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Chen Y, Xie B, Hu Y, Sun J, Xu J, Shen Y, Zhu Y, Song X. Transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 circumvents oxidative stress in primary human melanocytes. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13772. [PMID: 38899729 PMCID: PMC11187810 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) serves as a pivotal reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensor in cells, which is implicated in the regulation of autophagy. However, its function in melanocyte autophagy under oxidative stress remains elusive. METHODS The expression and ion channel function of TRPML1 were investigated using immunofluorescence and calcium imaging in primary human melanocytes (MCs). After activating TRPML1 with MLSA1 (TRPML1 agonist), autophagy-related molecules were investigated via western blot. ROS level, apoptosis- and autophagy-related molecules were investigated after pretreatment with MLSA1. After interference with TRPML1 expression, mitochondrial structures were visualized by electron microscopy with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)treatment. RESULTS TRPML1 was expressed and functionally active in primary human MCs, and its activation promotes elevated expression of LC3-II and reduced apoptosis and ROS levels under oxidative stress. TRPML1 downregulation caused mitochondrial swelling and disruption of cristae structures under oxidative stress in primary human MCs. CONCLUSIONS TRPML1 might mediate lysosomal autophagy in primary human MCs under oxidative stress, participating in mechanisms that maintain the oxidative and antioxidant systems in balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of DermatologyHangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of DermatologyHangzhou Third People's HospitalHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yebei Hu
- Department of DermatologyHangzhou Third People's HospitalHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Department of DermatologyHangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Xu
- Department of DermatologyHangzhou Third People's HospitalHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Shen
- Department of DermatologyHangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- Department of DermatologyHangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Department of DermatologyHangzhou Third People's HospitalHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
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Rydén M, Sjögren A, Önnerfjord P, Turkiewicz A, Tjörnstrand J, Englund M, Ali N. Exploring the Early Molecular Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis Using Differential Network Analysis of Human Synovial Fluid. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100785. [PMID: 38750696 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that drive the onset and development of osteoarthritis (OA) remain largely unknown. In this exploratory study, we used a proteomic platform (SOMAscan assay) to measure the relative abundance of more than 6000 proteins in synovial fluid (SF) from knees of human donors with healthy or mildly degenerated tissues, and knees with late-stage OA from patients undergoing knee replacement surgery. Using a linear mixed effects model, we estimated the differential abundance of 6251 proteins between the three groups. We found 583 proteins upregulated in the late-stage OA, including MMP1, collagenase 3 and interleukin-6. Further, we selected 760 proteins (800 aptamers) based on absolute fold changes between the healthy and mild degeneration groups. To those, we applied Gaussian Graphical Models (GGMs) to analyze the conditional dependence of proteins and to identify key proteins and subnetworks involved in early OA pathogenesis. After regularization and stability selection, we identified 102 proteins involved in GGM networks. Notably, network complexity was lost in the protein graph for mild degeneration when compared to controls, suggesting a disruption in the regular protein interplay. Furthermore, among our main findings were several downregulated (in mild degeneration versus healthy) proteins with unique interactions in the healthy group, one of which, SLCO5A1, has not previously been associated with OA. Our results suggest that this protein is important for healthy joint function. Further, our data suggests that SF proteomics, combined with GGMs, can reveal novel insights into the molecular pathogenesis and identification of biomarker candidates for early-stage OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rydén
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amanda Sjögren
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Patrik Önnerfjord
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Rheumatology, Rheumatology and Molecular Skeletal Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Turkiewicz
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jon Tjörnstrand
- Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Englund
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Neserin Ali
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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3
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Mondal S, Saha S, Sur D. Immuno-metabolic reprogramming of T cell: a new frontier for pharmacotherapy of Rheumatoid arthritis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024; 46:330-340. [PMID: 38478467 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2024.2330636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent autoimmune condition characterized by ongoing inflammation primarily affecting the synovial joint. This inflammation typically arises from an increase in immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells (TC). TC is recognized as a major player in RA pathogenesis. The involvement of HLA-DRB1 and PTPN-2 among RA patients confirms the TC involvement in RA. Metabolism of TC is maintained by various other factors like cytokines, mitochondrial proteins & other metabolites. Different TC subtypes utilize different metabolic pathways like glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation for their activation from naive TC (T0). Although all subsets of TC are not deleterious for synovium, some subsets of TC are involved in joint repair using their anti-inflammatory properties. Hence artificially reprogramming of TC subset by interfering with their metabolic status poised a hope in future to design new molecules against RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Mondal
- Division of Pharmacology, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Panihati, Kolkata, India
| | - Sarthak Saha
- Division of Pharmacology, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Panihati, Kolkata, India
| | - Debjeet Sur
- Division of Pharmacology, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Panihati, Kolkata, India
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4
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Parab A, Bhatt LK. T-cell metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis: focus on mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024; 46:378-384. [PMID: 38478010 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2024.2330645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by immune cell dysregulation, synovial hyperplasia, and progressive cartilage destruction. The loss of immunological self-tolerance against autoantigens is the crucial insult responsible for the pathogenesis of RA. These immune abnormalities are experienced many years before the onset of clinical arthritis. OBJECTIVE This review aims to discuss the metabolic status of T-cells in RA and focuses mainly on mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions involved in altering the T-cell metabolism. DISCUSSION T-cells are identified as the primary initiators of immunological abnormalities in RA. These RA T-cells show a distinct metabolic pattern compared to the healthy individuals. Dampened glycolytic flux, poor ATP production, and shifting of glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway resulting in increased NADPH and decreased ROS levels are the common metabolic patterns observed in RA T-cells. Defective mtDNA due to lack of MRE11A gene, a key molecular actor for resection, and inefficient lysosomal function due to misplacement of AMPK on the lysosomal surface were found to be responsible for mitochondrial and lysosome dysfunction in RA. Targeting this mechanism in RA can alleviate aggressive T-cell phenotype and may control the severity of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Parab
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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Hu B, Qiao W, Cao Y, Fu X, Song J. A sono-responsive antibacterial nanosystem co-loaded with metformin and bone morphogenetic protein-2 for mitigation of inflammation and bone loss in experimental peri-implantitis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1410230. [PMID: 38854857 PMCID: PMC11157067 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1410230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Dental implants have become an increasingly popular option for replacing missing teeth, and the prevalence of peri-implantitis has also increased, which is expected to become a public health problem worldwide and cause high economic and health burdens. This scenario highlights the need for new therapeutic options to treat peri-implantitis. Methods In this study, we proposed a novel sono-responsive antibacterial nanosystem co-loaded with metformin (Met) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) to promote efficacy in treating peri-implantitis. We introduced the zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) as a carrier for hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) to enhance the antibacterial effect of sonodynamic antibacterial therapy and tested its reactive oxygen species (ROS) production efficiency and bactericidal effect in vitro. Afterward, HMME-loaded ZIF-8, BMP-2-loaded polylactic acid-glycolic acid (PLGA), and Met were incorporated into gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels to form HMME@ZIF-8/Met/BMP-2@PLGA/GelMA composite hydrogels, and the biocompatibility of which was determined in vitro and in vivo. A bacterial-induced peri-implantitis model in the maxilla of rats was established to detect the effects of the composite hydrogels with adjunctive use of ultrasound on regulating inflammation and promoting bone tissue repair in vivo. Results The results indicated that HMME@ZIF-8 with ultrasound stimulation demonstrated more better ROS production efficiency and antimicrobial efficacy. The composite hydrogels had good biocompatibility. Ultrasound-assisted application of the composite hydrogels reduced the release of the inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α and reduced bone loss around the implant in rats with bacterial-induced peri-implantitis. Conclusion Our observations suggest that HMME@ZIF-8 may be a new good sonosensitizer material for sonodynamic antibacterial therapy. The use of HMME@ZIF-8/Met/BMP-2@PLGA/GelMA composite hydrogels in combination with ultrasound can provide a novel option for treating peri-implantitis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Wang Qiao
- Department of Stomatology, Shapingba Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinlin Song
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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Zierke L, John D, Gischke M, Tran QT, Sendler M, Weiss FU, Bornscheuer UT, Ritter C, Lerch MM, Aghdassi AA. Initiation of acute pancreatitis in mice is independent of fusion between lysosomes and zymogen granules. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:207. [PMID: 38709385 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The co-localization of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B (CTSB) and the digestive zymogen trypsinogen is a prerequisite for the initiation of acute pancreatitis. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of co-localization are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the role of lysosomes in the onset of acute pancreatitis by using two different experimental approaches. Using an acinar cell-specific genetic deletion of the ras-related protein Rab7, important for intracellular vesicle trafficking and fusion, we analyzed the subcellular distribution of lysosomal enzymes and the severity of pancreatitis in vivo and ex vivo. Lysosomal permeabilization was performed by the lysosomotropic agent Glycyl-L-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide (GPN). Acinar cell-specific deletion of Rab7 increased endogenous CTSB activity and despite the lack of re-distribution of CTSB from lysosomes to the secretory vesicles, the activation of CTSB localized in the zymogen compartment still took place leading to trypsinogen activation and pancreatic injury. Disease severity was comparable to controls during the early phase but more severe at later time points. Similarly, GPN did not prevent CTSB activation inside the secretory compartment upon caerulein stimulation, while lysosomal CTSB shifted to the cytosol. Intracellular trypsinogen activation was maintained leading to acute pancreatitis similar to controls. Our results indicate that initiation of acute pancreatitis seems to be independent of the presence of lysosomes and that fusion of lysosomes and zymogen granules is dispensable for the disease onset. Intact lysosomes rather appear to have protective effects at later disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Zierke
