1
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Xenofontos C, Kohl M, Ruhl S, Almeida J, Beckmann HM, Caudillo-Plath L, Ehrhart S, Höhler K, Kaniyodical Sebastian M, Kong W, Kunkler F, Onnela A, Rato P, Russell DM, Simon M, Stark L, Umo NS, Unfer GR, Yang B, Yu W, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Zgheib I, Zheng Z, Curtius J, Donahue NM, El Haddad I, Flagan RC, Gordon H, Harder H, He XC, Kirkby J, Kulmala M, Möhler O, Pöhlker ML, Schobesberger S, Volkamer R, Wang M, Borrmann S, Pozzer A, Lelieveld J, Christoudias T. The impact of ammonia on particle formation in the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer. NPJ CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE 2024; 7:215. [PMID: 39281887 PMCID: PMC11392815 DOI: 10.1038/s41612-024-00758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
During summer, ammonia emissions in Southeast Asia influence air pollution and cloud formation. Convective transport by the South Asian monsoon carries these pollutant air masses into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), where they accumulate under anticyclonic flow conditions. This air mass accumulation is thought to contribute to particle formation and the development of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). Despite the known influence of ammonia and particulate ammonium on air pollution, a comprehensive understanding of the ATAL is lacking. In this modelling study, the influence of ammonia on particle formation is assessed with emphasis on the ATAL. We use the EMAC chemistry-climate model, incorporating new particle formation parameterisations derived from experiments at the CERN CLOUD chamber. Our diurnal cycle analysis confirms that new particle formation mainly occurs during daylight, with a 10-fold enhancement in rate. This increase is prominent in the South Asian monsoon UTLS, where deep convection introduces high ammonia levels from the boundary layer, compared to a baseline scenario without ammonia. Our model simulations reveal that this ammonia-driven particle formation and growth contributes to an increase of up to 80% in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations at cloud-forming heights in the South Asian monsoon region. We find that ammonia profoundly influences the aerosol mass and composition in the ATAL through particle growth, as indicated by an order of magnitude increase in nitrate levels linked to ammonia emissions. However, the effect of ammonia-driven new particle formation on aerosol mass in the ATAL is relatively small. Ammonia emissions enhance the regional aerosol optical depth (AOD) for shortwave solar radiation by up to 70%. We conclude that ammonia has a pronounced effect on the ATAL development, composition, the regional AOD, and CCN concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Xenofontos
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Samuel Ruhl
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - João Almeida
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hannah M Beckmann
- Department of Environmental Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lucía Caudillo-Plath
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehrhart
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Höhler
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Milin Kaniyodical Sebastian
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Weimeng Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Felix Kunkler
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antti Onnela
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Rato
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Douglas M Russell
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mario Simon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Leander Stark
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nsikanabasi Silas Umo
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gabriela R Unfer
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Boxing Yang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Wenjuan Yu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Zhensen Zheng
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Richard C Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Hamish Gordon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Hartwig Harder
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ottmar Möhler
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mira L Pöhlker
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Volkamer
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Stephan Borrmann
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Particle Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Pozzer
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Li J, Ning A, Liu L, Zhang X. Atmospheric Bases-Enhanced Iodic Acid Nucleation: Altitude-Dependent Characteristics and Molecular Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39252395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c06053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Iodic acid (IA), the key driver of marine aerosols, is widely detected within the gas and particle phases in the marine boundary layer (MBL) and even the free troposphere (FT). Although atmospheric bases like dimethylamine (DMA) and ammonia (NH3) can enhance IA particles formation, their different efficiencies and spatial distributions make the dominant base-stabilization mechanisms of forming IA particles unclear. Herein, we investigated the IA-DMA-NH3 nucleation system through quantum chemical calculations at the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ(-PP)//ωB97X-D/6-311++G(3df,3pd) + aug-cc-pVTZ-PP level of theory and cluster dynamics simulations. We provide molecular-level evidence that DMA and NH3 can jointly stabilize the IA clusters. The formation rates of IA clusters initially decline before rising from the MBL to the FT, owing to variations in mechanism. In the MBL, IA-DMA nucleation predominates, while the contribution of IA-DMA-NH3 synergistic nucleation cannot be overlooked in polar and NH3-polluted regions. In the lower FT, IA-DMA-NH3 nucleation prevails, whereas in the upper FT, IA-NH3 nucleation dominates. The efficiency of IA-DMA-NH3 nucleation is comparable to that of IA-iodous acid nucleation in the MBL and sulfuric acid-NH3 nucleation in the FT. Hence, the IA-DMA-NH3 mechanism holds promise for revealing the missing sources of tropospheric IA particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - An Ning
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Trees I, Yu F, Deng X, Luo G, Zhang W, Lin S. Ultrafine Particles and Hospital Visits for Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases in New York State. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2024; 21:1147-1155. [PMID: 38445971 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202303-267oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Exposure to particulate matter is associated with various adverse health outcomes. Ultrafine particles (UFPs; diameter <0.1 μm) are a unique public health challenge because of their size. However, limited studies have examined their impacts on human health, especially across seasons and demographic characteristics. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of UFP exposure on the risk of visiting the emergency department (ED) for a chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) in New York State in 2013-2018. Methods: We used a case-crossover design and conditional logistic regression to estimate how UFP exposure led to CLRD-related ED visits. GEOS-Chem Advanced Particle Microphysics, a state-of-the-art chemical transport model with a size-resolved particle microphysics model, generated air pollution simulation data. We then matched UFP exposure estimates to geocoded health records for asthma, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, unspecified bronchitis, and other chronic airway obstructions in New York State from 2013 through 2018. In addition, we assessed interactions with age, ethnicity, race, sex, meteorological factors, and season. Results: Each 1-(interquartile range [IQR]) increase in UFP exposure led to a 0.37% increased risk of a respiratory-related ED visit on lag 0-0, or the day of the ED visits, (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23-0.52%) and a 1.81% increase on lag 0-6, or 6 days before the ED visit, (95% CI, 1.58-2.03%). The highest risk was in the emphysema subtype (lag 0-5, 4.18%; 95% CI, 0.16-8.37%), followed by asthma (lag 0-6, 2.00%), chronic bronchitis (lag 0-6, 1.78%), other chronic airway obstructions (lag 0-6, 1.60%), and unspecified bronchitis (lag 0-6, 1.49%). We also found significant interactions between UFP health impacts and season (Fall, 3.29%), temperature (<90th percentile, 2.27%), relative humidity (>90th percentile, 4.63%), age (children aged <18 yr, 3.19%), and sex (men, 2.06%) on lag 0-6. Conclusions: In this study, UFP exposure increased CLRD-related ED visits across all seasons and demographic characteristics, yet these associations varied according to various factors, which requires more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Trees
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York; and
| | - Xinlei Deng
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and
| | - Gan Luo
- Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York; and
| | - Wangjian Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York
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4
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Zhang J, Gong X, Crosbie E, Diskin G, Froyd K, Hall S, Kupc A, Moore R, Peischl J, Rollins A, Schwarz J, Shook M, Thompson C, Ullmann K, Williamson C, Wisthaler A, Xu L, Ziemba L, Brock CA, Wang J. Stratospheric air intrusions promote global-scale new particle formation. Science 2024; 385:210-216. [PMID: 38991080 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
New particle formation in the free troposphere is a major source of cloud condensation nuclei globally. The prevailing view is that in the free troposphere, new particles are formed predominantly in convective cloud outflows. We present another mechanism using global observations. We find that during stratospheric air intrusion events, the mixing of descending ozone-rich stratospheric air with more moist free tropospheric background results in elevated hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations. Such mixing is most prevalent near the tropopause where the sulfur dioxide (SO2) mixing ratios are high. The combination of elevated SO2 and OH levels leads to enhanced sulfuric acid concentrations, promoting particle formation. Such new particle formation occurs frequently and over large geographic regions, representing an important particle source in the midlatitude free troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoshi Zhang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xianda Gong
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Karl Froyd
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Samuel Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Agnieszka Kupc
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
- Faculty of Physics, Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Rollins
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joshua Schwarz
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Chelsea Thompson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christina Williamson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
- Climate Research Programme, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lu Xu
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Charles A Brock
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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5
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Wei X, Zhu Y, Gao Y, Gao H, Yao X. Statistical analysis and environmental impact of pre-existing particle growth events in a Northern Chinese coastal megacity: A 725-day study in 2010-2018. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173227. [PMID: 38750744 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Pre-existing particles usually constitute the major fraction of atmospheric particles, except during some episodes in the presence of strong emissions and/or secondary generation of fresh particles. Previous case studies have investigated the growth of pre-existing particles and their potential environmental and climate impacts. However, there is limited knowledge about the statistical characteristics of these growth events and related effects. In this study, we examine pre-existing particle growth events using a large dataset (725 days from 2010 to 2018) collected at a coastal megacity in northern China. The occurrence frequency of pre-existing particle growth events was 12.4 % (90 out of 725 days). When these events were related to measured criteria air pollutants, no significant differences were found in PM2.5, SO2, NO2 and NO2 + O3 concentrations between periods with and without pre-existing particle growth events. These 90-day events can be further classified into two categories, i.e., Category 1, with 68 % of events representing the growth of pre-existing particles alone, and Category 2, with 32 % of events representing the simultaneous growth of pre-existing and newly formed particles. In Category 2, the growth rates of pre-existing particles and newly formed particles were close in 21 % of the cases, while pre-existing particles exhibited significantly larger growth rates in 69 % of the cases. Conversely, in 10 % of the cases, the growth rates of newly formed particles were larger. The different growth rate mechanisms were discussed in terms of the volatility of atmospheric condensation vapors. In addition, we present case studies on the impact of pre-existing particle growth on cloud condensation nuclei simultaneously measured, specifically considering the chemistry of condensation vapors and pre-existing particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China.
