1
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Ren J, Zhang S, Chen Z, Zhang T, Qiao J, Wang J, Ma L, Xiao Y, Li Z, Wang J, Hao X, Hou J. Optimizing Molecular Packing via Steric Hindrance for Reducing Non-Radiative Recombination in Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406153. [PMID: 38730419 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Innovative molecule design strategy holds promise for the development of next-generation acceptor materials for efficient organic solar cells with low non-radiative energy loss (ΔEnr). In this study, we designed and prepared three novel acceptors, namely BTP-Biso, BTP-Bme and BTP-B, with sterically structured triisopropylbenzene, trimethylbenzene and benzene as side chains inserted into the shoulder of the central core. The progressively enlarged steric hindrance from BTP-B to BTP-Bme and BTP-Biso induces suppressed intramolecular rotation and altered the molecule packing mode in their aggregation states, leading to significant changes in absorption spectra and energy levels. By regulating the intermolecular π-π interactions, BTP-Bme possesses relatively reduced non-radiative recombination rate and extended exciton diffusion lengths. The binary device based on PB2 : BTP-Bme exhibits an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.5 % with a low ΔEnr of 0.19 eV. Furthermore, the ternary device comprising PB2 : PBDB-TF : BTP-Bme achieves an outstanding PCE of 19.3 %. The molecule design strategy in this study proposed new perspectives for developing high-performance acceptors with low ΔEnr in OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhen Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular, Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular, Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular, Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Qiao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular, Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Lijiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular, Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular, Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular, Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular, Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotao Hao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Jianhui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular, Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
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2
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Karakurt O, Oral P, Hacioglu SO, Yılmaz EA, Haciefendioğlu T, Bicer UI, Ozcelik E, Ozsoy GH, Yildirim E, Toppare LK, Cirpan A. Design, Synthesis, and Theoretical Studies on the Benzoxadiazole and Thienopyrrole Containing Conjugated Random Copolymers for Organic Solar Cell Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400343. [PMID: 39031942 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, six different donor-π-acceptor1-π-donor-acceptor2 type random co-polymers containing benzodithiophene as a donor, benzooxadiazole (BO), and thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) as acceptor, have been synthesized and characterized. In addition to the acceptor core ratio at different values, the effect of aromatic bridge structures on the optical, electronic, and photovoltaic properties of six different random co-polymers is investigated by using thiophene and selenophene structures as aromatic bridge units. To investigate how the acceptor unit ratio and replacement of aromatic bridge units impact the structural, electronic, and optical properties of the polymers, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are carried out for the tetramer models. The open-circuit voltage (VOC), which is strongly correlated with the HOMO levels of the donor material, is enhanced with the increasing ratio of the TPD moiety. On the other hand, the short-circuit current (JSC), which is associated with the absorption ability of the donor material, is improved by the increasing ratio of BO moiety with the π-bridges. BO moiety dominant selenophene π-bridged co-polymer (P4) showed the best performance with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.26%, a JSC of 11.44 mA cm2, a VOC of 0.80 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 68.81%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguzhan Karakurt
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Pelin Oral
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Serife Ozdemir Hacioglu
- Department of Basic Sciences of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay, 31200, Turkey
| | - Eda Alemdar Yılmaz
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Laboratory of Functional Nanostructures, Atomistilor 405A, Magurele, 077125, Romania
| | - Tuğba Haciefendioğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Umran Isil Bicer
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Egemen Ozcelik
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | | | - Erol Yildirim
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Levent Kamil Toppare
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Ali Cirpan
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- ODTU GUNAM, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
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3
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Weitz P, Wortmann J, Liu C, Wen TJ, Li CZ, Heumüller T, Brabec CJ. Photodegradation of Organic Solar Cells under Visible Light and the Crucial Influence of Its Spectral Composition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:36667-36677. [PMID: 38955357 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
While wavelength-dependent photodegradation of organic solar cells (OSCs) under visible light is typically discussed in terms of UV/blue light-activated phenomena, we recently demonstrated wavelength-dependent degradation rates up to 660 nm for PM6:Y6. In this study, we systematically investigated this phenomenon for a broad variety of devices based on different donor:acceptor combinations. We found that the spectral composition of the light used for degradation, tuned in a spectral range from 457 to 740 nm and under high irradiances of up to 30 suns, has a crucial influence on the device stability of almost all tested semiconductors. The relevance of this phenomenon was investigated in the context of simulated AM1.5 illumination with metal halide lamps and white LEDs. It is concluded that the current stability testing protocols in OSC research have to be adjusted to account for this effect to reveal the underlying physics of this still poorly understood mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Weitz
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Wortmann
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chao Liu
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tian-Jiao Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Liu S, Xue Z, Liang Z, Zhao B, Wang W, Cong Z, Wu H, Lu G, Zheng J, Gao C. High-Performance PM6:Y6-Based Ternary Solar Cells with Enhanced Open Circuit Voltage and Balanced Mobilities via Doping a Wide-Band-Gap Amorphous Acceptor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:36705-36714. [PMID: 38958143 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Great progress has been made in organic solar cells (OSCs) in recent years, especially after the report of the highly efficient small-molecule electron acceptor Y6. However, the relatively low open circuit voltage (VOC) and unbalanced charge mobilities remain two issues that need to be resolved for further improvement in the performance of OSCs. Herein, a wide-band-gap amorphous acceptor IO-4Cl, which possessed a shallower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level than Y6, was introduced into the PM6:Y6 binary system to construct a ternary device. The mechanism study revealed that the introduced IO-4Cl was alloyed with Y6 to prevent the overaggregation of Y6 and offer dual channels for effective hole transportation, resulting in balanced hole and electron mobilities. Taking these advantages, an enhanced VOC of 0.894 V and an improved fill factor of 75.58% were achieved in the optimized PM6:Y6:IO-4Cl-based ternary device, yielding a promising power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.49%, which surpassed the 16.72% efficiency of the PM6:Y6 binary device. This work provides an alternative solution to balance the charge mobilities of PM6:Y6-based devices by incorporating an amorphous high-performance LUMO A-D-A small molecule as the third compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Liu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Liquid Crystal and Organic Photovoltaic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Xue
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Liquid Crystal and Organic Photovoltaic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710129, China
| | - Zezhou Liang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Photonic Technique for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Baofeng Zhao
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Liquid Crystal and Organic Photovoltaic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Liquid Crystal and Organic Photovoltaic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Liquid Crystal and Organic Photovoltaic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, P. R. China
| | - Haimei Wu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Liquid Crystal and Organic Photovoltaic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, P. R. China
| | - Guanghao Lu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Jianbang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710129, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Liquid Crystal and Organic Photovoltaic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, P. R. China
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5
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Zhang B, Jiang M, Mao P, Wang S, Gui R, Wang Y, Woo HY, Yin H, Wang JL, An Q. Manipulating Alkyl Inner Side Chain of Acceptor for Efficient As-Cast Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2405718. [PMID: 39014920 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
As-cast organic solar cells (OSCs) possess tremendous potential for low-cost commercial applications. Herein, five small-molecule acceptors (A1-A5) are designed and synthesized by selectively and elaborately extending the alkyl inner side chain flanking on the pyrrole motif to prepare efficient as-cast devices. As the extension of the alkyl chain, the absorption spectra of the films are gradually blue-shifted from A1 to A5 along with slightly uplifted lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels, which is conducive for optimizing the trade-off between short-circuit current density and open-circuit voltage of the devices. Moreover, a longer alkyl chain improves compatibility between the acceptor and donor. The in situ technique clarifies that good compatibility will prolong molecular assembly time and assist in the preferential formation of the donor phase, where the acceptor precipitates in the framework formed by the donor. The corresponding film-formation dynamics facilitate the realization of favorable film morphology with a suitable fibrillar structure, molecular stacking, and vertical phase separation, resulting in an incremental fill factor from A1 to A5-based devices. Consequently, the A3-based as-cast OSCs achieve a top-ranked efficiency of 18.29%. This work proposes an ingenious strategy to manipulate intermolecular interactions and control the film-formation process for constructing high-performance as-cast devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectric/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mengyun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectric/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Peng Mao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectric/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Analysis & Testing Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Ruohua Gui
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yingqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectric/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jin-Liang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectric/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiaoshi An
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectric/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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6
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Song J, Li C, Ma H, Han B, Wang Q, Wang X, Wei D, Bu L, Yang R, Yan H, Sun Y. Optimizing Double-Fibril Network Morphology via Solid Additive Strategy Enables Binary All-Polymer Solar Cells with 19.50% Efficiency. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2406922. [PMID: 39011798 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Double-fibril network morphology (DFNM), in which the donor and the acceptor can self-assemble into a double-fibril structure, is beneficial for exciton dissociation and charge transport in organic solar cells. Herein, it is demonstrated that such DFNM can be constructed and optimized in all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) with the assistance of 2-alkoxynaphthalene volatile solid additives. It is revealed that the incorporation of 2-alkoxynaphthalene can induce a stepwise regulation in the aggregation of donor and acceptor molecules during film casting and thermal annealing processes. Through altering the alkoxy of 2-alkoxynaphthalene solid additives, both the intermolecular interactions and molecular miscibility with the host materials can be precisely tuned, which allows for the optimization of the molecular aggregation process and facilitation of molecular self-assembly, and thus leading to reinforced molecular packing and optimized DFNM. As a result, an unprecedented efficiency of 19.50% (certified as 19.1%) is obtained for 2-ethoxynaphthalene-processed PM6:PY-DT-X all-PSCs with excellent photostability (T80 = 1750 h). This work reveals that the optimization of DFNM via solid additive strategy is a promising avenue to boosting the performance of all-PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Song
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Haisheng Ma
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Bingyu Han
