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Kotamäki N, Arhonditsis G, Hjerppe T, Hyytiäinen K, Malve O, Ovaskainen O, Paloniitty T, Similä J, Soininen N, Weigel B, Heiskanen AS. Strategies for integrating scientific evidence in water policy and law in the face of uncertainty. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172855. [PMID: 38692324 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how human actions and environmental change affect water resources is crucial for addressing complex water management issues. The scientific tools that can produce the necessary information are ecological indicators, referring to measurable properties of the ecosystem state; environmental monitoring, the data collection process that is required to evaluate the progress towards reaching water management goals; mathematical models, linking human disturbances with the ecosystem state to predict environmental impacts; and scenarios, assisting in long-term management and policy implementation. Paradoxically, despite the rapid generation of data, evolving scientific understanding, and recent advancements in systems modeling, there is a striking imbalance between knowledge production and knowledge utilization in decision-making. In this paper, we examine the role and potential capacity of scientific tools in guiding governmental decision-making processes and identify the most critical disparities between water management, policy, law, and science. We demonstrate how the complex, uncertain, and gradually evolving nature of scientific knowledge might not always fit aptly to the legislative and policy processes and structures. We contend that the solution towards increased understanding of socio-ecological systems and reduced uncertainty lies in strengthening the connections between water management theory and practice, among the scientific tools themselves, among different stakeholders, and among the social, economic, and ecological facets of water quality management, law, and policy. We conclude by tying in three knowledge-exchange strategies, namely - adaptive management, Driver-Pressure-Status-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework, and participatory modeling - that offer complementary perspectives to bridge the gap between science and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Kotamäki
- Finnish Environment Institute, Survontie 9A, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - George Arhonditsis
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Turo Hjerppe
- Ministry of the Environment, P.O. Box 35, 00023 Government, Finland
| | - Kari Hyytiäinen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Malve
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tiina Paloniitty
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Law, P.O. Box 4, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jukka Similä
- University of Lapland, Faculty of Law, Yliopistonkatu 8, FI-96300 Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Niko Soininen
- Law School, Center for Climate Change, Energy, and Environmental Law, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Kramel D, Franz SM, Klenner J, Muri H, Münster M, Strømman AH. Advancing SSP-aligned scenarios of shipping toward 2050. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8965. [PMID: 38637552 PMCID: PMC11026375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing comprehensive scenarios for the shipping sector has been a challenge for the Integrated Assessment Model (IAMs) community, influencing how attainable decarbonization is in the sector, and for Earth System Models (ESMs), impacting the climate contribution of shipping emissions. Here we present an approach to develop spatially explicit energy demand projections for shipping in alignment with the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways framework and IAMs projections of global fossil fuel demand. Our results show that shipping could require between 14 and 20 EJ by 2050, corresponding to a 3% and 44% increase from 2018 for the SSP1-1.9 and SSP3-7.0 scenarios. Furthermore, the energy projections we present in this publication can be combined with different fuel mixes to derive emission inventories for climate modeling and, thus, improve our understanding of the various challenges in mitigating emissions for shipping. Through that, we aim to present a framework to incorporate detailed spatial shipping inventories and increase transparency for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Kramel
- Industrial Ecology Programme (IndEcol), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Sebastian M Franz
- Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Klenner
- Industrial Ecology Programme (IndEcol), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helene Muri
- Industrial Ecology Programme (IndEcol), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marie Münster
- Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders H Strømman
- Industrial Ecology Programme (IndEcol), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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3
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Yue H, He C, Huang Q, Zhang D, Shi P, Moallemi EA, Xu F, Yang Y, Qi X, Ma Q, Bryan BA. Substantially reducing global PM 2.5-related deaths under SDG3.9 requires better air pollution control and healthcare. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2729. [PMID: 38548716 PMCID: PMC10978932 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.9 calls for a substantial reduction in deaths attributable to PM2.5 pollution (DAPP). However, DAPP projections vary greatly and the likelihood of meeting SDG3.9 depends on complex interactions among environmental, socio-economic, and healthcare parameters. We project potential future trends in global DAPP considering the joint effects of each driver (PM2.5 concentration, death rate of diseases, population size, and age structure) and assess the likelihood of achieving SDG3.9 under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) as quantified by the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) framework with simulated PM2.5 concentrations from 11 models. We find that a substantial reduction in DAPP would not be achieved under all but the most optimistic scenario settings. Even the development aligned with the Sustainability scenario (SSP1-2.6), in which DAPP was reduced by 19%, still falls just short of achieving a substantial (≥20%) reduction by 2030. Meeting SDG3.9 calls for additional efforts in air pollution control and healthcare to more aggressively reduce DAPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbi Yue
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disasters of Chinese Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- School of International Affairs and Public Administration, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyang He
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disasters of Chinese Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
- Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Ministry of Emergency Management & Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People's Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University, Xining, China.
| | - Qingxu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disasters of Chinese Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Da Zhang
- College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.
| | - Peijun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disasters of Chinese Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Ministry of Emergency Management & Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People's Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Enayat A Moallemi
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fangjin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disasters of Chinese Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of International Affairs and Public Administration, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Marine Development, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qun Ma
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Brett A Bryan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Guo J, Li FY, Tuvshintogtokh I, Niu J, Li H, Shen B, Wang Y. Past dynamics and future prediction of the impacts of land use cover change and climate change on landscape ecological risk across the Mongolian plateau. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 355:120365. [PMID: 38460328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Land use/land cover (LULC) change and climate change are interconnected factors that affect the ecological environment. However, there is a lack of quantification of the impacts of LULC change and climate change on landscape ecological risk under different shared socioeconomic pathways and representative concentration pathways (SSP-RCP) on the Mongolian Plateau (MP). To fill this knowledge gap and understand the current and future challenges facing the MP's land ecological system, we conducted an evaluation and prediction of the effects of LULC change and climate change on landscape ecological risk using the landscape loss index model and random forest method, considering eight SSP-RCP coupling scenarios. Firstly, we selected MCD12Q1 as the optimal LULC product for studying landscape changes on the MP, comparing it with four other LULC products. We analyzed the diverging patterns of LULC change over the past two decades and observed significant differences between Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. The latter experienced more intense and extensive LULC change during this period, despite similar climate changes. Secondly, we assessed changes in landscape ecological risk and identified the main drivers of these changes over the past two decades using a landscape index model and random forest method. The highest-risk zone has gradually expanded, with a 30% increase compared to 2001. Lastly, we investigated different characteristics of LULC change under different scenarios by examining future LULC products simulated by the FLUS model. We also simulated the dynamics of landscape ecological risks under these scenarios and proposed an adaptive development strategy to promote sustainable development in the MP. In terms of the impact of climate change on landscape ecological risk, we found that under the same SSP scenario, increasing RCP emission concentrations significantly increased the areas with high landscape ecological risk while decreasing areas with low risk. By integrating quantitative assessments and scenario-based modeling, our study provides valuable insights for informing sustainable land management and policy decisions in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpeng Guo
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010018, China; School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, New Zealand.
| | - Frank Yonghong Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010018, China.
| | | | - Jianming Niu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Haoxin Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Beibei Shen
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010018, China
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5
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Tian H, Fan G, Xiong X, Wang H, Zhang S, Geng G. Characterization and transformation of the CabHLH18 gene from hot pepper to enhance waterlogging tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1285198. [PMID: 38283978 PMCID: PMC10810986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1285198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are important in abiotic stress control. Here, a specific bHLH transcription factor gene, CabHLH18, from a strong waterlogging-tolerant pepper cultivar, 'ZHC2', was successfully cloned. The CabHLH18 gene presented a coding sequence length of 1,056 bp, encoding 352 amino acids, and the protein was the closest to Capsicum annuum XM016694561.2 protein. The CabHLH18 protein was located in the nucleus. The transformation of the CabHLH18 overexpression vector into the plumules of hot peppers, 'DFZJ' and 'ZHC1', exhibited 21.37% and 22.20% efficiency, respectively. The root length, plant height, and fresh weight of the 'DFZJ' overexpression lines were greater than those of wild-type (WT) plants under waterlogging conditions. Compared with the WT plants, the overexpression lines generally showed greater contents of water, the amino acid, proline, soluble sugar, root viability, and superoxide dismutase activity, but lower malondialdehyde content under waterlogging conditions. Plant fresh weight, amino acids, proline, and soluble sugar levels of the overexpression lines were 39.17%, 45.03%, 60.67%, and 120.18% greater, respectively, compared with the WT plants at 24 h after waterlogging stress. Therefore, the CabHLH18 gene could be implicated in conferring waterlogging tolerance in hot peppers and holds promise for enhancing their overall waterlogging tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhi Tian
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Pepper, Zunyi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Gaoling Fan
- Institute of Pepper, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xingwei Xiong
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Suqin Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Guangdong Geng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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6
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Jennings S, Challinor A, Smith P, Macdiarmid JI, Pope E, Chapman S, Bradshaw C, Clark H, Vetter S, Fitton N, King R, Mwamakamba S, Madzivhandila T, Mashingaidze I, Chomba C, Nawiko M, Nyhodo B, Mazibuko N, Yeki P, Kuwali P, Kambwiri A, Kazi V, Kiama A, Songole A, Coskeran H, Quinn C, Sallu S, Dougill A, Whitfield S, Kunin B, Meebelo N, Jamali A, Kantande D, Makundi P, Mbungu W, Kayula F, Walker S, Zimba S, Galani Yamdeu JH, Kapulu N, Galdos MV, Eze S, Tripathi H, Sait S, Kepinski S, Likoya E, Greathead H, Smith HE, Mahop MT, Harwatt H, Muzammil M, Horgan G, Benton T. Stakeholder-driven transformative adaptation is needed for climate-smart nutrition security in sub-Saharan Africa. NATURE FOOD 2024; 5:37-47. [PMID: 38168785 PMCID: PMC10810754 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Improving nutrition security in sub-Saharan Africa under increasing climate risks and population growth requires a strong and contextualized evidence base. Yet, to date, few studies have assessed climate-smart agriculture and nutrition security simultaneously. Here we use an integrated assessment framework (iFEED) to explore stakeholder-driven scenarios of food system transformation towards climate-smart nutrition security in Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia. iFEED translates climate-food-emissions modelling into policy-relevant information using model output implication statements. Results show that diversifying agricultural production towards more micronutrient-rich foods is necessary to achieve an adequate population-level nutrient supply by mid-century. Agricultural areas must expand unless unprecedented rapid yield improvements are achieved. While these transformations are challenging to accomplish and often associated with increased greenhouse gas emissions, the alternative for a nutrition-secure future is to rely increasingly on imports, which would outsource emissions and be economically and politically challenging given the large import increases required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Jennings
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew Challinor
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Jennie I Macdiarmid
- The Rowett Institute, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Pope
- Hadley Centre, Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Chapman
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Bradshaw
- Hadley Centre, Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom
- The Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Clark
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Vetter
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Nuala Fitton
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Richard King
- Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sithembile Mwamakamba
- Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Ian Mashingaidze
- Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Bonani Nyhodo
- National Agricultural Marketing Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Precious Yeki
- National Agricultural Marketing Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Vivian Kazi
- Economic and Social Research Foundation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Agatha Kiama
- Economic and Social Research Foundation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Abel Songole
- Economic and Social Research Foundation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Helen Coskeran
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Quinn
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Susannah Sallu
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Dougill
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Whitfield
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Kunin
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nalishebo Meebelo
- Regional Network of Agricultural Policy Research Institutes, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Andrew Jamali
- Malawi National Planning Commission, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Prosper Makundi
- Environmental Management Unit, Ministry of Agriculture, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Sue Walker
- Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Sibongile Zimba
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Joseph Hubert Galani Yamdeu
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Section of Natural and Applied Sciences, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Ndashe Kapulu
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Marcelo Valadares Galdos
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Eze
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Agriculture and Environment, Harper Adams University, Newport, United Kingdom
| | - Hemant Tripathi
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- UN Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Sait
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Kepinski
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Likoya
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Greathead
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Elizabeth Smith
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Marcelin Tonye Mahop
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- USAID West Africa Biodiversity and Low Emissions Development (WABiLED) Programme, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helen Harwatt
- Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maliha Muzammil
- Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Horgan
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Benton
- Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
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Dekker MM, Hof AF, van den Berg M, Daioglou V, van Heerden R, van der Wijst KI, van Vuuren DP. Spread in climate policy scenarios unravelled. Nature 2023; 624:309-316. [PMID: 38092909 PMCID: PMC10719090 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of climate policy scenarios has become an important tool for identifying mitigation strategies, as shown in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group III report1. The key outcomes of these scenarios differ substantially not only because of model and climate target differences but also because of different assumptions on behavioural, technological and socio-economic developments2-4. A comprehensive attribution of the spread in climate policy scenarios helps policymakers, stakeholders and scientists to cope with large uncertainties in this field. Here we attribute this spread to the underlying drivers using Sobol decomposition5, yielding the importance of each driver for scenario outcomes. As expected, the climate target explains most of the spread in greenhouse gas emissions, total and sectoral fossil fuel use, total renewable energy and total carbon capture and storage in electricity generation. Unexpectedly, model differences drive variation of most other scenario outcomes, for example, in individual renewable and carbon capture and storage technologies, and energy in demand sectors, reflecting intrinsic uncertainties about long-term developments and the range of possible mitigation strategies. Only a few scenario outcomes, such as hydrogen use, are driven by other scenario assumptions, reflecting the need for more scenario differentiation. This attribution analysis distinguishes areas of consensus as well as strong model dependency, providing a crucial step in correctly interpreting scenario results for robust decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Dekker
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands.
