1
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Ninh DG, Hoang MT, Nguyen TH, Streed E, Dimitrijev S, Tanner P, Nguyen TK, Nguyen NT, Wang H, Zhu Y, Dau V, Dao DV. Highly Efficient Photon Energy Conversion and Ultrasensitive Self-Powered Photodetection via a Monolithic p-3C-SiC Nanothin Film on p-Si/n-Si Double Junction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38995693 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of increased efficiency of photoelectric energy conversion through optimized semiconductor structures remains highly competitive, with current results yet to align with broad expectations. In this study, we discover a significant enhancement in photocurrent performance of a p-3C-SiC nanothin film on p-Si/n-Si double junction (DJ) heterostructure that integrates p-3C-SiC/p-Si heterojunction and p-Si/n-Si homojunction. The vertical photocurrent (VPC) and vertical photoresponsivity exhibit a substantial enhancement in the DJ heterostructure, surpassing by a maximum of 43-fold compared to the p-3C-SiC/n-Si single junction (SJ) counterpart. The p-3C-SiC layer and n-Si substrate of the two heterostructures have similar material and geometrical properties. More importantly, the fabrication costs for the DJ and SJ heterostructure devices are comparable. Our results demonstrate a significant potential for using DJ devices in energy harvesters, micro/nano electromechanical systems, and sensing applications. This research may also lead to the creation of advanced optoelectronic devices using DJ structures, where employing various semiconductor materials to achieve exceptional performance through the application of the concept and theoretical model described in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Gia Ninh
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
- Group of Materials and Structures, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Tam Hoang
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Tuan-Hung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Erik Streed
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport 4222, Australia
| | - Sima Dimitrijev
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Philip Tanner
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Tuan-Khoa Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Hongxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Yong Zhu
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Van Dau
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Dzung Viet Dao
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
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2
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Cong X, Yin H, Zheng Y, He W. Recent progress of group III-V materials-based nanostructures for photodetection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:382002. [PMID: 38759630 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4cf0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Due to the suitable bandgap structure, efficient conversion rates of photon to electron, adjustable optical bandgap, high electron mobility/aspect ratio, low defects, and outstanding optical and electrical properties for device design, III-V semiconductors have shown excellent properties for optoelectronic applications, including photodiodes, photodetectors, solar cells, photocatalysis, etc. In particular, III-V nanostructures have attracted considerable interest as a promising photodetector platform, where high-performance photodetectors can be achieved based on the geometry-related light absorption and carrier transport properties of III-V materials. However, the detection ranges from Ultraviolet to Terahertz including broadband photodetectors of III-V semiconductors still have not been more broadly development despite significant efforts to obtain the high performance of III-V semiconductors. Therefore, the recent development of III-V photodetectors in a broad detection range from Ultraviolet to Terahertz, and future requirements are highly desired. In this review, the recent development of photodetectors based on III-V semiconductor with different detection range is discussed. First, the bandgap of III-V materials and synthesis methods of III-V nanostructures are explored, subsequently, the detection mechanism and key figures-of-merit for the photodetectors are introduced, and then the device performance and emerging applications of photodetectors are provided. Lastly, the challenges and future research directions of III-V materials for photodetectors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangna Cong
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Institute of Microelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Huabi Yin
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Institute of Microelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zheng
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong He
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Institute of Microelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
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3
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Maurya AK, Chatterjee K, Jha R. Ultra-wide range non-contact surface profilometry based on reconfigurable fiber interferometry. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3588-3591. [PMID: 38950216 DOI: 10.1364/ol.531327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Surface characterization is essential for a technical evaluation of device performance and to assess surface dynamics in fabrication units. In this regard, a number of surface profiling techniques have been developed that accurately map sample topography but have significantly limited detection range. Here, we demonstrate a cascaded non-contact fiber interferometer-based approach for real-time high-precision surface profiling with ultrawide detection range (nm to mm). This compact interferometers' system operates by wavelength interrogation that provides a scope to study several types of surfaces and has a tunable cavity configuration for varying the sensitivity and range of the detectable features' size. The proposed system enables nanoscale profiling over 10-1000 nm with resolution of 10 nm and microscale mapping over 1-1000 µm with resolution of 0.2 µm. The technique is utilized to map the features of nanostructured surfaces and estimate the surface roughness of standardized industrial samples.
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4
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Kumar C, Kashyap V, Escrig J, Shrivastav M, Kumar V, Guzman F, Saxena K. The dopant (n- and p-type)-, band gap-, size- and stress-dependent field electron emission of silicon nanowires. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:17609-17621. [PMID: 38864309 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00825a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the electron field emission (EFE) of vertical silicon nanowires (Si NWs) fabricated on n-type Si (100) and p-type Si (100) substrates using catalyst-induced etching (CIE). The impact of dopant types (n- and p-types), optical energy gap, crystallite size and stress on EFE parameters has been explored in detail. The surface morphology of grown SiNWs has been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), showing vertical, well aligned SiNWs. Optical absorption and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the quantum confinement (QC) effect. The EFE performance of the grown nanowire arrays has been examined through recorded J-E measurements under the Fowler-Nordheim framework. The Si NWs grown on p-type Si showed a minimum turn-on field and also a higher field enhancement factor. The band-bending diagram also suggests a lower barrier height of p-type Si NWs compared to n-type Si NWs, which plays a key role in enhancing the EFE performance. These investigations suggest that dopant types (n- and p-types), band gap, crystallite size and stress influence the EFE parameters and Si NWs grown on p-type Si (100) substrates are much more favorable for the investigation of EFE properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Kumar
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Avda. Víctor Jara 3493, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - Vikas Kashyap
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Juan Escrig
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Avda. Víctor Jara 3493, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - Monika Shrivastav
- Department of Physics, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram, Chennai 600127, India
| | - Fernando Guzman
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, Casilla 1280, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Kapil Saxena
- Department of Applied Sciences, Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur, 228118, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Yu X, Ji Y, Shen X, Le X. Progress in Advanced Infrared Optoelectronic Sensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:845. [PMID: 38786801 PMCID: PMC11123936 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Infrared optoelectronic sensors have attracted considerable research interest over the past few decades due to their wide-ranging applications in military, healthcare, environmental monitoring, industrial inspection, and human-computer interaction systems. A comprehensive understanding of infrared optoelectronic sensors is of great importance for achieving their future optimization. This paper comprehensively reviews the recent advancements in infrared optoelectronic sensors. Firstly, their working mechanisms are elucidated. Then, the key metrics for evaluating an infrared optoelectronic sensor are introduced. Subsequently, an overview of promising materials and nanostructures for high-performance infrared optoelectronic sensors, along with the performances of state-of-the-art devices, is presented. Finally, the challenges facing infrared optoelectronic sensors are posed, and some perspectives for the optimization of infrared optoelectronic sensors are discussed, thereby paving the way for the development of future infrared optoelectronic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yu
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Materials and Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yun Ji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Shen
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Materials and Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyun Le
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Materials and Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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6
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Luo L, Atalla MRM, Assali S, Koelling S, Daligou G, Moutanabbir O. Mid-infrared Imaging Using Strain-Relaxed Ge 1-xSn x Alloys Grown on 20 nm Ge Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38608187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Germanium-tin (Ge1-xSnx) semiconductors are a front-runner platform for compact mid-infrared devices due to their tunable narrow bandgap and compatibility with silicon processing. However, their large lattice parameter has been a major hurdle, limiting the quality of epitaxial layers grown on silicon or germanium substrates. Herein, we demonstrate that 20 nm Ge nanowires (NWs) act as effective compliant substrates to grow extended defect-free Ge1-xSnx alloys with a composition uniformity over several micrometers along the NW growth axis without significant buildup of the compressive strain. Ge/Ge1-xSnx core/shell NWs with Sn content spanning the 6-18 at. % range are achieved and processed into photoconductors exhibiting a high signal-to-noise ratio at room temperature with a cutoff wavelength in the 2.0-3.9 μm range. The processed NW devices are integrated in an uncooled imaging setup enabling the acquisition of high-quality images under both broadband and laser illuminations at 1550 and 2330 nm without the lock-in amplifier technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Mahmoud R M Atalla