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6
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Zhao B, Donahue NM, Zhang K, Mao L, Shrivastava M, Ma PL, Shen J, Wang S, Sun J, Gordon H, Tang S, Fast J, Wang M, Gao Y, Yan C, Singh B, Li Z, Huang L, Lou S, Lin G, Wang H, Jiang J, Ding A, Nie W, Qi X, Chi X, Wang L. Global variability in atmospheric new particle formation mechanisms. Nature 2024; 631:98-105. [PMID: 38867037 PMCID: PMC11222162 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A key challenge in aerosol pollution studies and climate change assessment is to understand how atmospheric aerosol particles are initially formed1,2. Although new particle formation (NPF) mechanisms have been described at specific sites3-6, in most regions, such mechanisms remain uncertain to a large extent because of the limited ability of atmospheric models to simulate critical NPF processes1,7. Here we synthesize molecular-level experiments to develop comprehensive representations of 11 NPF mechanisms and the complex chemical transformation of precursor gases in a fully coupled global climate model. Combined simulations and observations show that the dominant NPF mechanisms are distinct worldwide and vary with region and altitude. Previously neglected or underrepresented mechanisms involving organics, amines, iodine oxoacids and HNO3 probably dominate NPF in most regions with high concentrations of aerosols or large aerosol radiative forcing; such regions include oceanic and human-polluted continental boundary layers, as well as the upper troposphere over rainforests and Asian monsoon regions. These underrepresented mechanisms also play notable roles in other areas, such as the upper troposphere of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Accordingly, NPF accounts for different fractions (10-80%) of the nuclei on which cloud forms at 0.5% supersaturation over various regions in the lower troposphere. The comprehensive simulation of global NPF mechanisms can help improve estimation and source attribution of the climate effects of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China.
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Lizhuo Mao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Po-Lun Ma
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jiewen Shen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hamish Gordon
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shuaiqi Tang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jerome Fast
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Zeqi Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lyuyin Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijia Lou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangxing Lin
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Vidović K, Hočevar S, Grgić I, Metarapi D, Dominović I, Mifka B, Gregorič A, Alfoldy B, Ciglenečki I. Do bromine and surface-active substances influence the coastal atmospheric particle growth? Heliyon 2024; 10:e31632. [PMID: 38828296 PMCID: PMC11140702 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) is considered a major source of aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN); however, our understanding of NPF and the subsequent particle growth mechanisms in coastal areas remains limited. This study provides evidence of frequent NPF events followed by particle growth in the middle Adriatic Sea during the summer months at the coastal station of Rogoznica in Croatia. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report such events in this region. Our research aims to improve the understanding of NPF by investigating particle growth through detailed physicochemical characterization and event classification. We used a combination of online measurements and offline particle collection, followed by a thorough chemical analysis. Our results suggest the role of bromine in the particle growth process and provide evidence for its involvement in combination with organic compounds. In addition, we demonstrated the significant influence of surface-active substances (SAS) on particle growth. NPF and particle growth events have been observed in air masses originating from the Adriatic Sea, which can serve as an important source of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Our study shows an intricate interplay between bromine, organic carbon (OC), and SAS in atmospheric particle growth, contributing to a better understanding of coastal NPF processes. In this context, we also introduced a new approach using the semi-empirical 1st derivative method to determine the growth rate for each time point that is not sensitive to the nonlinear behavior of the particle growth over time. We observed that during NPF and particle growth event days, the OC concentration measured in the ultrafine mode particle fraction was higher compared to non-event days. Moreover, in contrast to non-event days, bromine compounds were detected in the ultrafine mode atmospheric particle fraction on nearly all NPF and particle growth event days. Regarding sulfuric acid, the measured sulfate concentration in the ultrafine mode atmospheric particle fraction on both NPF event and non-event days showed no significant differences. This suggests that sulfuric acid may not be the primary factor influencing the appearance of NPF and the particle growth process in the coastal region of Rogoznica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Vidović
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Physical Oceanography Chemistry of Aquatic Systems, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Samo Hočevar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dino Metarapi
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Dominović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Physical Oceanography Chemistry of Aquatic Systems, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Boris Mifka
- Faculty of Physics University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Asta Gregorič
- Aerosol d.o.o., Kamniška 39A, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica, Center for Atmospheric Research, Vipavska 11c, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | | | - Irena Ciglenečki
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Physical Oceanography Chemistry of Aquatic Systems, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Qi Q, Yu F, Nair AA, Lau SSS, Luo G, Mithu I, Zhang W, Li S, Lin S. Hidden danger: The long-term effect of ultrafine particles on mortality and its sociodemographic disparities in New York State. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134317. [PMID: 38636229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Although previous studies have shown increased health risks of particulate matters, few have evaluated the long-term health impacts of ultrafine particles (UFPs or PM0.1, ≤ 0.1 µm in diameter). This study assessed the association between long-term exposure to UFPs and mortality in New York State (NYS), including total non-accidental and cause-specific mortalities, sociodemographic disparities and seasonal trends. Collecting data from a comprehensive chemical transport model and NYS Vital Records, we used the interquartile range (IQR) and high-level UFPs (≥75 % percentile) as indicators to link with mortalities. Our modified difference-in-difference model controlled for other pollutants, meteorological factors, spatial and temporal confounders. The findings indicate that long-term UFPs exposure significantly increases the risk of non-accidental mortality (RR=1.10, 95 % CI: 1.05, 1.17), cardiovascular mortality (RR=1.11, 95 % CI: 1.05, 1.18) particularly for cerebrovascular (RR=1.21, 95 % CI: 1.10, 1.35) and pulmonary heart diseases (RR=1.33, 95 % CI: 1.13, 1.57), and respiratory mortality (borderline significance, RR=1.09, 95 % CI: 1.00, 1.18). Hispanics (RR=1.13, 95 % CI: 1.00, 1.29) and non-Hispanic Blacks (RR=1.40, 95 % CI: 1.16, 1.68) experienced significantly higher mortality risk after exposure to UFPs, compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Children under five, older adults, non-NYC residents, and winter seasons are more susceptible to UFPs' effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Qi
- Department of Economics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Arshad A Nair
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Sam S S Lau
- Research Centre for Environment and Human Health & College of International Education, School of Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Imran Mithu
- Community, Environment and Policy Division, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wangjian Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sean Li
- Rausser College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shao Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA.
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9
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Liu Y, Chen Q, Zhang H, Feng Z, Zou G, Zhang D. Cascaded momentum-space polarization filters enabled label-free black-field microscopy for single nanoparticles analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321825121. [PMID: 38498716 PMCID: PMC10990084 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321825121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Label-free optical imaging of single-nanometer-scale matter is extremely important for a variety of biomedical, physical, and chemical investigations. One central challenge is that the background intensity is much stronger than the intensity of the scattering light from single nano-objects. Here, we propose an optical module comprising cascaded momentum-space polarization filters that can perform vector field modulation to block most of the background field and result in an almost black background; in contrast, only a small proportion of the scattering field is blocked, leading to obvious imaging contrast enhancement. This module can be installed in various optical microscopies to realize a black-field microscopy. Various single nano-objects with dimensions smaller than 20 nm appear distinctly in the black-field images. The chemical reactions occurring on single nanocrystals with edge lengths of approximately 10 nm are in situ real-time monitored by using the black-field microscopy. This label-free black-field microscopy is highly promising for a wide range of future multidisciplinary science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Qiankun Chen
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Zeyu Feng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Gang Zou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Douguo Zhang
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230088, China
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Wu Z, Wang H, Yin Y, Shen L, Chen K, Chen J, Zhen Z, Cui Y, Ke Y, Liu S, Zhao T, Lin W. Impacts of the aerosol mixing state and new particle formation on CCN in summer at the summit of Mount Tai (1534m) in Central East China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170622. [PMID: 38325490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the aerosol size distributions, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration (NCCN), single-particle chemical composition and meteorological data were collected from May 12 to June 8, 2017, at the summit of Mt. Tai. The effects of new particle formation (NPF) events and aerosol chemical components on CCN at Mt. Tai were analyzed in detail. The results showed that, NPF events significantly enhanced the CCN population, and the enhancement effect increased with increasing supersaturation (SS) value at Mt.Tai. NCCN at SS ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 % on NPF days was 10.9 %, 36.5 %, 44.6 %, 53.5 % and 51.5 % higher than that on non-NPF days from 10:00-13:00 as NPF events progressed. The effect of chemical components on CCN activation under the influence of NPF events was greater than that in the absence of NPF events. The correlation coefficients of EC-Nitrate particles (EC-Sulfate particles) and CCN at all SS levels on NPF days were 1.31-1.59 times (1.17-1.35 times) higher than those on non-NPF days. Nitrate particles promoted CCN activation but sulfate particles inhibited activation at Mt. Tai. There are differences or even opposite effects of the same group of particles on CCN activation under the influence of NPF events in different air masses. EC-Sulfate particles inhibited CCN activation at all SS levels for type I but weakly promoted activation at lower SS ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 % and weakly inhibited it at higher 0.9 % SS for type II. OCEC particles significantly inhibited CCN activation for type II, and this effect decreased with increasing SS. OCEC particles only weakly inhibited activation at SS ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 % for type I. OCEC particles only weakly inhibited this process at 0.1 % SS, while they very weakly promoted activation for SS > 0.1 %. This reveals that the CCN activity is not only related to the chemical composition of the particles, but the mixing state also has an important effect on the CCN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory of Straits Severe Weather, China Meteorological Administration, Fuzhou 350001, China.