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xunchang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Laju Bu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Sun
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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7
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Li Y, Mei L, Ge Z, Liu C, Song J, Man Y, Gao J, Zhang J, Tang Z, Chen XK, Sun Y. Conjugation-Broken Dimer Acceptors Enable High-Efficiency, Stable, and Flexibility-Robust Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403890. [PMID: 39007481 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Dimer acceptors in organic solar cells (OSCs) offer distinct advantages, including a well-defined molecular structure and excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility. Their high glass transition temperature (Tg) aids in achieving an optimal kinetic morphology, thereby enhancing device stability. Currently, most of dimer acceptor materials are linked with conjugated units in order to obtain high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). In this study, different from previous works on conjugation-linked dimer acceptors, a novel series of dimer acceptors are synthesized (named T1, T4, T6, and T12), each linked with different flexible alkyl linkers, and investigated their PCEs, device stability, and flexibility robustness. When blended with PM6, the T6-based device achieves a PCE of 17.09%, comparable to the fully conjugated T0-based device's PCE of 17.12%. The molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations suggested that flexible conjugation-broken linkers (FCBLs) promote intermolecular electronic couplings, thereby maintaining good electron mobilities of dimer acceptors. Notably, the T6-based device exhibits impressive long-term stability with a T80 lifetime of 1427 h, while in the T0-based device, T80 is only 350 h. The present work has thus established the relationship between the length of flexible alkyl linkers in such dimer acceptors and the performance and stability of OSCs, which is important to further designing new materials for the fabrication of efficient and stable OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Le Mei
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhongwei Ge
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Song
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yuheng Man
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Kai Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Sun
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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8
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Han J, Xu H, Paleti SHK, Sharma A, Baran D. Understanding photochemical degradation mechanisms in photoactive layer materials for organic solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:7426-7454. [PMID: 38869459 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the field of organic solar cells (OSCs) has witnessed a significant evolution in materials chemistry, which has resulted in a remarkable enhancement of device performance, achieving efficiencies of over 19%. The photoactive layer materials in OSCs play a crucial role in light absorption, charge generation, transport and stability. To facilitate the scale-up of OSCs, it is imperative to address the photostability of these electron acceptor and donor materials, as their photochemical degradation process remains a challenge during the photo-to-electric conversion. In this review, we present an overview of the development of electron acceptor and donor materials, emphasizing the crucial aspects of their chemical stability behavior that are linked to the photostability of OSCs. Throughout each section, we highlight the photochemical degradation pathways for electron acceptor and donor materials, and their link to device degradation. We also discuss the existing interdisciplinary challenges and obstacles that impede the development of photostable materials. Finally, we offer insights into strategies aimed at enhancing photochemical stability and discuss future directions for developing photostable photo-active layers, facilitating the commercialization of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Han
- Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Han Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sri Harish Kumar Paleti
- Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Derya Baran
- Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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9
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Wang LL, Han JH, Zhou HP, Pan QQ, Zhao ZW, Su Z. Superior End-Group Stacking Promotes Simultaneous Multiple Charge-Transfer Mechanisms in Organic Solar Cells with an All-Fused-Ring Nonfullerene Acceptor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:35390-35399. [PMID: 38922684 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The all-fused-ring acceptor (AFRA) is a success for nonfullerene materials and has attracted considerable attention as its high optical and chemical stability expected to reduce energy loss, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) approaching 15% in constructed all-small-molecule organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, the intrinsic role of the structure of AFRA F13 and the reason for its high PCE were revealed by comparison with those of typical fused acceptors IDT-IC and Y6. An increased degree of conjugation in F13 leads to broader and red-shifted absorption peaks, facilitating enhancement of the short-circuit current. Multiple charge-transfer mechanisms are mainly attributed to the higher Frenkel exciton (FE) state due to the multiple transition ways for acceptors in the C1-CN:F13 system. The increased number of atoms contributing to the charge-transfer (CT) state facilitated the existence of more superior stacking patterns with easy formation of CT and FE/CT states and a high charge separation rate. It was found using the AFRA is an effective strategy to enhance end-group stacking, enhancing the borrowing of oscillator strength to promote multiple CT mechanisms in the complexes, explaining the high performance of this OSC device. This work is promising to guide designing an efficient AFRA in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center of Photo-functional Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jin-Hong Han
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center of Photo-functional Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hai-Ping Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center of Photo-functional Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Qing-Qing Pan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center of Photo-functional Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center of Photo-functional Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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10
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Bi P, Zhang T, Guo Y, Wang J, Chua XW, Chen Z, Goh WP, Jiang C, Chia EEM, Hou J, Yang L. Donor-acceptor bulk-heterojunction sensitizer for efficient solid-state infrared-to-visible photon up-conversion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5719. [PMID: 38977685 PMCID: PMC11231359 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid-state infrared-to-visible photon up-conversion is important for spectral-tailoring applications. However, existing up-conversion systems not only suffer from low efficiencies and a need for high excitation intensity, but also exhibit a limited selection of materials and complex fabrication processes. Herein, we propose a sensitizer with a bulk-heterojunction structure, comprising both an energy donor and an energy acceptor, for triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion devices. The up-conversion occurs through charge separation at the donor-acceptor interface, followed by the formation of charge transfer state between the energy donor and annihilator following the spin statistics. The bulk-heterojunction sensitizer ensures efficient charge generation and low charge recombination. Hence, we achieve a highly efficient solid-state up-conversion device with 2.20% efficiency and low excitation intensity (10 mW cm-2) through a one-step solution method. We also demonstrate bright up-conversion devices on highly-flexible large-area substrates. This study introduces a simple and scalable platform strategy for fabricating efficient up-conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengqing Bi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 637371, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianqiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xian Wei Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhihao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wei Peng Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Changyun Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Elbert E M Chia
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 637371, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianhui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Republic of Singapore.
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11
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Qi F, Li Y, Lin FR, Jen AKY. Recent Progress of Oligomeric Non-Fullerene Acceptors for Efficient and Stable Organic Solar Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301559. [PMID: 38372481 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have achieved remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 19 % in the past few years due to the rapid development of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). However, the operational stability remains a great challenge that inhibits their commercialization. Recently, oligomeric NFAs (ONFAs) have attracted great attention, which not only can deliver excellent device performance, but also improve the thermal-/photo- stability of OSCs. This is attributed to the suppressed molecular diffusion of ONFAs associated with their high glass-transition temperature (Tg) and improved thermodynamic properties of ONFAs. Herein, we focus on investigating the correction between the ONFA chemical structure, material properties, device performance, and stability. In addition, we also try to point out the challenges in synthesizing ONFAs and provide potential directions for future ONFA designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qi
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yanxun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Francis R Lin
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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12
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Chen J, Zhou X, Liu X, Zheng H, Wang Y, Zhou Y. Aqueous PEIE Soaking on ZnO for Ultraviolet Light Activation-Free Organic Photovoltaic Modules. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400345. [PMID: 38966877 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light is typically needed to activate inverted organic photovoltaics (OPVs) with zinc oxide (ZnO) as electron transporting layer (ETL) for higher efficiency. However, UV light is a major cause for the degradation of organic active layers in OPVs. This is a contradiction that UV light activation enhances the efficiency but UV illumination deteriorates the stability. It is important to solve this contradiction to develop UV light activation-free OPV devices. Herein, a method of aqueous polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) soaking on ZnO is reported to realize UV light activation-free OPV devices. The S-shape in current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of devices tested without UV light activation is eliminated through the treatment of aqueous PEIE soaking on ZnO. The treatment reduces the oxygen adsorbates, which is confirmed by Kelvin probe and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A 10.08 cm2 organic photovoltaic module with the treated ZnO as ETL showed high photovoltaic performance: VOC = 5.68 V, JSC = 2.7 mA cm-2, FF = 75.1%, and POutput = 11.5 mW cm-2 tested with the UV filter (light intensity of 0.788 sun). UV light activation is not needed for the modules to obtain high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xianmin Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinlu Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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13
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Shen Q, He C, Li S, Qiao J, Li S, Zhang Y, Shi M, Zuo L, Hao X, Chen H. Loosely Bounded Exciton with Enhanced Delocalization Capability Boosting Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403570. [PMID: 38966891 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In organic solar cells (OSCs), electron acceptors have undergone multiple updates, from the initial fullerene derivatives, to the later acceptor-donor-acceptor type non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs), and now to Y-series NFAs, based on which efficiencies have reached over 19%. However, the key property responsible for further improved efficiency from molecular structure design is remained unclear. Herein, the material properties are comprehensively scanned by selecting PC71BM, IT-4F, and L8-BO as the representatives for different development stages of acceptors. For comparison, asymmetric acceptor of BTP-H5 with desired loosely bounded excitons is designed and synthesized. It's identified that the reduction of intrinsically exciton binding energy (Eb) and the enhancement of exciton delocalization capability act as the key roles in boosting the performance. Notably, 100 meV reduction in Eb has been observed from PC71BM to BTP-H5, correspondingly, electron-hole pair distance of BTP-H5 is almost two times over PC71BM. As a result, efficiency is improved from 40% of S-Q limit for PC71BM-based OSC to 60% for BTP-H5-based one, which achieves an efficiency of 19.07%, among the highest values for binary OSCs. This work reveals the confirmed function of exciton delocalization capability quantitatively in pushing the efficiency of OSCs, thus providing an enlightenment for future molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chengliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shuixing Li
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Qiao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Shilin Li