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Simone Assali
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Sebastian Koelling
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gérard Daligou
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Oussama Moutanabbir
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
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7
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Scherrer M, Lee CW, Schmid H, Moselund KE. Single-Mode Laser in the Telecom Range by Deterministic Amplification of the Topological Interface Mode. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:1006-1011. [PMID: 38523747 PMCID: PMC10958602 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits are paving the way for novel on-chip functionalities with diverse applications in communication, computing, and beyond. The integration of on-chip light sources, especially single-mode lasers, is crucial for advancing those photonic chips to their full potential. Recently, novel concepts involving topological designs introduced a variety of options for tuning device properties, such as the desired single-mode emission. Here, we introduce a novel cavity design that allows amplification of the topological interface mode by deterministic placement of gain material within a topological lattice. The proposed design is experimentally implemented by a selective epitaxy process to achieve closely spaced Si and InGaAs nanorods embedded within the same layer. This results in the first demonstration of a single-mode laser in the telecom band using the concept of amplified topological modes without introducing artificial losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Scherrer
- Science
of Quantum and Information Technology, IBM
Research Europe-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Institute
of Advanced Optics and Photonics, Hanbat
National University, 34158 Daejeon, South
Korea
| | - Heinz Schmid
- Science
of Quantum and Information Technology, IBM
Research Europe-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten E. Moselund
- Laboratory
of Nano and Quantum Technologies (LNQ), Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Integrated
Nanoscale Photonics and Optoelectronics Laboratory (INPhO), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
(EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Jeddi H, Adham K, Zhao Y, Witzigmann B, Römer F, Bermeo M, Borgström MT, Pettersson H. Enhanced LWIR response of InP/InAsP quantum discs-in-nanowire array photodetectors by photogating and ultra-thin ITO contacts. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:215206. [PMID: 38382119 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad2bd0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Here we report on an experimental and theoretical investigation of the long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) photoresponse of photodetectors based on arrays of three million InP nanowires with axially embedded InAsP quantum discs. An ultra-thin top indium tin oxide contact combined with a novel photogating mechanism facilitates an improved LWIR normal incidence sensitivity in contrast to traditional planar quantum well photodetectors. The electronic structure of the quantum discs, including strain and defect-induced photogating effects, and optical transition matrix elements were calculated by an 8-bandk·psimulation along with solving drift-diffusion equations to unravel the physics behind the generation of narrow linewidth intersubband signals observed from the quantum discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Jeddi
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- School of Information Technology, Halmstad University, Box 823, SE-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Kristi Adham
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yue Zhao
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bernd Witzigmann
- Institute for Optoelectronics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse Str. 3/5, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedhard Römer
- Institute for Optoelectronics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse Str. 3/5, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie Bermeo
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus T Borgström
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Pettersson
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- School of Information Technology, Halmstad University, Box 823, SE-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
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9
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Jansson M, Nosenko VV, Torigoe Y, Nakama K, Yukimune M, Higo A, Ishikawa F, Chen WM, Buyanova IA. High-Performance Multiwavelength GaNAs Single Nanowire Lasers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1477-1484. [PMID: 38166147 PMCID: PMC10795468 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we report a significant enhancement in the performance of GaNAs-based single nanowire lasers through optimization of growth conditions, leading to a lower lasing threshold and higher operation temperatures. Our analysis reveals that these improvements in the laser performance can be attributed to a decrease in the density of localized states within the material. Furthermore, we demonstrate that owing to their excellent nonlinear optical properties, these nanowires support self-frequency conversion of the stimulated emission through second harmonic generation (SHG) and sum-frequency generation (SFG), providing coherent light emission in the cyan-green range. Mode-specific differences in the self-conversion efficiency are revealed and explained by differences in the light extraction efficiency of the converted light caused by the electric field distribution of the fundamental modes. Our work, therefore, facilitates the design and development of multiwavelength coherent light generation and higher-temperature operation of GaNAs nanowire lasers, which will be useful in the fields of optical communications, sensing, and nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Jansson
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Valentyna V. Nosenko
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yuto Torigoe
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Ehime
University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kaito Nakama
- Research
Center for Integrated Quantum Electronics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Yukimune
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Ehime
University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Akio Higo
- Systems
Design Lab (d.lab), School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Fumitaro Ishikawa
- Research
Center for Integrated Quantum Electronics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Weimin M. Chen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Irina A. Buyanova
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
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10
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Liu F, Zhuang X, Wang M, Qi D, Dong S, Yip S, Yin Y, Zhang J, Sa Z, Song K, He L, Tan Y, Meng Y, Ho JC, Liao L, Chen F, Yang ZX. Lattice-mismatch-free construction of III-V/chalcogenide core-shell heterostructure nanowires. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7480. [PMID: 37980407 PMCID: PMC10657406 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing high-quality core-shell heterostructure nanowires is still challenging due to the lattice mismatch issue at the radial interface. Herein, a versatile strategy is exploited for the lattice-mismatch-free construction of III-V/chalcogenide core-shell heterostructure nanowires by simply utilizing the surfactant and amorphous natures of chalcogenide semiconductors. Specifically, a variety of III-V/chalcogenide core-shell heterostructure nanowires are successfully constructed with controlled shell thicknesses, compositions, and smooth surfaces. Due to the conformal properties of obtained heterostructure nanowires, the wavelength-dependent bi-directional photoresponse and visible light-assisted infrared photodetection are realized in the type-I GaSb/GeS core-shell heterostructure nanowires. Also, the enhanced infrared photodetection is found in the type-II InGaAs/GeS core-shell heterostructure nanowires compared with the pristine InGaAs nanowires, in which both responsivity and detectivity are improved by more than 2 orders of magnitude. Evidently, this work paves the way for the lattice-mismatch-free construction of core-shell heterostructure nanowires by chemical vapor deposition for next-generation high-performance nanowire optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjing Liu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Xinming Zhuang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Mingxu Wang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Dongqing Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Shengpan Dong
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - SenPo Yip
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 816-8580, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yanxue Yin
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Zixu Sa
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Kepeng Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China.
| | - Longbing He
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Tan
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - You Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Johnny C Ho
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 816-8580, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lei Liao
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Zai-Xing Yang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China.
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11
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Maity S, Sarkar K, Kumar P. WO 3-NP-activated WS 2 layered heterostructures for efficient broadband (254 nm-940 nm) photodetection. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16068-16079. [PMID: 37750822 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03754a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Broadband photodetection including deep UV using Si is technically challenging due to its negligible optical absorption at 254 nm and the requirement of heterogeneous integration with very high bandgap photoactive materials. However, monolithic integration of high-bandgap semiconductors on Si is not possible due to CMOS fabrication incompatibility. Comprehensive experimental studies to achieve broadband photodetection including deep UV on Si are lacking in the literature. Here for the first time we have investigated 2D/0D heterojunctions of WS2/WO3 on a Si platform both experimentally and theoretically and established the charge transfer mechanism between them. Transient photocarrier decay experiments demonstrate effective quenching of excited photocarriers generated in WO3/WS2, signifying its utility in facilitating carrier transport, which is further evidenced by charge density calculation from DFT simulation. Our designed vertically aligned p-Si/WS2/WO3 heterojunction-based photodetector exhibits an excellent photosensitivity performance with a broad spectral response ranging from deep ultraviolet (254 nm) to near infrared (940 nm) wavelengths, and it not only provides a peak responsivity of 251 A W-1 and a specific detectivity of 1.89 × 014 Jones, but also possesses a rapid response speed with a rise/fall time of 0.64/0.48 s at 365 nm with a bias of 2 volt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhendu Maity
- School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Krishnendu Sarkar
- School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Praveen Kumar
- School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.
