful for the design of novel potential therapies in PDAC.

Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 9%. The high aggressiveness of PDAC is linked to the presence of a subpopulation of cancer cells with a greater tumorigenic capacity, generically called cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs present a heterogeneous metabolic profile that might be supported by an adaptation of mitochondrial function; however, the role of this organelle in the development and maintenance of CSCs remains controversial. To determine the role of mitochondria in CSCs over longer periods, which may reflect more accurately their quiescent state, we studied the mitochondrial physiology in CSCs at short-, medium-, and long-term culture periods. We found that CSCs show a significant increase in mitochondrial mass, more mitochondrial fusion, and higher mRNA expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis than parental cells. These changes are accompanied by a regulation of the activities of OXPHOS complexes II and IV. Furthermore, the protein OPA1, which is involved in mitochondrial dynamics, is overexpressed in CSCs and modulates the tumorsphere formation. Our findings indicate that CSCs undergo mitochondrial remodeling during the stemness acquisition process, which could be exploited as a promising therapeutic target against pancreatic CSCs.

Liensinine Inhibits Cell Growth and Blocks Autophagic Flux in Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer

Liensinine is a bioactive component of Plumula Nelumbinis extracted from the green embryo of the mature seeds of Nelumbonaceae and exhibits therapeutic functions and noteworthy anti-tumor effects in recent studies. However, the potential anti-tumor property and the underlying mechanisms of liensinine in nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have not been illustrated. In this study, we demonstrated that liensinine has the potential anti-tumor property, and it could inhibit growth of NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we found that although it induced significant accumulation of autophagosomes, liensinine could quench them for degradation and blocked autophagic flux. Importantly, we observed that liensinine inhibited the normal function of mitochondrial energy supply and impaired the lysosomal function. This research firstly provides a possibility insight that liensinine could be a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.

Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers and hepatocellular carcinoma survival: a systemic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Preclinical data have revealed that beta-adrenergic stimulation can affect the growth and progression of different types of malignancies. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers have been associated with improved survival in patients with many types of cancer. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate the association between beta-blocker use and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis.

METHODS

In this meta-analysis, a full search was conducted using PubMed, the Cochrane library and Embase to identify all relevant studies published up to May 2021. Available hazard ratios (HRs) were extracted for overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Four studies involving 7252 patients with HCC met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systemic review. Three studies that reported OS data of 5148 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The random-effects model showed that beta-blocker use was associated with significantly improved OS in HCC (HR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.54-0.88, P = 0.0031), without significant heterogeneity (I² = 41%; Q = 6.42, P = 0.18).

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis suggested that beta-blocker use can be associated with prolonged OS of patients with HCC.

The ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 is a Tissue-Specific Physiological Regulator of the Structure and Function of Mitochondrial ATP Synthase: A Closer Look Into Neuronal Function

The ATP synthase is an essential multifunctional enzyme complex of mitochondria that produces most of cellular ATP, shapes the structure of the inner membrane into cristae and regulates the signals that control cell fate or demise. The ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1) functions in vivo as a physiological regulator of the ATP synthase and thereby controls mitochondrial structure and function, and the retrograde signaling pathways that reprogram nuclear gene expression. However, IF1 is not ubiquitously expressed in mammals, showing tissue-restricted expression in humans and mice and large expression differences between the two species in some tissues. Herein, we summarized key regulatory functions of IF1 for tissue homeostasis, with special emphasis on the deleterious effects that its genetic ablation in neurons has in learning. The development and characterization of tissue-specific mouse models with regulated expression of IF1 will be crucial to disentangle the contribution of the ATP synthase/IF1 axis in pathophysiology.