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Minmin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Lijian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotao Hao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
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14
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Stojanovic L, Giannini S, Blumberger J. Exciton Transport in the Nonfullerene Acceptor O-IDTBR from Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2024. [PMID: 38967252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Theory, computation, and experiment have given strong evidence that charge carriers in organic molecular crystals form partially delocalized quantum objects that diffuse very efficiently via a mechanism termed transient delocalization. It is currently unclear how prevalent this mechanism is for exciton transport. Here we carry out simulation of singlet Frenkel excitons (FE) in a molecular organic semiconductor that belongs to the class of nonfullerene acceptors, O-IDTBR, using the recently introduced FE surface hopping nonadiabatic molecular dynamics method. We find that FE are, on average, localized on a single molecule in the crystal due to sizable reorganization energy and moderate excitonic couplings. Yet, our simulations suggest that the diffusion mechanism is more complex than simple local hopping; in addition to hopping, we observe frequent transient delocalization events where the exciton wave function expands over 10 or more molecules for a short period of time in response to thermal excitations within the excitonic band, followed by de-excitation and contraction onto a single molecule. The transient delocalization events lead to an increase in the diffusion constant by a factor of 3-4, depending on the crystallographic direction as compared to the situation where only local hopping events are considered. Intriguingly, O-IDTBR appears to be a moderately anisotropic 3D "conductor" for excitons but a highly anisotropic 2D conductor for electrons. Taken together with previous simulation results, two trends seem to emerge for molecular organic crystals: excitons tend to be more localized and slower than charge carriers due to higher internal reorganization energy, while exciton transport tends to be more isotropic than charge transport due to the weaker distance dependence of excitonic versus electronic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Stojanovic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Samuele Giannini
- Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, National Research Council (ICCOM-CNR), Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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15
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Zhu S, Lyu L, Li Y, Li W, Cui Y, Hu H. Cyclization Engineering of Electron-Deficient Maleimide Unit for Nonfused Ring Electron Acceptors Enables Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:33928-33934. [PMID: 38889386 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Nonfused ring electron acceptors (NFREAs) have emerged as promising materials for commercial applications in organic solar cells due to their straightforward synthesis process and cost-effectiveness. The rational design of their structural frameworks is crucial for enhancing device efficiency. In this study, we explore the use of maleimide and thiophene as key building blocks, employing cyclization engineering techniques. Additionally, cyclopentanedithiophene was chosen as the bridging unit, coupled with fluorinated terminals, to fabricate NFREAs, namely, PI-DTS and DPI-DTS. DPI-DTS demonstrated superior molecular planarity and an upshifted lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level. Moreover, DPI-DTS-based blend films display enhanced π-π interactions and crystallinity, alongside a predominantly face-on orientation. Consequently, DPI-DTS-based devices displayed enhanced and more balanced carrier mobility, reduced bimolecular recombination, and trap-assisted recombination, leading to improved charge transfer efficiency. Ultimately, this led to an excellent efficiency of 10.48%, with an open-circuit voltage as high as 0.914 V. These findings highlight the significant promise of aromatic imides in constructing NFREAs, and the established structure-performance relationship provides a theoretical basis for the design of high performance NFREAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenbo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- School of Energy and Materials, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Li Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenqin Li
- School of Energy and Materials, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Yongjie Cui
- School of Energy and Materials, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Huawei Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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16
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Ding Y, Xiong S, Sun L, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Li Y, Peng J, Fukuda K, Someya T, Liu R, Zhang X. Metal nanowire-based transparent electrode for flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 38953906 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00080c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
High-quality transparent electrodes are indispensable components of flexible optoelectronic devices as they guarantee sufficient light transparency and electrical conductivity. Compared to commercial indium tin oxide, metal nanowires are considered ideal candidates as flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) owing to their superior optoelectronic properties, excellent mechanical flexibility, solution treatability, and higher compatibility with semiconductors. However, certain key challenges associated with material preparation and device fabrication remain for the practical application of metal nanowire-based electrodes. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art solution-processed metal nanowire-based FTEs and their applications in flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices. Specifically, the important properties of FTEs and a cost-benefit analysis of existing technologies are introduced, followed by a summary of the synthesis strategy, key properties, and fabrication technologies of the nanowires. Subsequently, we explore the applications of metal-nanowire-based FTEs in different optoelectronic devices including solar cells, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. Finally, the current status, future challenges, and emerging strategies in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
| | - Sixing Xiong
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Lulu Sun
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yiying Wang
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yaowen Li
- College of Chemistry, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jun Peng
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
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17
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Duan T, Wang J, Zuo X, Bi X, Zhong C, Li Y, Long Y, Tu K, Zhang W, Yang K, Zhou H, Wan X, Zhao Y, Kan B, Chen Y. The anti-correlation effect of alkyl chain size on the photovoltaic performance of centrally extended non-fullerene acceptors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38946704 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00699b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Contrary to previous results, a unique anti-correlation effect of the alkyl chain size on the photovoltaic performance of acceptors was observed. For a centrally-extended acceptor, replacing linear alkyl chains (n-undecyl for CH-BBQ) on the thienothiophene unit with branched ones (2-butyloctyl for CH-BO) leads to a plunge in the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells (18.12% vs. 11.34% for binary devices), while the largely shortened ones (n-heptyl for CH-HP) bring a surge in performance (18.74%/19.44% for binary/ternary devices). Compared with CH-BO, the more compact intermolecular packing of CH-HP facilitates carrier transport. The characterization of organic field effect transistors and carrier dynamics also echoes the above results. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the encounter of the branched alkyl chains and the extended central core hinders the effective interfacial interaction of polymer donors and acceptors, thus deteriorating the device performance. This work suggests that the conventional strategy for alkyl chain engineering of Y-series acceptors might need to be reconsidered in other molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainan Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Jia Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Xiaochan Zuo
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Xingqi Bi
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Opto-electronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Yulu Li
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yuhong Long
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Kaihuai Tu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Weichao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ke Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Huiqiong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjian Wan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Bin Kan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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18
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Xu L, Li S, Zhao W, Xiong Y, Yu J, Qin J, Wang G, Zhang R, Zhang T, Mu Z, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Kuvondikov V, Zakhidov E, Peng Q, Wang N, Xing G, Gao F, Hou J, Huang W, Wang J. The Role of Solution Aggregation Property toward High-Efficiency Non-Fullerene Organic Photovoltaic Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403476. [PMID: 38666554 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
In organic photovoltaic cells, the solution-aggregation effect (SAE) is long considered a critical factor in achieving high power-conversion efficiencies for polymer donor (PD)/non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) blend systems. However, the underlying mechanism has yet to be fully understood. Herein, based on an extensive study of blends consisting of the representative 2D-benzodithiophene-based PDs and acceptor-donor-acceptor-type NFAs, it is demonstrated that SAE shows a strong correlation with the aggregation kinetics during solidification, and the aggregation competition between PD and NFA determines the phase separation of blend film and thus the photovoltaic performance. PDs with strong SAEs enable earlier aggregation evolutions than NFAs, resulting in well-known polymer-templated fibrillar network structures and superior PCEs. With the weakening of PDs' aggregation effects, NFAs, showing stronger tendencies to aggregate, tend to form oversized domains, leading to significantly reduced external quantum efficiencies and fill factors. These trends reveal the importance of matching SAE between PD and NFA. The aggregation abilities of various materials are further evaluated and the aggregation ability/photovoltaic parameter diagrams of 64 PD/NFA combinations are provided. This work proposes a guiding criteria and facile approach to match efficient PD/NFA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Sunsun Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yaomeng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jinfeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jinzhao Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Tao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhen Mu
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Vakhobjon Kuvondikov
- Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, 33 Durmon yuli, Tashkent, 100125, Uzbekistan
| | - Erkin Zakhidov
- Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, 33 Durmon yuli, Tashkent, 100125, Uzbekistan
| | - Qiming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Nana Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Guichuan Xing
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Jianhui Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, 211816, China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jianpu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, 211816, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
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19
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Qiu D, Xiong S, Lai H, Wang Y, Li H, Lai X, Zhu Y, He F. Trifluoromethylation Enables Compact 2D Linear Stacking and Improves the Efficiency and Stability of Q-PHJ Organic Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403821. [PMID: 38949043 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Compared to the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) devices, the quasiplanar heterojunction (Q-PHJ) exhibits a more stable morphology and superior charge transfer performance. To achieve both high efficiency and long-term stability, it is necessary to design new materials for Q-PHJ devices. In this study, QxIC-CF3 and QxIC-CH3 are designed and synthesized for the first time. The trifluoromethylation of the central core exerts a modulatory effect on the molecular stacking pattern, leveraging the strong electrostatic potential and intermolecular interactions. Compared with QxIC-CH3, the single crystal structure reveals that QxIC-CF3 exhibits a more compact 2D linear stacking behavior. These benefits, combined with the separated electron and hole transport channels in Q-PHJ device, lead to increased charge mobility and reduced energy loss. The devices based on D18/QxIC-CF3 exhibit an efficiency of 18.1%, which is the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) for Q-PHJ to date. Additionally, the thermodynamic stability of the active layer morphology enhances the lifespan of the aforementioned devices under illumination conditions. Specifically, the T80 is 420 h, which is nearly twice that of the renowned Y6-based BHJ device (T80 = 220 h). By combining the advantages of the trifluoromethylation and Q-PHJ device, efficient and stable organic solar cell devices can be constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Qiu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shilong Xiong
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hanjian Lai