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht Universiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Andries F Hof
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht Universiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vassilis Daioglou
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht Universiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rik van Heerden
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Kaj-Ivar van der Wijst
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht Universiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef P van Vuuren
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht Universiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Feng H, Wang S, Zou B, Yang Z, Wang S, Wang W. Contribution of land use and cover change (LUCC) to the global terrestrial carbon uptake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165932. [PMID: 37532046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial carbon uptake is critical to the removal of greenhouse gases and mitigation of global warming, which are closely related to land use and cover change (LUCC). However, understanding terrestrial carbon uptake and the LUCC contribution remains unclear because of complex interactions with other drivers (particularly climate change). By proposing an innovative approach of "trajectory analysis", this study aimed to isolate the LUCC contribution to terrestrial carbon uptake over different scales. Methodologically, global land was first divided into sub-regions of land transformations and stable land trajectories. Then, the carbon uptake change in the stable land trajectory was taken as a synthetic influence of climate change, which was used as a reference to isolate the carbon uptake alternation generated from the LUCC contribution in the land transformation trajectories. Finally, future LUCC and the terrestrial carbon uptake response were predicted under different development pathways. The results showed the global mean net ecosystem production (NEP) was 27.44 ± 36.51 g C m-2 yr-1 in the past two decades (2001-2019), generating 3.15 ± 0.88 Pg C yr-1 of the total terrestrial carbon uptake. Both the NEP and total carbon uptake showed significant increasing trends. Specifically, the mean NEP increased from 17.96 g C m-2 yr-1 in 2001 to 37.37 g C m-2 yr-1 in 2019, with the trend written as y = 1.20× + 15.20 (R2 = 0.62, p < 0.01). Meanwhile, the total carbon uptake increased from 2.35 Pg C yr-1 in 2001 to 4.13 Pg C yr-1 in 2019, which could be written as y = 0.12× + 1.93 (R2 = 0.56, p < 0.01). Climate change acted as the dominant factor for the trends at the global scale, which contributed 21.26 g C m-2 yr-1 and 1.59 Pg C yr-1 of the mean NEP and total carbon uptake changes in the stable land trajectories (94.30 million km2 that covered 63.29 % of the global land area), and the historical LUCC contributed -6.30 g C m-2 yr-1 (-40.85 %) and - 0.046 Pg C yr-1 (-57.50 %) of the mean NEP and the total carbon uptake change in the land transformation trajectories (6.64 million km2 that covered 4.46 % of the global land area), respectively. The maximum LUCC contribution (-61.85 g C m-2 yr-1) to the mean NEP occurred in the land transformations from evergreen needleleaf forests to woody savannas, while the maximum contribution (-0.034 Pg C y-1) to total carbon uptake was in the deforested regions from evergreen broadleaf forests to woody savannas. Eight SSP-RCP scenarios predictions demonstrated that future terrestrial carbon uptake would increase by an average of 0.015 Pg C yr-1 in 2100 due to global afforestation. SSP4-3.4 and SSP5-3.4 had the greatest potential for increasing carbon uptake, which is expected to reach a maximum increase (0.045 Pg C yr-1) in 2100. In contrast, the minimum terrestrial carbon uptake would occur in SSP5-8.5, which had the highest CO2 emissions. In conclusion, although relatively limited at the global scale, LUCC (particularly forest change) exerted an unneglectable role on terrestrial carbon uptake in land transformation regions. The results of this study will help to clarify terrestrial carbon uptake dynamics and provide a basis for carbon neutral and climatic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Feng
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Spatio-temporal Information and Intelligent Services, Chinese Ministry of Natural Resources, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shu Wang
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Spatio-temporal Information and Intelligent Services, Chinese Ministry of Natural Resources, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Zhuoling Yang
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shihan Wang
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Spatio-temporal Information and Intelligent Services, Chinese Ministry of Natural Resources, Changsha 410083, China.
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9
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Krichene H, Vogt T, Piontek F, Geiger T, Schötz C, Otto C. The social costs of tropical cyclones. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7294. [PMID: 37996428 PMCID: PMC10667268 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical cyclones (TCs) can adversely affect economic development for more than a decade. Yet, these long-term effects are not accounted for in current estimates of the social cost of carbon (SCC), a key metric informing climate policy on the societal costs of greenhouse gas emissions. We here derive temperature-dependent damage functions for 41 TC-affected countries to quantify the country-level SCC induced by the persistent growth effects of damaging TCs. We find that accounting for TC impacts substantially increases the global SCC by more than 20%; median global SCC increases from US$ 173 to US$ 212 per tonne of CO2 under a middle-of-the-road future emission and socioeconomic development scenario. This increase is mainly driven by the strongly TC-affected major greenhouse gas emitting countries India, USA, China, Taiwan, and Japan. This suggests that the benefits of climate policies could currently be substantially underestimated. Adequately accounting for the damages of extreme weather events in policy evaluation may therefore help to prevent a critical lack of climate action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Krichene
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Geiger
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Climate and Environment Consultancy, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christof Schötz
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Otto
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany.