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch Str, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel John
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch Str, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch Str, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Quang Trung Tran
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch Str, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch Str, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Ulrich Weiss
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch Str, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoph Ritter
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Ali A Aghdassi
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch Str, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
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Bishop EL, Gudgeon N, Fulton-Ward T, Stavrou V, Roberts J, Boufersaoui A, Tennant DA, Hewison M, Raza K, Dimeloe S. TNF-α signals through ITK-Akt-mTOR to drive CD4 + T cell metabolic reprogramming, which is dysregulated in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadg5678. [PMID: 38652761 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adg5678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Upon activation, T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to meet the bioenergetic demands of clonal expansion and effector function. Because dysregulated T cell cytokine production and metabolic phenotypes coexist in chronic inflammatory disease, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we investigated whether inflammatory cytokines released by differentiating T cells amplified their metabolic changes. We found that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) released by human naïve CD4+ T cells upon activation stimulated the expression of a metabolic transcriptome and increased glycolysis, amino acid uptake, mitochondrial oxidation of glutamine, and mitochondrial biogenesis. The effects of TNF-α were mediated by activation of Akt-mTOR signaling by the kinase ITK and did not require the NF-κB pathway. TNF-α stimulated the differentiation of naïve cells into proinflammatory T helper 1 (TH1) and TH17 cells, but not that of regulatory T cells. CD4+ T cells from patients with RA showed increased TNF-α production and consequent Akt phosphorylation upon activation. These cells also exhibited increased mitochondrial mass, particularly within proinflammatory T cell subsets implicated in disease. Together, these findings suggest that T cell-derived TNF-α drives their metabolic reprogramming by promoting signaling through ITK, Akt, and mTOR, which is dysregulated in autoinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Bishop
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Nancy Gudgeon
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Taylor Fulton-Ward
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Victoria Stavrou
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Jennie Roberts
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam Boufersaoui
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel A Tennant
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Hewison
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Karim Raza
- Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
- Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, B18 7QH Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah Dimeloe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
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Yuan Y, Li P, Li J, Zhao Q, Chang Y, He X. Protein lipidation in health and disease: molecular basis, physiological function and pathological implication. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:60. [PMID: 38485938 PMCID: PMC10940682 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications increase the complexity and functional diversity of proteins in response to complex external stimuli and internal changes. Among these, protein lipidations which refer to lipid attachment to proteins are prominent, which primarily encompassing five types including S-palmitoylation, N-myristoylation, S-prenylation, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and cholesterylation. Lipid attachment to proteins plays an essential role in the regulation of protein trafficking, localisation, stability, conformation, interactions and signal transduction by enhancing hydrophobicity. Accumulating evidence from genetic, structural, and biomedical studies has consistently shown that protein lipidation is pivotal in the regulation of broad physiological functions and is inextricably linked to a variety of diseases. Decades of dedicated research have driven the development of a wide range of drugs targeting protein lipidation, and several agents have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies, some of which, such as asciminib and lonafarnib are FDA-approved for therapeutic use, indicating that targeting protein lipidations represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we comprehensively review the known regulatory enzymes and catalytic mechanisms of various protein lipidation types, outline the impact of protein lipidations on physiology and disease, and highlight potential therapeutic targets and clinical research progress, aiming to provide a comprehensive reference for future protein lipidation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianghui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xingxing He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Wang S, Yang N, Zhang H. Metabolic dysregulation of lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00019-5. [PMID: 38355391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Lymphocytes are crucial for protective immunity against infection and cancers; however, immune dysregulation can lead to autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Metabolic adaptation controls lymphocyte fate; thus, metabolic reprogramming can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Here, we summarize recent advances on how metabolic reprogramming determines the autoreactive and proinflammatory nature of lymphocytes in SLE and RA, unraveling molecular mechanisms and providing therapeutic targets for human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Niansheng Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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10
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Wang Y, Liu M, Zhang L, Liu X, Ji H, Wang Y, Gui J, Yue Y, Wen Z. Cancer CD39 drives metabolic adaption and mal-differentiation of CD4 + T cells in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:804. [PMID: 38062068 PMCID: PMC10703826 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
While ectonucleotidase CD39 is a cancer therapeutic target in clinical trials, its direct effect on T-cell differentiation in human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that human NSCLC cells, including tumor cell lines and primary tumor cells from clinical patients, efficiently drive the metabolic adaption of human CD4+ T cells, instructing differentiation of regulatory T cells while inhibiting effector T cells. Of importance, NSCLC-induced T-cell mal-differentiation primarily depends on cancer CD39, as this can be fundamentally blocked by genetic depletion of CD39 in NSCLC. Mechanistically, NSCLC cells package CD39 into their exosomes and transfer such CD39-containing exosomes into interacting T cells, resulting in ATP insufficiency and AMPK hyperactivation. Such CD39-dependent NSCLC-T cell interaction holds well in patients-derived primary tumor cells and patient-derived organoids (PDOs). Accordingly, genetic depletion of CD39 alone or in combination with the anti-PD-1 immunotherapy efficiently rescues effector T cell differentiation, instigates anti-tumor T cell immunity, and inhibits tumor growth of PDOs. Together, targeting cancer CD39 can correct the mal-differentiation of CD4+ T cells in human NSCLC, providing in-depth insight into therapeutic CD39 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengdi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiyan Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Zhenke Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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11
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Li Q, Chen Y, Liu H, Tian Y, Yin G, Xie Q. Targeting glycolytic pathway in fibroblast-like synoviocytes for rheumatoid arthritis therapy: challenges and opportunities. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:2155-2167. [PMID: 37940690 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by hyperplastic synovium, pannus formation, immune cell infiltration, and potential articular cartilage damage. Notably, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), especially rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RAFLS), exhibit specific overexpression of glycolytic enzymes, resulting in heightened glycolysis. This elevated glycolysis serves to generate ATP and plays a pivotal role in immune regulation, angiogenesis, and adaptation to hypoxia. Key glycolytic enzymes, such as hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructose-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), significantly contribute to the pathogenic behavior of RAFLS. This increased glycolysis activity is regulated by various signaling pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted to retrieve relevant studies published from January 1, 2010, to the present, focusing on RAFLS glycolysis, RA pathogenesis, glycolytic regulation pathways, and small-molecule drugs targeting glycolysis. CONCLUSION This review provides a thorough exploration of the pathological and physiological characteristics of three crucial glycolytic enzymes in RA. It delves into their putative regulatory mechanisms, shedding light on their significance in RAFLS. Furthermore, the review offers an up-to-date overview of emerging small-molecule candidate drugs designed to target these glycolytic enzymes and the upstream signaling pathways that regulate them. By enhancing our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of RA and highlighting the pivotal role of glycolytic enzymes, this study contributes to the development of innovative anti-rheumatic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwei Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuehong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunru Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Geng Yin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of General Practice, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qibing Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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12
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Antony IR, Wong BHS, Kelleher D, Verma NK. Maladaptive T-Cell Metabolic Fitness in Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:2541. [PMID: 37947619 PMCID: PMC10650071 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune surveillance and adaptive immune responses, involving continuously circulating and tissue-resident T-lymphocytes, provide host defense against infectious agents and possible malignant transformation while avoiding autoimmune tissue damage. Activation, migration, and deployment of T-cells to affected tissue sites are crucial for mounting an adaptive immune response. An effective adaptive immune defense depends on the ability of T-cells to dynamically reprogram their metabolic requirements in response to environmental cues. Inability of the T-cells to adapt to specific metabolic demands may skew cells to become either hyporesponsive (creating immunocompromised conditions) or hyperactive (causing autoimmune tissue destruction). Here, we review maladaptive T-cell metabolic fitness that can cause autoimmune diseases and discuss how T-cell metabolic programs can potentially be modulated to achieve therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rose Antony
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India; (I.R.A.); (B.H.S.W.); (D.K.)