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12
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Xu Z, Luo Z, Lin X, Shen C, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang G, Jiang F, Chi N. 15.26Gb/s Si-substrate GaN high-speed visible light photodetector with super-lattice structure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:33064-33076. [PMID: 37859094 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we studied a series of high-speed photodetectors (PD) with different super-lattice interlayer periods and the scale of the effective area to examine their communication performance. The mini-PDs are designed with a single 1 mm × 1 mm effective area. The mini-PDs have three different super-lattice (SL) periods in the interlayer: 8, 15, and 32. The micro-PD sample has multiple 50um by 50um photosensitive areas that form a 4 × 4 receiver array, which shares a common N electrode. Its SL period is 26. The experiment shows that mini-PDs have the advantages such as better tolerance to beam spot deviation, larger field of view (FoV), higher responsibility, and wider peak width in spectral response. But micro-LED samples outperform the others in communication capacity and wavelength selectivity. The 8, 15, and 32 SL mini-PD samples achieve 6.6, 7.3, and 8.8 Gb/s data rates, respectively. The micro-PD gains the maximum data rate of 14.38Gb/s without applying waveform level post-equalization, and 15.26Gb/s after using an NN-based post-equalizer. This experiment shows that with proper DSP, GaN-based PD would be suitable for high-speed VLC systems, especially for the short wavelength spectrum in visible light.
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13
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Benter S, Jönsson A, Johansson J, Zhu L, Golias E, Wernersson LE, Mikkelsen A. Geometric control of diffusing elements on InAs semiconductor surfaces via metal contacts. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4541. [PMID: 37500640 PMCID: PMC10374539 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Local geometric control of basic synthesis parameters, such as elemental composition, is important for bottom-up synthesis and top-down device definition on-chip but remains a significant challenge. Here, we propose to use lithographically defined metal stacks for regulating the surface concentrations of freely diffusing synthesis elements on compound semiconductors. This is demonstrated by geometric control of Indium droplet formation on Indium Arsenide surfaces, an important consequence of incongruent evaporation. Lithographic defined Aluminium/Palladium metal patterns induce well-defined droplet-free zones during annealing up to 600 °C, while the metal patterns retain their lateral geometry. Compositional and structural analysis is performed, as well as theoretical modelling. The Pd acts as a sink for free In atoms, lowering their surface concentration locally and inhibiting droplet formation. Al acts as a diffusion barrier altering Pd's efficiency. The behaviour depends only on a few basic assumptions and should be applicable to lithography-epitaxial manufacturing processes of compound semiconductors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Benter
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 22100, Sweden.
- NanoLund Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 22100, Sweden.
| | - Adam Jönsson
- NanoLund Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 22100, Sweden
- Department of Electrical and Information Technology, LTH, Box 118, Lund, 22100, Sweden
| | - Jonas Johansson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 22100, Sweden
- NanoLund Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 22100, Sweden
| | - Lin Zhu
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 22100, Sweden
| | - Evangelos Golias
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 22100, Sweden
| | - Lars-Erik Wernersson
- NanoLund Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 22100, Sweden
- Department of Electrical and Information Technology, LTH, Box 118, Lund, 22100, Sweden
| | - Anders Mikkelsen
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 22100, Sweden
- NanoLund Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 22100, Sweden
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14
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Fu R, Jiang X, Wang Y, Xia D, Li B, Ma J, Xu H, Shen A, Liu Y. A high responsivity, high detectivity, and high response speed MSM UVB photodetector based on SnO 2 microwires. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7460-7465. [PMID: 37014636 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00419h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We report a high performance UVB photodetector with a metal-semiconductor-metal device structure based on high crystal quality SnO2 microwires prepared by chemical vapor deposition. Under 10 V bias, a low dark current of 3.69 × 10-9 A and a high light-to-dark current ratio of 1630 were achieved. The device showed a high responsivity of about 1353.0 A·W-1 under 322 nm light illumination. The detectivity of the device is as high as 5.4 × 1014 Jones, which ensures the detection of weak signals in the UVB spectral region. Due to the small amount of deep-level defect-induced carrier recombination, the light response rise time and fall time are shorter than 0.08 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongpeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology Under Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Xue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology Under Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology Under Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Danyang Xia
- Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology Under Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Bingsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology Under Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Jiangang Ma
- Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology Under Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology Under Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Aidong Shen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Yichun Liu
- Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology Under Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
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15
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Devkota S, Kuchoor H, Dawkins K, Pokharel R, Parakh M, Li J, Iyer S. Heterostructure axial GaAsSb ensemble near-infrared p-i-n based axial configured nanowire photodetectors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:265204. [PMID: 36893449 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acc2c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a systematic design of growth experiments and subsequent characterization of self-catalyzed molecular beam epitaxially grown GaAsSb heterostructure axial p-i-n nanowires (NWs) on p-Si <111> for the ensemble photodetector (PD) application in the near-infrared region. Diverse growth methods have been explored to gain a better insight into mitigating several growth challenges by systematically studying their impact on the NW electrical and optical properties to realize a high-quality p-i-n heterostructure. The successful growth approaches are Te-dopant compensation to suppress the p-type nature of intrinsic GaAsSb segment, growth interruption for strain relaxation at the interface, decreased substrate temperature to enhance supersaturation and minimize the reservoir effect, higher bandgap compositions of the n-segment of the heterostructure relative to the intrinsic region for boosting the absorption, and the high-temperature ultra-high vacuumin situannealing to reduce the parasitic radial overgrowth. The efficacy of these methods is supported by enhanced photoluminescence (PL) emission, suppressed dark current in the heterostructure p-i-n NWs accompanied by increased rectification ratio, photosensitivity, and a reduced low-frequency noise level. The PD fabricated utilizing the optimized GaAsSb axial p-i-n NWs exhibited the longer wavelength cutoff at ∼1.1μm with a significantly higher responsivity of ∼120 A W-1(@-3 V bias) and a detectivity of 1.1 × 1013Jones operating at room temperature. Frequency and the bias independent capacitance in the pico-Farad (pF) range and substantially lower noise level at the reverse biased condition, show the prospects of p-i-n GaAsSb NWs PD for high-speed optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisir Devkota
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, United States of America
| | - Hirandeep Kuchoor
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, United States of America
| | - Kendall Dawkins
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, United States of America
| | - Rabin Pokharel
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, United States of America
| | - Mehul Parakh
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, United States of America
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, United States of America
| | - Shanthi Iyer
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, United States of America
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16
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Dubrovskii VG. Modeling Catalyst-Free Growth of III-V Nanowires: Empirical and Rigorous Approaches. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1253. [PMID: 37049346 PMCID: PMC10096518 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst-free growth of III-V and III-nitride nanowires (NWs) by the self-induced nucleation mechanism or selective area growth (SAG) on different substrates, including Si, show great promise for monolithic integration of III-V optoelectronics with Si electronic platform. The morphological design of NW ensembles requires advanced growth modeling, which is much less developed for catalyst-free NWs compared to vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) NWs of the same materials. Herein, we present an empirical approach for modeling simultaneous axial and radial growths of untapered catalyst-free III-V NWs and compare it to the rigorous approach based on the stationary diffusion equations for different populations of group III adatoms. We study in detail the step flow occurring simultaneously on the NW sidewalls and top and derive the general laws governing the evolution of NW length and radius versus the growth parameters. The rigorous approach is reduced to the empirical equations in particular cases. A good correlation of the model with the data on the growth kinetics of SAG GaAs NWs and self-induced GaN NWs obtained by different epitaxy techniques is demonstrated. Overall, the developed theory provides a basis for the growth modeling of catalyst-free NWs and can be further extended to more complex NW morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Dubrovskii
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 13B, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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17
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He L, Hu G, Jiang J, Wei W, Xue X, Fan K, Huang H, Shen L. Highly Sensitive Tin-Lead Perovskite Photodetectors with Over 450 Days Stability Enabled by Synergistic Engineering for Pulse Oximetry System. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210016. [PMID: 36512669 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Low-bandgap tin (Sn)-lead (Pb) halide perovskites can achieve near-infrared response for photodetectors. However, the Sn-based devices suffer from notorious instability and high defect densities due to the oxidation propensity of Sn2+ . Herein, a multifunctional additive 4-amino-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoic acid (ATFBA) is presented, which can passivate surface defects and inhibit the oxidation of Sn2+ through hydrogen bonds and chelation coordination from the terminal amino and carboxyl groups. The perfluorinated benzene ring structure of ATFBA affords the passivator assembled at the grain boundaries to enhance the water resistance. With the synergistical passivation of these functional groups, the Sn-Pb perovskite photodetector exhibits a remarkable responsivity of 0.52 A W-1 and an excellent specific detectivity of 5.34 × 1012 Jones at 850 nm, along with remaining 97% of its initial responsivity over 450 days. Benefitting from high sensitivity, the photodetector is integrated into a pulse oximetry sensor visualization system, yielding accurate blood oxygen saturation and heart rate with less than 2% error. This work paves the avenue toward constructing high-performance and stable Sn-Pb perovskite photodetectors for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Gangjian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jizhong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xingzheng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Ke Fan