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10
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Khatana SAM, Eberly LA, Nathan AS, Groeneveld PW. Projected Change in the Burden of Excess Cardiovascular Deaths Associated With Extreme Heat by Midcentury (2036-2065) in the Contiguous United States. Circulation 2023; 148:1559-1569. [PMID: 37901952 PMCID: PMC10840949 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.066017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change is causing an increase in extreme heat. Individuals with cardiovascular disease are at high risk of heat-related adverse health effects. How the burden of extreme heat-associated cardiovascular deaths in the United States will change with the projected rise in extreme heat is unknown. METHODS We obtained data on cardiovascular deaths among adults and the number of extreme heat days (maximum heat index ≥90 °F [32.2 °C]) in each county in the contiguous United States from 2008 to 2019. Based on representative concentration pathway trajectories that model greenhouse gas emissions and shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) that model future socioeconomic scenarios and demographic projections, we obtained county-level projected numbers of extreme heat days and populations under 2 scenarios for the midcentury period 2036 to 2065: SSP2-4.5 (representing demographic projections from a "middle-of-the-road" socioeconomic scenario and an intermediate increase in emissions) and SSP5-8.5 (demographic projections in an economy based on "fossil-fueled development" and a large increase in emissions). The association of cardiovascular mortality with extreme heat was estimated with a Poisson fixed-effects model. Using estimates from this model, the projected number of excess cardiovascular deaths associated with extreme heat was calculated. RESULTS Extreme heat was associated with 1651 (95% CI, 921-2381) excess cardiovascular deaths per year from 2008 to 2019. By midcentury, extreme heat is projected to be associated with 4320 (95% CI, 2369-6272) excess deaths annually, which is an increase of 162% (95% CI, 142-182) under SSP2-4.5, and 5491 (95% CI, 3011-7972) annual excess deaths, which is an increase of 233% (95% CI, 206-259) under SSP5-8.5. Elderly adults are projected to have a 3.5 (95% CI, 3.2-3.8) times greater increase in deaths in the SSP2-4.5 scenario compared with nonelderly adults. Non-Hispanic Black adults are projected to have a 4.6 (95% CI, 2.8-6.4) times greater increase compared with non-Hispanic White adults. The projected change in deaths was not statistically significantly different for other race and ethnicity groups or between men and women. CONCLUSIONS By midcentury, extreme heat is projected to be associated with a significantly greater burden of excess cardiovascular deaths in the contiguous United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameed Ahmed M. Khatana
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Penn Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, & Evaluative Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren A. Eberly
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Penn Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, & Evaluative Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ashwin S. Nathan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Penn Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, & Evaluative Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter W. Groeneveld
- Penn Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, & Evaluative Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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11
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Wang P, Yang Y, Xue D, Ren L, Tang J, Leung LR, Liao H. Aerosols overtake greenhouse gases causing a warmer climate and more weather extremes toward carbon neutrality. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7257. [PMID: 37945564 PMCID: PMC10636203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate climate warming, many countries have committed to achieve carbon neutrality in the mid-21st century. Here, we assess the global impacts of changing greenhouse gases (GHGs), aerosols, and tropospheric ozone (O3) following a carbon neutrality pathway on climate and extreme weather events individually using the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1). The results suggest that the future aerosol reductions significantly contribute to climate warming and increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weathers toward carbon neutrality and aerosol impacts far outweigh those of GHGs and tropospheric O3. It reverses the knowledge that the changing GHGs dominate the future climate changes as predicted in the middle of the road pathway. Therefore, substantial reductions in GHGs and tropospheric O3 are necessary to reach the 1.5 °C warming target and mitigate the harmful effects of concomitant aerosol reductions on climate and extreme weather events under carbon neutrality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinya Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Daokai Xue
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Ren
- College of Environment and Ecology, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianping Tang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - L Ruby Leung
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Tang YE, Fan R, Cai AZ, Wang LY, Lin RM, Meng XZ, Chen L, Guo R. Rethinking personal carbon trading (PCT) mechanism: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118478. [PMID: 37393876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of Personal Carbon Trading (PCT) holds promise in facilitating a noteworthy contribution towards the attainment of emissions reduction predicated on consumption patterns and consequently motivating lifestyle modifications. As individual consumption behaviors usually lead to continuous changes in carbon emissions, it is crucial to rethink PCT from a systematic perspective. This review employed a bibliometric analysis of 1423 papers related to PCT, highlighting the key themes of carbon emissions from energy consumption, climate change, and public opinion on policies in the context of PCT. Most of the existing PCT researches focus on theoretical assumptions and public attitudes, while the quantification of carbon emissions and simulation of PCT require further investigation. Furthermore, the concept of Tan Pu Hui is seldom addressed in PCT studies and case analyses. Moreover, there are limited PCT schemes worldwide that can be directly implemented in practice, leading to a scarcity of large-scale, high-participation case studies. To address these gaps, this review proposes a framework to clarify how PCT can stimulate individual emission reductions on the consumption side, comprising two phases, from motivation to behavior and behavior to target. Future endeavors should prioritize the enhancement of the systematic study of the theoretical foundation of PCT, encompassing carbon emissions accounting and policy design, the incorporation of cutting-edge technology, and the reinforcement of integrated policy practice. This review serves as a valuable reference for future research endeavors and policymaking efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-En Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ru Fan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ang-Zu Cai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Le-Yi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Rui-Min Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ling Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ru Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Cities Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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13
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Nishizawa T, Kay S, Schuler J, Klein N, Conradt T, Mielewczik M, Herzog F, Aurbacher J, Zander P. Towards diverse agricultural land uses: socio-ecological implications of European agricultural pathways for a Swiss orchard region. REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 2023; 23:97. [PMID: 37489177 PMCID: PMC10363045 DOI: 10.1007/s10113-023-02092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Diverse agricultural land uses are a typical feature of multifunctional landscapes. The uncertain change in the drivers of global land use, such as climate, market and policy technology and demography, challenges the long-term management of agricultural diversification. As these global drivers also affect smaller scales, it is important to capture the traits of regionally specific farm activities to facilitate adaptation to change. By downscaling European shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) for agricultural and food systems, combined with representative concentration pathways (RCP) to regionally specific, alternative socioeconomic and climate scenarios, the present study explores the major impacts of the drivers of global land use on regional agriculture by simulating farm-level decisions and identifies the socio-ecological implications for promoting diverse agricultural landscapes in 2050. A hilly orchard region in northern Switzerland was chosen as a case study to represent the multifunctional nature of Swiss agriculture. Results show that the different regionalised pathways lead to contrasting impacts on orchard meadows, production levels and biodiversity. Increased financial support for ecological measures, adequate farm labour supplies for more labour-intensive farming and consumer preferences that favour local farm produce can offset the negative impacts of climate change and commodity prices and contribute to agricultural diversification and farmland biodiversity. However, these conditions also caused a significant decline in farm production levels. This study suggests that considering a broader set of land use drivers beyond direct payments, while acknowledging potential trade-offs and diverse impacts across different farm types, is required to effectively manage and sustain diversified agricultural landscapes in the long run. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10113-023-02092-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Nishizawa
- Farm Economics and Ecosystem Services, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e.V., Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Kay
- Agricultural Landscapes and Biodiversity, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Schuler
- Farm Economics and Ecosystem Services, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e.V., Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Noëlle Klein
- Agricultural Landscapes and Biodiversity, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
- Planning of Landscape and Urban Systems (PLUS), ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Conradt
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Mielewczik
- Department of Sustainability Assessment and Agricultural Management, Socioeconomics, Agroscope, Ettenhausen, Switzerland
| | - Felix Herzog
- Agricultural Landscapes and Biodiversity, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Aurbacher
- Institute of Farm and Agribusiness Management, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Zander
- Farm Economics and Ecosystem Services, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e.V., Müncheberg, Germany
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14
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Petrosyan V, Dinets V, Osipov F, Dergunova N, Khlyap L. Range Dynamics of Striped Field Mouse ( Apodemus agrarius) in Northern Eurasia under Global Climate Change Based on Ensemble Species Distribution Models. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1034. [PMID: 37508463 PMCID: PMC10376031 DOI: 10.3390/biology12071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius Pallas, 1771) is a widespread species in Northern Eurasia. It damages crops and carries zoonotic pathogens. Its current and future range expansion under climate change may negatively affect public health and the economy, warranting further research to understand the ecological and invasive characteristics of the species. In our study, we used seven algorithms (GLM, GAM, GBS, FDA, RF, ANN, and MaxEnt) to develop robust ensemble species distribution models (eSDMs) under current (1970-2000) and future climate conditions derived from global circulation models (GCMs) for 2021-2040, 2041-2060, 2061-2080, and 2081-2100. Simulation of climate change included high-, medium-, and low-sensitivity GCMs under four scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5). We analyzed the habitat suitability across GCMs and scenarios by constructing geographical ranges and calculating their centroids. The results showed that the range changes depended on both the sensitivity of GCMs and scenario. The main trends were range expansion to the northeast and partial loss of habitat in the steppe area. The striped field mouse may form a continuous range from Central Europe to East Asia, closing the range gap that has existed for 12 thousand years. We present 49 eSDMs for the current and future distribution of A. agrarius (for 2000-2100) with quantitative metrics (gain, loss, change) of the range dynamics under global climate change. The most important predictor variables determining eSDMs are mean annual temperature, mean diurnal range of temperatures, the highest temperature of the warmest month, annual precipitation, and precipitation in the coldest month. These findings could help limit the population of the striped field mouse and predict distribution of the species under global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varos Petrosyan
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Vladimir Dinets
- Psychology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Fedor Osipov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Natalia Dergunova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Lyudmila Khlyap
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
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15
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Bozorg-Omid F, Kafash A, Jafari R, Akhavan AA, Rahimi M, Rahimi Foroushani A, Youssefi F, Shirzadi MR, Ostadtaghizadeh A, Hanafi-Bojd AA. Predicting current and future high-risk areas for vectors and reservoirs of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11546. [PMID: 37460690 PMCID: PMC10352301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change will affect the distribution of species in the future. To determine the vulnerable areas relating to CL in Iran, we applied two models, MaxEnt and RF, for the projection of the future distribution of the main vectors and reservoirs of CL. The results of the models were compared in terms of performance, species distribution maps, and the gain, loss, and stable areas. The models provided a reasonable estimate of species distribution. The results showed that the Northern and Southern counties of Iran, which currently do not have a high incidence of CL may witness new foci in the future. The Western, and Southwestern regions of the Country, which currently have high habitat suitability for the presence of some vectors and reservoirs, will probably significantly decrease in the future. Furthermore, the most stable areas are for T. indica and M. hurrianae in the future. So that, this species may remain a major reservoir in areas that are present under current conditions. With more local studies in the field of identifying vulnerable areas to CL, it can be suggested that the national CL control guidelines should be revised to include a section as a climate change adaptation plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Bozorg-Omid
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anooshe Kafash
- Zoonoses Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- School of Public Health, Esfahan Health Research Station, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ahmad Akhavan
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahimi
- Department of Combat Desertification, Faculty of Desert Studies, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi Foroushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Youssefi
- Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shirzadi
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ostadtaghizadeh
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Zoonoses Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Baulenas E, Versteeg G, Terrado M, Mindlin J, Bojovic D. Assembling the climate story: use of storyline approaches in climate-related science. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200183. [PMID: 37483415 PMCID: PMC10362102 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Storylines are introduced in climate science to provide unity of discourse, integrate the physical and socioeconomic components of phenomena, and make climate evolution more tangible. The use of this concept by multiple scholar communities and the novelty of some of its applications renders the concept ambiguous nonetheless, because the term hides behind a wide range of purposes, understandings, and methodologies. This semi-systematic literature review identifies three approaches that use storylines as a keystone concept: scenarios-familiar for their use in IPCC reports-discourse-analytical approaches, and physical climate storylines. After screening peer-reviewed articles that mention climate and storylines, 270 articles are selected, with 158, 55, and 57 in each category. The results indicate that each scholarly community works with a finite and different set of methods and diverging understandings. Moreover, these approaches have received criticism in their assembly of storylines: either for lacking explicitness or for the homogeneity of expertise involved. This article proposes that cross-pollination among the approaches can improve the usefulness and usability of climate-related storylines. Among good practices are the involvement of a broader range of scientific disciplines and expertise, use of mixed-methods, assessment of storylines against a wider set of quality criteria, and targeted stakeholder participation in key stages of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulàlia Baulenas
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (CNS‐BSC)Plaça d'Eusebi Güell, 1‐3BarcelonaBarcelona08034Spain
| | - Gerrit Versteeg
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (CNS‐BSC)Plaça d'Eusebi Güell, 1‐3BarcelonaBarcelona08034Spain
| | - Marta Terrado
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (CNS‐BSC)Plaça d'Eusebi Güell, 1‐3BarcelonaBarcelona08034Spain
| | - Julia Mindlin
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los OcéanosFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
- Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la AtmósferaConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasUniversidad Nacional de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
- Instituto Franco Argentino sobre estudios de Clima y sus impactos (IFAECI‐UMI3351)Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Dragana Bojovic
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (CNS‐BSC)Plaça d'Eusebi Güell, 1‐3BarcelonaBarcelona08034Spain
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17
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Zandlová M, Skokanová H, Trnka M. Landscape Change Scenarios: Developing Participatory Tools for Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023:10.1007/s00267-023-01840-x. [PMID: 37289248 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-023-01840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of climate change on people and ecosystems have been studied at both local and global levels. The environment is expected to change significantly, and the role of local communities in shaping more resilient landscapes is considered crucial. This research focuses on rural regions highly susceptible to climate change impacts. The objective was to enhance conditions for climate resilient development on a microlocal level by encouraging diverse stakeholders to participate in developing sustainable landscape management. This paper introduces a novel interdisciplinary mixed-method approach to landscape scenario development, combining research-driven and participatory approaches and integrating quantitative methods with qualitative ethnographic inquiry. Two scenarios for 2050 were built: a research-driven, business-as-usual scenario accounting for mandatory adaptation policies and an optimistic scenario combining research-driven and participatory approaches, including additional feasible community-based measures. While the differences between the projected land use seem to be relatively subtle, the optimistic scenario would in fact lead to a considerably more resilient landscape. The results highlight the role of interdisciplinarity and ethnography in gaining good local knowledge and building an atmosphere of trust. These factors supported the research credibility, strengthened the legitimacy of the intervention in local affairs, and contributed to the active participation of the stakeholders. We argue that despite its time, intense effort and limited direct policy impact, the mixed-method approach is highly suitable for the microlocal level. It encourages citizens to think about how their environment is threatened by climate change impacts and increases their willingness to contribute to climate resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Zandlová
- Charles University, Faculty of Humanities, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Skokanová
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
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Reimann L, Jones B, Bieker N, Wolff C, Aerts JCJH, Vafeidis AT. Exploring spatial feedbacks between adaptation policies and internal migration patterns due to sea-level rise. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2630. [PMID: 37149629 PMCID: PMC10164174 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change-induced sea-level rise will lead to an increase in internal migration, whose intensity and spatial patterns will depend on the amount of sea-level rise; future socioeconomic development; and adaptation strategies pursued to reduce exposure and vulnerability to sea-level rise. To explore spatial feedbacks between these drivers, we combine sea-level rise projections, socioeconomic projections, and assumptions on adaptation policies in a spatially-explicit model ('CONCLUDE'). Using the Mediterranean region as a case study, we find up to 20 million sea-level rise-related internal migrants by 2100 if no adaptation policies are implemented, with approximately three times higher migration in southern and eastern Mediterranean countries compared to northern Mediterranean countries. We show that adaptation policies can reduce the number of internal migrants by a factor of 1.4 to 9, depending on the type of strategies pursued; the implementation of hard protection measures may even lead to migration towards protected coastlines. Overall, spatial migration patterns are robust across all scenarios, with out-migration from a narrow coastal strip and in-migration widely spread across urban settings. However, the type of migration (e.g. proactive/reactive, managed/autonomous) depends on future socioeconomic developments that drive adaptive capacity, calling for decision-making that goes well beyond coastal issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Reimann
- Coastal Risks and Sea-level Rise Research Group, Department of Geography, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 8, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
- CUNY Institute for Demographic Research (CIDR), City University of New York, 135 E 22nd St, New York City, NY, 10010, USA.