| | - Brandon Han Siang Wong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, NTU Institute for Health Technologies (HealthTech-NTU), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637335, Singapore
| | - Dermot Kelleher
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Navin Kumar Verma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore 308205, Singapore
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13
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Cai J, Cui J, Wang L. S-palmitoylation regulates innate immune signaling pathways: molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350476. [PMID: 37369620 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a reversible posttranslational lipid modification that targets cysteine residues of proteins and plays critical roles in regulating the biological processes of substrate proteins. The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against pathogenic invaders and participates in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Emerging studies have uncovered the functions of S-palmitoylation in modulating innate immune responses. In this review, we focus on the reversible palmitoylation of innate immune signaling proteins, with particular emphasis on its roles in the regulation of protein localization, protein stability, and protein-protein interactions. We also highlight the potential and challenge of developing therapies that target S-palmitoylation or de-palmitoylation for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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14
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Ma M, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Yang M, Xi Y, Lin B, Hao W, Liu J, Wu L, Liu Y, Qin X. Metformin combined with rapamycin ameliorates podocyte injury in idiopathic membranous nephropathy through the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00781-8. [PMID: 37702819 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy activation protects against podocyte injury in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). The AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway is a vital autophagy regulatory pathway. Metformin promotes autophagy, whereas rapamycin is an autophagy agonist. However, the therapeutic mechanisms of metformin and rapamycin in IMN remain unclear. Thus, we examined the mechanisms of action of metformin and rapamycin in IMN by regulating the AMPK/mTOR autophagy signaling pathway. Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with cationic bovine serum albumin (C-BSA) to establish an IMN model and were randomly divided into IMN model, metformin, rapamycin, and metformin + rapamycin groups. A control group was also established. Metformin and rapamycin were used as treatments. Renal histological changes, urinary protein excretion, the protein expression levels of key AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway proteins, renal tissue cell apoptosis, and autophagy-associated proteins (Beclin 1 and LC3) were examined. In addition, a C5b-9 sublysis model using the MPC-5 mouse podocyte cell line was established to verify the effect of metformin combined with rapamycin on podocytes. Metformin combined with rapamycin improved urinary protein excretion in IMN rats. Metformin combined with rapamycin attenuated the inflammatory response, renal fibrosis, and podocyte foot process fusion. In addition, it improved autophagy in podocytes as demonstrated by the enhanced expression of Beclin-1, p-AMPK/AMPK, LC3-II/I, and autophagosomes in podocytes and decreased p-mTOR/mTOR expression. In conclusion, metformin combined with rapamycin decreased proteinuria, improved renal fibrosis and podocyte autophagy via AMPK/mTOR pathway in IMN rats. The metformin and rapamycin decreased proteinuria and inproved renal fibrosis in IMN model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxu Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wudi Hao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Zheng Y, Liu Q, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Immune aging - A mechanism in autoimmune disease. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101814. [PMID: 37542986 PMCID: PMC10663095 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is emerging that the process of immune aging is a mechanism leading to autoimmunity. Over lifetime, the immune system adapts to profound changes in hematopoiesis and lymphogenesis, and progressively restructures in face of an ever-expanding exposome. Older adults fail to generate adequate immune responses against microbial infections and tumors, but accumulate aged T cells, B cells and myeloid cells. Age-associated B cells are highly efficient in autoantibody production. T-cell aging promotes the accrual of end-differentiated effector T cells with potent cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory abilities and myeloid cell aging supports a low grade, sterile and chronic inflammatory state (inflammaging). In pre-disposed individuals, immune aging can lead to frank autoimmune disease, manifesting with chronic inflammation and irreversible tissue damage. Emerging data support the concept that autoimmunity results from aging-induced failure of fundamental cellular processes in immune effector cells: genomic instability, loss of mitochondrial fitness, failing proteostasis, dwindling lysosomal degradation and inefficient autophagy. Here, we have reviewed the evidence that malfunctional mitochondria, disabled lysosomes and stressed endoplasmic reticula induce pathogenic T cells and macrophages that drive two autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and giant cell arteritis (GCA). Recognizing immune aging as a risk factor for autoimmunity will open new avenues of immunomodulatory therapy, including the repair of malfunctioning mitochondria and lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Qingxiang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jorg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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16
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Zhong Q, Xiao X, Qiu Y, Xu Z, Chen C, Chong B, Zhao X, Hai S, Li S, An Z, Dai L. Protein posttranslational modifications in health and diseases: Functions, regulatory mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e261. [PMID: 37143582 PMCID: PMC10152985 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) refer to the breaking or generation of covalent bonds on the backbones or amino acid side chains of proteins and expand the diversity of proteins, which provides the basis for the emergence of organismal complexity. To date, more than 650 types of protein modifications, such as the most well-known phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, methylation, SUMOylation, short-chain and long-chain acylation modifications, redox modifications, and irreversible modifications, have been described, and the inventory is still increasing. By changing the protein conformation, localization, activity, stability, charges, and interactions with other biomolecules, PTMs ultimately alter the phenotypes and biological processes of cells. The homeostasis of protein modifications is important to human health. Abnormal PTMs may cause changes in protein properties and loss of protein functions, which are closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. In this review, we systematically introduce the characteristics, regulatory mechanisms, and functions of various PTMs in health and diseases. In addition, the therapeutic prospects in various diseases by targeting PTMs and associated regulatory enzymes are also summarized. This work will deepen the understanding of protein modifications in health and diseases and promote the discovery of diagnostic and prognostic markers and drug targets for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xina Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yijie Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chunyu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Baochen Chong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xinjun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shan Hai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shuangqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhenmei An
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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17
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Liu Q, Zheng Y, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. T cell aging as a risk factor for autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2023; 137:102947. [PMID: 36357240 PMCID: PMC10164202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immune aging is a complex process rendering the host susceptible to cancer, infection, and insufficient tissue repair. Many autoimmune diseases preferentially occur during the second half of life, counterintuitive to the concept of excess adaptive immunity driving immune-mediated tissue damage. T cells are particularly susceptible to aging-imposed changes, as they are under extreme proliferative pressure to fulfill the demands of clonal expansion and of homeostatic T cell repopulation. T cells in older adults have a footprint of genetic and epigenetic changes, lack mitochondrial fitness, and fail to maintain proteostasis, diverging them from host protection to host injury. Here, we review recent progress in understanding how the human T-cell system ages and the evidence detailing how T cell aging contributes to autoimmune conditions. T cell aging is now recognized as a risk determinant in two prototypic autoimmune syndromes; rheumatoid arthritis and giant cell arteritis. The emerging concept adds susceptibility to autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease to the spectrum of aging-imposed adaptations and opens new opportunities for immunomodulatory therapy by restoring the functional intactness of aging T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jorg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94306, USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94306, USA.