| | - Yan Yin
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- School of Atmosphere and Remote Sensing, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China
| | - Kui Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhongxiu Zhen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Weather Modification Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
| | - Yue Ke
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Sihan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wen Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory of Straits Severe Weather, China Meteorological Administration, Fuzhou 350001, China
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Zhang R, Ma F, Zhang Y, Chen J, Elm J, He XC, Xie HB. HIO 3-HIO 2-Driven Three-Component Nucleation: Screening Model and Cluster Formation Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:649-659. [PMID: 38131199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Iodine oxoacids (HIO3 and HIO2)-driven nucleation has been suggested to efficiently contribute to new particle formation (NPF) in marine atmospheres. Abundant atmospheric nucleation precursors may further enhance HIO3-HIO2-driven nucleation through various multicomponent nucleation mechanisms. However, the specific enhancing potential (EP) of different precursors remains largely unknown. Herein, the EP-based screening model of precursors and enhancing mechanism of the precursor with the highest EP on HIO3-HIO2 nucleation were investigated. The formation free energies (ΔG), as critical parameters for evaluating EP, were calculated for the dimers of 63 selected precursors with HIO2. Based on the ΔG values, (1) a quantitative structure-activity relationship model was developed for evaluating ΔG of other precursors and (2) atmospheric concentrations of 63 (precursor)1(HIO2)1 dimer clusters were assessed to identify the precursors with the highest EP for HIO3-HIO2-driven nucleation by combining with earlier results for the nucleation with HIO3 as the partner. Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) was found to be one of the precursors with the highest EP. Finally, we found that MSA can effectively enhance HIO3-HIO2 nucleation at atmospheric conditions by studying larger MSA-HIO3-HIO2 clusters. These results augment our current understanding of HIO3-HIO2 and MSA-driven nucleation and may suggest a larger impact of HIO2 in atmospheric aerosol nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yangjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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12
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Zha Q, Aliaga D, Krejci R, Sinclair VA, Wu C, Ciarelli G, Scholz W, Heikkinen L, Partoll E, Gramlich Y, Huang W, Leiminger M, Enroth J, Peräkylä O, Cai R, Chen X, Koenig AM, Velarde F, Moreno I, Petäjä T, Artaxo P, Laj P, Hansel A, Carbone S, Kulmala M, Andrade M, Worsnop D, Mohr C, Bianchi F. Oxidized organic molecules in the tropical free troposphere over Amazonia. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad138. [PMID: 38116089 PMCID: PMC10727843 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) in the tropical free troposphere (FT) is a globally important source of cloud condensation nuclei, affecting cloud properties and climate. Oxidized organic molecules (OOMs) produced from biogenic volatile organic compounds are believed to contribute to aerosol formation in the tropical FT, but without direct chemical observations. We performed in situ molecular-level OOMs measurements at the Bolivian station Chacaltaya at 5240 m above sea level, on the western edge of Amazonia. For the first time, we demonstrate the presence of OOMs, mainly with 4-5 carbon atoms, in both gas-phase and particle-phase (in terms of mass contribution) measurements in tropical FT air from Amazonia. These observations, combined with air mass history analyses, indicate that the observed OOMs are linked to isoprene emitted from the rainforests hundreds of kilometers away. Based on particle-phase measurements, we find that these compounds can contribute to NPF, at least the growth of newly formed nanoparticles, in the tropical FT on a continental scale. Thus, our study is a fundamental and significant step in understanding the aerosol formation process in the tropical FT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhi Zha
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Diego Aliaga
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Radovan Krejci
- Department of Environmental Science & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Victoria A Sinclair
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Giancarlo Ciarelli
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Liine Heikkinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Department of Environmental Science & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Eva Partoll
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Yvette Gramlich
- Department of Environmental Science & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Markus Leiminger
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Ionicon Analytik GmbH, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Joonas Enroth
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Otso Peräkylä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Runlong Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Xuemeng Chen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Alkuin Maximilian Koenig
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics, Institute for Physics Research, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Fernando Velarde
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics, Institute for Physics Research, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Isabel Moreno
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics, Institute for Physics Research, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Paolo Laj
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Institute for Geosciences and Environmental Research (IGE), University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble38000, France
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Samara Carbone
- Agrarian Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38408-100, Brazil
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Marcos Andrade
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics, Institute for Physics Research, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Douglas Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA01821, USA
| | - Claudia Mohr
- Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
- Switzerland and Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
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Cheng Z, Morgenstern M, Henning S, Zhang B, Roberts GC, Fraund M, Marcus MA, Lata NN, Fialho P, Mazzoleni L, Wehner B, Mazzoleni C, China S. Cloud condensation nuclei activity of internally mixed particle populations at a remote marine free troposphere site in the North Atlantic Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166865. [PMID: 37690758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports results from research conducted at the Observatory of Mount Pico (OMP), 2225 m above mean sea level on Pico Island in the Azores archipelago in June and July 2017. We investigated the chemical composition, mixing state, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activities of long-range transported free tropospheric (FT) particles. FLEXible PARTicle Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) simulations reveal that most air masses that arrived at the OMP during the sampling period originated in North America and were highly aged (average plume age > 10 days). We probed size-resolved chemical composition, mixing state, and hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of individual particles using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (CCSEM-EDX). Based on the estimated individual particle mass from elemental composition, we calculated the mixing state index, χ. During our study, FT particle populations were internally mixed (χ of samples are between 53 % and 87 %), owing to the long atmospheric aging time. We used data from a miniature Cloud Condensation Nucleus Counter (miniCCNC) to derive the hygroscopicity parameter, κCCNC. Combining κCCNC and FLEXPART, we found that air masses recirculated above the North Atlantic Ocean with lower mean altitude had higher κCCNC due to the higher contribution of sea salt particles. We used CCSEM-EDX and phase state measurements to predict single-particle κ (κCCSEM-EDX) values, which overlap with the lower range of κCCNC measured below 0.15 % SS. Therefore, CCSEM-EDX measurements can be useful in predicting the lower bound of κ, which can be used in climate models to predict CCN activities, especially in remote locations where online CCN measurements are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Megan Morgenstern
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Silvia Henning
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Gregory C Roberts
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse 31400, France; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nurun Nahar Lata
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Paulo Fialho
- Institute of Volcanology and Risk Assessment - IVAR, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Lynn Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Birgit Wehner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudio Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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14
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Svv DR, Al-Rashidi A, Sabarathinam C, Alsabti B, Al-Wazzan Y, Kumar US. Temporal and spatial shifts in the chemical composition of urban coastal rainwaters of Kuwait: The role of air mass trajectory and meteorological variables. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165649. [PMID: 37478926 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The rainwater chemistry encompasses the signatures of geogenic and anthropogenic processes along the regional air mass movement apart from the local sources. The predominance of dust events and anthropogenic emissions in arid regions facilitate new particle formation. Further, rain events of different seasons depict moisture sources from diverse regions reflecting variation in the regional geochemistry with respect to seasons. Hence, to characterize the geochemical composition of rainwater, the study has focused on an integrated approach by considering regional transport, meteorological components and possible local sources. A total of 74 rainwater samples were collected from 27 rain events in 2018, 2019, and 2022, representing urban coastal areas of Kuwait predominantly of Ca-SO4-HCO3 type. The average pH and electrical conductivity of the rainwater were 7.18 and 140 μS/cm, respectively. The sea salt fractions calculated relative to Kuwait seawater ranged from 25.6 to >100 %, with higher values attributed to anthropogenic sources. Sea salt fraction, ion ratios, principal component analysis and factor scores revealed the terrestrial and anthropogenic sources apart from marine contributions. In addition, new particle formation and aerosols contributed to the rainwater chemistry involving SOx, NOx, and photochemical reactions during higher relative humidity and lesser wind speed. The HYSPLIT reflected that the moisture sources were largely from western regions of the study area, and those of December and January events had long-distance travel across the Azores high originating from northeast America. The trajectories of the November events are observed to originate from the Caspian/Black Sea region in the northeastern part of Kuwait with a relatively shorter distance of travel. The rainfall samples had higher ionic concentrations, and saturated with aragonite and calcite minerals in a few locations specifically after the dust events, while the subsequent rain events were less polluted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanu Radha Svv
- Water Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Shuwaikh, Kuwait.