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bryan Jones
- CUNY Institute for Demographic Research (CIDR), City University of New York, 135 E 22nd St, New York City, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Nora Bieker
- Coastal Risks and Sea-level Rise Research Group, Department of Geography, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 8, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Wolff
- Coastal Risks and Sea-level Rise Research Group, Department of Geography, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 8, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeroen C J H Aerts
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Athanasios T Vafeidis
- Coastal Risks and Sea-level Rise Research Group, Department of Geography, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 8, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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McDermid SS, Hayek M, Jamieson DW, Hale G, Kanter D. Research needs for a food system transition. CLIMATIC CHANGE 2023; 176:41. [PMID: 37034009 PMCID: PMC10074344 DOI: 10.1007/s10584-023-03507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The global food system, and animal agriculture in particular, is a major and growing contributor to climate change, land system change, biodiversity loss, water consumption and contamination, and environmental pollution. The copious production and consumption of animal products are also contributing to increasingly negative public health outcomes, particularly in wealthy and rapidly industrializing countries, and result in the slaughter of trillions of animals each year. These impacts are motivating calls for reduced reliance on animal-based products and increased use of replacement plant-based products. However, our understanding of how the production and consumption of animal products, as well as plant-based alternatives, interact with important dimensions of human and environment systems is incomplete across space and time. This inhibits comprehensively envisioning global and regional food system transitions and planning to manage the costs and synergies thereof. We therefore propose a cross-disciplinary research agenda on future target-based scenarios for food system transformation that has at its core three main activities: (1) data collection and analysis at the intersection of animal agriculture, the environment, and societal well-being, (2) the construction of target-based scenarios for animal products informed by these new data and empirical understandings, and (3) the evaluation of impacts, unintended consequences, co-benefits, and trade-offs of these target-based scenarios to help inform decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Hayek
- Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - Dale W. Jamieson
- Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - Galina Hale
- Department of Economics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA USA
- Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, England
| | - David Kanter
- Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, New York, NY USA
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Dong J, Cai B, Zhang S, Wang J, Yue H, Wang C, Mao X, Cong J, Guo F. Closing the Gap between Carbon Neutrality Targets and Action: Technology Solutions for China's Key Energy-Intensive Sectors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4396-4405. [PMID: 36942443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Facing significant carbon emissions annually, China requires a clear decarbonization strategy to meet its climate targets. This study presents a MESSAGEix-CAEP model to explore Chinese decarbonization pathways and their cost-benefit under two mitigation scenarios by establishing connections between five energy-intensive sectors based on energy and material flows. The results indicated the following: 1) Interaction and feedback between sectors should not be disregarded. The electrification process of the other four sectors was projected to increase electricity production by 206%, resulting in a higher power demand than current forecasts. 2) The marginal abatement cost to achieve carbon neutrality across all five sectors was 2189 CNY/tCO2, notably higher than current Chinese carbon emission trading prices. 3) The cost-benefit analysis indicates that a more ambitious abatement strategy would decrease the marginal abatement cost and result in a higher net carbon abatement benefit. The cumulative net benefit of carbon reduction was 7.8 trillion CNY under ambitious mitigation scenario, 1.3 trillion CNY higher than that under current Chinese mitigation scenario. These findings suggest that policy-makers should focus on the interaction effects of decarbonization pathways between sectors and strengthen their decarbonization efforts to motivate early carbon reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Bofeng Cai
- Center for Carbon Neutrality, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jinnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Center for Carbon Neutrality, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hui Yue
- Center for Energy, Environment & Economy Research, School of Management, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Can Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xianqiang Mao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jianhui Cong
- School of Economics and Management, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Fei Guo
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
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21
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Cole R, Hajat S, Murage P, Heaviside C, Macintyre H, Davies M, Wilkinson P. The contribution of demographic changes to future heat-related health burdens under climate change scenarios. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107836. [PMID: 36822002 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change will have a detrimental impact on global health, including the direct impact of higher ambient temperatures. Existing projections of heat-related health outcomes in a changing climate often consider increasing ambient temperatures alone. Population growth and structure has been identified as a key source of uncertainty in future projections. Age acts as a modifier of heat risk, with heat-risk generally increasing in older age-groups. In many countries the population is ageing as lower birth rates and increasing life expectancy alter the population structure. Preparing for an older population, in particular in the context of a warmer climate should therefore be a priority in public health research and policy. We assess the level of inclusion of population growth and demographic changes in research projecting exposure to heat and heat-related health outcomes. To assess the level of inclusion of population changes in the literature, keyword searches of two databases were implemented, followed by reference and citation scans to identify any missed papers. Relevant papers, those including a projection of the heat health burden under climate change, were then checked for inclusion of population scenarios. Where sensitivity to population change was studied the impact of this on projections was extracted. Our analysis suggests that projecting the heat health burden is a growing area of research, however, some areas remain understudied including Africa and the Middle East and morbidity is rarely explored with most studies focusing on mortality. Of the studies pairing projections of population and climate, specifically SSPs and RCPs, many used pairing considered to be unfeasible. We find that not including any projected changes in population or demographics leads to underestimation of health burdens of on average 64 %. Inclusion of population changes increased the heat health burden across all but two studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Cole
- Public and Environmental Health Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Shakoor Hajat
- Public and Environmental Health Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peninah Murage
- Public and Environmental Health Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Heaviside
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, The Bartlett Faculty of Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Macintyre
- Climate Change and Health Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, United Kingdom; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Davies
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, The Bartlett Faculty of Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Public and Environmental Health Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Sousa A, Encarnação Coelho R, Costa H, Capela Lourenço T, Azevedo JMN, Frazão Santos C. Integrated climate, ecological and socioeconomic scenarios for the whale watching sector. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159589. [PMID: 36270379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented human induced changes to the climate system have already contributed to a variety of observed impacts to both ecosystems and populations. Decision-makers demand impact assessments at the regional-to-local scale to be able to plan and define effective climate action measures. Integrated socio-ecological assessments that properly consider system uncertainties require the use of prospective scenarios that project potential climate impacts, while accounting for sectoral exposure and adaptive capacity. Here we provide an integrated assessment of climate change to the whale watching sector by: 1) extending the European Shared Socio-economic Pathways (Eur-SSPs) and developing four whale watching SSP narratives (WW-SSPs) and 2) characterize each key element comprised in the WW-SSPs for the time period 2025-2055. We applied this approach in a case study for the Macaronesia region where we developed scenarios which integrate the socio-economic (WW-SSPs), climate (RCPs) and ecological (species' thermal suitability responses) dimensions of whale watching. These scenarios were used by local stakeholders to identify the level of preparedness of the whale watching sector. When confronted with scenarios that combine this ecological dimension with projected climate changes and the four different socioeconomic narratives, stakeholders assessed the whale watching sector in Macaronesia as being somewhat prepared for a Sustainable World and a Fossil Fuel Development World, but somewhat unprepared for a Rivalry World. No consensus was reached regarding the sector's preparedness level under an Inequality World scenario. Our study demonstrates the importance of considering multiple dimensions when assessing the potential challenges posed by climate change and provides a needed resource to help the whale watching sector in Macaronesia, and elsewhere, in its effort to devise efficient climate action policies and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Sousa
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Encarnação Coelho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo Costa
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Capela Lourenço
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Neto Azevedo
- cE3c- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 62 9500-321, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Catarina Frazão Santos
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; Environmental Economics Knowledge Center, Nova School of Business and Economics, New University of Lisbon, Rua da Holanda 1, 2775-405 Carcavelos, Portugal
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23
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Peng S, Wang C, Li Z, Mihara K, Kuramochi K, Toma Y, Hatano R. Climate change multi-model projections in CMIP6 scenarios in Central Hokkaido, Japan. Sci Rep 2023; 13:230. [PMID: 36604582 PMCID: PMC9816114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simulation of future climate changes, especially temperature and rainfall, is critical for water resource management, disaster mitigation, and agricultural development. Based on the category-wise indicator method, two preferred Global Climate Models (GCMs) for the Ishikari River basin (IRB), the socio-economic center of Hokkaido, Japan, were examined from the newly released Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). Climatic variables (maximum/minimum temperature and precipitation) were projected by the Statistical DownScaling Model (SDSM) under all shared socioeconomic pathway-representative concentration pathway (SSP-RCP) scenarios (SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP4-3.4, SSP4-6.0, SSP5-3.4OS, and SSP5-8.5) in two phases: 2040-2069 (2040s) and 2070-2099 (2070s), with the period of 1985-2014 as the baseline. Predictors of SDSM were derived from CMIP6 GCMs and the reanalysis dataset NOAA-CIRES-DOE 20th Century Reanalysis V3 (20CRv3). Results showed that CMIP6 GCMs had a significant correlation with temperature measurements, but could not represent precipitation features in the IRB. The constructed SDSM could capture the characteristics of temperature and precipitation during the calibration (1985-1999) and validation (2000-2014) phases, respectively. The selected GCMs (MIROC6 and MRI-ESM-2.0) generated higher temperature and less rainfall in the forthcoming phases. The SSP-RCP scenarios had an apparent influence on temperature and precipitation. High-emission scenarios (i.e., SSP5-8.5) would project a higher temperature and lower rainfall than the low-emission scenarios (e.g., SSP1-1.9). Spatial-temporal analysis indicated that the northern part of the IRB is more likely to become warmer with heavier precipitation than the southern part in the future. Higher temperature and lower rainfall were projected throughout the late twenty-first century (2070s) than the mid-century (2040s) in the IRB. The findings of this study could be further used to predict the hydrological cycle and assess the ecosystem's sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Peng
- grid.458449.00000 0004 1797 8937Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125 China ,grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0608589 Japan
| | - Chunying Wang
- College of Water Resources, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450045, China.
