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Heaton TJ, Bard E, Bayliss A, Blaauw M, Bronk Ramsey C, Reimer PJ, Turney CSM, Usoskin I. Extreme solar storms and the quest for exact dating with radiocarbon. Nature 2024; 633:306-317. [PMID: 39261612 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Radiocarbon (14C) is essential for creating chronologies to study the timings and drivers of pivotal events in human history and the Earth system over the past 55,000 years. It is also a fundamental proxy for investigating solar processes, including the potential of the Sun for extreme activity. Until now, fluctuations in past atmospheric 14C levels have limited the dating precision possible using radiocarbon. However, the discovery of solar super-storms known as extreme solar particle events (ESPEs) has driven a series of advances with the potential to transform the calendar-age precision of radiocarbon dating. Organic materials containing unique 14C ESPE signatures can now be dated to annual precision. In parallel, the search for further storms using high-precision annual 14C measurements has revealed fine-scaled variations that can be used to improve calendar-age precision, even in periods that lack ESPEs. Furthermore, the newly identified 14C fluctuations provide unprecedented insight into solar variability and the carbon cycle. Here, we review the current state of knowledge and share our insights into these rapidly developing, diverse research fields. We identify links between radiocarbon, archaeology, solar physics and Earth science to stimulate transdisciplinary collaboration, and we propose how researchers can take advantage of these recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Heaton
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - E Bard
- CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Collège de France, Technopole de l'Arbois BP 80, Aix en Provence Cedex 4, France
| | | | - M Blaauw
- The ¹⁴CHRONO Centre for Climate, the Environment and Chronology, Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - C Bronk Ramsey
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P J Reimer
- The ¹⁴CHRONO Centre for Climate, the Environment and Chronology, Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - C S M Turney
- Institute of Sustainable Futures, Division of Research, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
- Chronos ¹⁴Carbon-Cycle Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - I Usoskin
- Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit and Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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2
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Dong S, Du S, Wang XC, Dong X. Terrestrial vegetation carbon sink analysis and driving mechanism identification in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 360:121158. [PMID: 38781875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The estimation of terrestrial carbon sinks in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) still faces significant uncertainties, and the spatiotemporal dynamics of terrestrial carbon sinks along altitudinal gradients remain unexplored. Moreover, the driving mechanisms of terrestrial carbon sinks at the watershed scale in the QTP continue to be lacking. To address these research gaps, based on multi-source remote sensing data and meteorological data, this study calculated the Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) in the QTP from 2000 to 2020 using the Modis NPP-soil respiration model. Through the coefficient of variation (CV), the Mann-Kendall test (MK), and the spatial autocorrelation methods, the spatial distribution pattern and spatiotemporal trends of NEP were investigated. Employing a pixel accumulation method, the variation of NEP along altitudinal gradients was explored. Grey relation analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and Geographical detector (GD) were used to investigate the driving mechanisms of NEP at the watershed scale. Results showed that: (1) the terrestrial ecosystem in the QTP served as a carbon sink, which produced a total of 2.04 Pg C from 2000 to 2020, and the multi-year average of total carbon sinks was 96.92 Tg C; (2) the spatial distribution of NEP shows a decreasing change from southeast to northwest, and the clustering characteristic of NEP is significant at the watershed scale; (3) the elevation of 4507 m we proposed is likely to be a key threshold for biophysical processes of the terrestrial ecosystems in the QTP; (4) the fluctuation and change trend of carbon sources and carbon sinks show significant differences between the East and West; (5) at the watershed scale, precipitation and temperature play a dominant role in the variation of NEP, while the impact of human activities on NEP variation is weak. Our study aims to address the existing knowledge gaps and provide valuable insights into the management of terrestrial carbon sinks in QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuheng Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shushan Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xue-Chao Wang
- School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xiaobin Dong
- School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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3
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Santos GM, Granato-Souza D, Ancapichún S, Oelkers R, Haines HA, De Pol-Holz R, Andreu-Hayles L, Hua Q, Barbosa AC. A novel post-1950 CE atmospheric 14C record for the tropics using absolutely dated tree rings in the equatorial Amazon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170686. [PMID: 38325443 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present a comprehensive atmospheric radiocarbon (14C) record spanning from 1940 to 2016, derived from 77 single tree rings of Cedrela odorata located in the Eastern Amazon Basin (EAB). This record, comprising 175 high-precision 14C measurements obtained through accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), offers a detailed chronology of post-1950 CE (Common Era) 14C fluctuations in the Tropical Low-Pressure Belt (TLPB). To ensure accuracy and reliability, we included 14C-AMS results from intra-annual successive cuts of the tree rings associated to the calendar years 1962 and 1963 and conducted interlaboratory comparisons. In addition, 14C concentrations in 1962 and 1963 single-year cuts also allowed to verify tissue growth seasonality. The strategic location of the tree, just above the Amazon River and estuary areas, prevented the influence of local fossil-CO2 emissions from mining and trade activities in the Central Amazon Basin on the 14C record. Our findings reveal a notable increase in 14C from land-respired CO2 starting in the 1970s, a decade earlier than previously predicted, followed by a slight decrease after 2000, signaling a transition towards the fossil fuel era. This shift is likely attributed to changes in reservoir sources or global atmospheric dynamics. The EAB 14C record, when compared with a shorter record from Muna Island, Indonesia, highlights regional differences and contributes to a more nuanced understanding of global 14C variations at low latitudes. This study not only fills critical spatial gaps in existing 14C compilations but also aids in refining the demarcation of 14C variations over South America. The extended tree-ring 14C record from the EAB is pivotal for reevaluating global patterns, particularly in the context of the current global carbon budget, and underscores the importance of tropical regions in understanding carbon-climate feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guaciara M Santos
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Daniela Granato-Souza
- Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil; Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; Department of Natural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Santiago Ancapichún
- Centro de Investigación GAIA Antártica (CIGA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Laboratorio de dendrocronología, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - Rose Oelkers
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Heather A Haines
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, The University of New South Wales, Australia; Department of Geography, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Ricardo De Pol-Holz
- Centro de Investigación GAIA Antártica (CIGA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Laia Andreu-Hayles
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA; Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre (CREAF), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Quan Hua
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia; School of Social Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Liu J, Wennberg PO. An emergent constraint on the thermal sensitivity of photosynthesis and greenness in the high latitude northern forests. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6189. [PMID: 38485968 PMCID: PMC11319809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the general consensus that the warming over the high latitudes northern forests (HLNF) has led to enhanced photosynthetic activity and contributed to the greening trend, isolating the impact of temperature increase on photosynthesis and greenness has been difficult due to the concurring influence of the CO2 fertilization effect. Here, using an ensemble of simulations from biogeochemical models that have contributed to the Trends in Net Land Atmosphere Carbon Exchange project (TRENDY), we identify an emergent relationship between the simulation of the climate-driven temporal changes in both gross primary productivity (GPP) and greenness (Leaf Area Index, LAI) and the model's spatial sensitivity of these quantities to growing-season (GS) temperature. Combined with spatially-resolved observations of LAI and GPP, we estimate that GS-LAI and GS-GPP increase by 17.0 ± 2.4% and 24.0 ± 3.0% per degree of warming, respectively. The observationally-derived sensitivities of LAI and GPP to temperature are about 40% and 71% higher, respectively, than the mean of the ensemble of simulations from TRENDY, primarily due to the model underestimation of the sensitivity of light use efficiency to temperature. We estimate that the regional mean GS-GPP increased 28.2 ± 5.1% between 1983-1986 and 2013-2016, much larger than the 5.8 ± 1.4% increase from the CO2 fertilization effect implied by Wenzel et al. This suggests that warming, not CO2 fertilization, is primarily responsible for the observed dramatic changes in the HLNF biosphere over the last century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Liu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA.
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA.