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18
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Weyand CM, Wu B, Huang T, Hu Z, Goronzy JJ. Mitochondria as disease-relevant organelles in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 211:208-223. [PMID: 36420636 PMCID: PMC10038327 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the controllers of cell metabolism and are recognized as decision makers in cell death pathways, organizers of cytoplasmic signaling networks, managers of cellular stress responses, and regulators of nuclear gene expression. Cells of the immune system are particularly dependent on mitochondrial resources, as they must swiftly respond to danger signals with activation, trafficking, migration, and generation of daughter cells. Analogously, faulty immune responses that lead to autoimmunity and tissue inflammation rely on mitochondria to supply energy, cell building blocks and metabolic intermediates. Emerging data endorse the concept that mitochondrial fitness, and the lack of it, is of particular relevance in the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA) where deviations of bioenergetic and biosynthetic flux affect T cells during early and late stages of disease. During early stages of RA, mitochondrial deficiency allows naïve RA T cells to lose self-tolerance, biasing fundamental choices of the immune system toward immune-mediated tissue damage and away from host protection. During late stages of RA, mitochondrial abnormalities shape the response patterns of RA effector T cells engaged in the inflammatory lesions, enabling chronicity of tissue damage and tissue remodeling. In the inflamed joint, autoreactive T cells partner with metabolically reprogrammed tissue macrophages that specialize in antigen-presentation and survive by adapting to the glucose-deplete tissue microenvironment. Here, we summarize recent data on dysfunctional mitochondria and mitochondria-derived signals relevant in the RA disease process that offer novel opportunities to deter autoimmune tissue inflammation by metabolic interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bowen Wu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhaolan Hu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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19
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Liu T, Zheng M, Jia L, Wang M, Tang L, Wen Z, Zhang M, Yuan F. Deficient leptin receptor signaling in T cells of human SLE. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1157731. [PMID: 37006245 PMCID: PMC10063787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease mainly mediated by IgG autoantibody. While follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are crucial for supporting IgG autoantibody generation in human SLE, underlying mechanisms for Tfh cell mal-differentiation remain unclear. METHODS In total, 129 SLE patients and 37 healthy donors were recruited for this study. Circulating leptin was determined by ELISA from patients with SLE and healthy individuals. CD4 T cells isolated from SLE patients and healthy donors were activated with anti-CD3/CD28 beads under cytokine-unbiased conditions in the presence or absence of recombinant leptin protein, followed by detection for Tfh cell differentiation by quantifying intracellular transcription factor Bcl-6 and cytokine IL-21. AMPK activation was assessed by analyzing phosphor-AMPK using phosflow cytometry and immunoblots. Leptin receptor expression was determined using flow cytometry and its overexpression was achieved by transfection with an expression vector. Humanized SLE chimeras were induced by injecting patients' immune cells into immune-deficient NSG mice and used for translational studies. RESULTS Circulating leptin was elevated in patients with SLE, inversely associated with disease activity. In healthy individuals, leptin efficiently inhibited Tfh cell differentiation through inducing AMPK activation. Meanwhile, leptin receptor deficiency was a feature of CD4 T cells in SLE patients, impairing the inhibitory effect of leptin on the differentiation of Tfh cells. As a result, we observed the coexistence of high circulating leptin and increased Tfh cell frequencies in SLE patients. Accordingly, overexpression of leptin receptor in SLE CD4 T cells abrogated Tfh cell mal-differentiation and IgG anti-dsDNA generation in humanized lupus chimeras. CONCLUSION Leptin receptor deficiency blocks the inhibitory effect of leptin on SLE Tfh cell differentiation, serving as a promising therapeutic target for lupus management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, the Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingyuan Wang
- Department of Research Center, Suzhou Blood Center, Suzhou, China
| | - Longhai Tang
- Department of Research Center, Suzhou Blood Center, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhenke Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Miaojia Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fenghong Yuan
- Department of Rheumatology, the Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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20
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Myristic acid as a checkpoint to regulate STING-dependent autophagy and interferon responses by promoting N-myristoylation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:660. [PMID: 36750575 PMCID: PMC9905541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon gene (STING)-triggered autophagy is crucial for the host to eliminate invading pathogens and serves as a self-limiting mechanism of STING-induced interferon (IFN) responses. Thus, the mechanisms that ensure the beneficial effects of STING activation are of particular importance. Herein, we show that myristic acid, a type of long-chain saturated fatty acid (SFA), specifically attenuates cGAS-STING-induced IFN responses in macrophages, while enhancing STING-dependent autophagy. Myristic acid inhibits HSV-1 infection-induced innate antiviral immune responses and promotes HSV-1 replication in mice in vivo. Mechanistically, myristic acid enhances N-myristoylation of ARF1, a master regulator that controls STING membrane trafficking. Consequently, myristic acid facilitates STING activation-triggered autophagy degradation of the STING complex. Thus, our work identifies myristic acid as a metabolic checkpoint that contributes to immune homeostasis by balancing STING-dependent autophagy and IFN responses. This suggests that myristic acid and N-myristoylation are promising targets for the treatment of diseases caused by aberrant STING activation.
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21
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Liu Z, Shan S, Yuan Z, Wu F, Zheng M, Wang Y, Gui J, Xu W, Wang C, Ren T, Wen Z. Mitophagy bridges DNA sensing with metabolic adaption to expand lung cancer stem-like cells. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e54006. [PMID: 36416244 PMCID: PMC9900345 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While previous studies have identified cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) as a crucial driver for chemoresistance and tumor recurrence, the underlying mechanisms for populating the CSC pool remain unclear. Here, we identify hypermitophagy as a feature of human lung CSCs, promoting metabolic adaption via the Notch1-AMPK axis to drive CSC expansion. Specifically, mitophagy is highly active in CSCs, resulting in increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content in the lysosome. Lysosomal mtDNA acts as an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) that promotes Notch1 activity. Notch1 interacts with AMPK to drive lysosomal AMPK activation by inducing metabolic stress and LKB1 phosphorylation. This TLR9-Notch1-AMPK axis supports mitochondrial metabolism to fuel CSC expansion. In patient-derived xenograft chimeras, targeting mitophagy and TLR9-dependent Notch1-AMPK pathway restricts tumor growth and CSC expansion. Taken together, mitochondrial hemostasis is interlinked with innate immune sensing and Notch1-AMPK activity to increase the CSC pool of human lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Shan Shan
- Department of Respiratory MedicineShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zixin Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Fengying Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ming Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Ying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jun Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Chunhong Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Tao Ren
- Department of Respiratory MedicineShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Kay Laboratory of Sleep Disordered BreathingShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenke Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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Zhou X, Zhu X, Zeng H. Fatty acid metabolism in adaptive immunity. FEBS J 2023; 290:584-599. [PMID: 34822226 PMCID: PMC9130345 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) not only are a key component of cellular membrane structure, but also have diverse functions in biological processes. Recent years have seen great advances in understanding of how FA metabolism contributes to adaptive immune response. Here, we review three key processes, FA biosynthesis, FA oxidation and FA uptake, and how they direct T and B cell functions during immune challenges. Then, we will focus on the relationship between microbiota derived FAs, short-chain FAs, and adaptive immunity. Along the way, we will also discuss the outstanding controversies and challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hu Zeng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Role of T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Focus on Immunometabolism Dysfunctions. Inflammation 2023; 46:88-102. [PMID: 36215002 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Evidence demonstrated that metabolic-associated T cell abnormalities could be detected in the early stage of RA development. In this context, molecular evaluations have revealed changes in metabolic pathways, leading to the aggressive phenotype of RA T cells. A growing list of genes is downregulated or upregulated in RA T cells, and most of these genes with abnormal expression fall into the category of metabolic pathways. It has been shown that RA T cells shunt glucose towards the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which is associated with a high level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and intermediate molecules. An increased level of NADPH inhibits ATM activation and thereby increases the proliferation capabilities of the RA T cells. Defects in the DNA repair nuclease MRE11A cause failures in repairing mitochondrial DNA, resulting in inhibiting the fatty acid oxidation pathway and further elevated cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Accumulated lipid droplets employ to generate lipid membranes for the cell building program and are also used to form the front-end membrane ruffles that are accomplices with invasive phenotypes of RA T cells. Metabolic pathway involvement in RA pathogenesis expands the pathogenic concept of the disease beyond the common view of autoimmunity triggered by autoantigen recognition. Increased knowledge about metabolic pathways' implications in RA pathogenesis paves the way to understand better the environment/gene interactions and host/microbiota interactions and introduce potential therapeutic approaches. This review summarized emerging data about the roles of T cells in RA pathogenesis with a focus on immunometabolism dysfunctions and how these metabolic alterations can affect the disease process.