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Heng Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xue Lai
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yiwu Zhu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Institute of Innovative Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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20
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Xiang H, Sun F, Zheng X, Gao B, Zhu P, Cong T, Li Y, Wang X, Yang R. Tackling Energy Loss in Organic Solar Cells via Volatile Solid Additive Strategy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401330. [PMID: 38634564 PMCID: PMC11220641 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The energy loss induced open-circuit voltage (VOC) deficit hampers the rapid development of state-of-the-art organic solar cells (OSCs), therefore, it is extremely urgent to explore effective strategies to address this issue. Herein, a new volatile solid additive 1,4-bis(iodomethyl)cyclohexane (DIMCH) featured with concentrated electrostatic potential distribution is utilized to act as a morphology-directing guest to reduce energy loss in multiple state-of-art blend system, leading to one of highest efficiency (18.8%) at the forefront of reported binary OSCs. Volatile DIMCH decreases radiative/non-radiative recombination induced energy loss (ΔE2/ΔE3) by rationally balancing the crystallinity of donors and acceptors and realizing homogeneous network structure of crystal domain with reduced D-A phase separation during the film formation process and weakens energy disorder and trap density in OSCs. It is believed that this study brings not only a profound understanding of emerging volatile solid additives but also a new hope to further reduce energy loss and improve the performance of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education)School of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologyJianghan UniversityWuhan430056China
| | - Fengbo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education)School of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologyJianghan UniversityWuhan430056China
| | - Xufan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education)School of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologyJianghan UniversityWuhan430056China
| | - Bowen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Green Process of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and PharmacyWuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan430205China
| | - Panpan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education)School of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologyJianghan UniversityWuhan430056China
| | - Tingting Cong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education)School of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologyJianghan UniversityWuhan430056China
| | - Yuda Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Process of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and PharmacyWuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan430205China
| | - Xunchang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education)School of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologyJianghan UniversityWuhan430056China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education)School of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologyJianghan UniversityWuhan430056China
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21
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Chen H, Sun W, Zhang R, Huang Y, Zhang B, Zeng G, Ding J, Chen W, Gao F, Li Y, Li Y. Heterogeneous Nucleating Agent for High-Boiling-Point Nonhalogenated Solvent-Processed Organic Solar Cells and Modules. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402350. [PMID: 38554138 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
High-boiling-point nonhalogenated solvents are superior solvents to produce large-area organic solar cells (OSCs) in industry because of their wide processing window and low toxicity; while, these solvents with slow evaporation kinetics will lead excessive aggregation of state-of-the-art small molecule acceptors (e.g. L8-BO), delivering serious efficiency losses. Here, a heterogeneous nucleating agent strategy is developed by grafting oligo (ethylene glycol) side-chains on L8-BO (BTO-BO). The formation energy of the obtained BTO-BO; while, changing from liquid in a solvent to a crystalline phase, is lower than that of L8-BO irrespective of the solvent type. When BTO-BO is added as the third component into the active layer (e.g. PM6:L8-BO), it easily assembles to form numerous seed crystals, which serve as nucleation sites to trigger heterogeneous nucleation and increase nucleation density of L8-BO through strong hydrogen bonding interactions even in high-boiling-point nonhalogenated solvents. Therefore, it can effectively suppress excessive aggregation during growth, achieving ideal phase-separation active layer with small domain sizes and high crystallinity. The resultant toluene-processed OSCs exhibit a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.42% (certificated 19.12%) with excellent operational stability. The strategy also has superior advantages in large-scale devices, showing a 15.03-cm2 module with a record PCE of 16.35% (certificated 15.97%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Yuting Huang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ben Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Guang Zeng
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Junyuan Ding
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Yaowen Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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22
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Qiu D, Tian C, Zhang H, Zhang J, Wei Z, Lu K. Correlating Aggregation Ability of Polymer Donors with Film Formation Kinetics for Organic Solar Cells with Improved Efficiency and Processability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313251. [PMID: 38702890 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Film formation kinetics significantly impact molecular processability and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells. Here, two ternary random copolymerization polymers are reported, D18─N-p and D18─N-m, to modulate the aggregation ability of D18 by introducing trifluoromethyl-substituted pyridine unit at para- and meta-positions, respectively. The introduction of pyridine unit significantly reduces material aggregation ability and adjusts the interactions with acceptor L8-BO, thereby leading to largely changed film formation kinetics with earlier phase separation and longer film formation times, which enlarge fiber sizes in blend films and improve carrier generation and transport. As a result, D18─N-p with moderate aggregation ability delivers a high PCE of 18.82% with L8-BO, which is further improved to 19.45% via interface engineering. Despite the slightly inferior small area device performances, D18─N-m shows improved solubility, which inspires to adjust the ratio of meta-trifluoromethyl pyridine carefully and obtain a polymer donor D18─N-m-10 with good solubility in nonhalogenated solvent o-xylene. High PCEs of 13.07% and 12.43% in 1 cm2 device and 43 cm2 module fabricated with slot-die coating method are achieved based on D18─N-m-10:L8-BO blends. This work emphasizes film formation kinetics optimization in device fabrication via aggregation ability modulation of polymer donors for efficient devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingding Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenyang Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kun Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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23
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Wei Y, Zhou X, Cai Y, Li Y, Wang S, Fu Z, Sun R, Yu N, Li C, Huang K, Bi Z, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Hao X, Min J, Tang Z, Ma W, Sun Y, Huang H. High Performance As-Cast Organic Solar Cells Enabled by a Refined Double-Fibril Network Morphology and Improved Dielectric Constant of Active Layer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403294. [PMID: 38657281 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
High performance organic solar cells (OSCs) are usually realized by using post-treatment and/or additive, which can induce the formation of metastable morphology, leading to unfavorable device stability. In terms of the industrial production, the development of high efficiency as-cast OSCs is crucially important, but it remains a great challenge to obtain appropriate active layer morphology and high power conversion efficiency (PCE). Here, efficient as-cast OSCs are constructed via introducing a new polymer acceptor PY-TPT with a high dielectric constant into the D18:L8-BO blend to form a double-fibril network morphology. Besides, the incorporation of PY-TPT enables an enhanced dielectric constant and lower exciton binding energy of active layer. Therefore, efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport are realized in D18:L8-BO:PY-TPT-based device, affording a record-high PCE of 18.60% and excellent photostability in absence of post-treatment. Moreover, green solvent-processed devices, thick-film (300 nm) devices, and module (16.60 cm2) are fabricated, which show PCEs of 17.45%, 17.54%, and 13.84%, respectively. This work brings new insight into the construction of efficient as-cast devices, pushing forward the practical application of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wei
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xianmin Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yunhao Cai
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yun Li
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Siying Wang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Fu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Na Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Congqi Li
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kexin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Material, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zhaozhao Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Material, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotao Hao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jie Min
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Material, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Sun
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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24
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Cui F, Qiao J, Xu Y, Fu Z, Gui R, Zhang C, Zhou R, Ye L, Du X, Chen F, Hao X, Yan H, Yin H. Using an external electric field to tune active layer morphology enabling high-efficiency organic solar cells via ambient blade coating. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado5460. [PMID: 38941466 PMCID: PMC11212706 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado5460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The nanoscale morphology of the photoactive layer notably impacts the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Conventional methods to tune the morphology are typically chemical approaches that adjust the properties (such as solubility and miscibility) of the active components including donor, acceptor, and/or additive. Here, we demonstrate a completely different approach by applying an external electric field (EEF) on the active layer during the wet coating. The EEF-coating method is perfectly compatible with an ambient blade coating using environmentally friendly solvents, which are essential requirements for industrial production of OSCs. A record 18.6% efficiency is achieved using the EEF coating, which is the best value for open-air, blade-coated OSCs to date. Our findings suggest broad material applicability and attribute-enhanced performance to EEF-induced fiber formation and long-range ordering of microstructures of acceptor domains. This technique offers an effective method for producing high-performance OSCs, especially suited for industry OSC production based on open-air printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhe Cui
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Jiawei Qiao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Yujie Xu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Fu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Ruohua Gui
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department·of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Rongkun Zhou
- Department·of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaotao Hao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
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25
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Li S, Nishikubo R, Saeki A. Combined Charge Extraction by Linearly Increasing Voltage and Time-Resolved Microwave Conductivity to Reveal the Dynamic Charge Carrier Mobilities in Thin-Film Organic Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26951-26962. [PMID: 38947799 PMCID: PMC11209900 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
This article reports a purely experiment-based method to evaluate the time-dependent charge carrier mobilities in thin-film organic solar cells (OSCs) using simultaneous charge extraction by linearly increasing the voltage (CELIV) and time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) measurements. This method enables the separate measurement of electron mobility (μe) and hole mobility (μh) in a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) device. A slope-injection-restoration voltage profile for MIS-CELIV is also proposed to accurately determine the charge densities. The dynamic behavior of μe and μh is examined in five bulk heterojunction (BHJ) OSCs of polymer:fullerene (P3HT:PCBM and PffBT4T:PCBM) and polymer:nonfullerene acceptor (PM6:ITIC, PM6:IT4F, and PM6:Y6). While the former exhibits fast decays of μh and μe, the latter, in particular, PM6:IT4F and PM6:Y6, exhibits slow decays. Notably, the high-performing PM6:Y6 demonstrates both a balanced mobility (μe/μh) of 1.0-1.1 within 30 μs and relatively large CELIV-TRMC mobility values among the five BHJs. The results exhibit reasonable consistency with a high fill factor. The proposed new CELIV-TRMC technique offers a path toward a comprehensive understanding of dynamic mobility and its correlation with the OSC performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxian Li