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5
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Jiao K, Liu Z, Wang W, Yu K, Mcgrath MJ, Xu W. Carbon cycle responses to climate change across China's terrestrial ecosystem: Sensitivity and driving process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170053. [PMID: 38224891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Investigations into the carbon cycle and how it responds to climate change at the national scale are important for a comprehensive understanding of terrestrial carbon cycle and global change issues. Contributions of carbon fluxes to the terrestrial sink and the effects on climate change are still not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between ecosystem production (GPP/SIF/NDVI) and net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) and to investigate the sensitivity of carbon fluxes to climate change at different spatio-temporal scales. Furthermore, we sought to delve into the carbon cycle processes driven by climate stress in China since the beginning of the 21st century. To achieve these objectives, we employed correlation and sensitivity analysis techniques, utilizing a wide range of data sources including ground-based observations, remote sensing observations, atmospheric inversions, machine learning, and model simulations. Our findings indicate that NEE in most arid regions of China is primarily driven by ecosystem production. Climate variations have a greater influence on ecosystem production than respiration. Warming has negatively impacted ecosystem production in Northeast China, as well as in subtropical and tropical regions. Conversely, increased precipitation has strengthened the terrestrial carbon sink, particularly in the northern cool and dry areas. We also found that ecosystem respiration exhibits heightened sensitivity to warming in southern China. Moreover, our analysis revealed that the control of terrestrial carbon cycle by ecosystem production gradually weakens from cold/arid areas to warm/humid areas. We identified distinct temperature thresholds (ranging from 10.5 to 13.7 °C) and precipitation thresholds (approximately 1400 mm yr-1) for the transition from production-dominated to respiration-dominated processes. Our study provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between climate change and carbon cycle in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Neutrality, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Neutrality, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Kailiang Yu
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Matthew Joseph Mcgrath
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wenru Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Neutrality, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, China
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Liu Z, Zeng N, Liu Y, Wang J, Han P, Cai Q. Weaker regional carbon uptake albeit with stronger seasonal amplitude in northern mid-latitudes estimated by higher resolution GEOS-Chem model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169477. [PMID: 38143002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystem in the Northern Hemisphere is characterized by a substantial carbon sink in recent decades. However, the carbon sink inferred from atmospheric CO2 data is usually larger than process- and inventory-based estimates, resulting in carbon release or near-neutral carbon exchange in the tropics. The atmospheric approach is known to be uncertain due to systematic biases of coarse atmospheric transport model simulation. Compared to a coarse-resolution inverse estimate at 4° × 5° using GEOS-Chem in the integrated region of N. America, E. Asia, and Europe from 2015 to 2018, the annual carbon sink estimate at a native high-resolution of 0.5° × 0.625° is reduced from -3.0±0.08 gigatons of carbon per year (GtC yr-1) to -2.15±0.08 GtC yr-1 due to prominent more carbon release during the non-growing seasons. The major reductions concentrate in the mid-latitudes (20°N-45°N), where the mean land carbon sinks in China and the USA are reduced from 0.64±0.03 and 0.35±0.02 GtC yr-1 to 0.14±0.03 and 0.15±0.02 GtC yr-1, respectively. The coarse-resolution GEOS-Chem tends to trap both the release and uptake signal within the planetary boundary layer, resulting in weaker estimates of biosphere seasonal strength. Since the strong fossil fuel emissions are persistently released from the surface, the trapped signal leads to the stronger estimates of annual carbon uptakes. These results suggest that high-resolution inversion with accurate vertical and meridional transport is urgently needed in targeting national carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Liu
- CMA Key Open Laboratory of Transforming Climate Resources to Economy, Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China.
| | - Ning Zeng
- Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
| | - Yun Liu
- Geochemical and Environment Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Han
- Carbon Neutrality Research Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences & Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Cai
- Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences & Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chen Z, Wang W, Forzieri G, Cescatti A. Transition from positive to negative indirect CO 2 effects on the vegetation carbon uptake. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1500. [PMID: 38374331 PMCID: PMC10876672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Although elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) has substantial indirect effects on vegetation carbon uptake via associated climate change, their dynamics remain unclear. Here we investigate how the impacts of eCO2-driven climate change on growing-season gross primary production have changed globally during 1982-2014, using satellite observations and Earth system models, and evaluate their evolution until the year 2100. We show that the initial positive effect of eCO2-induced climate change on vegetation carbon uptake has declined recently, shifting to negative in the early 21st century. Such emerging pattern appears prominent in high latitudes and occurs in combination with a decrease of direct CO2 physiological effect, ultimately resulting in a sharp reduction of the current growth benefits induced by climate warming and CO2 fertilization. Such weakening of the indirect CO2 effect can be partially attributed to the widespread land drying, and it is expected to be further exacerbated under global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiguang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing, China.
- Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing, China.
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Giovanni Forzieri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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8
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Jiang S, Deng X, Yu Z, Cheng W. Unevenly distributed CO 2 and its impacts on terrestrial carbon uptake under the changing land uses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166805. [PMID: 37690751 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Changes in land-use structure and pattern can affect both atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the terrestrial carbon budget. To explore the effects of non-uniformly distributed CO2 concentration on terrestrial carbon uptake under land-use changes, this study integrated global CO2 concentrations, Net Primary Productivity (NPP), and land-use data under historical period and SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios from 1850 to 2100. Land-use intensity (LUI) and the CO2 correlation to NPP were calculated using partial correlation analysis by controlling LUI. The results showed that NPP growth over the forest was the highest among the land-use types, reaching 0.54 g C·m2, 2.06 g C·m2 and 4.64 g C·m2, respectively, under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. Among all the scenarios, the average correlation levels of atmospheric CO2 and NPP considering the LUI effect and controlling LUI ranged respectively from 0.34 to 0.68 and from 0.32 to 0.61 at a 5 % level of significance. It suggested that sensible land use planning might enhance the CO2 fertilization effect and that rises in CO2 concentrations could stimulate terrestrial carbon absorption. The findings add to the body of knowledge about the effects of atmospheric CO2 on terrestrial carbon uptake and serve as a scientific guide for protecting terrestrial carbon stocks and managing land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijian Jiang
- College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangzheng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100149, China.
| | - Ziyue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Feng H, Wang S, Zou B, Yang Z, Wang S, Wang W. Contribution of land use and cover change (LUCC) to the global terrestrial carbon uptake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165932. [PMID: 37532046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial carbon uptake is critical to the removal of greenhouse gases and mitigation of global warming, which are closely related to land use and cover change (LUCC). However, understanding terrestrial carbon uptake and the LUCC contribution remains unclear because of complex interactions with other drivers (particularly climate change). By proposing an innovative approach of "trajectory analysis", this study aimed to isolate the LUCC contribution to terrestrial carbon uptake over different scales. Methodologically, global land was first divided into sub-regions of land transformations and stable land trajectories. Then, the carbon uptake change in the stable land trajectory was taken as a synthetic influence of climate change, which was used as a reference to isolate the carbon uptake alternation generated from the LUCC contribution in the land transformation trajectories. Finally, future LUCC and the terrestrial carbon uptake response were predicted under different development pathways. The results showed the global mean net ecosystem production (NEP) was 27.44 ± 36.51 g C m-2 yr-1 in the past two decades (2001-2019), generating 3.15 ± 0.88 Pg C yr-1 of the total terrestrial carbon uptake. Both the NEP and total carbon uptake showed significant increasing trends. Specifically, the mean NEP increased from 17.96 g C m-2 yr-1 in 2001 to 37.37 g C m-2 yr-1 in 2019, with the trend written as y = 1.20× + 15.20 (R2 = 0.62, p < 0.01). Meanwhile, the total carbon uptake increased from 2.35 Pg C yr-1 in 2001 to 4.13 Pg C yr-1 in 2019, which could be written as y = 0.12× + 1.93 (R2 = 0.56, p < 0.01). Climate change acted as the dominant factor for the trends at the global scale, which contributed 21.26 g C m-2 yr-1 and 1.59 Pg C yr-1 of the mean NEP and total carbon uptake changes in the stable land trajectories (94.30 million km2 that covered 63.29 % of the global land area), and the historical LUCC contributed -6.30 g C m-2 yr-1 (-40.85 %) and - 0.046 Pg C yr-1 (-57.50 %) of the mean NEP and the total carbon uptake change in the land transformation trajectories (6.64 million km2 that covered 4.46 % of the global land area), respectively. The maximum LUCC contribution (-61.85 g C m-2 yr-1) to the mean NEP occurred in the land transformations from evergreen needleleaf forests to woody savannas, while the maximum contribution (-0.034 Pg C y-1) to total carbon uptake was in the deforested regions from evergreen broadleaf forests to woody savannas. Eight SSP-RCP scenarios predictions demonstrated that future terrestrial carbon uptake would increase by an average of 0.015 Pg C yr-1 in 2100 due to global afforestation. SSP4-3.4 and SSP5-3.4 had the greatest potential for increasing carbon uptake, which is expected to reach a maximum increase (0.045 Pg C yr-1) in 2100. In contrast, the minimum terrestrial carbon uptake would occur in SSP5-8.5, which had the highest CO2 emissions. In conclusion, although relatively limited at the global scale, LUCC (particularly forest change) exerted an unneglectable role on terrestrial carbon uptake in land transformation regions. The results of this study will help to clarify terrestrial carbon uptake dynamics and provide a basis for carbon neutral and climatic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Feng
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Spatio-temporal Information and Intelligent Services, Chinese Ministry of Natural Resources, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shu Wang
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Spatio-temporal Information and Intelligent Services, Chinese Ministry of Natural Resources, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Zhuoling Yang
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shihan Wang
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Spatio-temporal Information and Intelligent Services, Chinese Ministry of Natural Resources, Changsha 410083, China.