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Feng ZW, Tang YC, Sheng XY, Wang SH, Wang YB, Liu ZC, Liu JM, Geng B, Xia YY. Screening and identification of potential hub genes and immune cell infiltration in the synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis by bioinformatic approach. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12799. [PMID: 36699262 PMCID: PMC9868484 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that affects individuals of all ages. The basic pathological manifestations are synovial inflammation, pannus formation, and erosion of articular cartilage, bone destruction will eventually lead to joint deformities and loss of function. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of synovitis tissue in RA are still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to screen and explore the potential hub genes and immune cell infiltration in RA. Methods Three microarray datasets (GSE12021, GSE55457, and GSE55235), from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, have been analyzed to explore the potential hub genes and immune cell infiltration in RA. First, the LIMMA package was used to screen the differentially expression genes (DEGs) after removing the batch effect. Then the clusterProfiler package was used to perform functional enrichment analyses. Second, through weighted coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), the key module was identified in the coexpression network of the gene set. Third, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed through STRING website and the module analysis was performed using Cytoscape software. Fourth, the CIBERSORT and ssGSEA algorithm were used to analyze the immune status of RA and healthy synovial tissue, and the associations between immune cell infiltration and RA-related diagnostic biomarkers were evaluated. Fifth, we used the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to validate the expression levels of the hub genes, and ROC curve analysis of hub genes for discriminating between RA and healthy tissue. Finally, the gene-drug interaction network was constructed using DrugCentral database, and identification of drug molecules based on hub genes using the Drug Signature Database (DSigDB) by Enrichr. Results A total of 679 DEGs were identified, containing 270 downregulated genes and 409 upregulated genes. DEGs were primarily enriched in immune response and chemokine signaling pathways, according to functional enrichment analysis of DEGs. WGCNA explored the co-expression network of the gene set and identified key modules, the blue module was selected as the key module associated with RA. Seven hub genes are identified when PPI network and WGCNA core modules are intersected. Immune infiltration analysis using CIBERSORT and ssGSEA algorithms revealed that multiple types of immune infiltration were found to be upregulated in RA tissue compared to normal tissue. Furthermore, the levels of 7 hub genes were closely related to the relative proportions of multiple immune cells in RA. The results of the qRT-PCR demonstrated that the relative expression levels of 6 hub genes (CD27, LCK, CD2, GZMB, IL7R, and IL2RG) were up-regulated in RA synovial tissue, compared with normal tissue. Simultaneously, ROC curves indicated that the above 6 hub genes had strong biomarker potential for RA (AUC >0.8). Conclusions Through bioinformatics analysis and qRT-PCR experiment, our study ultimately discovered 6 hub genes (CD27, LCK, CD2, GZMB, IL7R, and IL2RG) that closely related to RA. These findings may provide valuable direction for future RA clinical diagnosis, treatment, and associated research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-wei Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Orthopaedic Clinical Medicine Research Center, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Intelligent Orthopedics Industry Technology Center, Lanzhou, China,Department of Orthopaedics, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yu-chen Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Orthopaedic Clinical Medicine Research Center, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Intelligent Orthopedics Industry Technology Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-yun Sheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Orthopaedic Clinical Medicine Research Center, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Intelligent Orthopedics Industry Technology Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sheng-hong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Orthopaedic Clinical Medicine Research Center, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Intelligent Orthopedics Industry Technology Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yao-bin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Orthopaedic Clinical Medicine Research Center, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Intelligent Orthopedics Industry Technology Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhong-cheng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Orthopaedic Clinical Medicine Research Center, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Intelligent Orthopedics Industry Technology Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin-min Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Orthopaedic Clinical Medicine Research Center, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Intelligent Orthopedics Industry Technology Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bin Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Orthopaedic Clinical Medicine Research Center, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Intelligent Orthopedics Industry Technology Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ya-yi Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Orthopaedic Clinical Medicine Research Center, Lanzhou, China,Gansu Province Intelligent Orthopedics Industry Technology Center, Lanzhou, China,Corresponding author. No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China.;
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25
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Han F, Cao D, Zhu X, Shen L, Wu J, Chen Y, Xu Y, Xu L, Cheng X, Zhang Y. Construction and validation of a prognostic model for hepatocellular carcinoma: Inflammatory ferroptosis and mitochondrial metabolism indicate a poor prognosis. Front Oncol 2023; 12:972434. [PMID: 36686830 PMCID: PMC9850107 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.972434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing number of innovations have been discovered for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC or commonly called HCC) therapy, Ferroptosis and mitochondrial metabolism are essential mechanisms of cell death. These pathways may act as functional molecular biomarkers that could have important clinical significance for determining individual differences and the prognosis of HCC. The aim of this study was to construct a stable and reliable comprehensive model of genetic features and clinical factors associated with HCC prognosis. Methods In this study, we used RNA-sequencing (fragments per kilobase of exon model per million reads mapped value) data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to establish a prognostic model. We enrolled 104 patients for further validation. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses (KEGG) analysis were used for the functional study of differentially expressed genes. Pan-cancer analysis was performed to evaluate the function of the Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs). Thirteen genes were identified by univariate and least absolute contraction and selection operation (LASSO) Cox regression analysis. The prognostic model was visualized using a nomogram. Results We found that eight genes, namely EZH2, GRPEL2, PIGU, PPM1G, SF3B4, TUBG1, TXNRD1 and NDRG1, were hub genes for HCC and differentially expressed in most types of cancer. EZH2, GRPEL2 and NDRG1 may indicate a poor prognosis of HCC as verified by tissue samples. Furthermore, a gene set variation analysis algorithm was created to analyze the relationship between these eight genes and oxidative phosphorylation, mitophagy, and FeS-containing proteins, and it showed that ferroptosis might affect inflammatory-related pathways in HCC. Conclusion EZH2, GRPEL2, NDRG1, and the clinical factor of tumor size, were included in a nomogram for visualizing a prognostic model of HCC. This nomogram based on a functional study and verification by clinical samples, shows a reliable performance of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Han
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, Shaoxing Peoples’s Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lianqiang Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Clincal Dept. Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youyao Xu
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Clincal Dept. Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linwei Xu
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangdong Cheng
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Clincal Dept. Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Yuhua Zhang,
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Luo TT, Wu YJ, Yin Q, Chen WG, Zuo J. The Involvement of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Alteration in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Its Clinical Implication. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:1837-1852. [PMID: 37131409 PMCID: PMC10149064 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s398291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obviously, immune cells like T cells and macrophages play a major role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). On one hand, the breakdown of immune homeostasis directly induces systemic inflammation; on the other hand, these cells initiate and perpetuate synovitis and tissue damages through the interaction with fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). In recent years, the pathological link between metabolic disorders and immune imbalance has received increasing attention. High energy demand of immune cells leads to the accumulation of metabolic byproducts and inflammatory mediators. They act on various metabolism-sensitive signal pathways as well as relevant transcription factors, such as HIF-1α, and STATs. These molecular events will impact RA-related effectors like circulating immune cells and joint-resident cells in return, allowing the continuous progression of systemic inflammation, arthritic manifestations, and life-threatening complications. In other words, metabolic complications are secondary pathological factors for the progression of RA. Therefore, the status of energy metabolism may be an important indicator to evaluate RA severity, and in-depth explorations of the mechanisms underlying the mystery of how RA-related metabolic disorders develop will provide useful clues to further clarify the etiology of RA, and inspire the discovery of new anti-rheumatic targets. This article reviews the latest research progress on the interactions between immune and metabolism systems in the context of RA. Great importance is attached to the changes in certain pathways controlling both immune and metabolism functions during RA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
- Xin’an Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Jin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
- Xin’an Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Gang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zuo
- Xin’an Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jian Zuo, Email
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27
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Zhang H, Jadhav RR, Cao W, Goronzy IN, Zhao TV, Jin J, Ohtsuki S, Hu Z, Morales J, Greenleaf WJ, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Aging-associated HELIOS deficiency in naive CD4 + T cells alters chromatin remodeling and promotes effector cell responses. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:96-109. [PMID: 36510022 PMCID: PMC10118794 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune aging combines cellular defects in adaptive immunity with the activation of pathways causing a low-inflammatory state. Here we examined the influence of age on the kinetic changes in the epigenomic and transcriptional landscape induced by T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation in naive CD4+ T cells. Despite attenuated TCR signaling in older adults, TCR activation accelerated remodeling of the epigenome and induced transcription factor networks favoring effector cell differentiation. We identified increased phosphorylation of STAT5, at least in part due to aberrant IL-2 receptor and lower HELIOS expression, as upstream regulators. Human HELIOS-deficient, naive CD4+ T cells, when transferred into human-synovium-mouse chimeras, infiltrated tissues more efficiently. Inhibition of IL-2 or STAT5 activity in T cell responses of older adults restored the epigenetic response pattern to the one seen in young adults. In summary, reduced HELIOS expression in non-regulatory naive CD4+ T cells in older adults directs T cell fate decisions toward inflammatory effector cells that infiltrate tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rohit R Jadhav
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Isabel N Goronzy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Tuantuan V Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jun Jin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shozo Ohtsuki
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zhaolan Hu
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jose Morales
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Shang S, Liu J, Hua F. Protein acylation: mechanisms, biological functions and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:396. [PMID: 36577755 PMCID: PMC9797573 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is involved in the pathogenesis of not only cancers but also neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases. With the progress of metabonomics and proteomics, metabolites have been found to affect protein acylations through providing acyl groups or changing the activities of acyltransferases or deacylases. Reciprocally, protein acylation is involved in key cellular processes relevant to physiology and diseases, such as protein stability, protein subcellular localization, enzyme activity, transcriptional activity, protein-protein interactions and protein-DNA interactions. Herein, we summarize the functional diversity and mechanisms of eight kinds of nonhistone protein acylations in the physiological processes and progression of several diseases. We also highlight the recent progress in the development of inhibitors for acyltransferase, deacylase, and acylation reader proteins for their potential applications in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Shang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fang Hua
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
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29
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Sun X, Zhang Y, Chen XF, Tang X. Acylations in cardiovascular biology and diseases, what's beyond acetylation. EBioMedicine 2022; 87:104418. [PMID: 36584593 PMCID: PMC9808004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism regulates cardiovascular biology through multiple mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications. Over the past two decades, experimental and preclinical studies have highlighted the critical roles of histone modifications in cardiovascular development, homeostasis, and diseases. The widely studied histone acetylation is critical in cardiovascular biology and diseases, and inhibitors of histone deacetylases show therapeutic values. In addition to lysine acetylation, a series of novel non-acetyl lysine acylations have recently been recognized. These non-acetyl lysine acylations have been demonstrated to have physiological and pathological functions, and recent studies have analyzed the roles of these non-acetyl lysine acylations in cardiovascular biology. Herein, we review the current advances in the understanding of non-acetyl lysine acylations in cardiovascular biology and discuss open questions and translational perspectives. These new pieces of evidence provide a more extensive insight into the epigenetic mechanisms underlying cardiovascular biology and help assess the feasibility of targeting acylations to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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30
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Blocking AMPK β1 myristoylation enhances AMPK activity and protects mice from high-fat diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111862. [PMID: 36543129 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis and a therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. Co/post-translational N-myristoylation of glycine-2 (Gly2) of the AMPK β subunit has been suggested to regulate the distribution of the kinase between the cytosol and membranes through a "myristoyl switch" mechanism. However, the relevance of AMPK myristoylation for metabolic signaling in cells and in vivo is unclear. Here, we generated knockin mice with a Gly2-to-alanine point mutation of AMPKβ1 (β1-G2A). We demonstrate that non-myristoylated AMPKβ1 has reduced stability but is associated with increased kinase activity and phosphorylation of the Thr172 activation site in the AMPK α subunit. Using proximity ligation assays, we show that loss of β1 myristoylation impedes colocalization of the phosphatase PPM1A/B with AMPK in cells. Mice carrying the β1-G2A mutation have improved metabolic health with reduced adiposity, hepatic lipid accumulation, and insulin resistance under conditions of high-fat diet-induced obesity.