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Haitao Huang
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Liang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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18
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Lin F, Cui J, Zhang Z, Wei Z, Hou X, Meng B, Liu Y, Tang J, Li K, Liao L, Hao Q. GaAs Nanowire Photodetectors Based on Au Nanoparticles Modification. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1735. [PMID: 36837365 PMCID: PMC9967453 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance GaAs nanowire photodetector was fabricated based on the modification of Au nanoparticles (NPs). Au nanoparticles prepared by thermal evaporation were used to modify the defects on the surface of GaAs nanowires. Plasmons and Schottky barriers were also introduced on the surface of the GaAs nanowires, to enhance their light absorption and promote the separation of carriers inside the GaAs nanowires. The research results show that under the appropriate modification time, the dark current of GaAs nanowire photodetectors was reduced. In addition, photocurrent photodetectors increased from 2.39 × 10-10 A to 1.26 × 10-9 A. The responsivity of GaAs nanowire photodetectors correspondingly increased from 0.569 A∙W-1 to 3.047 A∙W-1. The reasons for the improvement of the photodetectors' performance after modification were analyzed through the energy band theory model. This work proposes a new method to improve the performance of GaAs nanowire photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Lasers, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jinzhi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Lasers, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Lasers, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhipeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Lasers, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiaobing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Lasers, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Bingheng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Lasers, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jilong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Lasers, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Kexue Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Lasers, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Lei Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Lasers, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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19
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Dubrovskii VG. Criterion for Selective Area Growth of III-V Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3698. [PMID: 36296889 PMCID: PMC9606971 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A model for the nucleation of vertical or planar III-V nanowires (NWs) in selective area growth (SAG) on masked substrates with regular arrays of openings is developed. The optimal SAG zone, with NW nucleation within the openings and the absence of parasitic III-V crystallites or group III droplets on the mask, is established, taking into account the minimum chemical potential of the III-V pairs required for nucleation on different surfaces, and the surface diffusion of the group III adatoms. The SAG maps are plotted in terms of the material fluxes versus the temperature. The non-trivial behavior of the SAG window, with the opening size and pitch, is analyzed, depending on the direction of the diffusion flux of the group III adatoms into or from the openings. A good correlation of the model with the data on the SAG of vertical GaN NWs and planar GaAs and InAs NWs by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Dubrovskii
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 13B, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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20
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Jansson M, Ishikawa F, Chen WM, Buyanova IA. Designing Semiconductor Nanowires for Efficient Photon Upconversion via Heterostructure Engineering. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12666-12676. [PMID: 35876227 PMCID: PMC9413407 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Energy upconversion via optical processes in semiconductor nanowires (NWs) is attractive for a variety of applications in nano-optoelectronics and nanophotonics. One of the main challenges is to achieve a high upconversion efficiency and, thus, a wide dynamic range of device performance, allowing efficient upconversion even under low excitation power. Here, we demonstrate that the efficiency of energy upconversion via two-photon absorption (TPA) can be drastically enhanced in core/shell NW heterostructures designed to provide a real intermediate TPA step via the band states of the narrow-bandgap region with a long carrier lifetime, fulfilling all the necessary requirements for high-efficiency two-step TPA. We show that, in radial GaAs(P)/GaNAs(P) core/shell NW heterostructures, the upconversion efficiency increases by 500 times as compared with that of the constituent materials, even under an excitation power as low as 100 mW/cm2 that is comparable to the 1 sun illumination. The upconversion efficiency can be further improved by 8 times through engineering the electric-field distribution of the excitation light inside the NWs so that light absorption is maximized within the desired region of the heterostructure. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach in providing efficient photon upconversion by exploring core/shell NW heterostructures, yielding an upconversion efficiency being among the highest reported in semiconductor nanostructures. Furthermore, our work provides design guidelines for enhancing efficiency of energy upconversion in NW heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Jansson
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fumitaro Ishikawa
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Ehime
University, 790-8577 Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Weimin M. Chen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Irina A. Buyanova
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
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21
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Dubrovskii VG. Theory of MOCVD Growth of III-V Nanowires on Patterned Substrates. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152632. [PMID: 35957064 PMCID: PMC9370533 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An analytic model for III-V nanowire growth by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) in regular arrays on patterned substrates is presented. The model accounts for some new features that, to the author’s knowledge, have not yet been considered. It is shown that MOCVD growth is influenced by an additional current into the nanowires originating from group III atoms reflected from an inert substrate and the upper limit for the group III current per nanowire given by the total group III flow and the array pitch. The model fits the data on the growth kinetics of Au-catalyzed and catalyst-free III-V nanowires quite well and should be useful for understanding and controlling the MOCVD nanowire growth in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Dubrovskii
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 13B, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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22
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Wang D, Wu W, Fang S, Kang Y, Wang X, Hu W, Yu H, Zhang H, Liu X, Luo Y, He JH, Fu L, Long S, Liu S, Sun H. Observation of polarity-switchable photoconductivity in III-nitride/MoS x core-shell nanowires. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:227. [PMID: 35853856 PMCID: PMC9296537 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
III-V semiconductor nanowires are indispensable building blocks for nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, solely relying on their intrinsic physical and material properties sometimes limits device functionalities to meet the increasing demands in versatile and complex electronic world. By leveraging the distinctive nature of the one-dimensional geometry and large surface-to-volume ratio of the nanowires, new properties can be attained through monolithic integration of conventional nanowires with other easy-synthesized functional materials. Herein, we combine high-crystal-quality III-nitride nanowires with amorphous molybdenum sulfides (a-MoSx) to construct III-nitride/a-MoSx core-shell nanostructures. Upon light illumination, such nanostructures exhibit striking spectrally distinctive photodetection characteristic in photoelectrochemical environment, demonstrating a negative photoresponsivity of -100.42 mA W-1 under 254 nm illumination, and a positive photoresponsivity of 29.5 mA W-1 under 365 nm illumination. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the successful surface modification of the nanowires via a-MoSx decoration accelerates the reaction process at the electrolyte/nanowire interface, leading to the generation of opposite photocurrent signals under different photon illumination. Most importantly, such polarity-switchable photoconductivity can be further tuned for multiple wavelength bands photodetection by simply adjusting the surrounding environment and/or tailoring the nanowire composition, showing great promise to build light-wavelength controllable sensing devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhao Wang
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Wentiao Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Shi Fang
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Yang Kang
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China.
| | - Huabin Yu
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Haochen Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Yuanmin Luo
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Jr-Hau He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Lan Fu
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Shibing Long
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Haiding Sun
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China.
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China.
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23
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Polarization Control in Integrated Silicon Waveguides Using Semiconductor Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142438. [PMID: 35889662 PMCID: PMC9320397 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we show the design of a silicon photonic-based polarization converting device based on the integration of semiconduction InP nanowires on the silicon photonic platform. We present a comprehensive numerical analysis showing that full polarization conversion (from quasi-TE modes to quasi-TM modes, and vice versa) can be achieved in devices exhibiting small footprints (total device lengths below 20 µm) with minimal power loss (<2 dB). The approach described in this work can pave the way to the realization of complex and re-configurable photonic processors based on the manipulation of the state of polarization of guided light beams.