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nishikubo
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative
Catalysis Science Division (ICS), Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary
Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative
Catalysis Science Division (ICS), Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary
Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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26
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Liu X, Ji Y, Xia Z, Zhang D, Cheng Y, Liu X, Ren X, Liu X, Huang H, Zhu Y, Yang X, Liao X, Ren L, Tan W, Jiang Z, Lu J, McNeill C, Huang W. In-Doped ZnO Electron Transport Layer for High-Efficiency Ultrathin Flexible Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402158. [PMID: 38923280 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Sol-gel processed zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most widely used electron transport layers (ETLs) in inverted organic solar cells (OSCs). The high annealing temperature (≈200 °C) required for sintering to ensure a high electron mobility however results in severe damage to flexible substrates. Thus, flexible organic solar cells based on sol-gel processed ZnO exhibit significantly lower efficiency than rigid devices. In this paper, an indium-doping approach is developed to improve the optoelectronic properties of ZnO layers and reduce the required annealing temperature. Inverted OSCs based on In-doped ZnO (IZO) exhibit a higher efficiency than those based on ZnO for a range of different active layer systems. For the PM6:L8-BO system, the efficiency increases from 17.0% for the pristine ZnO-based device to 17.8% for the IZO-based device. The IZO-based device with an active layer of PM6:L8-BO:BTP-eC9 exhibits an even higher efficiency of up to 18.1%. In addition, a 1.2-micrometer-thick inverted ultrathin flexible organic solar cell is fabricated based on the IZO ETL that achieves an efficiency of 17.0% with a power-per-weight ratio of 40.4 W g-1, which is one of the highest efficiency for ultrathin (less than 10 micrometers) flexible organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yitong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zezhou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Dongyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xiangda Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xueyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Long Ren
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wenliang Tan
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Zhi Jiang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Christopher McNeill
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Wenchao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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27
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Nugraha MI, Ling Z, Aniés F, Ardhi REA, Gedda M, Naphade D, Tsetseris L, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Over 19% Efficient Inverted Organic Photovoltaics Featuring a Molecularly Doped Metal Oxide Electron-Transporting Layer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2310933. [PMID: 38949017 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Molecular doping is commonly utilized to tune the charge transport properties of organic semiconductors. However, applying this technique to electrically dope inorganic materials like metal oxide semiconductors is challenging due to the limited availability of molecules with suitable energy levels and processing characteristics. Herein, n-type doping of zinc oxide (ZnO) films is demonstrated using 1,3-dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate (CO2-DMI), a thermally activated organic n-type dopant. Adding CO2-DMI into the ZnO precursor solution and processing it atop a predeposited indium oxide (InOx) layer yield InOx/n-ZnO heterojunctions with increased electron field-effect mobility of 32.6 cm2 V-1 s-1 compared to 18.5 cm2 V-1 s-1 for the pristine InOx/ZnO bilayer. The improved electron transport originates from the ZnO's enhanced crystallinity, reduced hydroxyl concentrations, and fewer oxygen vacancy groups upon doping. Applying the optimally doped InOx/n-ZnO heterojunctions as the electron-transporting layers (ETLs) in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) yields cells with improved power conversion efficiency of 19.06%, up from 18.3% for devices with pristine ZnO, and 18.2% for devices featuring the undoped InOx/ZnO ETL. It is shown that the all-around improved OPV performance originates from synergistic effects associated with CO2-DMI doping of the thermally grown ZnO, highlighting its potential as an electronic dopant for ZnO and potentially other metal oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Zhaoheng Ling
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filip Aniés
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ryanda Enggar Anugrah Ardhi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murali Gedda
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dipti Naphade
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Street, Zografou Campus, Athens, GR-15780, Greece
| | - Martin Heeney
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Henry Royce Institute and Photon Science Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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28
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Han P, Zhang Y. Recent Advances in Carbazole-Based Self-Assembled Monolayer for Solution-Processed Optoelectronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2405630. [PMID: 38940073 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembled molecules (SAMs) have shown great potential in the application of optoelectronic devices due to their unique molecular properties. Recently, emerging phosphonic acid-based SAMs, 2-(9Hcarbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz), have successfully applied in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), organic solar cells (OSCs) and perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs). More importantly, impressive results based on 2PACz SAMs are reported recently in succession. Therefore, it is essential to provide an insightful summary to promote it further development. In this review, the molecule design strategies about 2PACz are first concluded. Subsequently, this work systematically reviews the recent advances of 2PACz and its derivatives for single junction PSCs, tandem PSCs, OSCs and PeLEDs. Finally, this work concludes and discusses future challenges for 2PACz and its derivatives to further develop in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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29
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Miao Y, Sun Y, Zou W, Zhang X, Kan Y, Zhang W, Jiang X, Wang X, Yang R, Hao X, Geng L, Xu H, Gao K. Isomerization Engineering of Solid Additives Enables Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells via Manipulating Molecular Stacking and Aggregation of Active Layer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2406623. [PMID: 38899799 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Morphology control is crucial in achieving high-performance organic solar cells (OSCs) and remains a major challenge in the field of OSC. Solid additive is an effective strategy to fine-tune morphology, however, the mechanism underlying isomeric solid additives on blend morphology and OSC performance is still vague and urgently requires further investigation. Herein, two solid additives based on pyridazine or pyrimidine as core units, M1 and M2, are designed and synthesized to explore working mechanism of the isomeric solid additives in OSCs. The smaller steric hindrance and larger dipole moment facilitate better π-π stacking and aggregation in M1-based active layer. The M1-treated all-small-molecule OSCs (ASM OSCs) obtain an impressive efficiency of 17.57%, ranking among the highest values for binary ASM OSCs, with 16.70% for M2-treated counterparts. Moreover, it is imperative to investigate whether the isomerization engineering of solid additives works in state-of-the-art polymer OSCs. M1-treated D18-Cl:PM6:L8-BO-based devices achieve an exceptional efficiency of 19.70% (certified as 19.34%), among the highest values for OSCs. The work provides deep insights into the design of solid additives and clarifies the potential working mechanism for optimizing the morphology and device performance through isomerization engineering of solid additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Miao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yanna Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Zou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Kan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Crystalline Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P.R. China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xunchang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotao Hao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Longlong Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Monocrystalline Silicon Semiconductor Materials and Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, P. R. China
| | - Huajun Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Ke Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
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30
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Chen Z, Ge J, Song W, Tong X, Liu H, Yu X, Li J, Shi J, Xie L, Han C, Liu Q, Ge Z. 20.2% Efficiency Organic Photovoltaics Employing a π-Extension Quinoxaline-Based Acceptor with Ordered Arrangement. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2406690. [PMID: 38899582 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Organic solar cells, as a cutting-edge sustainable renewable energy technology, possess a myriad of potential applications, while the bottleneck problem of less than 20% efficiency limits the further development. Simultaneously achieving an ordered molecular arrangement, appropriate crystalline domain size, and reduced nonradiative recombination poses a significant challenge and is pivotal for overcoming efficiency limitations. This study employs a dual strategy involving the development of a novel acceptor and ternary blending to address this challenge. A novel non-fullerene acceptor, SMA, characterized by a highly ordered arrangement and high lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level, is synthesized. By incorporating SMA as a guest acceptor in the PM6:BTP-eC9 system, it is observed that SMA staggered the liquid-solid transition of donor and acceptor, facilitating acceptor crystallization and ordering while maintaining a suitable domain size. Furthermore, SMA optimized the vertical morphology and reduced bimolecular recombination. As a result, the ternary device achieved a champion efficiency of 20.22%, accompanied by increased voltage, short-circuit current density, and fill factor. Notably, a stabilized efficiency of 18.42% is attained for flexible devices. This study underscores the significant potential of a synergistic approach integrating acceptor material innovation and ternary blending techniques for optimizing bulk heterojunction morphology and photovoltaic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Ge
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Wei Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Xinyu Tong
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Xueliang Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jingyu Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lin Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Chengcheng Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Ziyi Ge
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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31
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Chen BW, Cao K, Wang X, Chen ZC, Jeong SY, Qiu ZL, Dai LS, Li YF, Yang KY, Yun DQ, Woo HY, Deng LL, Xie SY, Zheng LS. Design and Performance of Small-Molecule Donors with Donor-π-Acceptor Architecture Toward Vacuum-Deposited Organic Photovoltaics Having Heretofore Highest Short-Circuit Current Density. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403486. [PMID: 39031678 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The development of high-performance organic photovoltaic materials is of crucial importance for the commercialization of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, two structurally simple donor-π-conjugated linker-acceptor (D-π-A)-configured small-molecule donors with methyl-substituted triphenylamine as D unit, 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone as A unit, and thiophene or furan as π-conjugated linker, named DTICPT and DTICPF, are developed. DTICPT and DTICPF are facilely prepared via a two-step synthetic process with simple procedures. DTICPF with a furan π-conjugated linker exhibits stronger and broader optical absorption, deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels, and better charge transport, compared to its thiophene analog DTICPT. As a result, vacuum-deposited OSCs based on DTICPF: C70 show an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.36% (certified 9.15%) with short-circuit current density (Jsc) up to 17.49 mA cm-2 (certified 17.56 mA cm-2), which is the highest Jsc reported so far for vacuum-deposited OSCs. Besides, devices based on DTICPT: C70 and DTICPF: C70 exhibit excellent long-term stability under different aging conditions. This work offers important insights into the rational design of D-π-A configured small-molecule donors for high efficient and stable vacuum-deposited OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Kun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zuo-Chang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhen-Lin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Le-Shan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yun-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ke-Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Da-Qin Yun
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Lin-Long Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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32