| | - Zhan Li
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0608589 Japan
| | - Kunihito Mihara
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0608589 Japan
| | - Kanta Kuramochi
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0608589 Japan
| | - Yo Toma
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0608589 Japan
| | - Ryusuke Hatano
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0608589 Japan
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24
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Otto C, Kuhla K, Geiger T, Schewe J, Frieler K. Better insurance could effectively mitigate the increase in economic growth losses from U.S. hurricanes under global warming. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd6616. [PMID: 36598974 PMCID: PMC9812378 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is likely to increase the proportion of intense hurricanes in the North Atlantic. Here, we analyze how this may affect economic growth. To this end, we introduce an event-based macroeconomic growth model that temporally resolves how growth depends on the heterogeneity of hurricane shocks. For the United States, we find that economic growth losses scale superlinearly with shock heterogeneity. We explain this by a disproportional increase of indirect losses with the magnitude of direct damage, which can lead to an incomplete recovery of the economy between consecutive intense landfall events. On the basis of two different methods to estimate the future frequency increase of intense hurricanes, we project annual growth losses to increase between 10 and 146% in a 2°C world compared to the period 1980-2014. Our modeling suggests that higher insurance coverage can compensate for this climate change-induced increase in growth losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Otto
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A56, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kilian Kuhla
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A56, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tobias Geiger
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A56, Potsdam, Germany
- Deutscher Wetterdienst, Klima und Umwelt, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jacob Schewe
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A56, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Katja Frieler
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A56, Potsdam, Germany
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25
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Ferreira NCR, Rötter RP, Bracho-Mujica G, Nelson WCD, Lam QD, Recktenwald C, Abdulai I, Odhiambo J, Foord S. Drought patterns: their spatiotemporal variability and impacts on maize production in Limpopo province, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:133-148. [PMID: 36474028 PMCID: PMC9758106 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to global climate change, droughts are likely to become more frequent and more severe in many regions such as in South Africa. In Limpopo, observed high climate variability and projected future climate change will likely increase future maize production risks. This paper evaluates drought patterns in Limpopo at two representative sites. We studied how drought patterns are projected to change under future climatic conditions as an important step in identifying adaptation measures (e.g., breeding maize ideotypes resilient to future conditions). Thirty-year time horizons were analyzed, considering three emission scenarios and five global climate models. We applied the WOFOST crop model to simulate maize crop growth and yield formation over South Africa's summer season. We considered three different crop emergence dates. Drought indices indicated that mainly in the scenario SSP5-8.5 (2051-2080), Univen and Syferkuil will experience worsened drought conditions (DC) in the future. Maize yield tends to decline and future changes in the emergence date seem to impact yield significantly. A possible alternative is to delay sowing date to November or December to reduce the potential yield losses. The grain filling period tends to decrease in the future, and a decrease in the duration of the growth cycle is very likely. Combinations of changed sowing time with more drought tolerant maize cultivars having a longer post-anthesis phase will likely reduce the potential negative impact of climate change on maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Costa Resende Ferreira
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reimund Paul Rötter
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gennady Bracho-Mujica
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - William C. D. Nelson
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Quang Dung Lam
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus Recktenwald
- Kasisi Agricultural Training Center (KATC), Kasisi Mission, Farm 591, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Isaaka Abdulai
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jude Odhiambo
- Department of Soil Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950 South Africa
| | - Stefan Foord
- Department of Zoology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950 South Africa
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26
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Rashidi M, Ghasemi F. Thermally oxidized MoS2-based hybrids as superior electrodes for supercapacitor and photoelectrochemical applications. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Wong TE, Ledna C, Rennels L, Sheets H, Errickson FC, Diaz D, Anthoff D. Sea Level and Socioeconomic Uncertainty Drives High-End Coastal Adaptation Costs. EARTH'S FUTURE 2022; 10:e2022EF003061. [PMID: 37035442 PMCID: PMC10078412 DOI: 10.1029/2022ef003061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sea-level rise and associated flood hazards pose severe risks to the millions of people globally living in coastal zones. Models representing coastal adaptation and impacts are important tools to inform the design of strategies to manage these risks. Representing the often deep uncertainties influencing these risks poses nontrivial challenges. A common uncertainty characterization approach is to use a few benchmark cases to represent the range and relative probabilities of the set of possible outcomes. This has been done in coastal adaptation studies, for example, by using low, moderate, and high percentiles of an input of interest, like sea-level changes. A key consideration is how this simplified characterization of uncertainty influences the distributions of estimated coastal impacts. Here, we show that using only a few benchmark percentiles to represent uncertainty in future sea-level change can lead to overconfident projections and underestimate high-end risks as compared to using full ensembles for sea-level change and socioeconomic parametric uncertainties. When uncertainty in future sea level is characterized by low, moderate, and high percentiles of global mean sea-level rise, estimates of high-end (95th percentile) damages are underestimated by between 18% (SSP1-2.6) and 46% (SSP5-8.5). Additionally, using the 5th and 95th percentiles of sea-level scenarios underestimates the 5%-95% width of the distribution of adaptation costs by a factor ranging from about two to four, depending on SSP-RCP pathway. The resulting underestimation of the uncertainty range in adaptation costs can bias adaptation and mitigation decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. E. Wong
- School of Mathematical SciencesRochester Institute of TechnologyRochesterNYUSA
| | - C. Ledna
- Energy and Resources GroupUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - L. Rennels
- Energy and Resources GroupUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - H. Sheets
- School of Mathematical SciencesRochester Institute of TechnologyRochesterNYUSA
| | - F. C. Errickson
- School of Public and International AffairsPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | - D. Diaz
- Energy Systems and Climate Analysis GroupElectric Power Research InstitutePalo AltoCAUSA
| | - D. Anthoff
- Energy and Resources GroupUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
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28
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Sovacool BK, Baum CM, Low S. Determining our climate policy future: expert opinions about negative emissions and solar radiation management pathways. MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR GLOBAL CHANGE 2022; 27:58. [PMID: 36200076 PMCID: PMC9527724 DOI: 10.1007/s11027-022-10030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Negative emissions technologies and solar radiation management techniques could contribute towards climate stability, either by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it permanently or reflecting sunlight away from the atmosphere. Despite concerns about them, such options are increasingly being discussed as crucial complements to traditional climate change mitigation and adaptation. Expectations around negative emissions and solar radiation management and their associated risks and costs shape public and private discussions of how society deals with the climate crisis. In this study, we rely on a large expert survey (N = 74) to critically examine the future potential of both negative emission options (e.g., carbon dioxide removal) and solar radiation management techniques. We designed a survey process that asked a pool of prominent experts questions about (i) the necessity of adopting negative emissions or solar radiation management options, (ii) the desirability of such options when ranked against each other, (iii) estimations of future efficacy in terms of temperature reductions achieved or gigatons of carbon removed, (iv) expectations about future scaling, commercialization, and deployment targets, and (v) potential risks and barriers. Unlike other elicitation processes where experts are more positive or have high expectations about novel options, our results are more critical and cautionary. We find that some options (notably afforestation and reforestation, ecosystem restoration, and soil carbon sequestration) are envisioned frequently as necessary, desirable, feasible, and affordable, with minimal risks and barriers (compared to other options). This contrasts with other options envisaged as unnecessary risky or costly, notably ocean alkalization or fertilization, space-based reflectors, high-altitude sunshades, and albedo management via clouds. Moreover, only the options of afforestation and reforestation and soil carbon sequestration are expected to be widely deployed before 2035, which raise very real concerns about climate and energy policy in the near- to mid-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K. Sovacool
- Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU), University of Sussex, Jubilee Building, Room 367, Falmer, BN1 9SL East Sussex UK
- Boston University, Boston, USA
| | | | - Sean Low
- Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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A functional vulnerability framework for biodiversity conservation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4774. [PMID: 36050297 PMCID: PMC9437092 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Setting appropriate conservation strategies in a multi-threat world is a challenging goal, especially because of natural complexity and budget limitations that prevent effective management of all ecosystems. Safeguarding the most threatened ecosystems requires accurate and integrative quantification of their vulnerability and their functioning, particularly the potential loss of species trait diversity which imperils their functioning. However, the magnitude of threats and associated biological responses both have high uncertainties. Additionally, a major difficulty is the recurrent lack of reference conditions for a fair and operational measurement of vulnerability. Here, we present a functional vulnerability framework that incorporates uncertainty and reference conditions into a generalizable tool. Through in silico simulations of disturbances, our framework allows us to quantify the vulnerability of communities to a wide range of threats. We demonstrate the relevance and operationality of our framework, and its global, scalable and quantitative comparability, through three case studies on marine fishes and mammals. We show that functional vulnerability has marked geographic and temporal patterns. We underline contrasting contributions of species richness and functional redundancy to the level of vulnerability among case studies, indicating that our integrative assessment can also identify the drivers of vulnerability in a world where uncertainty is omnipresent.