Analysis of the metabolic proteome of lung adenocarcinomas by reverse-phase protein arrays (RPPA) emphasizes mitochondria as targets for therapy

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide despite the success of therapies targeting oncogenic drivers and immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Although metabolic enzymes offer additional targets for therapy, the precise metabolic proteome of lung adenocarcinomas is unknown, hampering its clinical translation. Herein, we used Reverse Phase Protein Arrays to quantify the changes in enzymes of glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, fatty acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, antioxidant response and protein oxidative damage in 128 tumors and paired non-tumor adjacent tissue of lung adenocarcinomas to profile the proteome of metabolism. Steady-state levels of mitochondrial proteins of fatty acid oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation and of the antioxidant response are independent predictors of survival and/or of disease recurrence in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Next, we addressed the mechanisms by which the overexpression of ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1, the physiological inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, which is an independent predictor of disease recurrence, prevents metastatic disease. We highlight that IF1 overexpression promotes a more vulnerable and less invasive phenotype in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Finally, and as proof of concept, the therapeutic potential of targeting fatty acid assimilation or oxidation in combination with an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation was studied in mice bearing lung adenocarcinomas. The results revealed that this therapeutic approach significantly extended the lifespan and provided better welfare to mice than cisplatin treatments, supporting mitochondrial activities as targets of therapy in lung adenocarcinoma patients.

Small nucleolar RNA host gene 3 functions as a novel biomarker in liver cancer and other tumour progression

Cancer has become the most life-threatening disease in the world. Mutations in and aberrant expression of genes encoding proteins and mutations in noncoding RNAs, especially long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), have significant effects in human cancers. LncRNAs have no protein-coding ability but function extensively in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Small nucleolar RNA host gene 3 (SNHG3) is a novel lncRNA and has been reported to be differentially expressed in various tumors, such as liver cancer, gastric cancer, and glioma. However, the interaction mechanisms for the regulation between SNHG3 and tumor progression are poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the results of SNHG3 studies in humans, animal models, and cells to underline the expression and role of SNHG3 in cancer. SNHG3 expression is upregulated in most tumors and is detrimental to patient prognosis. SNHG3 expression in lung adenocarcinoma remains controversial. Concurrently, SNHG3 affects oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes through various mechanisms, including competing endogenous RNA effects. A deeper understanding of the contribution of SNHG3 in clinical applications and tumor development may provide a new target for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Overcoming Therapy Resistance in Colon Cancer by Drug Repurposing

Simple Summary

Despite improvements in standardized screening methods and the development of promising therapies for colorectal cancer (CRC), survival rates are still low. Drug repurposing offers an affordable solution to achieve new indications for previously approved drugs that could play a protagonist or adjuvant role in the treatment of CRC. In this review, we summarize the current data supporting drug repurposing as a feasible option for patients with CRC.

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world. Despite improvement in standardized screening methods and the development of promising therapies, the 5-year survival rates are as low as 10% in the metastatic setting. The increasing life expectancy of the general population, higher rates of obesity, poor diet, and comorbidities contribute to the increasing trends in incidence. Drug repurposing offers an affordable solution to achieve new indications for previously approved drugs that could play a protagonist or adjuvant role in the treatment of CRC with the advantage of treating underlying comorbidities and decreasing chemotherapy toxicity. This review elaborates on the current data that supports drug repurposing as a feasible option for patients with CRC with a focus on the evidence and mechanism of action promising repurposed candidates that are widely used, including but not limited to anti-malarial, anti-helminthic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-diabetic agents.

Stress in Metastatic Breast Cancer: To the Bone and Beyond

Simple Summary

Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women of all ages worldwide. In spite of the encouraging advances made in early diagnosis, 10% of breast cancer patients are still affected with metastatic breast cancer at the time of diagnosis. The available therapeutic options are predominantly palliative, and thus this unfavourable prognosis is associated with a low survival rate. Intriguingly, stress has been shown to promote the growth of breast tumours and the incidence of metastasis. Herein, we describe the contribution of the sympathetic hyperactivation induced by stress to the progression of breast cancer and its dissemination to distant organs, specifically to the bone, but also to the lung, liver and brain. The putative sympathetic adrenergic signalling mechanisms responsible for this modulation are also summarised. The knowledge gathered highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting sympathetic signalling to tackle cancer progression and metastasis.