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Meng C, Tang A, Cong P, Dai T, Geng Y, Zhou E. Control of Multi-Fluorination Number and Position in D-π-A Type Polymers and Their Impact on High-Voltage Organic Photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:31428-31437. [PMID: 38843444 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Exploring the structure-performance relationship of high-voltage organic solar cells (OSCs) is significant for pushing material design and promoting photovoltaic performance. Herein, we chose a D-π-A type polymer composed of 4,8-bis(thiophene-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT-T) and benzotriazole (BTA) units as the benchmark to investigate the effect of the fluorination number and position of the polymers on the device performance of the high-voltage OSCs, with a benzotriazole-based small molecule (BTA3) as the acceptor. F00, F20, and F40 are the polymers with progressively increasing F atoms on the D units, while F02, F22, and F42 are the polymers with further attachment of F atoms to the BTA units based on the above three polymers. Fluorination positively affects the molecular planarity, dipole moment, and molecular aggregations. Our results show that VOC increases with the number of fluorine atoms, and fluorination on the D units has a greater effect on VOC than on the A unit. F42 with six fluorine atom substitutions achieves the highest VOC (1.23 V). When four F atoms are located on the D units, the short-circuit current (JSC) and fill factor (FF) plummet, and before that, they remain almost constant. The drop in JSC and FF in F40- and F42-based devices may be attributed to inefficient charge transfer and severe charge recombination. The F22:BTA3 system achieves the highest power conversion efficiency of 9.5% with a VOC of 1.20 V due to the excellent balance between the photovoltaic parameters. Our study provides insights for the future application of fluorination strategies in molecular design for high-voltage organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Meng
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ailing Tang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Peiqing Cong
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingting Dai
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanfang Geng
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Erjun Zhou
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
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Gokulnath T, Kim H, Kranthiraja K, Cho BH, Park HY, Jee J, Kim YY, Yoon J, Jin SH. Accomplishing High-Performance Organic Solar Sub-Modules (≈55 cm 2) with >16% Efficiency by Controlling the Aggregation of an Engineered Non-Fullerene Acceptor. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404997. [PMID: 38888516 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The fabrication of environmentally benign, solvent-processed, efficient, organic photovoltaic sub-modules remains challenging due to the rapid aggregation of the current high performance non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). In this regard, design of new NFAs capable of achieving optimal aggregation in large-area organic photovoltaic modules has not been realized. Here, an NFA named BTA-HD-Rh is synthesized with longer (hexyl-decyl) side chains that exhibit good solubility and optimal aggregation. Interestingly, integrating a minute amount of new NFA (BTA-HD-Rh) into the PM6:L8-BO system enables the improved solubility in halogen-free solvents (o-xylene:carbon disulfide (O-XY:CS2)) with controlled aggregation is found. Then solar sub-modules are fabricated at ambient condition (temperature at 25 ± 3 °C and humidity: 30-45%). Ultimately, the champion 55 cm2 sub-modules achieve exciting efficiency of >16% in O-XY:CS2 solvents, which is the highest PCE reported for sub-modules. Notably, the highest efficiency of BTA-HD-Rh doped PM6:L8-BO is very well correlated with high miscibility with low Flory-Huggins parameter (0.372), well-defined nanoscale morphology, and high charge transport. This study demonstrates that a careful choice of side chain engineering for an NFA offers fascinating features that control the overall aggregation of active layer, which results in superior sub-module performance with environmental-friendly solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thavamani Gokulnath
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center (ERC), Pusan National University, Busandaehakro 63-2, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerin Kim
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center (ERC), Pusan National University, Busandaehakro 63-2, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kakaraparthi Kranthiraja
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center (ERC), Pusan National University, Busandaehakro 63-2, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Centre for Material Science, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, Australia
| | - Bo Hyeon Cho
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center (ERC), Pusan National University, Busandaehakro 63-2, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yeol Park
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center (ERC), Pusan National University, Busandaehakro 63-2, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jesung Jee
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center (ERC), Pusan National University, Busandaehakro 63-2, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Yong Kim
- Beamline Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhwan Yoon
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center (ERC), Pusan National University, Busandaehakro 63-2, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Jin
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center (ERC), Pusan National University, Busandaehakro 63-2, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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Wu Y, Li P, Yu S, Min Y, Xiao L. Layer-by-Layer-Processed All-Polymer Solar Cells with Enhanced Performance Enabled by Regulating the Microstructure of Upper Layer. Molecules 2024; 29:2879. [PMID: 38930944 PMCID: PMC11206570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The layer-by-layer (LBL) fabrication method allows for controlled microstructure morphology and vertical component distribution, and also offers a reproducible and efficient technique for fabricating large-scale organic solar cells (OSCs). In this study, the polymers D18 and PYIT-OD are employed to fabricate all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) using the LBL method. Morphological studies reveal that the use of additives optimizes the microstructure of the active layer, enhancing the cells' crystallinity and charge transport capability. The optimized device with 2% CN additive significantly reduces bimolecular recombination and trap-assisted recombination. All-PSCs fabricated by the LBL method based on D18/PYIT-OD deliver a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.07%. Our study demonstrates the great potential of additive engineering via the LBL fabrication method in regulating the microstructure of active layers, suppressing charge recombination, and enhancing the photovoltaic performance of devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liangang Xiao
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Mazzolini E, Pacalaj RA, Fu Y, Patil BR, Patidar R, Lu X, Watson TM, Durrant JR, Li Z, Gasparini N. Pathways to Upscaling Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells Using Green Solvents: A Study on Device Photophysics in the Transition from Lab-to-Fab. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402637. [PMID: 38881529 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
As the rise of nonfullerene acceptors (NFA) has allowed lab-scale organic solar cells (OSC) to reach 20% efficiency, translating these devices into roll-to-roll compatible fabrication still poses many challenges for researchers. Among these are the use of green solvent solubility for large-scale manufacture, roll-to-roll compatible fabrication, and, not least, information on charge carrier dynamics in each upscaling step, to further understand the gap in performance. In this work, the reproducibility of champion devices using slot-die coating with 14% power conversion efficiency (PCE) is demonstrated, under the condition that the optimal thickness is maintained. It is further shown that for the donor:acceptor (D:A) blend PM6:Y12, the processing solvent has a more significant impact on charge carrier dynamics compared to the deposition technique. It is found that the devices processed with o-xylene feature a 40% decrease in the bimolecular recombination coefficient compared to those processed with CB, as well as a 70% increase in effective mobility. Finally, it is highlighted that blade-coating yields devices with similar carrier dynamics to slot-die coating, making it the optimal choice for lab-scale optimization with no significant loss in translation toward up-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mazzolini
- School of Engineering and Materials Science (SEMS), Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Richard A Pacalaj
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Yuang Fu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
| | - Bhushan R Patil
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Rahul Patidar
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
| | - Trystan M Watson
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Engineering and Materials Science (SEMS), Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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Xie Q, Deng X, Zhao C, Fang J, Xia D, Zhang Y, Ding F, Wang J, Li M, Zhang Z, Xiao C, Liao X, Jiang L, Huang B, Dai R, Li W. Ethylenedioxythiophene-Based Small Molecular Donor with Multiple Conformation Locks for Organic Solar Cells with Efficiency of 19.3 . Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403015. [PMID: 38623043 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Ternary organic solar cells (T-OSCs) represent an efficient strategy for enhancing the performance of OSCs. Presently, the majority of high-performance T-OSCs incorporates well-established Y-acceptors or donor polymers as the third component. In this study, a novel class of conjugated small molecules has been introduced as the third component, demonstrating exceptional photovoltaic performance in T-OSCs. This innovative molecule comprises ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) bridge and 3-ethylrhodanine as the end group, with the EDOT unit facilitating the creation of multiple conformation locks. Consequently, the EDOT-based molecule exhibits two-dimensional charge transport, distinguishing it from the thiophene-bridged small molecule, which displays fewer conformation locks and provides one-dimensional charge transport. Furthermore, the robust electron-donating nature of EDOT imparts the small molecule with cascade energy levels relative to the electron donor and acceptor. As a result, OSCs incorporating the EDOT-based small molecule as the third component demonstrate enhanced mobilities, yielding a remarkable efficiency of 19.3 %, surpassing the efficiency of 18.7 % observed for OSCs incorporating thiophene-based small molecule as the third component. The investigations in this study underscore the excellence of EDOT as a building block for constructing conjugated materials with multiple conformation locks and high charge carrier mobilities, thereby contributing to elevated photovoltaic performance in OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xie
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, P. R. China
| | - Xiangmeng Deng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Chaowei Zhao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, P. R. China
| | - Jie Fang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Xia
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, P. R. China
| | - Yuefeng Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, P. R. China
| | - Feng Ding
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, P. R. China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xunfan Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Runying Dai
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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Gao J, Bai H, Li P, Zhou Y, Su W, Liu C, Li X, Wu Y, Hu B, Liang Z, Bi Z, Li X, Yan L, Du H, Lu G, Gao C, Wang K, Liu Y, Ma W, Fan Q. Halogenated Dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline Units Constructed 2D-Conjugated Guest Acceptors for 19% Efficiency Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403334. [PMID: 38884140 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Halogenation of Y-series small-molecule acceptors (Y-SMAs) is identified as an effective strategy to optimize photoelectric properties for achieving improved power-conversion-efficiencies (PCEs) in binary organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the effect of different halogenation in the 2D-structured large π-fused core of guest Y-SMAs on ternary OSCs has not yet been systematically studied. Herein, four 2D-conjugated Y-SMAs (X-QTP-4F, including halogen-free H-QTP-4F, chlorinated Cl-QTP-4F, brominated Br-QTP-4F, and iodinated I-QTP-4F) by attaching different halogens into 2D-conjugation extended dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline core are developed. Among these X-QTP-4F, Cl-QTP-4F has a higher absorption coefficient, optimized molecular crystallinity and packing, suitable cascade energy levels, and complementary absorption with PM6:L8-BO host. Moreover, among ternary PM6:L8-BO:X-QTP-4F blends, PM6:L8-BO:Cl-QTP-4F obtains a more uniform and size-suitable fibrillary network morphology, improved molecular crystallinity and packing, as well as optimized vertical phase distribution, thus boosting charge generation, transport, extraction, and suppressing energy loss of OSCs. Consequently, the PM6:L8-BO:Cl-QTP-4F-based OSCs achieve a 19.0% efficiency, which is among the state-of-the-art OSCs based on 2D-conjugated Y-SMAs and superior to these devices based on PM6:L8-BO host (17.70%) and with guests of H-QTP-4F (18.23%), Br-QTP-4F (18.39%), and I-QTP-4F (17.62%). The work indicates that halogenation in 2D-structured dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline core of Y-SMAs guests is a promising strategy to gain efficient ternary OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshun Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 451191, China