| | - Amjad Al-Rashidi
- Water Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Shuwaikh, Kuwait
| | | | - Bedour Alsabti
- Water Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Shuwaikh, Kuwait
| | - Yousef Al-Wazzan
- Water Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Shuwaikh, Kuwait
| | - Umayadoss Saravana Kumar
- Isotope Hydrology Section, Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Jo DS, Nault BA, Tilmes S, Gettelman A, McCluskey CS, Hodzic A, Henze DK, Nawaz MO, Fung KM, Jimenez JL. Global Health and Climate Effects of Organic Aerosols from Different Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13793-13807. [PMID: 37671787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of aerosols on human health and climate is well-recognized, yet many studies have only focused on total PM2.5 or changes from anthropogenic activities. This study quantifies the health and climate effects of organic aerosols (OA) from anthropogenic, biomass burning, and biogenic sources. Using two atmospheric chemistry models, CAM-chem and GEOS-Chem, our findings reveal that anthropogenic primary OA (POA) has the highest efficiency for health effects but the lowest for direct radiative effects due to spatial and temporal variations associated with population and surface albedo. The treatment of POA as nonvolatile or semivolatile also influences these efficiencies through different chemical processes. Biogenic OA shows moderate efficiency for health effects and the highest for direct radiative effects but has the lowest efficiency for indirect effects due to the reduced high cloud, caused by stabilized temperature profiles from aerosol-radiation interactions in biogenic OA-rich regions. Biomass burning OA is important for cloud radiative effect changes in remote atmospheres due to its ability to be transported further than other OAs. This study highlights the importance of not only OA characteristics such as toxicity and refractive index but also atmospheric processes such as transport and chemistry in determining health and climate impact efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duseong S Jo
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Benjamin A Nault
- Center for Aerosols and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Andrew Gettelman
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Christina S McCluskey
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Alma Hodzic
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Muhammad Omar Nawaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ka Ming Fung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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16
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Knattrup Y, Kubečka J, Elm J. Nitric Acid and Organic Acids Suppress the Role of Methanesulfonic Acid in Atmospheric New Particle Formation. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7568-7578. [PMID: 37651638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent atmospheric molecular clusters, typically comprising a combination of acids and bases, play a pivotal role in our climate system and contribute to the perplexing uncertainties embedded in modern climate models. Our understanding of cluster formation is limited by the lack of studies on complex mixed-acid-mixed-base systems. Here, we investigate multicomponent clusters consisting of mixtures of several acid and base molecules: sulfuric acid (SA), methanesulfonic acid (MSA), nitric acid (NA), formic acid (FA), along with methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), and trimethylamine (TMA). We calculated the binding free energies of a comprehensive set of 252 mixed-acid-mixed-base clusters at the DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ//ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory. Combined with the existing datasets, we simulated the new particle formation (NPF) rates using the Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code (ACDC). We find that the presence of NA and FA had a substantial impact, increasing the NPF rate by 60% at realistic conditions. Intriguingly, we find that NA and FA suppress the role of MSA in NPF. These findings suggest that even high concentration of MSA has a limited impact on NPF in polluted regions with high FA and NA. We outline a method for generating a lookup table that could potentially be used in climate models that sufficiently incorporates all the required chemistry. By unraveling the molecular mechanisms of mixed-acid-mixed-base clusters, we get one step closer to comprehending their implications for our global climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Knattrup
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jakub Kubečka
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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17
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Wang S, Peng Y, Zhang Q, Wang W, Wang Q. Mechanistic understanding of rapid H 2SO 4-HNO 3-NH 3 nucleation in the upper troposphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 883:163477. [PMID: 37062321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The upper troposphere (UT) nucleation is thought to be responsible for at least one-third of the global cloud condensation nuclei. Although NH3 was considered to be extremely rare in the UT, recent studies show that NH3 is convected aloft, promoting H2SO4-HNO3-NH3 rapid nucleation in the UT during the Asian monsoon. In this study, the roles of HNO3, H2SO4 (SA), and NH3 in the nucleation of SA-HNO3-NH3 were investigated by quantum chemical calculation and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations at the level of M06-2×/6-31 + G (d, p). The nucleation ability of SA-HNO3-NH3 is suppressed as the temperature increases in the UT. The results indicated that bisulfate (HSO4-), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium (NH4+) ionized from SA, HNO3, and NH3, respectively, can significantly enhance the nucleation ability of SA-HNO3-NH3. In addition, hydrated hydrogen ion (H3O+) as well as sulfate ions (SO42-) ionized by SA can also actively participate in the process of ion-induced nucleation. The results reveal that the enhancement effect of five ions on the SA-HNO3-NH3 nucleation can be ordered as follows: SO42- > H3O+ > HSO4- > NO3- > NH4+. Many ion-induced nucleation pathways of SA-HNO3-NH3 with the Gibbs free energies of formation (ΔG) lower than -100 kcal mol-1 were energetically favorable. HNO3 and NH3 can promote the nucleation of SA-HNO3-NH3 and water (W) molecules are also beneficial to promote the new particle formation (NPF) of SA-HNO3-NH3. Under the action of H-bonds and electrostatic interaction, ion-induced nucleation could lead to the rapid nucleation of H2SO4-HNO3-NH3 in the UT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yanbo Peng
- Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan 250101, PR China.
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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18
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Trace Gas Pollutants Led to New Particle Formation and a Strong Convective System Over Telangana, India. NATIONAL ACADEMY SCIENCE LETTERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40009-023-01221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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19
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Gong J, Zhu Y, Chen D, Gao H, Shen Y, Gao Y, Yao X. The occurrence of lower-than-expected bulk N CCN values over the marginal seas of China - Implications for competitive activation of marine aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159938. [PMID: 36336057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we combined the measured bulk particle number concentration (NCN), particle number size distribution (PNSD) and bulk cloud condensation nuclei concentration (NCCN) at various supersaturation (SS) levels to investigate competitive activation of aerosols in the marine atmospheres over the marginal seas of China during two winter campaigns Campaign A (December 9-19, 2019) and Campaign B (December 28, 2019-January 16, 2020). During the two campaigns, we observed various categories of aerosols, i.e., long-range transport continental aerosols, clean marine aerosols, grown new particles ranging from nucleation mode to larger sizes, and grown pre-existing particles ranging from Aitken mode to accumulation mode size, etc. We found that the measured NCCN increased by only approximately 30 % with increases in SS levels from 0.2 % to 1.0 %, e.g., (1.8 ± 1.4) × 103 cm-3 at SS = 0.2 % and (2.4 ± 1.4) × 103 cm-3 at SS = 1.0 % during Campaign A. We further calculated the hygroscopicity parameter kappa (κ) by combining simultaneously measured PNSD and bulk NCCN to explore the causes. The calculated κ values were below 0.1 at SS = 0.4 % during the 72 % (or 88 %) period of Campaign A (or Campaign B). When κ values below 0.1 (or 0.2) were excluded, the remaining κ values were apparently reasonable, with an average of 0.22 (or 0.36) and a standard deviation of 0.10 (or 0.21) at SS = 0.4 % during Campaign A (or Campaign B). The unexpectedly lower κ values were discussed in terms of competitive activation of aerosols in marine atmospheres together with its net contribution to lowering the measured bulk NCCN below the expected value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Gong
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Duihui Chen
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanjie Shen
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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20
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Gao CY, Heald CL, Katich JM, Luo G, Yu F. Remote Aerosol Simulated During the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) Campaign and Implications for Aerosol Lifetime. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD036524. [PMID: 36582200 PMCID: PMC9787353 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd036524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigate and assess how well a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) simulates submicron aerosol mass concentrations in the remote troposphere. The simulated speciated aerosol (organic aerosol (OA), black carbon, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) mass concentrations are evaluated against airborne observations made during all four seasons of the NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) deployments over the remote Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Such measurements over pristine environments offer fresh insights into the spatial (Northern [NH] and Southern Hemispheres [SH], Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans) and temporal (all seasons) variability in aerosol composition and lifetime, away from continental sources. The model captures the dominance of fine OA and sulfate aerosol mass concentrations in all seasons. There is a high bias across all species in the ATom-2 (NH winter) simulations; implementing recent updates to the wet scavenging parameterization improves our simulations, eliminating the large ATom-2 (NH winter) bias, improving the ATom-1 (NH summer) and ATom-3 (NH fall) simulations, but producing a model underestimate in aerosol mass concentrations for the ATom-4 (NH spring) simulations. Following the wet scavenging updates, simulated global annual mean aerosol lifetimes vary from 1.9 to 4.0 days, depending on species. Aerosol lifetimes in each hemisphere vary by season, and are longest for carbonaceous aerosol during the southern hemispheric fire season. The updated wet scavenging parameterization brings simulated concentrations closer to observations and reduces global aerosol lifetime for all species, indicating the sensitivity of global aerosol lifetime and burden to wet removal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Yuchao Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Now at Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Joseph M. Katich
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES)University of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL)BoulderCOUSA
- Now at Ball AerospaceBoulderCOUSA
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric Sciences Research CenterUniversity at AlbanyAlbanyNYUSA
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences Research CenterUniversity at AlbanyAlbanyNYUSA
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21
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Zhang R, Xie HB, Ma F, Chen J, Iyer S, Simon M, Heinritzi M, Shen J, Tham YJ, Kurtén T, Worsnop DR, Kirkby J, Curtius J, Sipilä M, Kulmala M, He XC. Critical Role of Iodous Acid in Neutral Iodine Oxoacid Nucleation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14166-14177. [PMID: 36126141 PMCID: PMC9536010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nucleation of neutral iodine particles has recently been found to involve both iodic acid (HIO3) and iodous acid (HIO2). However, the precise role of HIO2 in iodine oxoacid nucleation remains unclear. Herein, we probe such a role by investigating the cluster formation mechanisms and kinetics of (HIO3)m(HIO2)n (m = 0-4, n = 0-4) clusters with quantum chemical calculations and atmospheric cluster dynamics modeling. When compared with HIO3, we find that HIO2 binds more strongly with HIO3 and also more strongly with HIO2. After accounting for ambient vapor concentrations, the fastest nucleation rate is predicted for mixed HIO3-HIO2 clusters rather than for pure HIO3 or HIO2 ones. Our calculations reveal that the strong binding results from HIO2 exhibiting a base behavior (accepting a proton from HIO3) and forming stronger halogen bonds. Moreover, the binding energies of (HIO3)m(HIO2)n clusters show a far more tolerant choice of growth paths when compared with the strict stoichiometry required for sulfuric acid-base nucleation. Our predicted cluster formation rates and dimer concentrations are acceptably consistent with those measured by the Cosmic Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiment. This study suggests that HIO2 could facilitate the nucleation of other acids beyond HIO3 in regions where base vapors such as ammonia or amines are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- . Phone: +86-411-84707251
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Mario Simon
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- School
of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Aerodyne
Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- CERN,
the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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22
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Lin S, Ryan I, Paul S, Deng X, Zhang W, Luo G, Dong GH, Nair A, Yu F. Particle surface area, ultrafine particle number concentration, and cardiovascular hospitalizations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119795. [PMID: 35863707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While the health impacts of larger particulate matter, such as PM10 and PM2.5, have been studied extensively, research regarding ultrafine particles (UFPs or PM0.1) and particle surface area concentration (PSC) is lacking. This case-crossover study assessed the associations between exposure to PSC and UFP number concentration (UFPnc) and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in New York State (NYS), 2013-2018. We used a time-stratified case-crossover design to compare the PSC and UFPnc levels between hospitalization days and control days (similar days without admissions) for each CVD case. We utilized NYS hospital discharge data to identify all CVD cases who resided in NYS. UFP simulation data from GEOS-Chem-APM, a state-of-the-art chemical transport model, was used to define PSC and UFPnc. Using a multi-pollutant model and conditional logistic regression, we assessed excess risk (ER)% per inter-quartile change of PSC and UFPnc after controlling for meteorological factors, co-pollutants, and time-varying variables. We found immediate and lasting associations between PSC and overall CVDs (lag0-lag0-6: ERs% (95% CI%) ranges: 0.4 (0.1,0.7) - 0.9 (0.7-1.2), and delayed and prolonged ERs%: 0.1-0.3 (95% CIs: 0.1-0.5) between UFPnc and CVDs (lag0-3-lag0-6). Exposure to larger PSC was associated with immediate ER increases in stroke, hypertension, and ischemic heart diseases (1.1%, 0.7%, 0.8%, respectively, all p < 0.05). The adverse effects of PSC on CVDs were highest among children (5-17 years old), in the fall and winter, and during cold temperatures. In conclusion, we found an immediate, lasting effects of PSC on overall CVDs and a delayed, prolonged impact of UFPnc. PSC was a more sensitive indicator than UFPnc. The PSC effects were higher among certain CVD subtypes, in children, in certain seasons, and during cold days. Further studies are needed to validate our findings and evaluate the long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA.