Abstract

Breast cancer (BRCA) remains as one the most prevalent cancers diagnosed in industrialised countries. Although the overall survival rate is high, the dissemination of BRCA cells to distant organs correlates with a significantly poor prognosis. This is due to the fact that there are no efficient therapeutic strategies designed to overcome the progression of the metastasis. Over the past decade, critical associations between stress and the prevalence of BRCA metastases were uncovered. Chronic stress and the concomitant sympathetic hyperactivation have been shown to accelerate the progression of the disease and the metastases incidence, specifically to the bone. In this review, we provide a summary of the sympathetic profile on BRCA. Additionally, the current knowledge regarding the sympathetic hyperactivity, and the underlying adrenergic signalling pathways, involved on the development of BRCA metastasis to distant organs (i.e., bone, lung, liver and brain) will be revealed. Since bone is a preferential target site for BRCA metastases, greater emphasis will be given to the contribution of α2- and β-adrenergic signalling in BRCA bone tropism and the occurrence of osteolytic lesions.

Contribution of adrenergic mechanisms for the stress-induced breast cancer carcinogenesis

Breast cancer is the most common and deadliest type of cancer in women. Stress exposure has been associated with carcinogenesis and the stress released neurotransmitters, noradrenaline and adrenaline, and their cognate receptors, can participate in the carcinogenesis process, either by regulating tumor microenvironment or by promoting systemic changes. This work intends to provide an overview of the research done in this area and try to unravel the role of adrenergic ligands in the context of breast carcinogenesis. In the initiation phase, adrenergic signaling may favor neoplastic transformation of breast epithelial cells whereas, during cancer progression, may favor the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. Additionally, adrenergic signaling can alter the function and activity of other cells present in the tumor microenvironment towards a protumor phenotype, namely macrophages, fibroblasts, and by altering adipocyte's function. Adrenergic signaling also promotes angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and, systemically, may induce the formation of preneoplastic niches, cancer-associated cachexia and alterations in the immune system which contribute for the loss of quality of life of breast cancer patients and their capacity to fight cancer. Most studies points to a major contribution of β₂ -adrenoceptor activated pathways on these effects. The current knowledge of the mechanistic pathways activated by β₂ -adrenoceptors in physiology and pathophysiology, the availability of selective drugs approved for clinical use and a deeper knowledge of the basic cellular and molecular pathways by which adrenergic stimulation may influence cancer initiation and progression, opens the possibility to use new therapeutic alternatives to improve efficacy of breast cancer treatments.

Mouse hybrid genome mediates diverse brain phenotypes with the specificity of reciprocal crosses

Hybrid species have more genetic diversity than their parents. However, the impact of the hybrid genome of reciprocal crosses on brain function remains largely unknown. We performed behavioral, molecular, and neuronal analyses on C57BL/6J mice (B6), CAST/EiJ mice (CAST), and hybrid mice resulting from reciprocal crosses of the two strains, B6/CAST F1i and B6/CAST F1r, respectively. Hybrid mice displayed greater motor strength and coordination, food grinding, social dominance, and less sociability compared to their parental strains. Parental origin influenced body weight, locomotor speed, and heat nociception of hybrid mice. Parental origin, cell type, and the interaction of both affected expression patterns of hybrid genomes including imprinted genes. There was a correlation between affected genes and corresponding behavioral phenotypes. Hybrid genomes mediated neuronal activity in the locus coeruleus, a brain region implicated in arousal, adaptive behaviors, and sleep-wake cycle due to its norepinephrine projections throughout the central nervous system. The comprehensive brain phenotypes in these hybrid mice reveal important functional readouts associated with interactions of hybrid genomes and impacts of parental genomes.