| | - Hairui Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yibo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Wenyan Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Zezhou Liang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi, Key Lab of Photonic Technique for Information, School of Electronics Science & Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhaozhao Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Department of Physics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Lihe Yan
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi, Key Lab of Photonic Technique for Information, School of Electronics Science & Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Huiling Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Guanghao Lu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Liquid Crystal and Organic Photovoltaic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 451191, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Qunping Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Luo S, Dou Y, Shi X, Liu Y, Liu T, Hu X, Li T, Peng X, Hu H, Yan H, Chen S. Efficient and Stable Air-Processed Organic Solar Cells Enabled by an Antioxidant Additive. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2407609. [PMID: 38875710 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202407609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Current high-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs) are generally fabricated in an inert atmosphere that limits their real-world scalable manufacturing, while the efficiencies of air-processed OSCs lag far behind. The impacts of ambient factors on solar cell fabrication remain unclear. In this work, the effects of ambient factors on cell fabrication are systematically investigated, and it is unveiled that the oxidation and doping of organic light absorbers are the dominant reasons causing cell degradation when fabricated in air. To address this issue, a new strategy for fabricating high-performance air-processed OSCs by introducing an antioxidant additive (4-bromophenylhydrazine, BPH) into the precursor solutions, is developed. BPH can effectively inhibit oxygen infiltration from the ambient to the photoactive layer and suppress trap formation caused by oxidation. Compared with conventional air-processed OSCs, this strategy remarkably increases the cell power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 16.7% to 19.3% (independently certified as 19.2%), representing the top value of air-processed OSCs. Furthermore, BPH significantly improves the operational stability of the cells in air by two times with a T80 lifetime of over 500 h. This study highlights the potential of using antioxidant additives to fabricate high-efficiency and stable OSCs in air, significantly promoting the industrialization of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yunjie Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tianxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tongzi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Huawei Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shangshang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Sung Y, Lee W, Lee H, Lee JW, Kim BJ, Yoo S, Jeong S, Kim J, Lee JY. Nanostructured Molecular Packing of Polymer Films Formed on Water Surfaces. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38856974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the nanostructured molecular packing and orientations of poly[[N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)] (P(NDI2OD-T2)) films formed on water for the application of nanotechnology-based organic electronic devices. First, the nanoscale molecule-substrate interaction between the polymer and water was modulated by controlling the alkyl side chain length in NDI-based copolymers. Increasing alkyl side chain lengths induced a nanomorphological transition from face-on to edge-on orientation, confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations revealing nanostructural behavior. Second, the nanoscale intermolecular interactions of P(NDI2OD-T2) were controlled by varying the volume ratio of the high-boiling-point additive solvent in the binary solvent blends. As the additive solvent ratio increased, the nanostructured molecular orientation of the P(NDI2OD-T2) films on water changed remarkably from edge-on to bimodal with more face-on crystallites, thereby affecting charge transport. Our finding provides essential insights for precise nanoscale morphological control on water substrates, enabling the formation of high-performance polymer films for organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoori Sung
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haechang Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyup Yoo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonju Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihan Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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40
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Gu X, Zeng R, Hou Y, Yu N, Qiao J, Li H, Wei Y, He T, Zhu J, Deng J, Tan S, Zhang C, Cai Y, Long G, Hao X, Tang Z, Liu F, Zhang X, Huang H. Precisely Regulating Intermolecular Interactions and Molecular Packing of Nonfused-Ring Electron Acceptors via Halogen Transposition for High-Performance Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407355. [PMID: 38837587 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The structure of molecular aggregates is crucial for charge transport and photovoltaic performance in organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, the intermolecular interactions and aggregated structures of nonfused-ring electron acceptors (NFREAs) are precisely regulated through a halogen transposition strategy, resulting in a noteworthy transformation from a 2D-layered structure to a 3D-interconnected packing network. Based on the 3D electron transport pathway, the binary and ternary devices deliver outstanding power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 17.46 % and 18.24 %, respectively, marking the highest value for NFREA-based OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Gu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, In situ Center for Physical Science, and Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuqi Hou
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Na Yu
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jiawei Qiao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Yanan Wei
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tengfei He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinge Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, In situ Center for Physical Science, and Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiawei Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, In situ Center for Physical Science, and Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Senke Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, In situ Center for Physical Science, and Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Cai'e Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Yunhao Cai
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Guankui Long
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaotao Hao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, In situ Center for Physical Science, and Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
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Wang CI, Maier JC, Jackson NE. Accessing the electronic structure of liquid crystalline semiconductors with bottom-up electronic coarse-graining. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8390-8403. [PMID: 38846409 PMCID: PMC11151863 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06749a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between multiscale morphology and electronic structure is a grand challenge for semiconducting soft materials. Computational studies aimed at characterizing these relationships require the complex integration of quantum-chemical (QC) calculations, all-atom and coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations, and back-mapping approaches. However, these methods pose substantial computational challenges that limit their application to the requisite length scales of soft material morphologies. Here, we demonstrate the bottom-up electronic coarse-graining (ECG) of morphology-dependent electronic structure in the liquid-crystal-forming semiconductor, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-octyl-benzothienobenzothiophene (BTBT). ECG is applied to construct density functional theory (DFT)-accurate valence band Hamiltonians of the isotropic and smectic liquid crystal (LC) phases using only the CG representation of BTBT. By bypassing the atomistic resolution and its prohibitive computational costs, ECG enables the first calculations of the morphology dependence of the electronic structure of charge carriers across LC phases at the ∼20 nm length scale, with robust statistical sampling. Kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations reveal a strong morphology dependence on zero-field charge mobility among different LC phases as well as the presence of two-molecule charge carriers that act as traps and hinder charge transport. We leverage these results to further evaluate the feasibility of developing mesoscopic, field-based ECG models in future works. The fully CG approach to electronic property predictions in LC semiconductors opens a new computational direction for designing electronic processes in soft materials at their characteristic length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-I Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 505 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - J Charlie Maier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 505 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Nicholas E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 505 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
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Xie M, Wei Z, Lu K. Quinoxaline-based Y-type acceptors for organic solar cells. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8265-8279. [PMID: 38846384 PMCID: PMC11151842 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01481b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Minimizing energy loss plays a critical role in the quest for high-performance organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the origin of large energy loss in OCSs is complicated, involving the strong exciton binding energy of organic semiconductors, nonradiative charge-transfer state decay, defective molecular stacking network, and so on. The recently developed quinoxaline (Qx)-based acceptors have attracted extensive interest due to their low reorganization energy, high structural modification possibilities, and distinctive molecular packing modes, which contribute to reduced energy loss and superior charge generation/transport, thus improving the photovoltaic performance of OSCs. This perspective summarizes the design strategies of Qx-based acceptors (including small-molecule, giant dimeric and polymeric acceptors) and the resulting optoelectronic properties and device performance. In addition, the ternary strategy of introducing Qx-based acceptors as the third component to reduce energy loss is briefly discussed. Finally, some perspectives for the further exploration of Qx-based acceptors toward efficient, stable, and industry-compatible OSCs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Kun Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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Wu J, Li Y, Tang F, Guo Y, Liu G, Wu S, Hu B, Fu Y, Lu X, Lu G, He Z, Zhu X, Peng X. Beyond Conventional Enhancements: Self-Organization of a Buffer Material on Tin Oxide as a Game-Changer for Improving the Performance of Inverted Organic Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404066. [PMID: 38837665 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Inverted organic solar cells (OSCs) have garnered significant interest due to their remarkable stability. In this study, the efficiency and stability of inverted OSCs are enhanced via the in situ self-organization (SO) of an interfacial modification material Phen-NaDPO onto tin oxide (SnO2). During the device fabrication, Phen-NaDPO is spin-coated with the active materials all together on SnO2. Driven by the interactions with SnO2 and the thermodynamic forces due to its high surface energy and the convection flow, Phen-NaDPO spontaneously migrates to the SnO2 interface, resulting in the formation of an in situ modification layer on SnO2. This self-organization of Phen-NaDPO not only effectively reduces the work function of SnO2, but also enhances the ordered molecular stacking and manipulates the vertical morphology of the active layer, which suppress the surface trap-assisted recombination and minimize the charge extraction. As a result, the SO devices based on PM6:Y6 exhibit significantly improved photovoltaic performance with an enhanced power conversion efficiency of 17.62%. Moreover, the stability of the SO device is also improved. Furthermore, the SO ternary devices based on PM6:D18:L8-BO achieved an impressive PCE of 18.87%, standing as one of the highest values for single-junction inverted organic solar cells to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yinchun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Guoqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shaoguang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yuang Fu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Guanghao Lu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Zhicai He