| | - Ian Ryan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Sanchita Paul
- Department of Environmental & Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Xinlei Deng
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Wangjian Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Arshad Nair
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
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23
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Bardakov R, Krejci R, Riipinen I, Ekman AML. The Role of Convective Up- and Downdrafts in the Transport of Trace Gases in the Amazon. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD037265. [PMID: 36591340 PMCID: PMC9787969 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd037265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Deep convective clouds can redistribute gaseous species and particulate matter among different layers of the troposphere with important implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate. The large number of atmospheric trace gases of different volatility makes it challenging to predict their partitioning between hydrometeors and gas phase inside highly dynamic deep convective clouds. In this study, we use an ensemble of 51,200 trajectories simulated with a cloud-resolving model to characterize up- and downdrafts within Amazonian deep convective clouds. We also estimate the transport of a set of hypothetical non-reactive gases of different volatility, within the up- and downdrafts. We find that convective air parcels originating from the boundary layer (i.e., originating at 0.5 km altitude), can transport up to 25% of an intermediate volatility gas species (e.g., methyl hydrogen peroxide) and up to 60% of high volatility gas species (e.g., n-butane) to the cloud outflow above 10 km through the mean convective updraft. At the same time, the same type of gases can be transported to the boundary layer from the middle troposphere (i.e., originating at 5 km) within the mean convective downdraft with an efficiency close to 100%. Low volatility gases (e.g., nitric acid) are not efficiently transported, neither by the updrafts nor downdrafts, if the gas is assumed to be fully retained in a droplet upon freezing. The derived properties of the mean up- and downdraft can be used in future studies for investigating convective transport of a larger set of reactive trace gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Bardakov
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES)Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Radovan Krejci
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES)Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES)Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Annica M. L. Ekman
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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24
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Abstract
The known effects of thermodynamics and aerosols can well explain the thunderstorm activity over land, but fail over oceans. Here, tracking the full lifecycle of tropical deep convective cloud clusters shows that adding fine aerosols significantly increases the lightning density for a given rainfall amount over both ocean and land. In contrast, adding coarse sea salt (dry radius > 1 μm), known as sea spray, weakens the cloud vigor and lightning by producing fewer but larger cloud drops, which accelerate warm rain at the expense of mixed-phase precipitation. Adding coarse sea spray can reduce the lightning by 90% regardless of fine aerosol loading. These findings reconcile long outstanding questions about the differences between continental and marine thunderstorms, and help to understand lightning and underlying aerosol-cloud-precipitation interaction mechanisms and their climatic effects. Previous hypotheses cannot fully explain the large lightning excess over land compared to ocean. It is found that coarse sea spray that create large drops precipitates cloud water before it can freeze, thus robbing the fuel for cloud electrification
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25
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Lai S, Hai S, Gao Y, Wang Y, Sheng L, Lupascu A, Ding A, Nie W, Qi X, Huang X, Chi X, Zhao C, Zhao B, Shrivastava M, Fast JD, Yao X, Gao H. The striking effect of vertical mixing in the planetary boundary layer on new particle formation in the Yangtze River Delta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154607. [PMID: 35306072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) induces a sharp increase in ultrafine particle number concentrations and potentially acts as an important source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). As the densely populated area of China, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region shows a high frequency of observed NPF events at the ground level, especially in spring. Although recent observational studies suggested a possible connection between NPF at the higher altitudes and ground level, the role played by vertical mixing, particularly in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is not fully understood. Here we integrate measurements in Nanjing on 15-20 April 2018, and the NPF-explicit Weather Research and Forecast coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) model simulations to better understand the governing mechanisms of the NPF and CCN. Our results indicate that newly formed particles at the boundary layer top could be transported downward by vertical mixing as the PBL develops. A numerical sensitivity simulation created by eliminating aerosol vertical mixing suppresses both the downward transport of particles formed at a higher altitude and the dilution of particles at the ground level. The resulting higher Fuchs surface area at the ground level, together with the lack of downward transport, yields a sharp weakening of NPF strength and delayed start of NPF therein. The aerosol vertical mixing, therefore, leads to a more than double increase of surface CN10-40 and a one third decrease of boundary layer top CN10-40. Additionally, the continuous growth of nucleated ultrafine particles at the boundary layer top is strongly steered by the upward transport of condensable gases, with close to half increase of particle number concentrations in Aitken mode and CCN at a supersaturation rate of 0.75%. The findings may bridge the gap in understanding the complex interaction between PBL dynamics and NPF events, reducing the uncertainty in assessing the climate impact of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Lai
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shangfei Hai
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Lifang Sheng
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Aura Lupascu
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam D-14467, Germany
| | - Aijun Ding
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Nie
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun Zhao
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Manish Shrivastava
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Jerome D Fast
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
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26
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Olenius T, Roldin P. Role of gas-molecular cluster-aerosol dynamics in atmospheric new-particle formation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10135. [PMID: 35710742 PMCID: PMC9203563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
New-particle formation from vapors through molecular cluster formation is a central process affecting atmospheric aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei numbers, and a significant source of uncertainty in assessments of aerosol radiative forcing. While advances in experimental and computational methods provide improved assessments of particle formation rates from different species, the standard approach to implement these data in aerosol models rests on highly simplifying assumptions concerning gas-cluster-aerosol dynamics. To quantify the effects of the simplifications, we develop an open-source tool for explicitly simulating the dynamics of the complete particle size spectrum from vapor molecules and molecular clusters to larger aerosols for multi-compound new-particle formation. We demonstrate that the simplified treatment is a reasonable approximation for particle formation from weakly clustering chemical compounds, but results in overprediction of particle numbers and of the contribution of new-particle formation to cloud condensation nuclei for strongly clustering, low-concentration trace gases. The new explicit approach circumvents these issues, thus enabling robust model-measurement comparisons, improved assessment of the importance of different particle formation agents, and construction of optimal simplifications for large-scale models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinja Olenius
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, 60176, Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Pontus Roldin
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, P. O. Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
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27
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Kulmala M, Cai R, Stolzenburg D, Zhou Y, Dada L, Guo Y, Yan C, Petäjä T, Jiang J, Kerminen VM. The contribution of new particle formation and subsequent growth to haze formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:352-361. [PMID: 35694136 PMCID: PMC9119031 DOI: 10.1039/d1ea00096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the contribution of atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) and subsequent growth of the newly formed particles, characterized by high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In addition to having adverse effects on visibility and human health, these haze particles may act as cloud condensation nuclei, having potentially large influences on clouds and precipitation. Using atmospheric observations performed in 2019 in Beijing, a polluted megacity in China, we showed that the variability of growth rates (GR) of particles originating from NPF depend only weakly on low-volatile vapor - highly oxidated organic molecules (HOMs) and sulphuric acid - concentrations and have no apparent connection with the strength of NPF or the level of background pollution. We then constrained aerosol dynamic model simulations with these observations. We showed that under conditions typical for the Beijing atmosphere, NPF is capable of contributing with more than 100 μg m-3 to the PM2.5 mass concentration and simultaneously >103 cm-3 to the haze particle (diameter > 100 nm) number concentration. Our simulations reveal that the PM2.5 mass concentration originating from NPF, strength of NPF, particle growth rate and pre-existing background particle population are all connected with each other. Concerning the PM pollution control, our results indicate that reducing primary particle emissions might not result in an effective enough decrease in total PM2.5 mass concentrations until a reduction in emissions of precursor compounds for NPF and subsequent particle growth is imposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Kulmala
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) Beijing China.,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Finland .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Runlong Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Dominik Stolzenburg
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Ying Zhou
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) Beijing China
| | - Lubna Dada
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Finland .,Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen Switzerland
| | - Yishuo Guo
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) Beijing China
| | - Chao Yan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) Beijing China.,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Finland .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Veli-Matti Kerminen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Finland .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing China
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28
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Wang M, Xiao M, Bertozzi B, Marie G, Rörup B, Schulze B, Bardakov R, He XC, Shen J, Scholz W, Marten R, Dada L, Baalbaki R, Lopez B, Lamkaddam H, Manninen HE, Amorim A, Ataei F, Bogert P, Brasseur Z, Caudillo L, De Menezes LP, Duplissy J, Ekman AML, Finkenzeller H, Carracedo LG, Granzin M, Guida R, Heinritzi M, Hofbauer V, Höhler K, Korhonen K, Krechmer JE, Kürten A, Lehtipalo K, Mahfouz NGA, Makhmutov V, Massabò D, Mathot S, Mauldin RL, Mentler B, Müller T, Onnela A, Petäjä T, Philippov M, Piedehierro AA, Pozzer A, Ranjithkumar A, Schervish M, Schobesberger S, Simon M, Stozhkov Y, Tomé A, Umo NS, Vogel F, Wagner R, Wang DS, Weber SK, Welti A, Wu Y, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Sipilä M, Winkler PM, Hansel A, Baltensperger U, Kulmala M, Flagan RC, Curtius J, Riipinen I, Gordon H, Lelieveld J, El-Haddad I, Volkamer R, Worsnop DR, Christoudias T, Kirkby J, Möhler O, Donahue NM. Synergistic HNO 3-H 2SO 4-NH 3 upper tropospheric particle formation. Nature 2022; 605:483-489. [PMID: 35585346 PMCID: PMC9117139 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New particle formation in the upper free troposphere is a major global source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)1-4. However, the precursor vapours that drive the process are not well understood. With experiments performed under upper tropospheric conditions in the CERN CLOUD chamber, we show that nitric acid, sulfuric acid and ammonia form particles synergistically, at rates that are orders of magnitude faster than those from any two of the three components. The importance of this mechanism depends on the availability of ammonia, which was previously thought to be efficiently scavenged by cloud droplets during convection. However, surprisingly high concentrations of ammonia and ammonium nitrate have recently been observed in the upper troposphere over the Asian monsoon region5,6. Once particles have formed, co-condensation of ammonia and abundant nitric acid alone is sufficient to drive rapid growth to CCN sizes with only trace sulfate. Moreover, our measurements show that these CCN are also highly efficient ice nucleating particles-comparable to desert dust. Our model simulations confirm that ammonia is efficiently convected aloft during the Asian monsoon, driving rapid, multi-acid HNO3-H2SO4-NH3 nucleation in the upper troposphere and producing ice nucleating particles that spread across the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mao Xiao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bertozzi