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Peric N, Dursap T, Becdelievre J, Berthe M, Addad A, Romeo PR, Bachelet R, Saint-Girons G, Lancry O, Legendre S, Biadala L, Penuelas J, Grandidier B. Assessing the insulating properties of an ultrathin SrTiO 3shell grown around GaAs nanowires with molecular beam epitaxy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:375702. [PMID: 35654005 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac7576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have studied electronic transport in undoped GaAs/SrTiO3core-shell nanowires standing on their Si substrate with two-tip scanning tunneling microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum. The resistance profile along the nanowires is proportional to the tip separation with resistances per unit length of a few GΩ/μm. Examination of the different transport pathways parallel to the nanowire growth axis reveals that the measured resistance is consistent with a conduction along the interfacial states at the GaAs{110} sidewalls, the 2 nm thick SrTiO3shell being as much as resistive, despite oxygen deficient growth conditions. The origin of the shell resistivity is discussed in light of the nanowire analysis with transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, providing good grounds for the use of SrTiO3shells as gate insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Peric
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - T Dursap
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon-INL, UMR 5270 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, F-69134 Ecully cedex, France
| | - J Becdelievre
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon-INL, UMR 5270 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, F-69134 Ecully cedex, France
| | - M Berthe
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - A Addad
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207-UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - P Rojo Romeo
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon-INL, UMR 5270 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, F-69134 Ecully cedex, France
| | - R Bachelet
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon-INL, UMR 5270 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, F-69134 Ecully cedex, France
| | - G Saint-Girons
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon-INL, UMR 5270 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, F-69134 Ecully cedex, France
| | - O Lancry
- HORIBA FRANCE SAS, 455 avenue Eugène Avinée 59120 Loos/Avenue de la Vauve-Passage Jobin Yvon F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - S Legendre
- HORIBA FRANCE SAS, 455 avenue Eugène Avinée 59120 Loos/Avenue de la Vauve-Passage Jobin Yvon F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - L Biadala
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - J Penuelas
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon-INL, UMR 5270 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, F-69134 Ecully cedex, France
| | - B Grandidier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
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25
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Sekine N, Sumita K, Toprasertpong K, Takagi S, Takenaka M. Monolithic integration of electro-absorption modulators and photodetectors on III-V CMOS photonics platform by quantum well intermixing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:23318-23329. [PMID: 36225015 DOI: 10.1364/oe.462626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantum well intermixing (QWI) on a III-V-on-insulator (III-V-OI) substrate is presented for active-passive integration. Shallow implantation at a high temperature, which is essential for QWI on a III-V-OI substrate, is accomplished by phosphorus molecule ion implantation. As a result, the bandgap wavelength of multi-quantum wells (MQWs) on a III-V-OI substrate is successfully tuned by approximately 80 nm, enabling the monolithic integration of electro-absorption modulators and waveguide photodetectors using a lateral p-i-n junction formed along the InP/MQW/InP rib waveguide. Owing to the III-V-OI structure and the rib waveguide structure, the parasitic capacitance per unit length can be reduced to 0.11 fF/µm, which is suitable for high-speed and low-power modulators and photodetectors. The presented QWI can extend the possibility of a III-V complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) photonics platform for large-scale photonic integrated circuits.
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Modeling the Radial Growth of Self-Catalyzed III-V Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101698. [PMID: 35630920 PMCID: PMC9142916 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new model for the radial growth of self-catalyzed III-V nanowires on different substrates is presented, which describes the nanowire morphological evolution without any free parameters. The model takes into account the re-emission of group III atoms from a mask surface and the shadowing effect in directional deposition techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy. It is shown that radial growth is faster for larger pitches of regular nanowire arrays or lower surface density, and can be suppressed by increasing the V/III flux ratio or decreasing re-emission. The model describes quite well the data on the morphological evolution of Ga-catalyzed GaP and GaAs nanowires on different substrates, where the nanowire length increases linearly and the radius enlarges sub-linearly with time. The obtained analytical expressions and numerical data should be useful for morphological control over different III-V nanowires in a wide range of growth conditions.
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27
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Tiwari P, Fischer A, Scherrer M, Caimi D, Schmid H, Moselund KE. Single-Mode Emission in InP Microdisks on Si Using Au Antenna. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1218-1225. [PMID: 35480488 PMCID: PMC9026291 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An important building block for on-chip photonic applications is a scaled emitter. Whispering gallery mode cavities based on III-Vs on Si allow for small device footprints and lasing with low thresholds. However, multimodal emission and wavelength stability over a wider range of temperature can be challenging. Here, we explore the use of Au nanorod antennae on InP whispering gallery mode lasers on Si for single-mode emission. We show that by proper choice of the antenna size and positioning, we can suppress the side modes of a cavity and achieve single-mode emission over a wide excitation range. We establish emission trends by varying the size of the antenna and show that the far-field radiation pattern differs significantly for devices with and without antenna. Furthermore, the antenna-induced single-mode emission is dominant from room temperature (300 K) down to 200 K, whereas the cavity without an antenna is multimodal and its dominant emission wavelength is highly temperature-dependent.
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28
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Dubrovskii VG. Theory of MBE Growth of Nanowires on Adsorbing Substrates: The Role of the Shadowing Effect on the Diffusion Transport. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1064. [PMID: 35407180 PMCID: PMC9000702 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A new model for nanowire growth by molecular beam epitaxy is proposed which extends the earlier approaches treating an isolated nanowire to the case of ensembles of nanowires. I consider an adsorbing substrate on which the arriving growth species (group III adatoms for III-V nanowires) may diffuse to the nanowire base and subsequently to the top without desorption. Analytical solution for the nanowire length evolution at a constant radius shows that the shadowing of the substrate surface is efficient and affects the growth kinetics from the very beginning of growth in dense enough ensembles of nanowires. The model fits quite well the kinetic data on different Au-catalyzed and self-catalyzed III-V nanowires. This approach should work equally well for vapor-liquid-solid and catalyst-free nanowires grown by molecular beam epitaxy and related deposition techniques on unpatterned or masked substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Dubrovskii
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 13B, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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29
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Li Z, Li L, Wang F, Xu L, Gao Q, Alabadla A, Peng K, Vora K, Hattori HT, Tan HH, Jagadish C, Fu L. Investigation of light-matter interaction in single vertical nanowires in ordered nanowire arrays. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:3527-3536. [PMID: 35171176 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08088a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quasi one-dimensional semiconductor nanowires (NWs) in either arrays or single free-standing forms have shown unique optical properties (i.e., light absorption and emission) differently from their thin film or bulk counterparts, presenting new opportunities for achieving enhanced performance and/or functionalities for optoelectronic device applications. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the absorption properties of vertically standing single NWs within an array environment with light coupling from neighboring NWs within certain distances, due to the challenges in fabrication of such devices. In this article, we present a new approach to fabricate single vertically standing NW photodetectors from ordered InP NW arrays using the focused ion beam technique, to allow direct measurements of optical and electrical properties of single NWs standing in an array. The light-matter interaction and photodetector performance are investigated using both experimental and theoretical methods. The consistent photocurrent and simulated absorption mapping results reveal that the light absorption and thus photoresponse of single NWs are strongly affected by the NW array geometry and related light coupling from their surrounding dielectric environment, due to the large absorption cross section and/or strong light interaction. While the highest light concentration factor (∼19.64) was obtained from the NW in an array with a pitch of 1.5 μm, the higher responsivity per unit cell (equivalent to NW array responsivity) of a single vertical NW photodetector was achieved in an array with a pitch of 0.8 μm, highlighting the importance of array design for practical applications. The insight from our study can provide important guidance to evaluate and optimize the device design of NW arrays for a wide range of optoelectronic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Li
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Li Li
- Australian National Fabrication Facility, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Lei Xu
- Advanced Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, United Kingdom
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Ahmed Alabadla
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Kun Peng
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Kaushal Vora
- Australian National Fabrication Facility, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Haroldo T Hattori
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT 2610, Australia
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lan Fu
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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30
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Pei J, Wu X, Liu WJ, Zhang DW, Ding SJ. Photoelectric Logic and In Situ Memory Transistors with Stepped Floating Gates of Perovskite Quantum Dots. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2442-2451. [PMID: 35088590 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic-Photonic integrated systems have attracted intensive attention in addressing the explosively increasing data-processing issue in the post-Moore era. However, the tremendous size difference between basic electronic and photonic units poses challenges for the further deep convergence of optoelectronic microprocessors. Here, we report a floating-gate transistor fabricated with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible technologies, which can realize multilevel photoelectric logic computing and in situ memory simultaneously. The transistor presents stepped floating gates of perovskite quantum dots with different bandgaps and exhibits nonvolatile multilevel memory states written/erased by electrical and high-bandwidth optical signals. Meanwhile, the device can also realize logic functions such as an optoelectronic AND gate by separably programming the states of the stepped floating gates with bias and optical wavelength. A convergence of multilevel logic computing and storage is further achieved on the transistor. By demonstrating such multifunctionality in a single device, the photoelectric transistors, even with a rather large size to match photonic cells, can provide the optoelectronic microprocessors with substantially improved performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wen-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - David Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- National Integrated Circuit Innovation Center, Shanghai 201203, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shi-Jin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- National Integrated Circuit Innovation Center, Shanghai 201203, China