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10
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Xie M, Ma X, Wang Y, Li C, Shi H, Yuan X, Hellwich O, Chen C, Zhang W, Zhang C, Ling Q, Gao R, Zhang Y, Ochege FU, Frankl A, De Maeyer P, Buchmann N, Feigenwinter I, Olesen JE, Juszczak R, Jacotot A, Korrensalo A, Pitacco A, Varlagin A, Shekhar A, Lohila A, Carrara A, Brut A, Kruijt B, Loubet B, Heinesch B, Chojnicki B, Helfter C, Vincke C, Shao C, Bernhofer C, Brümmer C, Wille C, Tuittila ES, Nemitz E, Meggio F, Dong G, Lanigan G, Niedrist G, Wohlfahrt G, Zhou G, Goded I, Gruenwald T, Olejnik J, Jansen J, Neirynck J, Tuovinen JP, Zhang J, Klumpp K, Pilegaard K, Šigut L, Klemedtsson L, Tezza L, Hörtnagl L, Urbaniak M, Roland M, Schmidt M, Sutton MA, Hehn M, Saunders M, Mauder M, Aurela M, Korkiakoski M, Du M, Vendrame N, Kowalska N, Leahy PG, Alekseychik P, Shi P, Weslien P, Chen S, Fares S, Friborg T, Tallec T, Kato T, Sachs T, Maximov T, di Cella UM, Moderow U, Li Y, He Y, Kosugi Y, Luo G. Monitoring of carbon-water fluxes at Eurasian meteorological stations using random forest and remote sensing. Sci Data 2023; 10:587. [PMID: 37679357 PMCID: PMC10485062 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simulating the carbon-water fluxes at more widely distributed meteorological stations based on the sparsely and unevenly distributed eddy covariance flux stations is needed to accurately understand the carbon-water cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. We established a new framework consisting of machine learning, determination coefficient (R2), Euclidean distance, and remote sensing (RS), to simulate the daily net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) and water flux (WF) of the Eurasian meteorological stations using a random forest model or/and RS. The daily NEE and WF datasets with RS-based information (NEE-RS and WF-RS) for 3774 and 4427 meteorological stations during 2002-2020 were produced, respectively. And the daily NEE and WF datasets without RS-based information (NEE-WRS and WF-WRS) for 4667 and 6763 meteorological stations during 1983-2018 were generated, respectively. For each meteorological station, the carbon-water fluxes meet accuracy requirements and have quasi-observational properties. These four carbon-water flux datasets have great potential to improve the assessments of the ecosystem carbon-water dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Yuangang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaofan Li
- School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Haiyang Shi
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Xiuliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Olaf Hellwich
- Department of Computer Vision & Remote Sensing, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chunbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Friday Uchenna Ochege
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323 Choba, East-West, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Amaury Frankl
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Philippe De Maeyer
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Iris Feigenwinter
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jørgen E Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Radoslaw Juszczak
- Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adrien Jacotot
- Sol, Agro et hydrosystèmes, Spatialisation (SAS), UMR 1069, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Aino Korrensalo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu campus, P.O Box 111, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Joensuu, Yliopistokatu 6, FI-80130, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Andrea Pitacco
- University of Padova - DAFNAE, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninsky pr.33, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ankit Shekhar
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arnaud Carrara
- Fundación CEAM, Parque Tecnológico, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Aurore Brut
- CESBIO, Université de Toulouse, CNES/CNRS/INRAE/IRD/UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bart Kruijt
- Wageningen Univertsity, Water Systems and Global change group, PO bx 47, 7700AA, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Loubet
- ECOSYS, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 22 place de l'agronomie, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Bernard Heinesch
- Terra Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Bogdan Chojnicki
- Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649, Poznan, Poland
| | - Carole Helfter
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Caroline Vincke
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Changliang Shao
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station & Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Pienner Str. 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Christian Brümmer
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Wille
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eeva-Stiina Tuittila
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O Box 111, FIN-80100, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Eiko Nemitz
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Franco Meggio
- University of Padova - DAFNAE, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Gang Dong
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | | | - Georg Niedrist
- Eurac research, Institute for Alpine Environment, Viale Druso 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- Institute of Ecology and School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Ignacio Goded
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Thomas Gruenwald
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Pienner Str. 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Janusz Olejnik
- Laboratory of Meteorology, Department of Construction and Geoengineering, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joachim Jansen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Neirynck
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, 9500, Belgium
| | - Juha-Pekka Tuovinen
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Junhui Zhang
- School of life sciences, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Katja Klumpp
- Grassland Ecosystem Research, INRAE, VetAgro-Sup, University of Clermont Auvergne, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63000, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Kim Pilegaard
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leif Klemedtsson
- Departement of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Guldhedsgatan 5A, Po.Box 460, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luca Tezza
- University of Padova - DAFNAE, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marek Urbaniak
- Laboratory of Meteorology, Department of Construction and Geoengineering, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marilyn Roland
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Agrosphere Institute IBG-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Mark A Sutton
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Markus Hehn
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Pienner Str. 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Matthew Saunders
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany Discipline, Trinity College Dublin, D2, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthias Mauder
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Pienner Str. 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Mika Aurela
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Korkiakoski
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mingyuan Du
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8517, Japan
| | - Nadia Vendrame
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, Via Edmund Mach 1, I-38010, Trento, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Natalia Kowalska
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul G Leahy
- School of Engineering & Architecture, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, T12 K8AF, Republic of Ireland
| | - Pavel Alekseychik
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Bioeconomy and environment, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peili Shi
- Lhasa Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Per Weslien
- Departement of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Guldhedsgatan 5A, Po.Box 460, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Silvano Fares
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Thomas Friborg
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Oester Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Tiphaine Tallec
- CESBIO, Université de Toulouse, CNES/CNRS/INRAE/IRD/UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Tomomichi Kato
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Torsten Sachs
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Trofim Maximov
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Umberto Morra di Cella
- Climate Change Dept., Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint-Christophe, I-11020, Italy
| | - Uta Moderow
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Pienner Str. 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Yingnian Li
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Yongtao He
- Lhasa Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yoshiko Kosugi
- Laboratory of Forest Hydrology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Geping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi, China.
- The National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Sustainable Development in Arid Region (proposed), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.
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11
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Liu Q, Peng C, Schneider R, Cyr D, Liu Z, Zhou X, Du M, Li P, Jiang Z, McDowell NG, Kneeshaw D. Vegetation browning: global drivers, impacts, and feedbacks. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1014-1032. [PMID: 37087358 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As global climate conditions continue to change, disturbance regimes and environmental drivers will continue to shift, impacting global vegetation dynamics. Following a period of vegetation greening, there has been a progressive increase in remotely sensed vegetation browning globally. Given the many societal benefits that forests provide, it is critical that we understand vegetation dynamic alterations. Here, we review associative drivers, impacts, and feedbacks, revealing the complexity of browning. Concomitant increases in browning include the weakening of ecosystem services and functions and alterations to vegetation structure and species composition, as well as the development of potential positive climate change feedbacks. Also discussed are the current challenges in browning detection and understanding associated impacts and feedbacks. Finally, we outline recommended strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Liu
- Institute of Environment Sciences, Department of Biology Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Case Postale 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada; School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Changhui Peng
- Institute of Environment Sciences, Department of Biology Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Case Postale 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada; College of Geographic Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
| | - Robert Schneider
- University of Quebec at Rimouski (UQAR), Rimouski, Quebec, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Dominic Cyr
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 351 St-Joseph Blvd, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zelin Liu
- College of Geographic Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhou
- College of Geographic Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Mingxi Du
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Geographic Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Zihan Jiang
- Institute of Environment Sciences, Department of Biology Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Case Postale 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada; CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Lab, PO Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Daniel Kneeshaw
- Institute of Environment Sciences, Department of Biology Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Case Postale 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada; Centre for Forest Research, University of Quebec at Montreal, Case Postale 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
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12
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Li F, Xiao J, Chen J, Ballantyne A, Jin K, Li B, Abraha M, John R. Global water use efficiency saturation due to increased vapor pressure deficit. Science 2023; 381:672-677. [PMID: 37561856 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf5041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The ratio of carbon assimilation to water evapotranspiration (ET) of an ecosystem, referred to as ecosystem water use efficiency (WUEeco), is widely expected to increase because of the rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (Ca). However, little is known about the interactive effects of rising Ca and climate change on WUEeco. On the basis of upscaled estimates from machine learning methods and global FLUXNET observations, we show that global WUEeco has not risen since 2001 because of the asymmetric effects of an increased vapor pressure deficit (VPD), which depressed photosynthesis and enhanced ET. An undiminished ET trend indicates that rising temperature and VPD may play a more important role in regulating ET than declining stomatal conductance. Projected increases in VPD are predicted to affect the future coupling of the terrestrial carbon and water cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
- Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Jingfeng Xiao
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Jiquan Chen
- Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Ashley Ballantyne
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ke Jin
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Bing Li
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Michael Abraha
- Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Ranjeet John
- Department of Biology and Department of Sustainability, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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13
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Fernández-Martínez M, Peñuelas J, Chevallier F, Ciais P, Obersteiner M, Rödenbeck C, Sardans J, Vicca S, Yang H, Sitch S, Friedlingstein P, Arora VK, Goll DS, Jain AK, Lombardozzi DL, McGuire PC, Janssens IA. Diagnosing destabilization risk in global land carbon sinks. Nature 2023; 615:848-853. [PMID: 36813960 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Global net land carbon uptake or net biome production (NBP) has increased during recent decades1. Whether its temporal variability and autocorrelation have changed during this period, however, remains elusive, even though an increase in both could indicate an increased potential for a destabilized carbon sink2,3. Here, we investigate the trends and controls of net terrestrial carbon uptake and its temporal variability and autocorrelation from 1981 to 2018 using two atmospheric-inversion models, the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 concentration derived from nine monitoring stations distributed across the Pacific Ocean and dynamic global vegetation models. We find that annual NBP and its interdecadal variability increased globally whereas temporal autocorrelation decreased. We observe a separation of regions characterized by increasingly variable NBP, associated with warm regions and increasingly variable temperatures, lower and weaker positive trends in NBP and regions where NBP became stronger and less variable. Plant species richness presented a concave-down parabolic spatial relationship with NBP and its variability at the global scale whereas nitrogen deposition generally increased NBP. Increasing temperature and its increasing variability appear as the most important drivers of declining and increasingly variable NBP. Our results show increasing variability of NBP regionally that can be mostly attributed to climate change and that may point to destabilization of the coupled carbon-climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Fernández-Martínez