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benjamin Schulze
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Roman Bardakov
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rima Baalbaki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brandon Lopez
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - António Amorim
- CENTRA and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Farnoush Ataei
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pia Bogert
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zoé Brasseur
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lucía Caudillo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annica M L Ekman
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department of Chemistry & CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Manuel Granzin
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roberto Guida
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victoria Hofbauer
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristina Höhler
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kimmo Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Andreas Kürten
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Naser G A Mahfouz
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Vladimir Makhmutov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dario Massabò
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa & INFN, Genoa, Italy
| | - Serge Mathot
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roy L Mauldin
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tatjana Müller
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antti Onnela
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrea Pozzer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Meredith Schervish
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Mario Simon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yuri Stozhkov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - António Tomé
- Institute Infante Dom Luíz, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Nsikanabasi Silas Umo
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Franziska Vogel
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Stefan K Weber
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - André Welti
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul M Winkler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Ionicon Analytik Ges.m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Richard C Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hamish Gordon
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Imad El-Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry & CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | | | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ottmar Möhler
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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29
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Palmer PI, Marvin MR, Siddans R, Kerridge BJ, Moore DP. Nocturnal survival of isoprene linked to formation of upper tropospheric organic aerosol. Science 2022; 375:562-566. [PMID: 35113698 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene is emitted mainly by terrestrial vegetation and is the dominant volatile organic compound (VOC) in Earth's atmosphere. It plays key roles in determining the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere and the formation of organic aerosol. Daytime infrared satellite observations of isoprene reported here broadly agree with emission inventories, but we found substantial differences in the locations and magnitudes of isoprene hotspots, consistent with a recent study. The corresponding nighttime infrared observations reveal unexpected hotspots over tropical South America, the Congo basin, and Southeast Asia. We used an atmospheric chemistry model to link these nighttime isoprene measurements to low-NOx regions with high biogenic VOC emissions; at sunrise the remaining isoprene can lead to the production of epoxydiols and subsequently to the widespread seasonal production of organic aerosol in the tropical upper troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul I Palmer
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Margaret R Marvin
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Siddans
- National Centre for Earth Observation, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK.,Remote Sensing Group, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK
| | - Brian J Kerridge
- National Centre for Earth Observation, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK.,Remote Sensing Group, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK
| | - David P Moore
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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30
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Pal D, Nazarenko Y, Preston TC, Ariya PA. Advancing the science of dynamic airborne nanosized particles using Nano-DIHM. Commun Chem 2021; 4:170. [PMID: 36697661 PMCID: PMC9814397 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ and real-time characterization of aerosols is vital to several fundamental and applied research domains including atmospheric chemistry, air quality monitoring, or climate change studies. To date, digital holographic microscopy is commonly used to characterize dynamic nanosized particles, but optical traps are required. In this study, a novel integrated digital in-line holographic microscope coupled with a flow tube (Nano-DIHM) is demonstrated to characterize particle phase, shape, morphology, 4D dynamic trajectories, and 3D dimensions of airborne particles ranging from the nanoscale to the microscale. We demonstrate the application of Nano-DIHM for nanosized particles (≤200 nm) in dynamic systems without optical traps. The Nano-DIHM allows observation of moving particles in 3D space and simultaneous measurement of each particle's three dimensions. As a proof of concept, we report the real-time observation of 100 nm and 200 nm particles, i.e. polystyrene latex spheres and the mixture of metal oxide nanoparticles, in air and aqueous/solid/heterogeneous phases in stationary and dynamic modes. Our observations are validated by high-resolution scanning/transmission electron microscopy and aerosol sizers. The complete automation of software (Octopus/Stingray) with Nano-DIHM permits the reconstruction of thousands of holograms within an hour with 62.5 millisecond time resolution for each hologram, allowing to explore the complex physical and chemical processes of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Pal
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Yevgen Nazarenko
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Thomas C Preston
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Parisa A Ariya
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada.
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31
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Rapid cloud removal of dimethyl sulfide oxidation products limits SO 2 and cloud condensation nuclei production in the marine atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110472118. [PMID: 34635596 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110472118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceans emit large quantities of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) to the marine atmosphere. The oxidation of DMS leads to the formation and growth of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) with consequent effects on Earth's radiation balance and climate. The quantitative assessment of the impact of DMS emissions on CCN concentrations necessitates a detailed description of the oxidation of DMS in the presence of existing aerosol particles and clouds. In the unpolluted marine atmosphere, DMS is efficiently oxidized to hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF), a stable intermediate in the chemical trajectory toward sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ultimately sulfate aerosol. Using direct airborne flux measurements, we demonstrate that the irreversible loss of HPMTF to clouds in the marine boundary layer determines the HPMTF lifetime (τ HPMTF < 2 h) and terminates DMS oxidation to SO2 When accounting for HPMTF cloud loss in a global chemical transport model, we show that SO2 production from DMS is reduced by 35% globally and near-surface (0 to 3 km) SO2 concentrations over the ocean are lowered by 24%. This large, previously unconsidered loss process for volatile sulfur accelerates the timescale for the conversion of DMS to sulfate while limiting new particle formation in the marine atmosphere and changing the dynamics of aerosol growth. This loss process potentially reduces the spatial scale over which DMS emissions contribute to aerosol production and growth and weakens the link between DMS emission and marine CCN production with subsequent implications for cloud formation, radiative forcing, and climate.
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Svensmark H, Svensmark J, Enghoff MB, Shaviv NJ. Atmospheric ionization and cloud radiative forcing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19668. [PMID: 34635727 PMCID: PMC8505444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric ionization produced by cosmic rays has been suspected to influence aerosols and clouds, but its actual importance has been questioned. If changes in atmospheric ionization have a substantial impact on clouds, one would expect to observe significant responses in Earth’s energy budget. Here it is shown that the average of the five strongest week-long decreases in atmospheric ionization coincides with changes in the average net radiative balance of 1.7 W/m\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^2$$\end{document}2) using CERES satellite observations. Simultaneous satellite observations of clouds show that these variations are mainly caused by changes in the short-wave radiation of low liquid clouds along with small changes in the long-wave radiation, and are almost exclusively located over the pristine areas of the oceans. These observed radiation and cloud changes are consistent with a link in which atmospheric ionization modulates aerosol's formation and growth, which survive to cloud condensation nuclei and ultimately affect cloud formation and thereby temporarily the radiative balance of Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Svensmark
- National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jacob Svensmark
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Building, Jagtvej 128, 2. floor, 2200, Copenhagen N., Denmark
| | - Martin Bødker Enghoff
- National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nir J Shaviv
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Giv'at Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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33
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Yu Z, Li Y. Marine volatile organic compounds and their impacts on marine aerosol-A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:145054. [PMID: 33736323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a vital role in the global carbon budget and in the regional formation of ozone in the troposphere, and are emitted from both natural and anthropogenic activities. They can also serve as a source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Field and model studies showed evidences of a strong marine biogenic influence on marine aerosols. Although knowledge of terrestrial VOC emissions and SOA formation mechanisms has been advanced considerably over the last decades, processes constraining marine VOC emissions and marine SOA formation remain poorly understood. Seawater contains an extremely complex, diverse, and largely unidentified mixture of VOCs. Despite the fact that the ocean covers 70% of the Earth's surface, the role of the ocean in the global budget of VOCs is still unclear. The distribution and emission of sea surface VOCs exhibit considerable spatial-temporal variation, with higher concentrations often, but not always, correlated with biological activities. VOCs in surface seawater have been measured in various geographic regions, however, knowledge of the distribution of marine VOCs and the role of the oceans in the global atmospheric chemistry is still insufficient due to the paucity of measurements. This study reviews marine VOCs in terms of current analytical methods, global marine VOCs measurements, their effects on SOA, and future needs for understanding the role of marine VOCs in the chemistry of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Yu
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Center for Oceanic and Atmospheric Science at SUSTech (COAST), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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34