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31
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Wen P, Tiwari P, Mauthe S, Schmid H, Sousa M, Scherrer M, Baumann M, Bitachon BI, Leuthold J, Gotsmann B, Moselund KE. Waveguide coupled III-V photodiodes monolithically integrated on Si. Nat Commun 2022; 13:909. [PMID: 35177604 PMCID: PMC8854727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The seamless integration of III-V nanostructures on silicon is a long-standing goal and an important step towards integrated optical links. In the present work, we demonstrate scaled and waveguide coupled III-V photodiodes monolithically integrated on Si, implemented as InP/In0.5Ga0.5As/InP p-i-n heterostructures. The waveguide coupled devices show a dark current down to 0.048 A/cm2 at -1 V and a responsivity up to 0.2 A/W at -2 V. Using grating couplers centered around 1320 nm, we demonstrate high-speed detection with a cutoff frequency f3dB exceeding 70 GHz and data reception at 50 GBd with OOK and 4PAM. When operated in forward bias as a light emitting diode, the devices emit light centered at 1550 nm. Furthermore, we also investigate the self-heating of the devices using scanning thermal microscopy and find a temperature increase of only ~15 K during the device operation as emitter, in accordance with thermal simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyan Wen
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Preksha Tiwari
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Mauthe
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Schmid
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Marilyne Sousa
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Markus Scherrer
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Michael Baumann
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), Gloriastrasse 35, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bertold Ian Bitachon
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), Gloriastrasse 35, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juerg Leuthold
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), Gloriastrasse 35, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Gotsmann
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten E Moselund
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
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32
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Zhao ZJ, Ahn J, Lee D, Jeong CB, Kang M, Choi J, Bok M, Hwang S, Jeon S, Park S, Ko J, Chang KS, Choi JW, Park I, Jeong JH. Wafer-scale, highly uniform, and well-arrayed suspended nanostructures for enhancing the performance of electronic devices. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1136-1143. [PMID: 34989389 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07375c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Suspended nanostructures play an important role in enhancing the performance of a diverse group of nanodevices. However, realizing a good arrangement and suspension for nanostructures of various shapes remains a significant challenge. Herein, a rapid and simple method for fabricating wafer-scale, highly uniform, well-arrayed suspended nanostructures via nanowelding lithography is reported. Suspended nanostructures with various shapes (nanowires, nanoholes, nanomesh, and nanofilms) and materials (gold, silver, and palladium metals) were employed to demonstrate the applicability of our method. Moreover, gas sensors and thermoacoustic speakers with suspended nanowires outperformed those with unsuspended nanostructures. The proposed method is expected to help advance the development of future nanodevices based on suspended nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhao
- Institute of Smart City and Intelligent Transportation, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 999 Pidu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junseong Ahn
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongheon Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Bae Jeong
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejion 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungrak Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moonjeong Bok
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soonhyoung Hwang
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sooyeon Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Ko
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Soo Chang
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejion 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun-Ho Jeong
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
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Saraswathy Vilasam AG, Prasanna PK, Yuan X, Azimi Z, Kremer F, Jagadish C, Chakraborty S, Tan HH. Epitaxial Growth of GaAs Nanowires on Synthetic Mica by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3395-3403. [PMID: 34985872 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The epitaxial growth of III-V nanowires with excellent optoelectronic properties on low-cost, light-weight, and flexible substrates is a key step for the design and engineering of future optoelectronic devices. In our study, GaAs nanowires were grown on synthetic mica, a two-dimensional layered material, via vapor-liquid-solid growth using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The effect of basic epitaxial growth parameters such as temperature and V/III ratio on the vertical yield of the nanowires is investigated. A vertical yield of over 60% is achieved at an optimum growth temperature of 400 °C and a V/III ratio 18. The structural properties of the nanowires are investigated using various techniques including scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and high-angle annular dark-field imaging. The vertical nanowires grown at a low temperature and a high V/III ratio are found to have a zincblende phase with a [111] B polarity. The optical properties are investigated by photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved PL measurements. First-principles electronic structure calculations within the framework of density functional theory elucidate the van der Waals nature of the nanowire/mica interface. Our results also show that these nanowires can be easily lifted off the bulk 2D mica template, providing a pathway for flexible nanowire devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswani Gopakumar Saraswathy Vilasam
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ponnappa Kechanda Prasanna
- Materials Theory for Energy Scavenging (MATES) Lab, Harish-Chandra Research Institute (HRI) Allahabad, HBNI, Chhatnag Road, Jhunsi, Prayagraj (Allahabad) 211 019, India
| | - Xiaoming Yuan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zahra Azimi
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Felipe Kremer
- Centre for Advanced Microscopy, The Australian National University Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Sudip Chakraborty
- Materials Theory for Energy Scavenging (MATES) Lab, Harish-Chandra Research Institute (HRI) Allahabad, HBNI, Chhatnag Road, Jhunsi, Prayagraj (Allahabad) 211 019, India
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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34
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Dubrovskii VG. Theory of MBE Growth of Nanowires on Reflecting Substrates. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12020253. [PMID: 35055270 PMCID: PMC8781942 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Selective area growth (SAG) of III-V nanowires (NWs) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and related epitaxy techniques offer several advantages over growth on unpatterned substrates. Here, an analytic model for the total flux of group III atoms impinging NWs is presented, which accounts for specular re-emission from the mask surface and the shadowing effect in the absence of surface diffusion from the substrate. An expression is given for the shadowing length of NWs corresponding to the full shadowing of the mask. Axial and radial NW growths are considered in different stages, including the stage of purely axial growth, intermediate stage with radial growth, and asymptotic stage, where the NWs receive the maximum flux determined by the array pitch. The model provides good fits with the data obtained for different vapor-liquid-solid and catalyst-free III-V NWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Dubrovskii
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 13B, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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35
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Chen R, Li L, Jiang L, Yu X, Zhu D, Xiong Y, Zheng D, Yang W. Small-diameter p-type SnS nanowire photodetectors and phototransistors with low-noise and high-performance. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:135707. [PMID: 34933293 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac451f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
P-type nanostructured photodetectors and phototransistors have been widely used in the field of photodetection due to their excellent electrical and optoelectronic characteristics. However, the large dark current of p-type photodetectors will limit the detectivity. Herein, we synthesized small-diameter single-crystalline p-type SnS nanowires (NWs) and then fabricated single SnS NW photodetectors and phototransistors. The device exhibits low noise and low dark current, and its noise current power is as low as 2.4 × 10-28A2. Under 830 nm illumination and low power density of 0.12 mW cm-2, the photoconductive gain, responsivity and detectivity of the photodetector are as high as 3.9 × 102, 2.6 × 102A W-1and 1.8 × 1013Jones, respectively, at zero gate voltage. The rise and fall time of response are about 9.6 and 14 ms. The experimental results show that the small-diameter p-type SnS NWs have broad application prospects in high-performance and low-power photodetectors with high sensitivity, fast response speed and wide spectrum detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoling Chen
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Jiang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangxiang Yu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, People's Republic of China
| | - Desheng Zhu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xiong
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingshan Zheng
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Yang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, People's Republic of China
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36
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Graphene on Silicon Photonics: Light Modulation and Detection for Cutting-Edge Communication Technologies. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene—a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon in a single-layer honeycomb lattice nanostructure—has several distinctive optoelectronic properties that are highly desirable in advanced optical communication systems. Meanwhile, silicon photonics is a promising solution for the next-generation integrated photonics, owing to its low cost, low propagation loss and compatibility with CMOS fabrication processes. Unfortunately, silicon’s photodetection responsivity and operation bandwidth are intrinsically limited by its material characteristics. Graphene, with its extraordinary optoelectronic properties has been widely applied in silicon photonics to break this performance bottleneck, with significant progress reported. In this review, we focus on the application of graphene in high-performance silicon photonic devices, including modulators and photodetectors. Moreover, we explore the trend of development and discuss the future challenges of silicon-graphene hybrid photonic devices.