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
- BEECA-UB, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederic Chevallier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Rödenbeck
- Department of Biogeochmical Systems, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Vicca
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Vivek K Arora
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel S Goll
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Atul K Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Danica L Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Patrick C McGuire
- Department of Meteorology, Department of Geography & Environmental Science, National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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14
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Liu Z, Kimball JS, Ballantyne AP, Parazoo NC, Wang WJ, Bastos A, Madani N, Natali SM, Watts JD, Rogers BM, Ciais P, Yu K, Virkkala AM, Chevallier F, Peters W, Patra PK, Chandra N. Respiratory loss during late-growing season determines the net carbon dioxide sink in northern permafrost regions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5626. [PMID: 36163194 PMCID: PMC9512808 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Warming of northern high latitude regions (NHL, > 50 °N) has increased both photosynthesis and respiration which results in considerable uncertainty regarding the net carbon dioxide (CO2) balance of NHL ecosystems. Using estimates constrained from atmospheric observations from 1980 to 2017, we find that the increasing trends of net CO2 uptake in the early-growing season are of similar magnitude across the tree cover gradient in the NHL. However, the trend of respiratory CO2 loss during late-growing season increases significantly with increasing tree cover, offsetting a larger fraction of photosynthetic CO2 uptake, and thus resulting in a slower rate of increasing annual net CO2 uptake in areas with higher tree cover, especially in central and southern boreal forest regions. The magnitude of this seasonal compensation effect explains the difference in net CO2 uptake trends along the NHL vegetation- permafrost gradient. Such seasonal compensation dynamics are not captured by dynamic global vegetation models, which simulate weaker respiration control on carbon exchange during the late-growing season, and thus calls into question projections of increasing net CO2 uptake as high latitude ecosystems respond to warming climate conditions. The northern high latitude permafrost region has been an important contributor to the carbon sink since the 1980s. A new study finds that as tree cover increases, respiratory CO2 loss during late-growing season offsets photosynthetic CO2 uptake and leads to a slower rate of increasing annual net CO2 uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - John S Kimball
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA. .,Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
| | - Ashley P Ballantyne
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA. .,Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Nicholas C Parazoo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Wen J Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Ana Bastos
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Jena, Germany
| | - Nima Madani
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kailiang Yu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Frederic Chevallier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wouter Peters
- Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,University, Centre for Isotope Research, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Prabir K Patra
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naveen Chandra
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
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15
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Wang YR, Buchmann N, Hessen DO, Stordal F, Erisman JW, Vollsnes AV, Andersen T, Dolman H. Disentangling effects of natural and anthropogenic drivers on forest net ecosystem production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156326. [PMID: 35654183 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of forests is the net carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes between land and the atmosphere due to forests' biogeochemical processes. NEP varies with natural drivers such as precipitation, air temperature, solar radiation, plant functional type (PFT), and soil texture, which affect the gross primary production and ecosystem respiration, and thus the net C sequestration. It is also known that deposition of sulphur and nitrogen influences NEP in forest ecosystems. These drivers' respective, unique effects on NEP, however, are often difficult to be individually identified by conventional bivariate analysis. Here we show that by analyzing 22 forest sites with 231 site-year data acquired from FLUXNET database across Europe for the years 2000-2014, the individual, unique effects of these drivers on annual forest CO2 fluxes can be disentangled using Generalized Additive Models (GAM) for nonlinear regression analysis. We show that S and N deposition have substantial impacts on NEP, where S deposition above 5 kg S ha-1 yr-1 can significantly reduce NEP, and N deposition around 22 kg N ha-1 yr-1 has the highest positive effect on NEP. Our results suggest that air quality management of S and N is crucial for maintaining healthy biogeochemical functions of forests to mitigate climate change. Furthermore, the empirical models we developed for estimating NEP of forests can serve as a forest management tool in the context of climate change mitigation. Potential applications include the assessment of forest carbon fluxes in the REDD+ framework of the UNFCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ren Wang
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway; Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands.
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Dag O Hessen
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Frode Stordal
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Jan Willem Erisman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden 2311, the Netherlands
| | - Ane Victoria Vollsnes
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Tom Andersen
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Han Dolman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel 1797 SZ, the Netherlands
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16
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Fan SC, Chen SQ, Wang JW, Li YP, Zhang P, Wang Y, Yuan W, Zhai QG. Precise Introduction of Single Vanadium Site into Indium-Organic Framework for CO 2 Capture and Photocatalytic Fixation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14131-14139. [PMID: 35998379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The capture and fixation of CO2 under mild conditions is a cost-effective route to reduce greenhouse gases, but it is challenging because of the low conversion and selectivity issues. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising in the fields of adsorption and catalysis because of their structural tunability and variability. However, the precise structural design of MOFs is always pursued and elusive. In this work, a metal-mixed MOF (SNNU-97-InV) was designed by precisely introducing single vanadium site into the isostructural In-MOF (SNNU-97-In). The single V sites clearly change the interactions between the MOF framework and CO2 molecules, leading to a 71.3% improvement in the CO2 adsorption capacity. At the same time, the enhanced light absorption enables SNNU-97-InV to efficiently convert CO2 into cyclic carbonates (CCs) with epoxides under illumination. Controlled experiments showed that the promoted performance of SNNU-97-InV may be that the V═O site can more easily combine with CO2 and convert them into an intermediate state under illumination, and the possible mechanism was thus speculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Cong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuang-Qiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-Peng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenyu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Quan-Guo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, Shaanxi, China
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17
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O'Sullivan M, Friedlingstein P, Sitch S, Anthoni P, Arneth A, Arora VK, Bastrikov V, Delire C, Goll DS, Jain A, Kato E, Kennedy D, Knauer J, Lienert S, Lombardozzi D, McGuire PC, Melton JR, Nabel JEMS, Pongratz J, Poulter B, Séférian R, Tian H, Vuichard N, Walker AP, Yuan W, Yue X, Zaehle S. Process-oriented analysis of dominant sources of uncertainty in the land carbon sink. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4781. [PMID: 35970991 PMCID: PMC9378641 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The observed global net land carbon sink is captured by current land models. All models agree that atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen deposition driven gains in carbon stocks are partially offset by climate and land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) losses. However, there is a lack of consensus in the partitioning of the sink between vegetation and soil, where models do not even agree on the direction of change in carbon stocks over the past 60 years. This uncertainty is driven by plant productivity, allocation, and turnover response to atmospheric CO2 (and to a smaller extent to LULCC), and the response of soil to LULCC (and to a lesser extent climate). Overall, differences in turnover explain ~70% of model spread in both vegetation and soil carbon changes. Further analysis of internal plant and soil (individual pools) cycling is needed to reduce uncertainty in the controlling processes behind the global land carbon sink. The global net land sink is relatively well constrained. However, the responsible drivers and above/below-ground partitioning are highly uncertain. Model issues regarding turnover of individual plant and soil components are responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O'Sullivan
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK.
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK.,Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS-ENS-UPMC-X, Paris, France
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Peter Anthoni
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Almut Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Vivek K Arora
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Vladislav Bastrikov
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christine Delire
- CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel S Goll
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Atul Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61821, USA
| | - Etsushi Kato
- Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
| | - Daniel Kennedy
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Climate and Global Dynamics, Terrestrial Sciences Section, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Jürgen Knauer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, 2101, Australia
| | - Sebastian Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Climate and Global Dynamics, Terrestrial Sciences Section, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | | | - Joe R Melton
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Julia E M S Nabel
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr. 37, 80333, München, Germany
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Roland Séférian
- CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hanqin Tian
- Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anthony P Walker
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Wenping Yuan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 510245, China
| | - Xu Yue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, China
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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18
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Exploring the Temporal and Spatial Evolution Laws of County Green Land-Use Efficiency: Evidence from 11 Counties in Sichuan Province. BUILDINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings12060816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
With rapid urbanisation in China, sustainable urban development faces a major obstacle due to insufficient consideration of land-use efficiency. Currently, despite progress in analysing land-use efficiency, not every land manager has enough knowledge of green land use from a county perspective. Therefore, the objective of this research is to explore the spatiotemporal evolution law focused on county green land-use efficiency (CGLUE), which can support sustainable county development. Based on 10 specific CGLUE factors identified through a content-mining tool, this study explored the temporal and spatial evolution law of 11 counties in Sichuan Province using the ultra-efficient slacks-based measure (SBM), kernel density estimation, and Moran’s I statistic. The study found that (1) CGLUE factors cover the administrative area, total investment in fixed assets by region, the number of employed persons in secondary and tertiary industries, gross domestic product in secondary and tertiary industries, the average wage of staff and workers, basic statistics on per capita park green area, carbon emissions of land, the volume of industrial wastewater discharged, the volume of industrial sulphur dioxide emission, and the volume of industrial soot (dust) emission; (2) from a time-evolution perspective, CGLUE shows an increasing trend of time series evolution as a whole, and its dynamic evolution process has obvious differences in time. CGLUE increased, and the difference in CGLUE became larger from 2010 to 2012. CGLUE also increased, and the difference in CGLUE became smaller from 2013 to 2016. CGLUE also increased, and the difference in CGLUE became larger from 2017 to 2020; (3) from a spatial evolution perspective, the global spatial evolution laws of CGLUE show that the spatial agglomeration state has gone from strong to weak. Overall, however, Sichuan Province CGLUE maintains a high spatial agglomeration effect. The local spatial evolution laws show that the CGLUE of the 11 counties is positively correlated. The high–low CGLUE agglomeration areas are mainly distributed in Chengdu, Mianyang, Meishan and Yibin; the low–low CGLUE agglomeration areas are mainly distributed in Deyang, Yaan, and Zigong. The novelty of the research lies in these aspects: (1) the carbon emissions of land should be considered the undesired output of CGLUE; (2) CGLUE in Sichuan Province has various growing stages from a time perspective; (3) CGLUE in Sichuan Province has a high spatial concentration in Chengdu from spatial view, and these counties’ resources flow and interact at high speed. These findings offer a solid reference for the sustainable development of these 11 counties in Sichuan Province.