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Chawla A, Sudhaik A, Raizada P, Khan AAP, Singh A, Van Le Q, Van Huy Nguyen, Ahamad T, Alsheri SM, Asiri AM, Singh P. An overview of SnO2 based Z scheme heterojuctions: Fabrication, mechanism and advanced photocatalytic applications. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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31
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Zhao X, Nashalian A, Ock IW, Popoli S, Xu J, Yin J, Tat T, Libanori A, Chen G, Zhou Y, Chen J. A Soft Magnetoelastic Generator for Wind-Energy Harvesting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204238. [PMID: 35918815 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current energy crises and imminent danger of global warming severely limit the ability to scale societal development sustainably. As such, there is a pressing need for utilizing renewable, green energy sources, such as wind energy, which is ubiquitously available on Earth. In this work, a fundamentally new wind-energy-harvesting technology is reported, which is based on the giant magnetoelastic effect in a soft composite system, namely, magnetoelastic generators. Its working principle is based on wind-induced mechanical deformation, which alters the magnetic field in a soft system converting the wind energy into electricity via electromagnetic induction from arbitrary directions. The wind-energy-harvesting system features a low internal impedance of 68 Ω, a high current density of 1.17 mA cm-2 , and a power density of 0.82 mW cm-2 under ambient natural wind. The system is capable of sustainably driving small electronics and electrolytically splitting water. The system can generate hydrogen at a rate of 7.5 × 10-2 mL h-1 with a wind speed of 20 m s-1 . Additionally, since magnetic fields can penetrate water molecules, the magnetoelastic generators are intrinsically waterproof and work stably in harsh environments. This work paves a new way for wind-energy harvesting with compelling features, which can contribute largely to the hydrogen economy and the sustainability of human civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ardo Nashalian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Il Woo Ock
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Steven Popoli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Trinny Tat
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alberto Libanori
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Guorui Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yihao Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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32
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Kaemo M, Hassanzadeh E, Nazemi A. A locally relevant framework for assessing the risk of sea level rise under changing temperature conditions: Application in New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155326. [PMID: 35452737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sea level rise is a key feature in a warmer world and its impact can be seen globally. Assessing climate change-induced sea level rise, therefore, is urgently needed particularly in small island nations, where the threats of sea level rise are immediate, but the level of preparedness is low. Here, we propose a stochastic simulator to link changes in Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) to Mean Annual Sea Level (MASEL) at the local scale. This is through what-if scenarios that are developed based on the association between local temperature and sea level. The model can provide a basis for a bottom-up impact assessment by addressing limitations of applying large-scale projections in small islands and facilitating the accessibility of the impact assessment to stakeholders. For this purpose, we decompose the MAT and MASEL signals into their linear trend and autocorrelation components as well as independent and identically distributed residual terms. We further explore the association between trend and residual terms of MAT and MASEL. If such dependencies exist, scenarios of sea level can be synthesized based on the trend and residual terms of temperature. We use linear regression to link trends of MAT and MASEL, and copulas to formulate dependencies between residuals. This allows stochastic sampling of MASEL conditioned to trend and random variability in MAT. This framework is used for retrospective and prospective simulations of MASEL in Nouméa, the capital city of New Caledonia, the Pacific. We set up six different model configurations for developing the stochastic sampler, each including various parametric options. By selecting the best setup from each configuration, we provide a multi-model stochastic projection of MASEL, assuming the persistence in current long-term trend in MAT and MASEL. We demonstrate how such simulations can be used for a risk-based impact assessments and discuss sources of uncertainty in future projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheo Kaemo
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Elmira Hassanzadeh
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Canada
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33
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Kitratporn N, Takeuchi W. Human-elephant conflict risk assessment under coupled climatic and anthropogenic changes in Thailand. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155174. [PMID: 35421470 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As natural resources decrease, competition between humans and large endangered wildlife increases, hindering the sustainability of animal conservation and human development. Despite the multi-dimensional nature of such interactions, proactive assessments that consider both the biosphere and anthroposphere remain limited. In this study, we proposed a human elephant conflict risk assessment framework and analyzed the spatial distribution of risk at the baseline (2000-2019) and in the near future (2025-2044) for Thailand, so that it may address the multifaceted characteristics and impending effects of climate change. Future scenarios were based on the combination of RCP45/SSP2 or RCP85/SSP5 and spatial policy, with or without elephant buffer zones. The composite risk index, comprised of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, was constructed using the geometric mean, and validation was performed with the area under the curve (AUC). Our results projected a shift with increasing future risk toward higher latitudes and altitudes. Increasing future risk (average +1.7% to +7.4%) in the four forest complexes (FCs) in northwestern regions was a result of higher hazard and vulnerability from more favorable habitat conditions and increasing drought probability, respectively. Reduction in future risk (average -3.1% to -57.9%) in other FCs in lower regions was mainly due to decreasing hazard because of decreasing habitat suitability. Our results also highlight geographically explicit strategies to support long-term planning of conservation resources. Areas with increasing future risk are currently facing low conflict; hence it is recommended that future strategies should enhance adaptive capacity and coexistence awareness. Conversely, areas with lowering future risk from a decrease in habitat quality are recommended to identify buffer strategies around protected areas to support existing large elephant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuntikorn Kitratporn
- Institute of Industrial Sciences, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan; Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA), Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Wataru Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Sciences, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan
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Daigneault A, Baker JS, Guo J, Lauri P, Favero A, Forsell N, Johnston C, Ohrel SB, Sohngen B. How the future of the global forest sink depends on timber demand, forest management, and carbon policies. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE : HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS 2022; 76:1-13. [PMID: 38024226 PMCID: PMC10631560 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Deforestation has contributed significantly to net greenhouse gas emissions, but slowing deforestation, regrowing forests and other ecosystem processes have made forests a net sink. Deforestation will still influence future carbon fluxes, but the role of forest growth through aging, management, and other silvicultural inputs on future carbon fluxes are critically important but not always recognized by bookkeeping and integrated assessment models. When projecting the future, it is vital to capture how management processes affect carbon storage in ecosystems and wood products. This study uses multiple global forest sector models to project forest carbon impacts across 81 shared socioeconomic (SSP) and climate mitigation pathway scenarios. We illustrate the importance of modeling management decisions in existing forests in response to changing demands for land resources, wood products and carbon. Although the models vary in key attributes, there is general agreement across a majority of scenarios that the global forest sector could remain a carbon sink in the future, sequestering 1.2-5.8 GtCO2e/yr over the next century. Carbon fluxes in the baseline scenarios that exclude climate mitigation policy ranged from -0.8 to 4.9 GtCO2e/yr, highlighting the strong influence of SSPs on forest sector model estimates. Improved forest management can jointly increase carbon stocks and harvests without expanding forest area, suggesting that carbon fluxes from managed forests systems deserve more careful consideration by the climate policy community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pekka Lauri
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria
| | | | - Nicklas Forsell
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria
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Jennings SA, Challinor AJ, Smith P, Macdiarmid JI, Pope E, Chapman S, Bradshaw C, Clark H, Vetter S, Fitton N, King R, Mwamakamba S, Madzivhandila T, Mashingaidze I, Chomba C, Nawiko M, Nyhodo B, Mazibuko N, Yeki P, Kuwali P, Kambwiri A, Kazi V, Kiama A, Songole A, Coskeran H, Quinn C, Sallu S, Dougill A, Whitfield S, Kunin B, Meebelo N, Jamali A, Kantande D, Makundi P, Mbungu W, Kayula F, Walker S, Zimba S, Yamdeu JHG, Kapulu N, Galdos MV, Eze S, Tripathi HG, Sait SM, Kepinski S, Likoya E, Greathead H, Smith HE, Mahop MT, Harwatt H, Muzammil M, Horgan G, Benton T. A New Integrated Assessment Framework for Climate-Smart Nutrition Security in sub-Saharan Africa: The Integrated Future Estimator for Emissions and Diets (iFEED). FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.868189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change will put millions more people in Africa at risk of food and nutrition insecurity by 2050. Integrated assessments of food systems tend to be limited by either heavy reliance on models or a lack of information on food and nutrition security. Accordingly, we developed a novel integrated assessment framework that combines models with in-country knowledge and expert academic judgement to explore climate-smart and nutrition-secure food system futures: the integrated Future Estimator for Emissions and Diets (iFEED). Here, we describe iFEED and present its application in Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia. The iFEED process begins with a participatory scenario workshop. In-country stakeholders identify two key drivers of food system change, and from these, four possible scenarios are defined. These scenarios provide the underlying narratives of change to the food system. Integrated modeling of climate change, food production and greenhouse gas emissions is then used to explore nutrition security and climate-smart agriculture outcomes for each scenario. Model results are summarized using calibrated statements—quantitative statements of model outcomes and our confidence in them. These include statements about the way in which different trade futures interact with climate change and domestic production in determining nutrition security at the national level. To understand what the model results mean for food systems, the calibrated statements are expanded upon using implication statements. The implications rely on input from a wide range of academic experts—including agro-ecologists and social scientists. A series of workshops are used to incorporate in-country expertise, identifying any gaps in knowledge and summarizing information for country-level recommendations. iFEED stakeholder champions help throughout by providing in-country expertise and disseminating knowledge to policy makers. iFEED has numerous novel aspects that can be used and developed in future work. It provides information to support evidence-based decisions for a climate-smart and nutrition-secure future. In particular, iFEED: (i) employs novel and inclusive reporting of model results and associated in-country food system activities, with comprehensive reporting of uncertainty; (ii) includes climate change mitigation alongside adaptation measures; and (iii) quantifies future population-level nutrition security, as opposed to simply assessing future production and food security implications.
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36
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García Molinos J, Gavrilyeva T, Joompa P, Narita D, Chotiboriboon S, Parilova V, Sirisai S, Okhlopkov I, Zhang Z, Yakovleva N, Kongpunya P, Gowachirapant S, Gabyshev V, Kriengsinyos W. Study protocol: International joint research project ‘climate change resilience of Indigenous socioecological systemsʼ (RISE). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271792. [PMID: 35862396 PMCID: PMC9302735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anthropogenic changes in the environment are increasingly threatening the sustainability of socioecological systems on a global scale. As stewards of the natural capital of over a quarter of the world’s surface area, Indigenous Peoples (IPs), are at the frontline of these changes. Indigenous socioecological systems (ISES) are particularly exposed and sensitive to exogenous changes because of the intimate bounds of IPs with nature. Traditional food systems (TFS) represent one of the most prominent components of ISES, providing not only diverse and nutritious food but also critical socioeconomic, cultural, and spiritual assets. However, a proper understanding of how future climate change may compromise TFS through alterations of related human-nature interactions is still lacking. Climate change resilience of indigenous socioecological systems (RISE) is a new joint international project that aims to fill this gap in knowledge. Methods and design RISE will use a comparative case study approach coupling on-site socioeconomic, nutritional, and ecological surveys of the target ISES of Sakha (Republic of Sakha, Russian Federation) and Karen (Kanchanaburi, Thailand) people with statistical models projecting future changes in the distribution and composition of traditional food species under contrasting climate change scenarios. The results presented as alternative narratives of future climate change impacts on TFS will be integrated into a risk assessment framework to explore potential vulnerabilities of ISES operating through altered TFS, and possible adaptation options through stakeholder consultation so that lessons learned can be applied in practice. Discussion By undertaking a comprehensive analysis of the socioeconomic and nutritional contributions of TFS toward the sustainability of ISES and projecting future changes under alternative climate change scenarios, RISE is strategically designed to deliver novel and robust science that will contribute towards the integration of Indigenous issues within climate change and sustainable agendas while generating a forum for discussion among Indigenous communities and relevant stakeholders. Its goal is to promote positive co-management and regional development through sustainability and climate change adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuyara Gavrilyeva
- Institute of Engineering and Technology, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russian Federation
- Department of Regional Economic and Social Studies, Federal Research Centre «Yakutian Scientific Center» of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Daiju Narita
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Varvara Parilova
- Institute of Finances and Economics, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Solot Sirisai
- Emeritus Researcher Faculty of Liberal Arts, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Innokentiy Okhlopkov
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Prapa Kongpunya
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Viacheslav Gabyshev
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russian Federation
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37
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Magnan AK, Oppenheimer M, Garschagen M, Buchanan MK, Duvat VKE, Forbes DL, Ford JD, Lambert E, Petzold J, Renaud FG, Sebesvari Z, van de Wal RSW, Hinkel J, Pörtner HO. Sea level rise risks and societal adaptation benefits in low-lying coastal areas. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10677. [PMID: 35739282 PMCID: PMC9226159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14303-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea level rise (SLR) will increase adaptation needs along low-lying coasts worldwide. Despite centuries of experience with coastal risk, knowledge about the effectiveness and feasibility of societal adaptation on the scale required in a warmer world remains limited. This paper contrasts end-century SLR risks under two warming and two adaptation scenarios, for four coastal settlement archetypes (Urban Atoll Islands, Arctic Communities, Large Tropical Agricultural Deltas, Resource-Rich Cities). We show that adaptation will be substantially beneficial to the continued habitability of most low-lying settlements over this century, at least until the RCP8.5 median SLR level is reached. However, diverse locations worldwide will experience adaptation limits over the course of this century, indicating situations where even ambitious adaptation cannot sufficiently offset a failure to effectively mitigate greenhouse-gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre K Magnan
- Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI-Sciences Po), Paris, France. .,LIENSs Laboratory UMR7266, CNRS & University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France.