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Bystrom J, Taher TE, Henson SM, Gould DJ, Mageed RA. Metabolic requirements of Th17 cells and of B cells: Regulation and defects in health and in inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:990794. [PMCID: PMC9614365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.990794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system protects from infections and cancer through complex cellular networks. For this purpose, immune cells require well-developed mechanisms of energy generation. However, the immune system itself can also cause diseases when defective regulation results in the emergence of autoreactive lymphocytes. Recent studies provide insights into how differential patterns of immune cell responses are associated with selective metabolic pathways. This review will examine the changing metabolic requirements of Th17 cells and of B cells at different stages of their development and activation. Both cells provide protection but can also mediate diseases through the production of autoantibodies and the production of proinflammatory mediators. In health, B cells produce antibodies and cytokines and present antigens to T cells to mount specific immunity. Th17 cells, on the other hand, provide protection against extra cellular pathogens at mucosal surfaces but can also drive chronic inflammation. The latter cells can also promote the differentiation of B cells to plasma cells to produce more autoantibodies. Metabolism-regulated checkpoints at different stages of their development ensure the that self-reactive B cells clones and needless production of interleukin (IL-)17 are limited. The metabolic regulation of the two cell types has some similarities, e.g. the utility of hypoxia induced factor (HIF)1α during low oxygen tension, to prevent autoimmunity and regulate inflammation. There are also clear differences, as Th17 cells only are vulnerable to the lack of certain amino acids. B cells, unlike Th17 cells, are also dependent of mechanistic target of rapamycin 2 (mTORC2) to function. Significant knowledge has recently been gained, particularly on Th17 cells, on how metabolism regulates these cells through influencing their epigenome. Metabolic dysregulation of Th17 cells and B cells can lead to chronic inflammation. Disease associated alterations in the genome can, in addition, cause dysregulation to metabolism and, thereby, result in epigenetic alterations in these cells. Recent studies highlight how pathology can result from the cooperation between the two cell types but only few have so far addressed the key metabolic alterations in such settings. Knowledge of the impact of metabolic dysfunction on chronic inflammation and pathology can reveal novel therapeutic targets to treat such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bystrom
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jonas Bystrom, ; Taher E. Taher,
| | - Taher E. Taher
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jonas Bystrom, ; Taher E. Taher,
| | - Sian M. Henson
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Gould
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rizgar A. Mageed
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Cui L, Weiyao J, Chenghong S, Limei L, Xinghua Z, Bo Y, Xiaozheng D, Haidong W. Rheumatoid arthritis and mitochondrial homeostasis: The crossroads of metabolism and immunity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1017650. [PMID: 36213670 PMCID: PMC9542797 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1017650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic symmetric synovial inflammation and erosive bone destruction. Mitochondria are the main site of cellular energy supply and play a key role in the process of energy metabolism. They possess certain self-regulatory and repair capabilities. Mitochondria maintain relative stability in number, morphology, and spatial structure through biological processes, such as biogenesis, fission, fusion, and autophagy, which are collectively called mitochondrial homeostasis. An imbalance in the mitochondrial homeostatic environment will affect immune cell energy metabolism, synovial cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory signaling. These biological processes are involved in the onset and development of rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we found that in rheumatoid arthritis, abnormal mitochondrial homeostasis can mediate various immune cell metabolic disorders, and the reprogramming of immune cell metabolism is closely related to their inflammatory activation. In turn, mitochondrial damage and homeostatic imbalance can lead to mtDNA leakage and increased mtROS production. mtDNA and mtROS are active substances mediating multiple inflammatory pathways. Several rheumatoid arthritis therapeutic agents regulate mitochondrial homeostasis and repair mitochondrial damage. Therefore, modulation of mitochondrial homeostasis would be one of the most attractive targets for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Cui
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Weiyao
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Su Chenghong
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liu Limei
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhang Xinghua
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuan Bo
- Acupuncture and Pain Department, Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Lanzhou, China
| | - Du Xiaozheng
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Du Xiaozheng
| | - Wang Haidong
- Rheumatoid Bone Disease Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Lanzhou, China
- Wang Haidong
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Seo J, Hwang H, Choi Y, Jung S, Hong JH, Yoon BJ, Rhim H, Park M. Myristoylation-dependent palmitoylation of cyclin Y modulates long-term potentiation and spatial learning. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 218:102349. [PMID: 36030931 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many psychiatric disorders accompany deficits in cognitive functions and synaptic plasticity, and abnormal lipid modifications of neuronal proteins are associated with their pathophysiology. Lipid modifications, including palmitoylation and myristoylation, play crucial roles in the subcellular localization and trafficking of proteins. Cyclin Y (CCNY), enriched in the postsynaptic compartment, acts as an inhibitory modulator of functional and structural long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal neurons. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying CCNY-mediated inhibitory functions in the synapse remain largely unknown. Here, we report that myristoylation located CCNY to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and subsequent palmitoylation directed the myristoylated CCNY from the TGN to the synaptic cell surface. This myristoylation-dependent palmitoylation of CCNY was required for the inhibitory role of CCNY in excitatory synaptic transmission, activity-induced dynamics of AMPA receptors and PSD-95, LTP, and spatial learning. Furthermore, spatial learning significantly reduced palmitoyl- and myristoyl-CCNY levels, indicating that spatial learning lowers the synaptic abundance of CCNY. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into how CCNY is clustered adjacent to postsynaptic sites where it could play its inhibitory roles in synaptic plasticity and spatial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Seo
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Hongik Hwang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Yuri Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Sunmin Jung
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Hong
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Bong-June Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Mikyoung Park
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea.
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DHHC17 Is a New Regulator of AMPK Signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2022; 42:e0013122. [PMID: 35913156 PMCID: PMC9387237 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00131-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) with membranes plays a critical role in the regulation of AMPK activation and function. Protein lipid modification, including palmitoylation, myristoylation, and farnesyation, constitutes a crucial mechanism in the regulation of protein dynamic interactions with membranes. Among the three subunits of the AMPK heterotrimeric complex, the structural subunit AMPKβ is myristoylated and the catalytic subunit AMPKα is palmitoylated. Here, we report the characterization of AMPKα palmitoylation. We found that AMKPα was palmitoylated at Cys209 and Cys543, and this was required for AMPK activation and subcellular membrane compartmentalization. To understand the regulation of AMPKα palmitoylation, we have identified DHHC17 as a candidate palmitoyltransferase for AMPKα and found that DHHC17, by palmitoylating AMPKα, modulated AMPK membrane association and activation in response to energy stress. To determine the role of DHHC17 in cell function, we generated DHHC17 liver-specific knockout mice and found that inactivation of DHHC17 in the mouse liver impaired AMPK activation and hepatic autophagy and caused a type 2 diabetes-like syndrome. Overall, our studies demonstrate that AMPKα palmitoylation plays a critical role in AMPK activation and that DHHC17, through its modulation of AMPK signaling, constitutes a new regulator of hepatic metabolism.