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19
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20
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Terrestrial carbon sinks in China and around the world and their contribution to carbon neutrality. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:861-895. [PMID: 35146581 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink (referred to as terrestrial C sink) is an important way to slow down the continuous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and to achieve carbon neutrality target. To better understand the characteristics of terrestrial C sinks and their contribution to carbon neutrality, this review summarizes major progress in terrestrial C budget researches during the past decades, clarifies spatial patterns and drivers of terrestrial C sources and sinks in China and around the world, and examines the role of terrestrial C sinks in achieving carbon neutrality target. According to recent studies, the global terrestrial C sink has been increasing from a source of (-0.2±0.9) Pg C yr-1 (1 Pg=1015 g) in the 1960s to a sink of (1.9±1.1) Pg C yr-1 in the 2010s. By synthesizing the published data, we estimate terrestrial C sink of 0.20-0.25 Pg C yr-1 in China during the past decades, and predict it to be 0.15-0.52 Pg C yr-1 by 2060. The terrestrial C sinks are mainly located in the mid- and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, while tropical regions act as a weak C sink or source. The C balance differs much among ecosystem types: forest is the major C sink; shrubland, wetland and farmland soil act as C sinks; and whether the grassland functions as C sink or source remains unclear. Desert might be a C sink, but the magnitude and the associated mechanisms are still controversial. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, nitrogen deposition, climate change, and land cover change are the main drivers of terrestrial C sinks, while other factors such as fires and aerosols would also affect ecosystem C balance. The driving factors of terrestrial C sink differ among regions. Elevated CO2 concentration and climate change are major drivers of the C sinks in North America and Europe, while afforestation and ecological restoration are additionally important forcing factors of terrestrial C sinks in China. For future studies, we recommend the necessity for intensive and long term ecosystem C monitoring over broad geographic scale to improve terrestrial biosphere models for accurately evaluating terrestrial C budget and its dynamics under various climate change and policy scenarios.
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21
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Lin J, Ding J, Wang H, Yang X, Zheng X, Huang Z, Song W, Ding J, Han X, Hu W. Boosting Energy Efficiency and Stability of Li-CO 2 Batteries via Synergy between Ru Atom Clusters and Single-Atom Ru-N 4 sites in the Electrocatalyst Cathode. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200559. [PMID: 35230732 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Li-CO2 battery is a novel strategy for CO2 capture and energy-storage applications. However, the sluggish CO2 reduction and evolution reactions cause large overpotential and poor cycling performance. Herein, a new catalyst containing well-defined ruthenium (Ru) atomic clusters (RuAC ) and single-atom Ru-N4 (RuSA ) composite sites on carbon nanobox substrate (RuAC+SA @NCB) (NCB = nitrogen-doped carbon nanobox) is fabricated by utilizing the different complexation effects between the Ru cation and the amine group (NH2 ) on carbon quantum dots or nitrogen moieties on NCB. Systematic experimental and theoretical investigations demonstrate the vital role of electronic synergy between RuAC and Ru-N4 in improving the electrocatalytic activity toward the CO2 evolution reaction (CO2 ER) and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR). The electronic properties of the Ru-N4 sites are essentially modulated by the adjacent RuAC species, which optimizes the interactions with key reaction intermediates thereby reducing the energy barriers in the rate-determining steps of the CO2 RR and CO2 ER. Remarkably, the RuAC+SA @NCB-based cell displays unprecedented overpotentials as low as 1.65 and 1.86 V at ultrahigh rates of 1 and 2 A g-1 , and twofold cycling lifespan than the baselines. The findings provide a novel strategy to construct catalysts with composite active sites comprising multiple atom assemblies for high-performance metal-CO2 batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jingnan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Haozhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xuerong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zechuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wanqing Song
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaopeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenbin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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22
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Hutley LB, Beringer J, Fatichi S, Schymanski SJ, Northwood M. Gross primary productivity and water use efficiency are increasing in a high rainfall tropical savanna. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2360-2380. [PMID: 34854173 PMCID: PMC9303751 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite their size and contribution to the global carbon cycle, we have limited understanding of tropical savannas and their current trajectory with climate change and anthropogenic pressures. Here we examined interannual variability and externally forced long-term changes in carbon and water exchange from a high rainfall savanna site in the seasonal tropics of north Australia. We used an 18-year flux data time series (2001-2019) to detect trends and drivers of fluxes of carbon and water. Significant positive trends in gross primary productivity (GPP, 15.4 g C m2 year-2 ), ecosystem respiration (Reco , 8.0 g C m2 year-2 ), net ecosystem productivity (NEE, 7.4 g C m2 year-2 ) and ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE, 0.0077 g C kg H2 O-1 year-1 ) were computed. There was a weaker, non-significant trend in latent energy exchange (LE, 0.34 W m-2 year-1 ). Rainfall from a nearby site increased statistically over a 45-year period during the observation period. To examine the dominant drivers of changes in GPP and WUE, we used a random forest approach and a terrestrial biosphere model to conduct an attribution experiment. Radiant energy was the dominant driver of wet season fluxes, whereas soil water content dominated dry season fluxes. The model attribution suggested that [CO2 ], precipitation and Tair accounting for 90% of the modelled trend in GPP and WUE. Positive trends in fluxes were largest in the dry season implying tree components were a larger contributor than the grassy understorey. Fluxes and environmental drivers were not significant during the wet season, the period when grasses are active. The site is potentially still recovering from a cyclone 45 years ago and regrowth from this event may also be contributing to the observed trends in sequestration, highlighting the need to understand fluxes and their drivers from sub-diurnal to decadal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B. Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, College of Engineering, IT & EnvironmentCharles Darwin UniversityCasuarinaNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Jason Beringer
- School of Agriculture and EnvironmentThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Simone Fatichi
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Stanislaus J. Schymanski
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Catchment and Eco‐hydrology Group (CAT)Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyBelvauxLuxembourg
| | - Matthew Northwood
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, College of Engineering, IT & EnvironmentCharles Darwin UniversityCasuarinaNorthern TerritoryAustralia
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23
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Opinion: We need biosphere stewardship that protects carbon sinks and builds resilience. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2115218118. [PMID: 34526406 PMCID: PMC8463783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115218118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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24
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Krachler R, Krachler RF. Northern High-Latitude Organic Soils As a Vital Source of River-Borne Dissolved Iron to the Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9672-9690. [PMID: 34251212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic soils in the Arctic-boreal region produce small aquatic humic ligands (SAHLs), a category of naturally occurring complexing agents for iron. Every year, large amounts of SAHLs-loaded with iron mobilized in river basins-reach the oceans via river runoff. Recent studies have shown that a fraction of SAHLs belong to the group of strong iron-binding ligands in the ocean. That means, their Fe(III) complexes withstand dissociation even under the conditions of extremely high dilution in the open ocean. Fe(III)-loaded SAHLs are prone to UV-photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge-transfer which leads to disintegration of the complex and, as a consequence, to enhanced concentrations of bioavailable dissolved Fe(II) in sunlit upper water layers. On the other hand, in water depths below the penetration depth of UV, the Fe(III)-loaded SAHLs are fairly resistant to degradation which makes them ideally suited as long-lived molecular transport vehicles for river-derived iron in ocean currents. At locations where SAHLs are present in excess, they can bind to iron originating from various sources. For example, SAHLs were proposed to contribute substantially to the stabilization of hydrothermal iron in deep North Atlantic waters. Recent discoveries have shown that SAHLs, supplied by the Arctic Great Rivers, greatly improve dissolved iron concentrations in the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean. In these regions, SAHLs play a critical role in relieving iron limitation of phytoplankton, thereby supporting the oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. The present Critical Review describes the most recent findings and highlights future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Krachler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; http://anorg-chemie.univie.ac.at
| | - Rudolf F Krachler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; http://anorg-chemie.univie.ac.at
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Fontela M, Velo A, Gilcoto M, Pérez FF. Anthropogenic CO 2 and ocean acidification in Argentine Basin Water Masses over almost five decades of observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146570. [PMID: 34030267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemical conditions of the Argentine Basin (western South Atlantic Ocean) water masses are evaluated with measurements from eleven hydrographic cruises to detect and quantify anthropogenic and natural stressors in the ocean carbon system. The database covers almost half-century (1972-2019), a time-span where the mean annual atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (CO2atm) increased from 325 to 408 ppm of volume (ppm). This increase of atmospheric CO2 (83 ppm, the 64% of the total anthropogenic signal in the atmosphere) leads to an increase in anthropogenic carbon (Cant) across all the water column and the consequent ocean acidification: a decrease in excess carbonate that is unequivocal in the upper (South Atlantic Central Water, SACW) and intermediate water masses (Sub Antarctic Mode Water, SAMW and Antarctic Intermediate Water, AAIW). For each additional ppm in CO2atm the water masses SACW, SAMW and AAIW lose excess carbonate at a rate of 0.39 ± 0.04, 0.47 ± 0.05 and 0.23 ± 0.03 μmol·kg-1·ppm-1 respectively. Modal and intermediate water masses in the Argentine Basin are very sensitive to carbon increases due low buffering capacity. The large rate of AAIW acidification is the synergic effect of carbon uptake combined with deoxygenation and increased remineralization of organic matter. If CO2 emissions follows the path of business-as-usual emissions (SSP 5.85), SACW would become undersaturated with respect to aragonite at the end of the century. The undersaturation in AAIW is virtually unavoidable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Fontela
- Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM-CSIC, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Antón Velo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM-CSIC, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Miguel Gilcoto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM-CSIC, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Fiz F Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM-CSIC, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
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Abstract
The increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations of CO2 and CH4, due to human activities, is the main driver of the observed increase in surface temperature by more than 1 °C since the pre-industrial era. At the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Paris, most nations agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit the increase in global surface temperature to 1.5 °C. Satellite remote sensing of CO2 and CH4 is now well established thanks to missions such as NASA’s OCO-2 and the Japanese GOSAT missions, which have allowed us to build a long-term record of atmospheric GHG concentrations from space. They also give us a first glimpse into CO2 and CH4 enhancements related to anthropogenic emission, which helps to pave the way towards the future missions aimed at a Monitoring & Verification Support (MVS) capacity for the global stock take of the Paris agreement. China plays an important role for the global carbon budget as the largest source of anthropogenic carbon emissions but also as a region of increased carbon sequestration as a result of several reforestation projects. Over the last 10 years, a series of projects on mitigation of carbon emission has been started in China, including the development of the first Chinese greenhouse gas monitoring satellite mission, TanSat, which was successfully launched on 22 December 2016. Here, we summarise the results of a collaborative project between European and Chinese teams under the framework of the Dragon-4 programme of ESA and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) to characterize and evaluate the datasets from the TanSat mission by retrieval intercomparisons and ground-based validation and to apply model comparisons and surface flux inversion methods to TanSat and other CO2 missions, with a focus on China.