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xuhui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaobin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Cheng Y, Ji Y, Zhang D, Liu X, Xia Z, Liu X, Yang X, Huang W. Nitrogen-Blowing Assisted Strategy for Fabricating Large-Area Organic Solar Modules with an Efficiency of 15.6. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1590. [PMID: 38891536 PMCID: PMC11174350 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) are one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies due to their affordability and adaptability. However, upscaling is a critical issue that hinders the commercialization of OSCs. A significant challenge is the lack of cost-effective and facile techniques to modulate the morphology of the active layers. The slow solvent evaporation leads to an unfavorable phase separation, thus resulting in a low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar modules. Here, a nitrogen-blowing assisted method is developed to fabricate a large-area organic solar module (active area = 12 cm2) utilizing high-boiling-point solvents, achieving a PCE of 15.6%. The device fabricated with a high-boiling-point solvent produces a more uniform and smoother large-area film, and the assistance of nitrogen-blowing accelerates solvent evaporation, resulting in an optimized morphology with proper phase separation and finer aggregates. Moreover, the device fabricated by the nitrogen-blowing assisted method exhibits improved exciton dissociation, balanced carrier mobility, and reduced charge recombination. This work proposes a universal and cost-effective technique for the fabrication of high-efficiency organic solar modules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xueyuan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenchao Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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45
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Yuan Y, Flynn S, Li X, Liu H, Wang J, Li Y. Wide Bandgap Polymer Donors Based on Succinimide-Substituted Thiophene for Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400275. [PMID: 38830087 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The advent of nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) has greatly improved the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, to compete with other solar cell technologies, there is a pressing need for accelerated research and development of improved NFAs as well as their compatible wide bandgap polymer donors. In this study, a novel electron-withdrawing building block, succinimide-substituted thiophene (TS), is utilized for the first time to synthesize three wide bandgap polymer donors: PBDT-TS-C5, PBDT-TSBT-C12, and PBDTF-TSBT-C16. These polymers exhibit complementary bandgaps for efficient sunlight harvesting and suitable frontier energy levels for exciton dissociation when paired with the extensively studied NFA, Y6. Among these donors, PBDTF-TSBT-C16 demonstrates the highest hole mobility and a relatively low highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level, attributed to the incorporation of thiophene spacers and electron-withdrawing fluorine substituents. OSC devices based on the blend of PBDTF-TSBT-C16:Y6 achieve the highest power conversion efficiency of 13.21%, with a short circuit current density (Jsc) of 26.83 mA cm-2, an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.80 V, and a fill factor of 0.62. Notably, the Voc × Jsc product reaches 21.46 mW cm-2, demonstrating the potential of TS as an electron acceptor building block for the development of high-performance wide bandgap polymer donors in OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Scott Flynn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, Jinshui District, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, Jinshui District, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, Jinshui District, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Zhu Y, Guo H, Xiong X, Cai D, Ma Y, Zheng Q. Polymerizing M-Series Acceptors for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells: Effect of the Molecular Shape. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2314169. [PMID: 38511599 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202314169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Currently, high-performance polymerized small-molecule acceptors (PSMAs) based on ADA-type SMAs are still rare and greatly demanded for polymer solar cells (PSCs). Herein, two novel regioregular PSMAs (PW-Se and PS-Se) are designed and synthesized by using centrosymmetric (linear-shaped) and axisymmetric (banana-shaped) ADA-type SMAs as the main building blocks, respectively. It is demonstrated that photovoltaic performance of the PSMAs can be significantly improved by optimizing the configuration of ADA-type SMAs. Compared to the axisymmetric SMA-based polymer (PS-Se), PW-Se using a centrosymmetric SMA as the main building block exhibits better backbone coplanarity thereby resulting in bathochromically shifted absorption with a higher absorption coefficient, tighter interchain π-π stacking, and more favorable blend film morphology. As a result, enhanced and more-balanced charge transport, better exciton dissociation, and reduced charge recombination are achieved for PW-Se-based devices with PM6 as polymer donor. Benefiting from these positive factors, the optimal PM6:PW-Se-based device exhibits a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.65% compared to the PM6:PS-Se-based device (8.90%). Furthermore, incorporation of PW-Se as a third component in the binary active layer of PM6:M36 yields ternary devices with an outstanding PCE of 18.0%, which is the highest value for PSCs based on ADA-type SMAs, to the best of the knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xiaoying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dongdong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qingdong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Zhang H, Liu Y, Ran G, Li H, Zhang W, Cheng P, Bo Z. Sequentially Processed Bulk-Heterojunction-Buried Structure for Efficient Organic Solar Cells with 500 nm Thickness. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400521. [PMID: 38477468 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Large-area printing fabrication is a distinctive feature of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the advance of upscalable fabrication is challenged by the thickness of organic active layers considering the importance of both exciton dissociation and charge collection. In this work, a bulk-heterojunction-buried (buried-BHJ) structure is introduced by sequential deposition to realize efficient exciton dissociation and charge collection, thereby contributing to efficient OSCs with 500 nm thick active layers. The buried-BHJ distributes donor and acceptor phases in the vertical direction as charge transport channels, while numerous BHJ interfaces are buried in each phase to facilitate exciton dissociation simultaneously. It is found that buried-BHJ configurations possess efficient exciton dissociation and rapid charge transport, resulting in reduced recombination losses. In comparison with traditional structures, the buried-BHJ structure displays a decent tolerance to film thickness. In particular, a power conversion efficiency of 16.0% is achieved with active layers at a thickness of 500 nm. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this represents the champion efficiency of thick film OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarui Zhang
- College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guangliu Ran
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Pei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhishan Bo
- College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Xu R, Jiang Y, Liu F, Ran G, Liu K, Zhang W, Zhu X. High Open-Circuit Voltage Organic Solar Cells with 19.2% Efficiency Enabled by Synergistic Side-Chain Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312101. [PMID: 38544433 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Restricted by the energy-gap law, state-of-the-art organic solar cells (OSCs) exhibit relatively low open-circuit voltage (VOC) because of large nonradiative energy losses (ΔEnonrad). Moreover, the trade-off between VOC and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of OSCs is more distinctive; the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of OSCs are still <15% with VOCs of >1.0 V. Herein, the electronic properties and aggregation behaviors of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are carefully considered and then a new NFA (Z19) is delicately designed by simultaneously introducing alkoxy and phenyl-substituted alkyl chains to the conjugated backbone. Z19 exhibits a hypochromatic-shifted absorption spectrum, high-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level and ordered 2D packing mode. The D18:Z19-based blend film exhibits favorable phase separation with face-on dominated molecular orientation, facilitating charge transport properties. Consequently, D18:Z19 binary devices afford an exciting PCE of 19.2% with a high VOC of 1.002 V, surpassing Y6-2O-based devices. The former is the highest PCE reported to date for OSCs with VOCs of >1.0 V. Moreover, the ΔEnonrad of Z19- (0.200 eV) and Y6-2O-based (0.155 eV) devices are lower than that of Y6-based (0.239 eV) devices. Indications are that the design of such NFA, considering the energy-gap law, could promote a new breakthrough in OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Guangliu Ran
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Kerui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Guan S, Li Y, Xu C, Yin N, Xu C, Wang C, Wang M, Xu Y, Chen Q, Wang D, Zuo L, Chen H. Self-Assembled Interlayer Enables High-Performance Organic Photovoltaics with Power Conversion Efficiency Exceeding 20. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400342. [PMID: 38511521 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial layers (ILs) are prerequisites to form the selective charge transport for high-performance organic photovoltaics (OPVs) but mostly result in considerable parasitic absorption loss. Trimming the ILs down to a mono-molecular level via the self-assembled monolayer is an effective strategy to mitigate parasitic absorption loss. However, such a strategy suffers from inferior electrical contact with low surface coverage on rough surfaces and poor producibility. To address these issues, here, the self-assembled interlayer (SAI) strategy is developed, which involves a thin layer of 2-6 nm to form a full coverage on the substrate via both covalent and van der Waals bonds by using a self-assembled molecule of 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl) (2PACz). Via the facile spin coating without further rinsing and annealing process, it not only optimizes the electrical and optical properties of OPVs, which enables a world-record efficiency of 20.17% (19.79% certified) but also simplifies the tedious processing procedure. Moreover, the SAI strategy is especially useful in improving the absorbing selectivity for semi-transparent OPVs, which enables a record light utilization efficiency of 5.34%. This work provides an effective strategy of SAI to optimize the optical and electrical properties of OPVs for high-performance and solar window applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yaokai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Semiconductor Research, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310022, P. R. China
| | - Chang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ni Yin
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceSuzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chenran Xu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Congxu Wang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Mengting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceSuzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Lijian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Semiconductor Research, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310022, P. R. China
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Semiconductor Research, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310022, P. R. China
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Bi X, Li S, He T, Chen H, Li Y, Jia X, Cao X, Guo Y, Yang Y, Ma W, Yao Z, Kan B, Li C, Wan X, Chen Y. Balancing Flexible Side Chains on 2D Conjugated Acceptors Enables High-Performance Organic Solar Cell. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311561. [PMID: 38546001 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Balancing the rigid backbones and flexible side chains of light-harvesting materials is crucially important to reach optimized intermolecular packing, micromorphology, and thus photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, based on a distinctive CH-series acceptor platform with 2D conjugation extended backbones, a series of nonfullerene acceptors (CH-6F-Cn) are synthesized by delicately tuning the lengths of flexible side chains from n-octyl to n-amyl. A systemic investigation has revealed that the variation of the side chain's length can not only modulate intermolecular packing modes and crystallinity but also dramatically improve the micromorphology of the active layer and eventual photovoltaic parameters of OSCs. Consequently, the highest PCE of 18.73% can be achieved by OSCs employing D18:PM6:CH-6F-C8 as light-harvesting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of functional polymer materials, College of Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shitong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of functional polymer materials, College of Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tengfei He
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of functional polymer materials, College of Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of functional polymer materials, College of Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of functional polymer materials, College of Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xinyuan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of functional polymer materials, College of Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiangjian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of functional polymer materials, College of Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yaxiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhaoyang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of functional polymer materials, College of Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Bin Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of functional polymer materials, College of Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of functional polymer materials, College of Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiangjian Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of functional polymer materials, College of Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of functional polymer materials, College of Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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