| | - Michael Oppenheimer
- Department of Geosciences and the School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Matthias Garschagen
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Virginie K E Duvat
- LIENSs Laboratory UMR7266, CNRS & University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - Donald L Forbes
- Natural Resources Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Canada
| | - James D Ford
- Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Erwin Lambert
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Royal Netherland Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Petzold
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.,Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabrice G Renaud
- School of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Glasgow, Dumfries, UK
| | - Zita Sebesvari
- Institute for Environment and Human Security, United Nations University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Roderik S W van de Wal
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jochen Hinkel
- Global Climate Forum, Berlin, Germany.,Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute and Berlin Workshop in Institutional Analysis of Social-Ecological Systems (WINS), Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
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38
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Jenkins J, Malho M, Hyytiäinen K. Regionally extended shared socioeconomic pathways for the offshore wind industry in Finland. ENERGY, ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 7:533-545. [PMID: 35729998 PMCID: PMC9201803 DOI: 10.1007/s40974-022-00252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Offshore wind energy is increasingly becoming an important part of European and global low-emission power systems. The aims of this paper are to create a shared understanding on the major drivers of offshore wind development in Finland and to explore how these drivers, and opportunities for the entire industry, may develop over the twenty-first century, under different global futures. This research develops extended shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) narratives for the offshore wind industry by using a virtual participatory workshop with expert stakeholders. According to our results, the five key drivers shaping the prospects of offshore wind development are public acceptability of offshore energy, global and national demand for low-emission energy, technological development and relative competitiveness of offshore energy, availability of space and wind resources, and energy markets and transmission infrastructure. Nationally extended SSP narratives, building on these key drivers, describe a wide range of alternative future risks and opportunities for developing offshore energy. Under sustainable development (SSP1), offshore wind is likely to soon become a major source of energy in the area, if developed in a balanced manner alongside other uses of the marine space. Under fossil-fuelled development (SSP5), offshore wind grows slower and may experience rapid uptake only in the latter half of the century. Under the regional rivalry scenario (SSP3), the need for local energy sources drives the national energy policies and may create new opportunities for offshore wind. Under the inequality scenario (SSP4), local municipalities and the residents decide on locations of new wind turbines and the overall magnitude of future offshore wind. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40974-022-00252-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Jenkins
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kari Hyytiäinen
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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39
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van der Voorn T, van den Berg C, Quist J, Kok K. Making waves in resilience: Drawing lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic for advancing sustainable development. CURRENT RESEARCH IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 4:100171. [PMID: 35720270 PMCID: PMC9189097 DOI: 10.1016/j.crsust.2022.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has affected societies across the world while its economic impact has cut deeper than any recession since the Second World War. Climate change is potentially an even more disruptive and complex global challenge. Climate change could cause social and economic damage far larger than that caused by COVID-19. The current pandemic has highlighted the extent to which societies need to prepare for disruptive global environmental crises. Although the dynamics of combating COVID-19 and climate change are different, the priorities for action are the same: behavioral change, international cooperation to manage shared challenges, and technology's role in advancing solutions. For a sustainable recovery from the COVID-19 crisis to be durable and resilient, a return to 'business as usual' and the subsequent often environmentally destructive economic activities must be avoided as they have significantly contributed to climate change. To avoid this, we draw lessons from the experiences of the waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond to advance sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom van der Voorn
- University of Osnabrück, Institute of Environmental Systems Research, Barbarastr. 12, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Jaco Quist
- Faculty of Technology, Policy, Management, Delft University of Technology, P.O Box 5015, 2600, GA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Kasper Kok
- Wageningen University, Department of Environmental Sciences, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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40
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Ingole V, Dimitrova A, Sampedro J, Sacoor C, Acacio S, Juvekar S, Roy S, Moraga P, Basagaña X, Ballester J, Antó JM, Tonne C. Local mortality impacts due to future air pollution under climate change scenarios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153832. [PMID: 35151734 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The health impacts of global climate change mitigation will affect local populations differently. However, most co-benefits analyses have been done at a global level, with relatively few studies providing local level results. We aimed to quantify the local health impacts due to fine particles (PM2.5) under the governance arrangements embedded in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs1-5) under two greenhouse gas concentration scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 2.6 and 8.5) in local populations of Mozambique, India, and Spain. We simulated the SSP-RCP scenarios using the Global Change Analysis Model, which was linked to the TM5-FASST model to estimate PM2.5 levels. PM2.5 levels were calibrated with local measurements. We used comparative risk assessment methods to estimate attributable premature deaths due to PM2.5 linking local population and mortality data with PM2.5-mortality relationships from the literature, and incorporating population projections under the SSPs. PM2.5 attributable burdens in 2050 differed across SSP-RCP scenarios, and sensitivity of results across scenarios varied across populations. Future attributable mortality burden of PM2.5 was highly sensitive to assumptions about how populations will change according to SSP. SSPs reflecting high challenges for adaptation (SSPs 3 and 4) consistently resulted in the highest PM2.5 attributable burdens mid-century. Our analysis of local PM2.5 attributable premature deaths under SSP-RCP scenarios in three local populations highlights the importance of both socioeconomic development and climate policy in reducing the health burden from air pollution. Sensitivity of future PM2.5 mortality burden to SSPs was particularly evident in low- and middle- income country settings due either to high air pollution levels or dynamic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijendra Ingole
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Parc de Salut Mar, Spain; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asya Dimitrova
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Parc de Salut Mar, Spain
| | - Jon Sampedro
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Sede Building 1, 1st Floor Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | | | | | - Sanjay Juvekar
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Paula Moraga
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Parc de Salut Mar, Spain
| | - Joan Ballester
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Parc de Salut Mar, Spain
| | - Josep M Antó
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Parc de Salut Mar, Spain
| | - Cathryn Tonne
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Parc de Salut Mar, Spain.
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41
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Alizadeh MR, Adamowski J, Inam A. Integrated assessment of localized SSP-RCP narratives for climate change adaptation in coupled human-water systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153660. [PMID: 35124036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of climate change impacts requires downscaled climate projections and context-specific socioeconomic scenarios. The development of practical climate change adaptation for environmental sustainability at regional and local scales is predicated on a strong understanding of future socio-economic dynamics under a range of potential climate projections. We have addressed this need using integrated assessment of a localized hybrid Shared Socio-economic Pathway - Representative Concentration Pathway (SSP-RCP) framework, through an interdisciplinary and participatory storyline development process that integrates bottom-up local expert-stakeholder knowledge with top-down insights from global SSPs. We use the global SSPs (SSP1 to SSP5) as boundary conditions in conjunction with climate change pathways (RCP4.5, RCP8.5) to create localized SSP narratives in an iterative participatory process, using a storytelling method. By using an integrated socio-economic and environmental system dynamics model developed in collaboration with local stakeholders, we explore the potential impacts of plausible local SSP-RCP narratives and quantify important socio-environmental vulnerabilities of a human-water system (e.g., crop yields, farm income, water security and groundwater depletion) by the mid-century period (i.e., by 2050). The framework is developed to inform climate adaptation for Pakistan's Rechna Doab region, which serves as a representative case of a multi-stakeholder coupled human-water system operating in a developing country. Our results suggest that even under limited socio-economic improvements (e.g., technology, policies, institutions, environmental awareness) water security would be expected to decline and environmental degradation (e.g., groundwater depletion) to worsen. Under RCP 4.5, the average projected increase in water demand in 2030 will be about 7.32% for all SSP scenario narratives, and 10.82% by mid-century. Groundwater use varies significantly across SSPs which results in an average increase of about 29.06% for all SSPs. The proposed framework facilitates the development of future adaptation policies that should consider regional and local planning as well as socio-economic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Alizadeh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, St. Anne De Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Jan Adamowski
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, St. Anne De Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Azhar Inam
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, St. Anne De Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab 60800, Pakistan
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42
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Mapes BR, Prager SD, Béné C, Gonzalez CE. Healthy and sustainable diets from today to 2050—The role of international trade. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264729. [PMID: 35584099 PMCID: PMC9116619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The connection between international trade and food systems (un)sustainability is both contentious and critical for policy work supporting progress towards achieving the twin goals of hunger alleviation and dietary health while improving the overall sustainability of development. We characterize the food system using a set of metrics based upon the EAT-Lancet commission dietary guidelines for both over- and under-consumption of different foods to assess country-level dietary health and sustainability in tandem. Using a partial equilibrium model of agricultural production and trade, we then project the functioning of the global agricultural system to 2050 and calculate the metrics for that year. For most regions we find increased overconsumption above the expert-defined healthy and sustainable diet thresholds, with more limited progress towards closing dietary health and sustainability gaps where they currently exist. Trade influences this dynamic into the future under certain socioeconomic conditions, and we find that under a “business as usual” trade environment, future agricultural import profiles continue to be misaligned with dietary health and sustainability outcomes, suggesting the potential for early intervention in trade policy as a means to positively influence food system outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R. Mapes
- Food Environment and Consumer Behavior, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia
- DevTech Systems Inc, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven D. Prager
- Food Environment and Consumer Behavior, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia
- Climate Action, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia
| | - Christophe Béné
- Food Environment and Consumer Behavior, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia
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43
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Fan X, Duan Q, Shen C, Wu Y, Xing C. Evaluation of historical CMIP6 model simulations and future projections of temperature over the Pan-Third Pole region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26214-26229. [PMID: 34851485 PMCID: PMC8989916 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Pan-Third Pole (PTP) region, which encompasses the Eurasian highlands and their surroundings, has experienced unprecedented, accelerated warming during the past decades. This study evaluates the performance of historical simulation runs of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) in capturing spatial patterns and temporal variations observed over the PTP region for mean and extreme temperatures. In addition, projected changes in temperatures under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) are also reported. Four indices were used to characterize changes in temperature extremes: the annual maximum value of daily maximum temperature (TXx), the annual minimum value of daily minimum temperature (TNn), and indices for the percentage of warm days (TX90p) and warm nights (TN90p). Results indicate that most CMIP6 models generally capture the characteristics of the observed mean and extreme temperatures over the PTP region, but there still are slight cold biases in the Tibetan Plateau. Future changes of mean and extreme temperatures demonstrate that a strong increase will occur for the entire PTP region during the twenty-first century under all four SSP scenarios. Between 2015 and 2099, ensemble area-averaged annual mean temperatures are projected to increase by 1.24 °C/100 year, 3.28 °C/100 year, 5.57 °C/100 year, and 7.40 °C/100 year for the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively. For TXx and TNn, the most intense warming is projected in Central Asia. The greatest number of projected TX90p and TN90p will occur in the Southeast Asia and Tibetan Plateau, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qingyun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Chenwei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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44