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Wei H, Chen X, Kong M, He J, Shen W. Three-year-period nitrogen additions did not alter soil organic carbon content and lability in soil aggregates in a tropical forest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:37793-37803. [PMID: 33723778 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil immobilizes a considerable proportion of carbon (C) as organic matter in terrestrial ecosystems and is thus critical to stabilize the global climate system. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition could influence soil C storage and stabilization, but how N deposition changes soil organic C (SOC) fractions and lability remains elusive. We investigated the effects of 3-year-period N inputs on SOC fractions and lability along three soil depths (0-10, 10-20, and 20-40 cm) in a tropical forest of southern China. Results showed that N additions did not significantly change contents of SOC fractions and the C lability, either in bulk or aggregate-based soils at any of the three depths, and it showed no significant interaction with soil aggregate or soil depth. The SOC content was 43.7 ± 1.5, 18.2 ± 1.0, and 10.7 ± 0.4 mg g-1 at the three soil layers downwards, with the non-readily oxidizable SOC (NROC) contributing over 70% while the remaining SOC consisting of readily oxidizable SOC at each soil layer. Moreover, contents of SOC and NROC were consistently higher in small soil aggregates, but the C decrement with increasing size of soil aggregates declined along soil profile downwards. This scenario suggests that physical protection of the small soil aggregate is limited, but its greater specific surface area could obviously contribute to the SOC pattern among soil aggregates. These results indicate that the highly developed forests could be resistant to short-term N deposition, even with a high load, to maintain its SOC stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mimi Kong
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinhong He
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
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Xu L, Saatchi SS, Yang Y, Yu Y, Pongratz J, Bloom AA, Bowman K, Worden J, Liu J, Yin Y, Domke G, McRoberts RE, Woodall C, Nabuurs GJ, de-Miguel S, Keller M, Harris N, Maxwell S, Schimel D. Changes in global terrestrial live biomass over the 21st century. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe9829. [PMID: 34215577 PMCID: PMC11205271 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Live woody vegetation is the largest reservoir of biomass carbon, with its restoration considered one of the most effective natural climate solutions. However, terrestrial carbon fluxes remain the largest uncertainty in the global carbon cycle. Here, we develop spatially explicit estimates of carbon stock changes of live woody biomass from 2000 to 2019 using measurements from ground, air, and space. We show that live biomass has removed 4.9 to 5.5 PgC year-1 from the atmosphere, offsetting 4.6 ± 0.1 PgC year-1 of gross emissions from disturbances and adding substantially (0.23 to 0.88 PgC year-1) to the global carbon stocks. Gross emissions and removals in the tropics were four times larger than temperate and boreal ecosystems combined. Although live biomass is responsible for more than 80% of gross terrestrial fluxes, soil, dead organic matter, and lateral transport may play important roles in terrestrial carbon sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sassan S Saatchi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yifan Yu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Anthony Bloom
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Bowman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John Worden
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Junjie Liu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yi Yin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Grant Domke
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sergio de-Miguel
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Solsona, Lleida, Spain
| | - Michael Keller
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Nancy Harris
- World Resources Institute, 10 G Street NE, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sean Maxwell
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David Schimel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Zhu L, Ciais P, Bastos A, Ballantyne AP, Chevallier F, Gasser T, Kondo M, Pongratz J, Rödenbeck C, Li W. Decadal variability in land carbon sink efficiency. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 16:15. [PMID: 33973052 PMCID: PMC8112069 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-021-00178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The climate mitigation target of limiting the temperature increase below 2 °C above the pre-industrial levels requires the efforts from all countries. Tracking the trajectory of the land carbon sink efficiency is thus crucial to evaluate the nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Here, we define the instantaneous land sink efficiency as the ratio of natural land carbon sinks to emissions from fossil fuel and land-use and land-cover change with a value of 1 indicating carbon neutrality to track its temporal dynamics in the past decades. RESULTS Land sink efficiency has been decreasing during 1957-1990 because of the increased emissions from fossil fuel. After the effect of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption diminished (after 1994), the land sink efficiency firstly increased before 2009 and then began to decrease again after 2009. This reversal around 2009 is mostly attributed to changes in land sinks in tropical regions in response to climate variations. CONCLUSIONS The decreasing trend of land sink efficiency in recent years reveals greater challenges in climate change mitigation, and that climate impacts on land carbon sinks must be accurately quantified to assess the effectiveness of regional scale climate mitigation policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing, China
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ana Bastos
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Ashley P Ballantyne
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Frederic Chevallier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Gasser
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Masayuki Kondo
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Rödenbeck
- Department of Biogeochmical Systems, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Wei Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing, China.
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30
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Naidu DGT, Bagchi S. Greening of the earth does not compensate for rising soil heterotrophic respiration under climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2029-2038. [PMID: 33508870 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stability of the soil carbon (C) pool under decadal scale variability in temperature and precipitation is an important source of uncertainty in our understanding of land-atmosphere climate feedbacks. This depends on how two opposing C-fluxes-influx from net primary production (NPP) and efflux from heterotrophic soil respiration (Rh )-respond to covariation in temperature and precipitation. There is scant evidence to judge whether field experiments which manipulate both temperature and precipitation align with Earth System Models, or not. As a result, even though the world is generally greening, whether the resultant gains in NPP can offset climate change impacts on Rh , where, and by how much, remains uncertain. Here, we use decadal-scale global time-series datasets on NPP, Rh , temperature, and precipitation to estimate the two opposing C-fluxes and address whether one can outpace the other. We implement machine-learning tools on recent (2001-2019) and near-future climate scenarios (2020-2040) to assess the response of both C-fluxes to temperature and precipitation variation. We find that changes in C-influx may not compensate for C-efflux, particularly in wetter and warmer conditions. Soil-C loss can occur in both tropics and at high latitudes since C-influx from NPP can fall behind C-efflux from Rh . Precipitation emerges as the key determinant of soil-C vulnerability in a warmer world, implying that hotspots for soil-C loss/gain can shift rapidly and highlighting that soil-C is vulnerable to climate change despite widespread greening of the world. The direction of covariation between change in temperature and precipitation, rather than their magnitude, can help conceptualize highly variable patterns in C-fluxes to guide soil-C stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip G T Naidu
- Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sumanta Bagchi
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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31
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Abstract
High-latitude regions play a key role in the carbon (C) cycle and climate system. An important question is the degree of mobilization and atmospheric release of vast soil C stocks, partly stored in permafrost, with amplified warming of these regions. A fraction of this C is exported to inland waters and emitted to the atmosphere, yet these losses are poorly constrained and seldom accounted for in assessments of high-latitude C balances. This is particularly relevant for Western Siberia, with its extensive peatland C stocks, which can be strongly sensitive to the ongoing changes in climate. Here we quantify C emission from inland waters, including the Ob’ River (Arctic’s largest watershed), across all permafrost zones of Western Siberia. We show that the inland water C emission is high (0.08–0.10 Pg C yr−1) and of major significance in the regional C cycle, largely exceeding (7–9 times) C export to the Arctic Ocean and reaching nearly half (35–50%) of the region’s land C uptake. This important role of C emission from inland waters highlights the need for coupled land–water studies to understand the contemporary C cycle and its response to warming. Rivers and lakes are thought to be a major conduit of loss for the massive amounts of carbon locked away in high-latitude systems, but such losses are poorly constrained. Here the authors quantify carbon emissions from rivers and lakes across Western Siberia, finding that emissions are high and exceed carbon export to the Arctic Ocean.