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Liu J, Liu L, Rong H, Zhang X. The potential mechanism of atmospheric new particle formation involving amino acids with multiple functional groups. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10184-10195. [PMID: 33751015 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06472f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are recognized as significant components of atmospheric aerosols. However, their potential role in atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is poorly understood, especially aspartic acid (ASP), one of the most abundant amino acids in the atmosphere. It has not only two advantageous carboxylic acid groups but also one amino group, both of which are both effective groups enhancing NPF. Herein, the participation mechanism of ASP in the formation of new particle involving sulfuric acid (SA)-ammonia (A)-based system has been studied using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) combined with the Atmospheric Clusters Dynamic Code (ACDC). The results show that the addition of ASP molecules in the SA-A-based clusters provides a promotion on the interaction between SA and A molecules. Moreover, ACDC simulations indicate that ASP could present an obvious enhancement effect on SA-A-based cluster formation rates. Meanwhile, the enhancement strength R presents a positive dependence on [ASP] and a negative dependence on [SA] and [A]. Besides, the enhancement effect of ASP is compared with that of malonic acid (MOA) with two carboxylic acid groups (Chemosphere, 2018, 203, 26-33), and ASP presents a more obvious enhancement effect than MOA. The mechanism of NPF indicates that ASP could contribute to cluster formation as a "participator" which is different from the "catalytic" role of MOA at 238 K. These new insights are helpful to understand the mechanism of NPF involving organic compounds with multiple functional groups, especially the abundant amino acids, such as the ASP, in the urban/suburban areas with intensive human activities and industrial productions and therefore the abundant sources of amino acids. Furthermore, the NPF of the SA-A-based system involving amino acid should be considered when assessing the environmental risk of amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Hui Rong
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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35
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He XC, Tham YJ, Dada L, Wang M, Finkenzeller H, Stolzenburg D, Iyer S, Simon M, Kürten A, Shen J, Rörup B, Rissanen M, Schobesberger S, Baalbaki R, Wang DS, Koenig TK, Jokinen T, Sarnela N, Beck LJ, Almeida J, Amanatidis S, Amorim A, Ataei F, Baccarini A, Bertozzi B, Bianchi F, Brilke S, Caudillo L, Chen D, Chiu R, Chu B, Dias A, Ding A, Dommen J, Duplissy J, El Haddad I, Gonzalez Carracedo L, Granzin M, Hansel A, Heinritzi M, Hofbauer V, Junninen H, Kangasluoma J, Kemppainen D, Kim C, Kong W, Krechmer JE, Kvashin A, Laitinen T, Lamkaddam H, Lee CP, Lehtipalo K, Leiminger M, Li Z, Makhmutov V, Manninen HE, Marie G, Marten R, Mathot S, Mauldin RL, Mentler B, Möhler O, Müller T, Nie W, Onnela A, Petäjä T, Pfeifer J, Philippov M, Ranjithkumar A, Saiz-Lopez A, Salma I, Scholz W, Schuchmann S, Schulze B, Steiner G, Stozhkov Y, Tauber C, Tomé A, Thakur RC, Väisänen O, Vazquez-Pufleau M, Wagner AC, Wang Y, Weber SK, Winkler PM, Wu Y, Xiao M, Yan C, Ye Q, Ylisirniö A, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Zha Q, Zhou P, Flagan RC, Curtius J, Baltensperger U, Kulmala M, Kerminen VM, Kurtén T, Donahue NM, Volkamer R, Kirkby J, Worsnop DR, Sipilä M. Role of iodine oxoacids in atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Science 2021; 371:589-595. [PMID: 33542130 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Iodic acid (HIO3) is known to form aerosol particles in coastal marine regions, but predicted nucleation and growth rates are lacking. Using the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber, we find that the nucleation rates of HIO3 particles are rapid, even exceeding sulfuric acid-ammonia rates under similar conditions. We also find that ion-induced nucleation involves IO3 - and the sequential addition of HIO3 and that it proceeds at the kinetic limit below +10°C. In contrast, neutral nucleation involves the repeated sequential addition of iodous acid (HIO2) followed by HIO3, showing that HIO2 plays a key stabilizing role. Freshly formed particles are composed almost entirely of HIO3, which drives rapid particle growth at the kinetic limit. Our measurements indicate that iodine oxoacid particle formation can compete with sulfuric acid in pristine regions of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Dominik Stolzenburg
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mario Simon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Kürten
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Rima Baalbaki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Theodore K Koenig
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Sarnela
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lisa J Beck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - João Almeida
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Amanatidis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - António Amorim
- CENTRA and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Farnoush Ataei
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bertozzi
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sophia Brilke
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucía Caudillo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dexian Chen
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Randall Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Biwu Chu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - António Dias
- CENTRA and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Josef Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Manuel Granzin
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Ionicon Analytik Ges.m.b.H., 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victoria Hofbauer
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Heikki Junninen
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kangasluoma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Deniz Kemppainen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Changhyuk Kim
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Weimeng Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Aleksander Kvashin
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Totti Laitinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Chuan Ping Lee
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Leiminger
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Ionicon Analytik Ges.m.b.H., 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zijun Li
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vladimir Makhmutov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Serge Mathot
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Roy L Mauldin
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ottmar Möhler
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Müller
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Antti Onnela
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joschka Pfeifer
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Imre Salma
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Ionicon Analytik Ges.m.b.H., 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone Schuchmann
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schulze
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Gerhard Steiner
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yuri Stozhkov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - António Tomé
- Institute Infante Dom Luíz, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Roseline C Thakur
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Väisänen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Andrea C Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan K Weber
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Paul M Winkler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mao Xiao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qing Ye
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Arttu Ylisirniö
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Qiaozhi Zha
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Putian Zhou
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard C Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Veli-Matti Kerminen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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36
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Zheng G, Wang Y, Wood R, Jensen MP, Kuang C, McCoy IL, Matthews A, Mei F, Tomlinson JM, Shilling JE, Zawadowicz MA, Crosbie E, Moore R, Ziemba L, Andreae MO, Wang J. New particle formation in the remote marine boundary layer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:527. [PMID: 33483480 PMCID: PMC7822916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20773-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine low clouds play an important role in the climate system, and their properties are sensitive to cloud condensation nuclei concentrations. While new particle formation represents a major source of cloud condensation nuclei globally, the prevailing view is that new particle formation rarely occurs in remote marine boundary layer over open oceans. Here we present evidence of the regular and frequent occurrence of new particle formation in the upper part of remote marine boundary layer following cold front passages. The new particle formation is facilitated by a combination of efficient removal of existing particles by precipitation, cold air temperatures, vertical transport of reactive gases from the ocean surface, and high actinic fluxes in a broken cloud field. The newly formed particles subsequently grow and contribute substantially to cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine boundary layer and thereby impact marine low clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Zheng
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Robert Wood
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael P Jensen
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Chongai Kuang
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Isabel L McCoy
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alyssa Matthews
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Fan Mei
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jason M Tomlinson
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Maria A Zawadowicz
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA.,Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
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Huang D, Wang J, Xia H, Zhang Y, Bao F, Li M, Chen C, Zhao J. Enhanced Photochemical Volatile Organic Compounds Release from Fatty Acids by Surface-Enriched Fe(III). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13448-13457. [PMID: 33081467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Both Fe(III) and fatty acids are ubiquitous and important species in environmental waters. Because they are amphipathic, many fatty acids are surface active and prone to enrichment at the air-water interface. Here, we report that by using nonanoic acid (NA) as a model fatty acid, coexisting Fe(III), even at concentrations as low as 1 μM, markedly enhanced the photochemical release of NA-derived volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as octanal and octane into the air. Further studies indicated that the surface-enriched fatty acids dramatically increase the local concentration of Fe(III) at the water surface, which enables Fe(III)-mediated photochemical reactions to take place at the air-water interface, and the VOCs facilely produced by fatty acid photooxidation can then be released into the air. Moreover, the product distribution in the Fe(III)-mediated reactions was largely different from that in other photochemical systems, and a mechanism based on photochemical decarboxylation is proposed. Considering that the coexistence of fatty acids and Fe(III) in the environment is common, the enhanced photochemical release of VOCs by surface-enriched fatty acids and Fe(III) may be an important channel for the atmospheric emission of VOCs, which are known to play an essential role in the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinzhao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongling Xia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fengxia Bao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chuncheng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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38
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High concentration of ultrafine particles in the Amazon free troposphere produced by organic new particle formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25344-25351. [PMID: 32989149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006716117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The large concentrations of ultrafine particles consistently observed at high altitudes over the tropics represent one of the world's largest aerosol reservoirs, which may be providing a globally important source of cloud condensation nuclei. However, the sources and chemical processes contributing to the formation of these particles remain unclear. Here we investigate new particle formation (NPF) mechanisms in the Amazon free troposphere by integrating insights from laboratory measurements, chemical transport modeling, and field measurements. To account for organic NPF, we develop a comprehensive model representation of the temperature-dependent formation chemistry and thermodynamics of extremely low volatility organic compounds as well as their roles in NPF processes. We find that pure-organic NPF driven by natural biogenic emissions dominates in the uppermost troposphere above 13 km and accounts for 65 to 83% of the column total NPF rate under relatively pristine conditions, while ternary NPF involving organics and sulfuric acid dominates between 8 and 13 km. The large organic NPF rates at high altitudes mainly result from decreased volatility of organics and increased NPF efficiency at low temperatures, somewhat counterbalanced by a reduced chemical formation rate of extremely low volatility organic compounds. These findings imply a key role of naturally occurring organic NPF in high-altitude preindustrial environments and will help better quantify anthropogenic aerosol forcing from preindustrial times to the present day.