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Yang W, Yu T, Cong Y. CD4+ T cell metabolism, gut microbiota, and autoimmune diseases: Implication in precision medicine of autoimmune diseases. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2022; 5:pbac018. [PMID: 35990897 PMCID: PMC9384833 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are critical to the development of autoimmune disorders. Glucose, fatty acids, and glutamine metabolisms are the primary metabolic pathways in immune cells, including CD4+ T cells. The distinct metabolic programs in CD4+ T cell subsets are recognized to reflect the bioenergetic requirements, which are compatible with their functional demands. Gut microbiota affects T cell responses by providing a series of antigens and metabolites. Accumulating data indicate that CD4+ T cell metabolic pathways underlie aberrant T cell functions, thereby regulating the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we summarize the current progress of CD4+ T cell metabolic programs, gut microbiota regulation of T cell metabolism, and T cell metabolic adaptions to autoimmune disorders to shed light on potential metabolic therapeutics for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX, 77555 , USA
- Sealy Center for Microbiome Research, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX, 77555 , USA
| | - Tianming Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX, 77555 , USA
- Sealy Center for Microbiome Research, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX, 77555 , USA
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX, 77555 , USA
- Sealy Center for Microbiome Research, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX, 77555 , USA
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Xu Y, Chen Y, Zhang X, Ma J, Liu Y, Cui L, Wang F. Glycolysis in Innate Immune Cells Contributes to Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:920029. [PMID: 35844594 PMCID: PMC9284233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.920029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) refer to connective tissue inflammation caused by aberrant autoantibodies resulting from dysfunctional immune surveillance. Most of the current treatments for AIDs use non-selective immunosuppressive agents. Although these therapies successfully control the disease process, patients experience significant side effects, particularly an increased risk of infection. There is a great need to study the pathogenesis of AIDs to facilitate the development of selective inhibitors for inflammatory signaling to overcome the limitations of traditional therapies. Immune cells alter their predominant metabolic profile from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis in AIDs. This metabolic reprogramming, known to occur in adaptive immune cells, i.e., B and T lymphocytes, is critical to the pathogenesis of connective tissue inflammation. At the cellular level, this metabolic switch involves multiple signaling molecules, including serine–threonine protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Although glycolysis is less efficient than mitochondrial respiration in terms of ATP production, immune cells can promote disease progression by enhancing glycolysis to satisfy cellular functions. Recent studies have shown that active glycolytic metabolism may also account for the cellular physiology of innate immune cells in AIDs. However, the mechanism by which glycolysis affects innate immunity and participates in the pathogenesis of AIDs remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms, including key enzymes, signaling pathways, and inflammatory factors, that could explain the relationship between glycolysis and the pro-inflammatory phenotype of innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Additionally, we summarize the impact of glycolysis on the pathophysiological processes of AIDs, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, and ankylosing spondylitis, and discuss potential therapeutic targets. The discovery that immune cell metabolism characterized by glycolysis may regulate inflammation broadens the avenues for treating AIDs by modulating immune cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongkang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Center of Biotherapy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyan Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liyan Cui, ; Fang Wang,
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liyan Cui, ; Fang Wang,
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Zhao TV, Hu Z, Ohtsuki S, Jin K, Wu B, Berry GJ, Frye RL, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Hyperactivity of the CD155 immune checkpoint suppresses anti-viral immunity in patients with coronary artery disease. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:634-648. [PMID: 36860353 PMCID: PMC9974158 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pre-existent cardiovascular disease is a risk factor for weak anti-viral immunity, but underlying mechanisms remain undefined. Here, we report that patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) have macrophages (Mϕ) that actively suppress the induction of helper T cells reactive to two viral antigens: the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein 350. CAD Mϕ overexpressed the methyltransferase METTL3, promoting the accumulation of N⁶-methyladenosine (m6A) in Poliovirus receptor (CD155) mRNA. m6A modifications of positions 1635 and 3103 in the 3'UTR of CD155 mRNA stabilized the transcript and enhanced CD155 surface expression. As a result, the patients' Mϕ abundantly expressed the immunoinhibitory ligand CD155 and delivered negative signals to CD4+ T cells expressing CD96 and/or TIGIT receptors. Compromised antigen-presenting function of METTL3hi CD155hi Mϕ diminished anti-viral T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. LDL and its oxidized form induced the immunosuppressive Mϕ phenotype. Undifferentiated CAD monocytes had hypermethylated CD155 mRNA, implicating post-transcriptional RNA modifications in the bone-marrow in shaping anti-viral immunity in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuantuan V Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Zhaolan Hu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Shozo Ohtsuki
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Ke Jin
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Bowen Wu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Gerald J Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Robert L Frye
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Chen Y, Wang B, Chen Y, Wu Q, Lai WF, Wei L, Nandakumar KS, Liu D. HAPLN1 Affects Cell Viability and Promotes the Pro-Inflammatory Phenotype of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:888612. [PMID: 35720292 PMCID: PMC9202519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.888612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HAPLN1 maintains aggregation and the binding activity of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules (such as hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan) to stabilize the macromolecular structure of the ECM. An increase in HAPLN1 expression is observed in a few types of musculoskeletal diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, its functions are obscure. This study examined the role of HAPLN1 in determining the viability, proliferation, mobility, and pro-inflammatory phenotype of RA- fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs) by using small interfering RNA (siHAPLN1), over-expression vector (HAPLN1OE), and a recombinant HAPLN1 (rHAPLN1) protein. HAPLN1 was found to promote proliferation but inhibit RA-FLS migration. Metformin, an AMPK activator, was previously found by us to be able to inhibit FLS activation but promote HAPLN1 secretion. In this study, we confirmed the up-regulation of HAPLN1 in RA patients, and found the positive relationship between HAPLN1 expression and the AMPK level. Treatment with either si-HAPLN1 or HAPLN1OE down-regulated the expression of AMPK-ɑ gene, although up-regulation of the level of p-AMPK-ɑ was observed in RA-FLSs. si-HAPLN1 down-regulated the expression of proinflammatory factors like TNF-ɑ, MMPs, and IL-6, while HAPLN1OE up-regulated their levels. qPCR assay indicated that the levels of TGF-β, ACAN, fibronectin, collagen II, and Ki-67 were down-regulated upon si-HAPLN1 treatment, while HAPLN1OE treatment led to up-regulation of ACAN and Ki-67 and down-regulation of cyclin-D1. Proteomics of si-HAPLN1, rHAPLN1, and mRNA-Seq analysis of rHAPLN1 confirmed the functions of HAPLN1 in the activation of inflammation, proliferation, cell adhesion, and strengthening of ECM functions. Our results for the first time demonstrate the function of HAPLN1 in promoting the proliferation and pro-inflammatory phenotype of RA-FLSs, thereby contributing to RA pathogenesis. Future in-depth studies are required for better understanding the role of HAPLN1 in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Division of Rheumatology and Research, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Baojiang Wang
- Institute of Maternal and Child Medicine, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanjuan Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qunyan Wu
- Institute of Maternal and Child Medicine, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wing-Fu Lai
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Wanchai, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Laiyou Wei
- Division of Rheumatology and Research, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Southern Medical Universit - Karolinska Institute (SMU-KI) United Medical Inflammation Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongzhou Liu
- Division of Rheumatology and Research, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
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López-Armada MJ, Fernández-Rodríguez JA, Blanco FJ. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061151. [PMID: 35740048 PMCID: PMC9220001 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of excessive mitochondrial oxidative stress could provide new targets for both preventive and therapeutic interventions in the treatment of chronic inflammation or any pathology that develops under an inflammatory scenario, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Increasing evidence has demonstrated the role of mitochondrial alterations in autoimmune diseases mainly due to the interplay between metabolism and innate immunity, but also in the modulation of inflammatory response of resident cells, such as synoviocytes. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction derived from several danger signals could activate tricarboxylic acid (TCA) disruption, thereby favoring a vicious cycle of oxidative/mitochondrial stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction can act through modulating innate immunity via redox-sensitive inflammatory pathways or direct activation of the inflammasome. Besides, mitochondria also have a central role in regulating cell death, which is deeply altered in RA. Additionally, multiple evidence suggests that pathological processes in RA can be shaped by epigenetic mechanisms and that in turn, mitochondria are involved in epigenetic regulation. Finally, we will discuss about the involvement of some dietary components in the onset and progression of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José López-Armada
- Grupo de Investigación en Envejecimiento e Inflamación (ENVEINF), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, 15006 A Coruña, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.J.L.-A.); (F.J.B.); Tel./Fax: +34-981-178272-73 (M.J.L.-A.)
| | - Jennifer Adriana Fernández-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Investigación en Envejecimiento e Inflamación (ENVEINF), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, 15006 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Blanco
- Grupo de Investigación de Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación de Reumatología y Salud (GIR-S), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Fisioterapia, Campus de Oza, Universidade da Coruña, 15001 A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.L.-A.); (F.J.B.); Tel./Fax: +34-981-178272-73 (M.J.L.-A.)