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37
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Zhu Y, Raj V, Li Z, Tan HH, Jagadish C, Fu L. Self-Powered InP Nanowire Photodetector for Single-Photon Level Detection at Room Temperature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2105729. [PMID: 34622479 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive photodetectors with single-photon level detection are one of the key components to a range of emerging technologies, in particular the ever-growing field of optical communication, remote sensing, and quantum computing. Currently, most of the single-photon detection technologies require external biasing at high voltages and/or cooling to low temperatures, posing great limitations for wider applications. Here, InP nanowire array photodetectors that can achieve single-photon level light detection at room temperature without an external bias are demonstrated. Top-down etched, heavily doped p-type InP nanowires and n-type aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO)/zinc oxide (ZnO) carrier-selective contact are used to form a radial p-n junction with a built-in electric field exceeding 3 × 105 V cm-1 at 0 V. The device exhibits broadband light sensitivity and can distinguish a single photon per pulse from the dark noise at 0 V, enabled by its design to realize near-ideal broadband absorption, extremely low dark current, and highly efficient charge carrier separation. Meanwhile, the bandwidth of the device reaches above 600 MHz with a timing jitter of 538 ps. The proposed device design provides a new pathway toward low-cost, high-sensitivity, self-powered photodetectors for numerous future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Vidur Raj
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ziyuan Li
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lan Fu
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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38
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Jaffal A, Regreny P, Patriarche G, Gendry M, Chauvin N. Highly linear polarized emission at telecom bands in InAs/InP quantum dot-nanowires by geometry tailoring. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:16952-16958. [PMID: 34610634 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04263g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire (NW)-based opto-electronic devices require certain engineering in the NW geometry to realize polarized-dependent light sources and photodetectors. We present a growth procedure to produce InAs/InP quantum dot-nanowires (QD-NWs) with an elongated top-view cross-section relying on the vapor-liquid-solid method using molecular beam epitaxy. By interrupting the rotation of the sample during the radial growth sequence of the InP shell, hexagonal asymmetric (HA) NWs with long/short cross-section axes were obtained instead of the usual symmetrical shape. Polarization-resolved photoluminescence measurements have revealed a significant influence of the asymmetric shaped NWs on the InAs QD emission polarization with the photons being mainly polarized parallel to the NW long cross-section axis. A degree of linear polarization (DLP) up to 91% is obtained, being at the state of the art for the reported DLP values from QD-NWs. More importantly, the growth protocol herein is fully compatible with the current applications of HA NWs covering a wide range of devices such as polarized light emitting diodes and photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jaffal
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, INL, UMR5270, 69130 Ecully, France
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270, 69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Philippe Regreny
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, INL, UMR5270, 69130 Ecully, France
| | - Gilles Patriarche
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies - C2N, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Michel Gendry
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, INL, UMR5270, 69130 Ecully, France
| | - Nicolas Chauvin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270, 69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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Kos D, Assumpcao DR, Guo C, Baumberg JJ. Quantum Tunneling Induced Optical Rectification and Plasmon-Enhanced Photocurrent in Nanocavity Molecular Junctions. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14535-14543. [PMID: 34436876 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular junctions offer the opportunity for downscaling optoelectronic devices. Separating two electrodes with a single layer of molecules accesses the quantum-tunneling regime at low voltages (<1 V), where tunneling currents become highly sensitive to local nanometer-scale geometric features of the electrodes. These features generate asymmetries in the electrical response of the junction which combine with the incident oscillating optical fields to produce optical rectification and photocurrents. Maximizing photocurrents requires accurate control of the overall junction geometry and a large confined optical field in the optimal location. Plasmonic nanostructures such as metallic nanoparticles are prime candidates for this application, because their size and shape dictate a consistent junction geometry while strongly enhancing the optical field from incident light. Here we demonstrate a robust lithography-free molecular optoelectronic device geometry, where a metallic nanoparticle on a self-assembled molecular monolayer is sandwiched between planar bottom and semitransparent top electrodes, to create molecular junctions with reproducible morphology and electrical response. The well-defined geometry enables predictable and intense plasmonic localization, which we show creates optical-frequency voltages ∼ 30 mV in the molecular junction from 100 μW incident light, generating photocurrent by optical rectification (>10 μA/W) from only a few hundred molecules. Quantitative agreement is thus obtained between DC- and optical-frequency quantum-tunneling currents, predicted by a simple analytic equation. By measuring the degree of junction asymmetry for different molecular monolayers, we find that molecules with a large DC rectification ratio also boost zero-bias electrical asymmetry, making them good candidates for sensing and energy harvesting applications in combination with plasmonic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Kos
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R Assumpcao
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Chenyang Guo
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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40
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Yan Z, Han Y, Lin L, Xue Y, Ma C, Ng WK, Wong KS, Lau KM. A monolithic InP/SOI platform for integrated photonics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:200. [PMID: 34565795 PMCID: PMC8473568 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The deployment of photonic integrated circuits (PICs) necessitates an integration platform that is scalable, high-throughput, cost-effective, and power-efficient. Here we present a monolithic InP on SOI platform to synergize the advantages of two mainstream photonic integration platforms: Si photonics and InP photonics. This monolithic InP/SOI platform is realized through the selective growth of both InP sub-micron wires and large dimension InP membranes on industry-standard (001)-oriented silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers. The epitaxial InP is in-plane, dislocation-free, site-controlled, intimately positioned with the Si device layer, and placed right on top of the buried oxide layer to form "InP-on-insulator". These attributes allow for the realization of various photonic functionalities using the epitaxial InP, with efficient light interfacing between the III-V devices and the Si-based waveguides. We exemplify the potential of this InP/SOI platform for integrated photonics through the demonstration of lasers with different cavity designs including subwavelength wires, square cavities, and micro-disks. Our results here mark a critical step forward towards fully-integrated Si-based PICs.