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Shen Y, Wang J, Gao Y, Chan CK, Zhu Y, Gao H, Petäjä T, Yao X. Sources and formation of nucleation mode particles in remote tropical marine atmospheres over the South China Sea and the Northwest Pacific Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139302. [PMID: 32473431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A fast mobility particle sizer operating at a one-second time resolution was used to measure aerosol particle number size distribution (5.6-560 nm) in marine conditions over the South China Sea (SCS) from 29 March to 2 May 2017 and in the tropic zone of the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO) from 10 to 29 October 2018. The clean background number concentration of nucleation mode atmospheric particles (<30 nm) was approximately 0.6 × 103 cm-3 in these areas. Two nighttime and five daytime strong new particle formation (NPF) events were observed to occur extending over a spatial scale from 2 to 140 km in the SCS, with a net increase of nucleation mode particles of 4.5 × 104 cm-3 ± 3.4 × 104 cm-3 during five of the seven events. Nighttime NPF events were unlikely associated with sulfuric acid vapor because of lack of photochemical reactions. Daytime NPF events share several common features with nighttime NPF events, e.g., dramatic spatiotemporal variations in the number concentration of the nucleation mode particles. Without aerosol precursor measurements we cannot address the vapors driving the formation process. However, our results show no banana-shaped growth of the particles. The growth into larger particle sizes seems to be restricted by the availability of condensable components in the gas phase. The nucleation mode was observed and sometimes even dominated the number concentration over other particle modes in the marine atmosphere over the tropic zone of the NWPO. In addition, more data obtained during the two campaigns and other campaigns were also applied to strengthen the analysis in terms of origins, formation and absent growth of nucleation mode particles in the marine atmospheres over the two tropic zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Shen
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE)/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Juntao Wang
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE)/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE)/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE)/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE)/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE)/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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40
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Xing W, Zhou Q, Yang L, Nakatsubo R, Wei Y, Bi J, Shima M, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Tang N. Natural aeolian dust particles have no substantial effect on atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): A laboratory study based on naphthalene. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114454. [PMID: 32247922 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural aeolian dust (AD) particles are potential carriers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere. The heterogeneous interaction between them may lead to worsened air quality and enhanced cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity of ambient particulates in downwind areas, and this topic requires in-depth exploration. In this study, AD samples were collected from four Asian dust sources, and their physical properties and compositions were determined, showing great regional differences. The physical and chemical interactions of different AD particles with naphthalene (Nap; model PAH) were observed in aqueous systems. The results showed that AD particles from the Loess Plateau had weak adsorption to Nap, which was fitted by the Langmuir isotherm. There was no obvious adsorption to Nap found for the other three AD samples. This difference seemed to depend mainly on the specific surface area and/or the total pore volume. In addition, the Nap in the aqueous solution did not undergo chemical reactions under dark conditions and longwave ultraviolet (UV) radiation but degraded under shortwave UV radiation, and 2-formylcinnamaldehyde and 1,4-naphthoquinone were the first-generated products. The degradation of Nap in the aqueous solution was probably initiated by photoionization, and the reaction rate constant (between 1.44 × 10-4 min-1 and 8.55 × 10-4 min-1) was much lower than that of Nap with hydroxyl radicals. Instead of inducing or promoting the chemical change in Nap, the AD particles slowed photodegradation due to the extinction of radiation. Therefore, it is inferred that natural AD particles have no substantial effect on the transportation and transformation of PAHs in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Nakatsubo
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0037, Japan.
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Jianrong Bi
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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41
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Kuai Y, Xie Z, Chen J, Gui H, Xu L, Kuang C, Wang P, Liu X, Liu J, Lakowicz JR, Zhang D. Real-Time Measurement of the Hygroscopic Growth Dynamics of Single Aerosol Nanoparticles with Bloch Surface Wave Microscopy. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9136-9144. [PMID: 32649174 PMCID: PMC7673255 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The growth in aerosol particles caused by water uptake during increasing ambient relative humidity alters the physical and chemical properties of aerosols, which then affects public health, atmospheric chemistry, and the Earth's climate. The temporal resolution and sensitivity of current techniques are not sufficient to measure the growth dynamics of single aerosol nanoparticles. Additionally, the specific time required for phase transition from solid to aqueous has not been measured. Here, we describe a label-free photonic microscope that uses the Bloch surface waves as the illumination source for imaging and sensing to provide real-time measurements of the hygroscopic growth dynamics of a single aerosol (diameter <100 nm) containing the main components of air pollution. This specific time can be measured for both pure and mixed aerosols, showing that organics will delay the phase transition. This photonic microscope can be extended to investigate physicochemical reactions of various aerosols, and then knowing this specific time will be favorable for understanding the reaction kinetics among single aerosols and the surrounding medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kuai
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province and Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhibo Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Junxue Chen
- School of Science, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Huaqiao Gui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province and Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Joseph R Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Douguo Zhang
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province and Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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42
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Wang M, Kong W, Marten R, He XC, Chen D, Pfeifer J, Heitto A, Kontkanen J, Dada L, Kürten A, Yli-Juuti T, Manninen HE, Amanatidis S, Amorim A, Baalbaki R, Baccarini A, Bell DM, Bertozzi B, Bräkling S, Brilke S, Murillo LC, Chiu R, Chu B, De Menezes LP, Duplissy J, Finkenzeller H, Carracedo LG, Granzin M, Guida R, Hansel A, Hofbauer V, Krechmer J, Lehtipalo K, Lamkaddam H, Lampimäki M, Lee CP, Makhmutov V, Marie G, Mathot S, Mauldin RL, Mentler B, Müller T, Onnela A, Partoll E, Petäjä T, Philippov M, Pospisilova V, Ranjithkumar A, Rissanen M, Rörup B, Scholz W, Shen J, Simon M, Sipilä M, Steiner G, Stolzenburg D, Tham YJ, Tomé A, Wagner AC, Wang DS, Wang Y, Weber SK, Winkler PM, Wlasits PJ, Wu Y, Xiao M, Ye Q, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Zhou X, Volkamer R, Riipinen I, Dommen J, Curtius J, Baltensperger U, Kulmala M, Worsnop DR, Kirkby J, Seinfeld JH, El-Haddad I, Flagan RC, Donahue NM. Rapid growth of new atmospheric particles by nitric acid and ammonia condensation. Nature 2020; 581:184-189. [PMID: 32405020 PMCID: PMC7334196 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A list of authors and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper New-particle formation is a major contributor to urban smog1,2, but how it occurs in cities is often puzzling3. If the growth rates of urban particles are similar to those found in cleaner environments (1-10 nanometres per hour), then existing understanding suggests that new urban particles should be rapidly scavenged by the high concentration of pre-existing particles. Here we show, through experiments performed under atmospheric conditions in the CLOUD chamber at CERN, that below about +5 degrees Celsius, nitric acid and ammonia vapours can condense onto freshly nucleated particles as small as a few nanometres in diameter. Moreover, when it is cold enough (below -15 degrees Celsius), nitric acid and ammonia can nucleate directly through an acid-base stabilization mechanism to form ammonium nitrate particles. Given that these vapours are often one thousand times more abundant than sulfuric acid, the resulting particle growth rates can be extremely high, reaching well above 100 nanometres per hour. However, these high growth rates require the gas-particle ammonium nitrate system to be out of equilibrium in order to sustain gas-phase supersaturations. In view of the strong temperature dependence that we measure for the gas-phase supersaturations, we expect such transient conditions to occur in inhomogeneous urban settings, especially in wintertime, driven by vertical mixing and by strong local sources such as traffic. Even though rapid growth from nitric acid and ammonia condensation may last for only a few minutes, it is nonetheless fast enough to shepherd freshly nucleated particles through the smallest size range where they are most vulnerable to scavenging loss, thus greatly increasing their survival probability. We also expect nitric acid and ammonia nucleation and rapid growth to be important in the relatively clean and cold upper free troposphere, where ammonia can be convected from the continental boundary layer and nitric acid is abundant from electrical storms4,5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Weimeng Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dexian Chen
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joschka Pfeifer
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arto Heitto
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenni Kontkanen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Kürten
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Taina Yli-Juuti
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Amanatidis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - António Amorim
- CENTRA and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rima Baalbaki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - David M Bell
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bertozzi
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Sophia Brilke
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucía Caudillo Murillo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Randall Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Biwu Chu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Manuel Granzin
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roberto Guida
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Ionicon Analytik, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Victoria Hofbauer
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Markus Lampimäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chuan Ping Lee
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Makhmutov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Serge Mathot
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roy L Mauldin
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tatjana Müller
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Antti Onnela
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eva Partoll
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Matti Rissanen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Ionicon Analytik, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mario Simon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gerhard Steiner
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Grimm Aerosol Technik Ainring, Ainring, Germany
| | - Dominik Stolzenburg
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - António Tomé
- Institute Infante Dom Luíz, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Andrea C Wagner
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan K Weber
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul M Winkler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Yusheng Wu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mao Xiao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Qing Ye
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xueqin Zhou
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josef Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Imad El-Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Richard C Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Li H, Ning A, Zhong J, Zhang H, Liu L, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zeng XC, He H. Influence of atmospheric conditions on sulfuric acid-dimethylamine-ammonia-based new particle formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125554. [PMID: 31874321 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A recent quantitative measurement of rates of new particle formation (NPF) in urban Shanghai showed that the high rates of NPF can be largely attributed to the sulfuric acid (SA)-dimethylamine (DMA) nucleation due to relatively high DMA concentration in urban atmosphere (Yao et al., Science. 2018, 361, 278). In certain atmospheric conditions, the release of DMA is accompanied with the emission of high concentration of ammonia. As a result, the ammonia (A) may participate in SA-DMA-based NPF. However, the main sources of DMA and A can be different, thereby leading to different mechanism for the SA-DMA-A-based nucleation under different atmospheric conditions. Near industrial sources with relatively high DMA concentration of 108 molecules cm-3, the contribution of binary SA-DMA nucleation to cluster formation is 61% at 278 K, representing a dominant pathway for NPF. However, in the region not too close to major source of DMA emission, e.g., near agriculture farmland, the routes involving ternary SA-DMA-A nucleation make a 64% contribution at 278 K with DMA concentration of 107 molecules cm-3, showing that A has marked impact on the cluster formation. Under such a condition, we predict that coexisting DMA and A could be detected in the process of NPF. Moreover, at winter temperatures or at higher altitudes, our calculations suggest that the clustering of initial clusters likely involve ternary SA-DMA-A clusters rather than binary SA-DMA clusters. These new insights may be helpful to analyze and predict atmospheric-condition-dependent NFP in either urban or rural regions and/or in different season of the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - An Ning
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6316, USA
| | - Haijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Beiyuan Campus, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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