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32
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Ballantyne AP, Liu Z, Anderegg WRL, Yu Z, Stoy P, Poulter B, Vanderwall J, Watts J, Kelsey K, Neff J. Reconciling carbon-cycle processes from ecosystem to global scales. FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2021; 19:57-65. [PMID: 35874182 PMCID: PMC9292898 DOI: 10.1002/fee.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding carbon (C) dynamics from ecosystem to global scales remains a challenge. Although expansion of global carbon dioxide (CO2) observatories makes it possible to estimate C-cycle processes from ecosystem to global scales, these estimates do not necessarily agree. At the continental US scale, only 5% of C fixed through photosynthesis remains as net ecosystem exchange (NEE), but ecosystem measurements indicate that only 2% of fixed C remains in grasslands, whereas as much as 30% remains in needleleaf forests. The wet and warm Southeast has the highest gross primary productivity and the relatively wet and cool Midwest has the highest NEE, indicating important spatial mismatches. Newly available satellite and atmospheric data can be combined in innovative ways to identify potential C loss pathways to reconcile these spatial mismatches. Independent datasets compiled from terrestrial and aquatic environments can now be combined to advance C-cycle science across the land-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Ballantyne
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMT
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’EnvironnementGif-Sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Zhihua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and ManagementInstitute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyangChina
| | | | - Zicheng Yu
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesLehigh UniversityBethlehemPA
- Institute for Peat and Mire ResearchSchool of Geographical SciencesNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Paul Stoy
- Department of Biological Systems EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI
| | - Ben Poulter
- National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationGoddard Space Flight CenterBiospheric Sciences LaboratoryGreenbeltMD
| | - Joseph Vanderwall
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMT
| | | | - Kathy Kelsey
- Geography and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Colorado DenverDenverCO
| | - Jason Neff
- Sustainability Innovation Laboratory and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCO
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33
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Forsmark B, Wallander H, Nordin A, Gundale MJ. Long‐term nitrogen enrichment does not increase microbial phosphorus mobilization in a northern coniferous forest. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Forsmark
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | | | - Annika Nordin
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology Umeå Plant Science Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
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34
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Kauppi PE, Ciais P, Högberg P, Nordin A, Lappi J, Lundmark T, Wernick IK. Carbon benefits from Forest Transitions promoting biomass expansions and thickening. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5365-5370. [PMID: 32816359 PMCID: PMC7540515 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The growth of the global terrestrial sink of carbon dioxide has puzzled scientists for decades. We propose that the role of land management practices-from intensive forestry to allowing passive afforestation of abandoned lands-have played a major role in the growth of the terrestrial carbon sink in the decades since the mid twentieth century. The Forest Transition, a historic transition from shrinking to expanding forests, and from sparser to denser forests, has seen an increase of biomass and carbon across large regions of the globe. We propose that the contribution of Forest Transitions to the terrestrial carbon sink has been underestimated. Because forest growth is slow and incremental, changes in the carbon density in forest biomass and soils often elude detection. Measurement technologies that rely on changes in two-dimensional ground cover can miss changes in forest density. In contrast, changes from abrupt and total losses of biomass in land clearing, forest fires and clear cuts are easy to measure. Land management improves over time providing important present contributions and future potential to climate change mitigation. Appreciating the contributions of Forest Transitions to the sequestering of atmospheric carbon will enable its potential to aid in climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka E. Kauppi
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UmeåSweden
- Department of Forest SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’EnvironnementCEA‐CNRSUVSQUPSACLAYGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Peter Högberg
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UmeåSweden
| | - Annika Nordin
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | | | - Tomas Lundmark
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UmeåSweden
| | - Iddo K. Wernick
- Program for the Human EnvironmentThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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35
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Production of calcium carbonate with different morphology by simultaneous CO2 capture and mineralisation. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Zeng J, Matsunaga T, Tan ZH, Saigusa N, Shirai T, Tang Y, Peng S, Fukuda Y. Global terrestrial carbon fluxes of 1999-2019 estimated by upscaling eddy covariance data with a random forest. Sci Data 2020; 7:313. [PMID: 32973132 PMCID: PMC7518252 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The terrestrial biosphere is a key player in slowing the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. While quantification of carbon fluxes at global land scale is important for mitigation policy related to climate and carbon, measurements are only available at sites scarcely distributed in the world. This leads to using various methods to upscale site measurements to the whole terrestrial biosphere. This article reports a product obtained by using a Random Forest to upscale terrestrial net ecosystem exchange, gross primary production, and ecosystem respiration from FLUXNET 2015. Our product covers land from −60°S to 80°N with a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° every 10 days during the period 1999–2019. It was compared with four existing products. A distinguishable feature of our method is using three derived variables of leaf area index to represent plant functional type (PFT) so that measurements from different PFTs can be mixed better by the model. This product can be valuable for the carbon-cycle community to validate terrestrial biosphere models and cross check datasets. Measurement(s) | ecosystem-wide respiration • gross primary production • net ecosystem exchange • carbon flux • carbon dioxide | Technology Type(s) | Random forest | Factor Type(s) | year of data collection | Sample Characteristic - Environment | terrestrial biome • climate system | Sample Characteristic - Location | Earth (planet) |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12932882
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Zeng
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Tsuneo Matsunaga
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Zheng-Hong Tan
- Department of Environmental Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Nobuko Saigusa
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shirai
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yanhong Tang
- Department of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shushi Peng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yoko Fukuda
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
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37
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McDowell NG, Allen CD, Anderson-Teixeira K, Aukema BH, Bond-Lamberty B, Chini L, Clark JS, Dietze M, Grossiord C, Hanbury-Brown A, Hurtt GC, Jackson RB, Johnson DJ, Kueppers L, Lichstein JW, Ogle K, Poulter B, Pugh TAM, Seidl R, Turner MG, Uriarte M, Walker AP, Xu C. Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world. Science 2020; 368:368/6494/eaaz9463. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz9463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig D. Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Kristina Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Republic of Panama
| | - Brian H. Aukema
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ben Bond-Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Louise Chini
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - James S. Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Michael Dietze
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Adam Hanbury-Brown
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - George C. Hurtt
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Robert B. Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel J. Johnson
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lara Kueppers
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Climate and Ecosystem Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Kiona Ogle
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Thomas A. M. Pugh
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Monica G. Turner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Anthony P. Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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Evaluation of the Sensitivity of SMOS L-VOD to Forest Above-Ground Biomass at Global Scale. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12091450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the L band Vegetation Optical Depth (L-VOD) derived from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite to monitor Above Ground Biomass (AGB) at a global scale. Although SMOS L-VOD has been shown to be a good proxy for AGB in Africa and Tropics, little is known about this relationship at large scale. In this study, we further examine this relationship at a global scale using the latest AGB maps from Saatchi et al. and GlobBiomass computed using data acquired during the SMOS period. We show that at a global scale the L-VOD from SMOS is well-correlated with the AGB estimates from Saatchi et al. and GlobBiomass with the Pearson’s correlation coefficients (R) of 0.91 and 0.94 respectively. Although AGB estimates in Africa and the Tropics are well-captured by SMOS L-VOD (R > 0.9), the relationship is less straightforward for the dense forests over the northern latitudes (R = 0.32 and 0.69 with Saatchi et al. and GlobBiomass respectively). This paper gives strong evidence in support of the sensitivity of SMOS L-VOD to AGB estimates at a globale scale, providing an interesting alternative and complement to exisiting sensors for monitoring biomass evolution. These findings can further facilitate research on biomass now that SMOS is providing more than 10 years of data.
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Houghton RA. Terrestrial fluxes of carbon in GCP carbon budgets. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3006-3014. [PMID: 32100912 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Global Carbon Project (GCP) has published global carbon budgets annually since 2007 (Canadell et al. [2007], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 18866-18870; Raupach et al. [2007], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 10288-10293). There are many scientists involved, but the terrestrial fluxes that appear in the budgets are not well understood by ecologists and biogeochemists outside of that community. The purpose of this paper is to make the terrestrial fluxes of carbon in those budgets more accessible to a broader community. The GCP budget is composed of annual perturbations from pre-industrial conditions, driven by addition of carbon to the system from combustion of fossil fuels and by transfers of carbon from land to the atmosphere as a result of land use. The budget includes a term for each of the major fluxes of carbon (fossil fuels, oceans, land) as well as the rate of carbon accumulation in the atmosphere. Land is represented by two terms: one resulting from direct anthropogenic effects (Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry or land management) and one resulting from indirect anthropogenic (e.g., CO2 , climate change) and natural effects. Each of these two net terrestrial fluxes of carbon, in turn, is composed of opposing gross emissions and removals (e.g., deforestation and forest regrowth). Although the GCP budgets have focused on the two net terrestrial fluxes, they have paid little attention to the gross components, which are important for a number of reasons, including understanding the potential for land management to remove CO2 from the atmosphere and understanding the processes responsible for the sink for carbon on land. In contrast to the net fluxes of carbon, which are constrained by the global carbon budget, the gross fluxes are largely unconstrained, suggesting that there is more uncertainty than commonly believed about how terrestrial carbon emissions will respond to future fossil fuel emissions and a changing climate.