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Grants
- 16212115 Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (RGC, UGC)
- 16245216 Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (RGC, UGC)
- 16212115 Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (RGC, UGC)
- 16245216 Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (RGC, UGC)
- 16212115 Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (RGC, UGC)
- 16245216 Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (RGC, UGC)
- 16212115 Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (RGC, UGC)
- 16245216 Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (RGC, UGC)
- 16212115 Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (RGC, UGC)
- 16245216 Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (RGC, UGC)
- AoE/P-02/12 Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (RGC, UGC)
- AoE/P-02/12 Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (RGC, UGC)
- AoE/P-02/12 Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (RGC, UGC)
- ITS/273/16FP Innovation and Technology Fund (ITF)
- ITS/273/16FP Innovation and Technology Fund (ITF)
- ITS/273/16FP Innovation and Technology Fund (ITF)
- ITS/273/16FP Innovation and Technology Fund (ITF)
- William Mond Institute of Nano Science and Technology (WMINST19SC04)
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liying Lin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Physics and William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Kit Ng
- Department of Physics and William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam Sing Wong
- Department of Physics and William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kei May Lau
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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41
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Luo W, Lin L, Huang J, Han Y, Lau KM. Red-emitting InP quantum dot micro-disk lasers epitaxially grown on (001) silicon. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4514-4517. [PMID: 34525035 DOI: 10.1364/ol.436320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Direct epitaxy of InP quantum dot (QD) lasers on silicon (Si) provides an on-chip red laser source for integrated Si photonics with different applications. Here, we demonstrate the first, to the best of our knowledge, InP QD lasers directly grown on (001) Si. Combining highly emissive InP QDs and a GaAs/Si template with low defect density, continuous-wave (CW) lasing of micro-disk lasers (MDLs) on Si is achieved at room temperature. The lowest threshold of MDLs on Si is ∼500nW, without considering the micro-disk surface absorption efficiency of the pump power. The MDLs grown on the native GaAs substrate with the same growth and fabrication process are compared using statistical data analysis. Similar material characterization results and device performances on these two substrates further confirm the performance of QD lasers on Si. This demonstration paves the way for future realization of integrated photonic circuits with red and near-infrared (NIR) lasers on Si.
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42
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Demontis V, Zannier V, Sorba L, Rossella F. Surface Nano-Patterning for the Bottom-Up Growth of III-V Semiconductor Nanowire Ordered Arrays. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2079. [PMID: 34443910 PMCID: PMC8398085 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ordered arrays of vertically aligned semiconductor nanowires are regarded as promising candidates for the realization of all-dielectric metamaterials, artificial electromagnetic materials, whose properties can be engineered to enable new functions and enhanced device performances with respect to naturally existing materials. In this review we account for the recent progresses in substrate nanopatterning methods, strategies and approaches that overall constitute the preliminary step towards the bottom-up growth of arrays of vertically aligned semiconductor nanowires with a controlled location, size and morphology of each nanowire. While we focus specifically on III-V semiconductor nanowires, several concepts, mechanisms and conclusions reported in the manuscript can be invoked and are valid also for different nanowire materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Demontis
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Valentina Zannier
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Lucia Sorba
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Francesco Rossella
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (L.S.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
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43
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Xu Y, Shen H, Xu B, Wang Z, Li Y, Lai B, Zhang J. High-performance MoO x/n-Si heterojunction NIR photodetector with aluminum oxide as a tunneling passivation interlayer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:275502. [PMID: 33784656 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf37c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The most effective and potential approach to improve the performance of heterojunction photodetectors is to obtain favorable interfacial passivation by adding an insertion layer. In this paper, MoOx/Al2O3/n-Si heterojunction photodetectors with excellent photocurrents, responsivity and detectivity were fabricated, in which alumina acts as a tunneling passivation layer. By optimizing the post-annealing treatment temperature of the MoOxand the thickness of the ultra-thin Al2O3, the photodetector achieved a ratio of photocurrent to dark current of 3.1 × 105, a photoresponsivity of 7.11 A W-1(@980 nm) and a detective of 9.85 × 1012Jones at -5 V bias. Besides, a self-driven response of 0.17 A W-1and a high photocurrent/dark current ratio of 2.07 × 104were obtained. The result demonstrated that optimizing the interface of heterojunctions is a promising way to obtain a heterojunction photodetector with high-performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Xu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglie Shen
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Xu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehui Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufang Li
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, People's Republic of China
| | - Binkang Lai
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhe Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, People's Republic of China
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Zhao S, Sun J, Yin Y, Guo Y, Liu D, Miao C, Feng X, Wang Y, Xu M, Yang ZX. In Situ Growth of GeS Nanowires with Sulfur-Rich Shell for Featured Negative Photoconductivity. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3046-3052. [PMID: 33739121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The negative photoconductivity (NPC) effect originating from the surface shell layer has been considered as an efficient approach to improve the performance of optoelectronic nanodevices. However, a scientific design and precise growth of NPC-effect-caused shell during nanowire (NW) growth process for achieving high-performance photodetectors are still lacking. In this work, GeS NWs with a controlled sulfur-rich shell, diameter, and length are successfully prepared by a simple chemical vapor deposition method. As checked by transmission electron microscopy, the thickness of the sulfur-rich shell ranges from 10.5 ± 1.5 to 13.4 ± 2.5 nm by controlling the NW growth time. The composition of the sulfur-rich shell is studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, showing the decrease of S in the GeSx shell from the surface to core. When configured into the well-known phototransistor, a featured NPC effect is observed, benefiting the high-performance photodetector with high responsivity of 105 A·W-1 and detectivity of 1012 Jones for λ = 405 nm with ultralow intensity of 0.04 mW·cm-2. However, the thicker-shell NW phototransistor shows an unstable photodetector behavior with smaller negative photocurrent because of more hole-trapping states in the thicker shell. All results suggest a careful design and controlled growth of an NPC-effect-caused shell for future optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- School of Physics, School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jiamin Sun
- School of Physics, School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Yanxue Yin
- School of Physics, School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- School of Physics, School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Physics, School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Chengcheng Miao
- School of Physics, School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- School of Physics, School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- School of Physics, School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mingsheng Xu
- School of Physics, School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zai-Xing Yang
- School of Physics, School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
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45
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In-Plane Monolithic Integration of Scaled III-V Photonic Devices. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is a long-standing goal to leverage silicon photonics through the combination of a low-cost advanced silicon platform with III-V-based active gain material. The monolithic integration of the III-V material is ultimately desirable for scalable integrated circuits but inherently challenging due to the large lattice and thermal mismatch with Si. Here, we briefly review different approaches to monolithic III-V integration while focusing on discussing the results achieved using an integration technique called template-assisted selective epitaxy (TASE), which provides some unique opportunities compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches. This method relies on the selective replacement of a prepatterned silicon structure with III-V material and thereby achieves the self-aligned in-plane monolithic integration of III-Vs on silicon. In our group, we have realized several embodiments of TASE for different applications; here, we will focus specifically on in-plane integrated photonic structures due to the ease with which these can be coupled to SOI waveguides and the inherent in-plane doping orientation, which is beneficial to waveguide-coupled architectures. In particular, we will discuss light emitters based on hybrid III-V/Si photonic crystal structures and high-speed InGaAs detectors, both covering the entire telecom wavelength spectral range. This opens a new path towards the realization of fully integrated, densely packed, and scalable photonic integrated circuits.
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46
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Mauthe S, Tiwari P, Scherrer M, Caimi D, Sousa M, Schmid H, Moselund KE, Vico Triviño N. Hybrid III-V Silicon Photonic Crystal Cavity Emitting at Telecom Wavelengths. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8768-8772. [PMID: 33216555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal (PhC) cavities are promising candidates for Si photonics integrated circuits due to their ultrahigh quality (Q)-factors and small mode volumes. Here, we demonstrate a novel concept of a one-dimensional hybrid III-V/Si PhC cavity which exploits a combination of standard silicon-on-insulator technology and active III-V materials. Using template-assisted selective epitaxy, the central part of a Si PhC lattice is locally replaced with III-V gain material. The III-V material is placed to overlap with the maximum of the cavity mode field profile, while keeping the major part of the PhC in Si. The selective epitaxy process enables growth parallel to the substrate, and hence in-plane integration with Si, and in-situ in-plane homo- and heterojunctions. The fabricated hybrid III-V/Si PhCs show emission over the entire telecommunication band from 1.2 to 1.6 μm at room temperature validating the device concept and its potential towards fully integrated light sources on silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Mauthe
- IBM Research Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Preksha Tiwari
- IBM Research Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Markus Scherrer
- IBM Research Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Caimi
- IBM Research Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Marilyne Sousa
- IBM Research Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Schmid
- IBM Research Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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