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Akhtar MZ, Zaman K, Rehman FU, Nassani AA, Haffar M, Abro MMQ. Evaluating pollution damage function through carbon pricing, renewable energy demand, and cleaner technologies in China: blue versus green economy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24878-24893. [PMID: 34826072 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and increased greenhouse gas emissions boost the global average temperature to less than 2°C, which is the estimated breakeven point. The globe is moving into blue pollution economies as the environmental sustainability objective becomes more distorted. The study looked at three United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, namely (i) affordable and clean energy; (ii) industry, innovation, and infrastructure; and (iii) climate change, to see how far the Chinese economy has progressed toward green and clean development strategy. In the context of China, the "pollution damage function" was intended to refer to carbon damages related to carbon pricing, technological variables, sustained economic growth, incoming foreign investment, and green energy. The data was collected between 1975 and 2019 and analyzed using various statistical approaches. The results of the autoregressive distributed lag model suggest that carbon taxes on industrial emissions reduce carbon damages in the short and long run. Furthermore, a rise in inbound foreign investment and renewable energy demand reduces carbon damages in the short term, proving the "pollution halo" and "green energy" hypotheses; nonetheless, the results are insufficient to explain the stated results in the long run. In the long run, technology transfers and continued economic growth are beneficial in reducing carbon damages and confirming the potential of cleaner solutions in pollution mitigation. The causal inferences show the one-way relationship running from carbon pricing and technology transfer to carbon damages, and green energy to high-technology exports in a country. The impulse response estimates suggested that carbon tax, inbound foreign investment, and technology transfers likely decrease carbon damages for the next 10 years. On the other hand, continued economic growth and inadequate green energy sources are likely to increase carbon pollution in a country. The variance decomposition analysis suggested that carbon pricing and information and communication technology exports would likely significantly influence carbon damages over time. To keep the earth's temperature within the set threshold, the true motivation to shift from a blue to a green economy required strict environmental legislation, the use of green energy sources, and the export of cleaner technologies. Source: Authors' self-extract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalid Zaman
- Department of Economics, University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Faheem Ur Rehman
- Laboratory of International and Regional Economics, Graduate School of Economics and Management, Ural Federal University, Ural, Russia
| | - Abdelmohsen A Nassani
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Haffar
- Department of Management, Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Muhammad Moinuddin Qazi Abro
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587, Saudi Arabia
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45
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The Impact of Green Investment and Green Marketing on Business Performance: The Mediation Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Ethiopia’s Chinese Textile Companies. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14073883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the current era of rapidly increasing industrialization and rising environmental concerns, green investment and green marketing have become hot strategic issues to improve the business performance of companies. This study aims to examine the impact of green marketing and green investment on business performance using the mediating role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Ethiopia’s Chinese textile companies. The study used a mixed research method approach that included primary and secondary data sources, with the required data gathered from 237 respondents in Ethiopia’s Chinese textile companies. The employed research data were analyzed using a structural equation model (SEM) and multivariate regression analysis to identify the causal relationship between green investment, green marketing, and business performance. The main result reveals that green marketing and green investment positively and substantially influence a firm’s business performance. Furthermore, results show that CSR has positively and significantly mediated the impact of green investment and green marketing on business performance. Even though Chinese textile companies in Ethiopia have started to incorporate green investment, green marketing, and CSR into their operations, the government and Chinese businesses should work together to close the gaps that prevent long-term growth. This study provides a useful model to help companies, managers, practitioners, and policymakers understand and manage green marketing, investment, and CSR to improve business performance.
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46
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Srikrishnan V, Guan Y, Tol RSJ, Keller K. Probabilistic projections of baseline twenty-first century CO 2 emissions using a simple calibrated integrated assessment model. CLIMATIC CHANGE 2022; 170:37. [PMID: 35228765 PMCID: PMC8866549 DOI: 10.1007/s10584-021-03279-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Probabilistic projections of baseline (with no additional mitigation policies) future carbon emissions are important for sound climate risk assessments. Deep uncertainty surrounds many drivers of projected emissions. Here, we use a simple integrated assessment model, calibrated to century-scale data and expert assessments of baseline emissions, global economic growth, and population growth, to make probabilistic projections of carbon emissions through 2100. Under a variety of assumptions about fossil fuel resource levels and decarbonization rates, our projections largely agree with several emissions projections under current policy conditions. Our global sensitivity analysis identifies several key economic drivers of uncertainty in future emissions and shows important higher-level interactions between economic and technological parameters, while population uncertainties are less important. Our analysis also projects relatively low global economic growth rates over the remainder of the century. This illustrates the importance of additional research into economic growth dynamics for climate risk assessment, especially if pledged and future climate mitigation policies are weakened or have delayed implementations. These results showcase the power of using a simple, transparent, and calibrated model. While the simple model structure has several advantages, it also creates caveats for our results which are related to important areas for further research. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10584-021-03279-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Srikrishnan
- Department of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Yawen Guan
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Richard S. J. Tol
- Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Keller
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
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47
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Research Trends on Climate Change and Circular Economy from a Knowledge Mapping Perspective. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14010521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The circular economy (CE) has been proposed as a potentially significant catalyst to enhance the current response to the global climate crisis. The objective of this study was to investigate the scientific literature of the research between climate change and CE adopting a knowledge mapping approach. Based on a total of 789 peer-reviewed publications extracted from Scopus, we found that research on climate change and CE is continually growing and interdisciplinary in nature. Europe notably leads scientific production. Keyword evolution shows that CE has been influenced by more lines of research than climate change. We also found that waste management is the CE approach most associated with climate change, mitigation is the climate action most impacted by CE, and food is the most reported greenhouse gas (GHG)-emitting material. However, there are knowledge gaps in the integration of the social dimension, the promotion of climate change adaptation, and the association of sustainable development goal (SDG) 13. Finally, we identified four potentially valuable directions for future studies: (i) CE practices, (ii) bioeconomy, (iii) climate and energy, and (iv) sustainability and natural resources, in which carbon recovery technologies, green materials, regional supply chains, circular agriculture models, and nature-based solutions are promising themes.
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48
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Lyon C, Saupe EE, Smith CJ, Hill DJ, Beckerman AP, Stringer LC, Marchant R, McKay J, Burke A, O'Higgins P, Dunhill AM, Allen BJ, Riel-Salvatore J, Aze T. Climate change research and action must look beyond 2100. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:349-361. [PMID: 34558764 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activity is changing Earth's climate and ecosystems in ways that are potentially dangerous and disruptive to humans. Greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere continue to rise, ensuring that these changes will be felt for centuries beyond 2100, the current benchmark for projection. Estimating the effects of past, current, and potential future emissions to only 2100 is therefore short-sighted. Critical problems for food production and climate-forced human migration are projected to arise well before 2100, raising questions regarding the habitability of some regions of the Earth after the turn of the century. To highlight the need for more distant horizon scanning, we model climate change to 2500 under a suite of emission scenarios and quantify associated projections of crop viability and heat stress. Together, our projections show global climate impacts increase significantly after 2100 without rapid mitigation. As a result, we argue that projections of climate and its effects on human well-being and associated governance and policy must be framed beyond 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lyon
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Erin E Saupe
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher J Smith
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Daniel J Hill
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrew P Beckerman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Robert Marchant
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - James McKay
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ariane Burke
- Département d'Anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul O'Higgins
- Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Bethany J Allen
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Tracy Aze
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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49
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Deep mitigation of CO 2 and non-CO 2 greenhouse gases toward 1.5 °C and 2 °C futures. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6245. [PMID: 34716328 PMCID: PMC8556229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Stabilizing climate change well below 2 °C and towards 1.5 °C requires comprehensive mitigation of all greenhouse gases (GHG), including both CO2 and non-CO2 GHG emissions. Here we incorporate the latest global non-CO2 emissions and mitigation data into a state-of-the-art integrated assessment model GCAM and examine 90 mitigation scenarios pairing different levels of CO2 and non-CO2 GHG abatement pathways. We estimate that when non-CO2 mitigation contributions are not fully implemented, the timing of net-zero CO2 must occur about two decades earlier. Conversely, comprehensive GHG abatement that fully integrates non-CO2 mitigation measures in addition to a net-zero CO2 commitment can help achieve 1.5 °C stabilization. While decarbonization-driven fuel switching mainly reduces non-CO2 emissions from fuel extraction and end use, targeted non-CO2 mitigation measures can significantly reduce fluorinated gas emissions from industrial processes and cooling sectors. Our integrated modeling provides direct insights in how system-wide all GHG mitigation can affect the timing of net-zero CO2 for 1.5 °C and 2 °C climate change scenarios.
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50
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Ranger N, Mahul O, Monasterolo I. Managing the financial risks of climate change and pandemics: What we know (and don't know). ONE EARTH (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2021; 4:1375-1385. [PMID: 34704017 PMCID: PMC8532245 DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is generating the largest shock in the global economy since 1929. Although the pandemic has been unprecedented in scale and type, such complex, compounding shocks are not uncommon and are more likely in our modern, interconnected world. Our ability to assess and anticipate compounding risks is limited. Here, we propose a framework for assessing the economic losses associated with compounding climate, economic, and pandemic shocks. We propose a new metric, the compound risk multiplier, to measure the scale of the amplification effect and find that this can peak at over 150%; that is, the GDP impacts of the compound shock can be 50% larger than the sum of the individual shocks. Our results suggest that ignoring compounding risks could be a major blindspot in our ability to prepare for future crises. This underlines the urgency of accounting for compounding shocks within financial, fiscal, and crisis risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ranger
- Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Corresponding author
| | | | - Irene Monasterolo
- EDHEC Business School and EDHEC-Risk Institute, Nice, France,International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Vienna, Austria,Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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