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Nordin A. A missing key to our understanding of forest carbon dynamics. A commentary on: 'High nitrogen resorption efficiency of forest mosses'. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:vi-vii. [PMID: 32222772 PMCID: PMC7102986 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Nordin
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Hubau W, Lewis SL, Phillips OL, Affum-Baffoe K, Beeckman H, Cuní-Sanchez A, Daniels AK, Ewango CEN, Fauset S, Mukinzi JM, Sheil D, Sonké B, Sullivan MJP, Sunderland TCH, Taedoumg H, Thomas SC, White LJT, Abernethy KA, Adu-Bredu S, Amani CA, Baker TR, Banin LF, Baya F, Begne SK, Bennett AC, Benedet F, Bitariho R, Bocko YE, Boeckx P, Boundja P, Brienen RJW, Brncic T, Chezeaux E, Chuyong GB, Clark CJ, Collins M, Comiskey JA, Coomes DA, Dargie GC, de Haulleville T, Kamdem MND, Doucet JL, Esquivel-Muelbert A, Feldpausch TR, Fofanah A, Foli EG, Gilpin M, Gloor E, Gonmadje C, Gourlet-Fleury S, Hall JS, Hamilton AC, Harris DJ, Hart TB, Hockemba MBN, Hladik A, Ifo SA, Jeffery KJ, Jucker T, Yakusu EK, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Koch A, Leal ME, Levesley A, Lindsell JA, Lisingo J, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Lovett JC, Makana JR, Malhi Y, Marshall AR, Martin J, Martin EH, Mbayu FM, Medjibe VP, Mihindou V, Mitchard ETA, Moore S, Munishi PKT, Bengone NN, Ojo L, Ondo FE, Peh KSH, Pickavance GC, Poulsen AD, Poulsen JR, Qie L, Reitsma J, Rovero F, Swaine MD, Talbot J, Taplin J, Taylor DM, Thomas DW, Toirambe B, Mukendi JT, Tuagben D, Umunay PM, van der Heijden GMF, Verbeeck H, Vleminckx J, Willcock S, Wöll H, Woods JT, Zemagho L. Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests. Nature 2020; 579:80-87. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kondo M, Patra PK, Sitch S, Friedlingstein P, Poulter B, Chevallier F, Ciais P, Canadell JG, Bastos A, Lauerwald R, Calle L, Ichii K, Anthoni P, Arneth A, Haverd V, Jain AK, Kato E, Kautz M, Law RM, Lienert S, Lombardozzi D, Maki T, Nakamura T, Peylin P, Rödenbeck C, Zhuravlev R, Saeki T, Tian H, Zhu D, Ziehn T. State of the science in reconciling top-down and bottom-up approaches for terrestrial CO 2 budget. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1068-1084. [PMID: 31828914 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Robust estimates of CO2 budget, CO2 exchanged between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere, are necessary to better understand the role of the terrestrial biosphere in mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Over the past decade, this field of research has advanced through understanding of the differences and similarities of two fundamentally different approaches: "top-down" atmospheric inversions and "bottom-up" biosphere models. Since the first studies were undertaken, these approaches have shown an increasing level of agreement, but disagreements in some regions still persist, in part because they do not estimate the same quantity of atmosphere-biosphere CO2 exchange. Here, we conducted a thorough comparison of CO2 budgets at multiple scales and from multiple methods to assess the current state of the science in estimating CO2 budgets. Our set of atmospheric inversions and biosphere models, which were adjusted for a consistent flux definition, showed a high level of agreement for global and hemispheric CO2 budgets in the 2000s. Regionally, improved agreement in CO2 budgets was notable for North America and Southeast Asia. However, large gaps between the two methods remained in East Asia and South America. In other regions, Europe, boreal Asia, Africa, South Asia, and Oceania, it was difficult to determine whether those regions act as a net sink or source because of the large spread in estimates from atmospheric inversions. These results highlight two research directions to improve the robustness of CO2 budgets: (a) to increase representation of processes in biosphere models that could contribute to fill the budget gaps, such as forest regrowth and forest degradation; and (b) to reduce sink-source compensation between regions (dipoles) in atmospheric inversion so that their estimates become more comparable. Advancements on both research areas will increase the level of agreement between the top-down and bottom-up approaches and yield more robust knowledge of regional CO2 budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kondo
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Prabir K Patra
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Environmental Geochemical Cycle Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Biospheric Science Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Frederic Chevallier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Josep G Canadell
- Global Carbon Project, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ana Bastos
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Leonardo Calle
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Kazuhito Ichii
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Peter Anthoni
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Almut Arneth
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Atul K Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Markus Kautz
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Department of Forest Health, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rachel M Law
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
| | - Sebastian Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Takashi Maki
- Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Philippe Peylin
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Ruslan Zhuravlev
- Central Aerological Observatory of Russian Hydromet Service, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tazu Saeki
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Dan Zhu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tilo Ziehn
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
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Liu Z, Kimball JS, Parazoo NC, Ballantyne AP, Wang WJ, Madani N, Pan CG, Watts JD, Reichle RH, Sonnentag O, Marsh P, Hurkuck M, Helbig M, Quinton WL, Zona D, Ueyama M, Kobayashi H, Euskirchen ES. Increased high-latitude photosynthetic carbon gain offset by respiration carbon loss during an anomalous warm winter to spring transition. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:682-696. [PMID: 31596019 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arctic and boreal ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon (C) budget, and whether they act as a future net C sink or source depends on climate and environmental change. Here, we used complementary in situ measurements, model simulations, and satellite observations to investigate the net carbon dioxide (CO2 ) seasonal cycle and its climatic and environmental controls across Alaska and northwestern Canada during the anomalously warm winter to spring conditions of 2015 and 2016 (relative to 2010-2014). In the warm spring, we found that photosynthesis was enhanced more than respiration, leading to greater CO2 uptake. However, photosynthetic enhancement from spring warming was partially offset by greater ecosystem respiration during the preceding anomalously warm winter, resulting in nearly neutral effects on the annual net CO2 balance. Eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements showed that air temperature has a primary influence on net CO2 exchange in winter and spring, while soil moisture has a primary control on net CO2 exchange in the fall. The net CO2 exchange was generally more moisture limited in the boreal region than in the Arctic tundra. Our analysis indicates complex seasonal interactions of underlying C cycle processes in response to changing climate and hydrology that may not manifest in changes in net annual CO2 exchange. Therefore, a better understanding of the seasonal response of C cycle processes may provide important insights for predicting future carbon-climate feedbacks and their consequences on atmospheric CO2 dynamics in the northern high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - John S Kimball
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Nicholas C Parazoo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ashley P Ballantyne
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Wen J Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Nima Madani
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Caleb G Pan
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | | | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philip Marsh
- Cold Regions Research Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Miriam Hurkuck
- Département de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Manuel Helbig
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - William L Quinton
- Cold Regions Research Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Donatella Zona
- Global Change Research Group, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Masahito Ueyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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Tagesson T, Schurgers G, Horion S, Ciais P, Tian F, Brandt M, Ahlström A, Wigneron JP, Ardö J, Olin S, Fan L, Wu Z, Fensholt R. Recent divergence in the contributions of tropical and boreal forests to the terrestrial carbon sink. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:202-209. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu S, Fang S, Liang M, Ma Q, Feng Z. Study on CO data filtering approaches based on observations at two background stations in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:675-684. [PMID: 31325866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The identification of regional representative carbon monoxide (CO) measurements that are minimally influenced by local sources/sinks is essential to understand the characteristics of atmospheric CO over a certain region. In this study, three commonly used data filtering approaches were applied to atmospheric CO data obtained from 2010/2011 to 2017 at two World Meteorological Administration/Global Atmospheric Programme (WMO/GAW) regional stations (Lin'an, LAN and Shangdianzi, SDZ) in China, to study their applicability for individual stations. The three methods used were the meteorological conditions (MET), statistical approaches (robust extraction of baseline signal, REBS), and the time scale of the CO variations (standard deviations of the running mean, SDM). The results from the three methods displayed almost the same seasonal cycles at LAN but different variations at SDZ. They each extracted similar yearly CO growth rates at LAN, but there was a large difference at SDZ, with values of -10.6 ± 0.5, -2.2 ± 0.1, and - 23.5 ± 0.3 ppb yr-1 for MET, REBS, and SDM, respectively. The slight decrease observed using REBS at SDZ was mainly due to the biased distribution of CO records, which was a purely statistical method that did not consider topography or meteorological conditions. Thus, the REBS method should be applied cautiously to CO observations at stations like SDZ. The SDM method may overestimate multi-year trends. Among the three approaches, MET may be the most suitable for filtering CO observation records, especially at stations like SDZ with special geographical and meteorological conditions in economically-developed regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuangxi Fang
- Meteorological Observation Centre (MOC), China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Miao Liang
- Meteorological Observation Centre (MOC), China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Lin'an Regional Background Station, China Meteorological Administration, Zhejiang 314016, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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