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40
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Le Menn G, Jabłońska A, Chen Z. The effects of post-translational modifications on Th17/Treg cell differentiation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119223. [PMID: 35120998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells and Th17 cells are subsets of CD4+ T cells which play an essential role in immune homeostasis and infection. Dysregulation of the Th17/Treg cell balance was shown to be implicated in the development and progression of several disorders such as autoimmune disease, inflammatory disease, and cancer. Multiple factors, including T cell receptor (TCR) signals, cytokines, metabolic and epigenetic regulators can influence the differentiation of Th17 and Treg cells and affect their balance. Accumulating evidence indicates that the activity of key molecules such as forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), the retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)s are modulated by the number of post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, methylation, nitrosylation, acetylation, glycosylation, lipidation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation. PTMs might affect the protein folding efficiency and protein conformational stability, and consequently determine protein structure, localization, and function. Here, we review the recent progress in our understanding of how PTMs modify the key molecules involved in the Th17/Treg cell differentiation, regulate the Th17/Treg balance, and initiate autoimmune diseases caused by dysregulation of the Th17/Treg balance. A better understanding of Th17/Treg regulation may help to develop novel potential therapeutics to treat immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaëlle Le Menn
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Agnieszka Jabłońska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Zhi Chen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Poland.
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41
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Lim SA, Su W, Chapman NM, Chi H. Lipid metabolism in T cell signaling and function. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:470-481. [PMID: 35484263 PMCID: PMC11103273 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T cells orchestrate adaptive immunity against pathogens and other immune challenges, but their dysfunction can also mediate the pathogenesis of cancer and autoimmunity. Metabolic adaptation in response to immunological and microenvironmental signals contributes to T cell function and fate decision. Lipid metabolism has emerged as a key regulator of T cell responses, with selective lipid metabolites serving as metabolic rheostats to integrate environmental cues and interplay with intracellular signaling processes. Here, we discuss how extracellular, de novo synthesized and membrane lipids orchestrate T cell biology. We also describe the roles of lipids as regulators of intracellular signaling at the levels of transcriptional, epigenetic and post-translational regulation in T cells. Finally, we summarize therapeutic targeting of lipid metabolism and signaling, and conclude with a discussion of important future directions. Understanding the molecular and functional interplay between lipid metabolism and T cell biology will ultimately inform therapeutic intervention for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ah Lim
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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42
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Zhao TV, Sato Y, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. T-Cell Aging-Associated Phenotypes in Autoimmune Disease. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:867950. [PMID: 35821833 PMCID: PMC9261367 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.867950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aging process causes profound restructuring of the host immune system, typically associated with declining host protection against cancer and infection. In the case of T cells, aging leads to the accumulation of a diverse set of T-cell aging-associated phenotypes (TASP), some of which have been implicated in driving tissue inflammation in autoimmune diseases. T cell aging as a risk determinant for autoimmunity is exemplified in two classical autoimmune conditions: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a disease predominantly affecting postmenopausal women, and giant cell arteritis (GCA), an inflammatory vasculopathy exclusively occurring during the 6th-9th decade of life. Pathogenic T cells in RA emerge as a consequence of premature immune aging. They have shortening and fragility of telomeric DNA ends and instability of mitochondrial DNA. As a result, they produce a distinct profile of metabolites, disproportionally expand their endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes and release excess amounts of pro-inflammatory effector cytokines. Characteristically, they are tissue invasive, activate the inflammasome and die a pyroptotic death. Patients with GCA expand pathogenic CD4+ T cells due to aberrant expression of the co-stimulatory receptor NOTCH1 and the failure of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint. In addition, GCA patients lose anti-inflammatory Treg cells, promoting tissue-destructive granulomatous vasculitis. In summary, emerging data identify T cell aging as a risk factor for autoimmune disease and directly link TASPs to the breakdown of T cell tolerance and T-cell-induced tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuantuan V. Zhao
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yuki Sato
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jorg J. Goronzy
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States,School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Cornelia M. Weyand
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States,School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Cornelia M. Weyand,
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Jiang W, Sun M, Wang Y, Zheng M, Yuan Z, Mai S, Zhang X, Tang L, Liu X, Wang C, Wen Z. Critical Role of Notch-1 in Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Hyperactivity and Vascular Inflammation in Patients With Takayasu Arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:1235-1244. [PMID: 35212196 DOI: 10.1002/art.42103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a major type of large vessel vasculitis characterized by progressive inflammation in vascular layers. In our recent study we identified a central role of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) hyperactivity in proinflammatory T cell differentiation in TA. This study was undertaken to explore potential mechanisms underpinning T cell-intrinsic mTOR hyperactivity and vascular inflammation in TA, with a focus on Notch-1. METHODS Notch-1 expression and activity was determined according to Notch-1, activated Notch-1, and HES-1 levels. We detected mTOR activity with intracellular expression of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6. Differentiation of proinflammatory T cells was analyzed by detecting Th1 and Th17 lineage-determining transcription factors. The function of Notch-1 was evaluated using γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT and gene knockdown using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) strategy. We performed our translational study using humanized NSG mouse chimeras in which human vasculitis was induced using immune cells from TA patients. RESULTS CD4+ T cells from TA patients exerted Notch-1high , leading to mTOR hyperactivity and spontaneous maldifferentiation of Th1 cells and Th17 cells. Blockade of Notch-1 using DAPT and Notch-1 shRNA efficiently abrogated mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activation and proinflammatory T cell differentiation. Mechanistically, Notch-1 promoted mTOR expression, interacted with mTOR, and was associated with lysosomal localization of mTOR. Accordingly, systemic administration of DAPT and CD4+ T cell-specific gene knockdown of Notch-1 could alleviate vascular inflammation in humanized TA chimeras. CONCLUSION Expression of Notch-1 is elevated in CD4+ T cells from TA patients, resulting in mTORC1 hyperactivity and proinflammatory T cell differentiation. Targeting Notch-1 is a promising therapeutic strategy for the clinical management of TA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengyao Sun
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | | | | | - Shixiong Mai
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Xiyu Liu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Qin Y, Gao C, Luo J. Metabolism Characteristics of Th17 and Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828191. [PMID: 35281063 PMCID: PMC8913504 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal number and functional deficiency of immune cells are the pathological basis of various diseases. Recent years, the imbalance of Th17/regulatory T (Treg) cell underlies the occurrence and development of inflammation in autoimmune diseases (AID). Currently, studies have shown that material and energy metabolism is essential for maintaining cell survival and normal functions and the altered metabolic state of immune cells exists in a variety of AID. This review summarizes the biology and functions of Th17 and Treg cells in AID, with emphasis on the advances of the roles and regulatory mechanisms of energy metabolism in activation, differentiation and physiological function of Th17 and Treg cells, which will facilitate to provide targets for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Luo,
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Jadhav RR, Hu B, Ye Z, Sheth K, Li X, Greenleaf WJ, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Reduced chromatin accessibility to CD4 T cell super-enhancers encompassing susceptibility loci of rheumatoid arthritis. EBioMedicine 2022; 76:103825. [PMID: 35085847 PMCID: PMC8790491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease that manifests as a preclinical stage of systemic autoimmunity followed by chronic progressive synovitis. Disease-associated genetic SNP variants predominantly map to non-coding, regulatory regions of functional importance in CD4 T cells, implicating these cells as key regulators. A better understanding of the epigenome of CD4 T cells holds the promise of providing information on the interaction between genetic susceptibility and exogenous factors. Methods We mapped regions of chromatin accessibility using ATAC-seq in peripheral CD4 T cell subsets of patients with RA (n=18) and compared them to T cells from patients with psoriatic arthritis (n=11) and age-matched healthy controls (n=10). Transcripts of selected genes were quantified using qPCR. Findings RA-associated epigenetic signatures were identified that in part overlapped between central and effector memory CD4 T cells and that were to a lesser extent already present in naïve cells. Sites more accessible in RA were highly enriched for the motif of the transcription factor (TF) CTCF suggesting differences in the three-dimensional chromatin structure. Unexpectedly, sites with reduced chromatin accessibility were enriched for motifs of TFs pertinent for T cell function. Most strikingly, super-enhancers encompassing RA-associated SNPs were less accessible. Analysis of selected transcripts and published DNA methylation patterns were consistent with this finding. The preferential loss in accessibility at these super-enhancers was seen in patients with high and low disease activity and on a variety of immunosuppressive treatment modalities. Interpretation Disease-associated genes are epigenetically less poised to respond in CD4 T cells from patients with established RA. Funding This work was supported by I01 BX001669 from the Veterans Administration.
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IKK β mediates homeostatic function in inflammation via competitively phosphorylating AMPK and I κB α. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:651-664. [PMID: 35256937 PMCID: PMC8897026 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKKβ) is one of important kinases in inflammation to phosphorylate inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (IκBα) and then activate nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Inhibition of IKKβ has been a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Here we report that IKKβ is constitutively activated in healthy donors and healthy IkkβC46A (cysteine 46 mutated to alanine) knock-in mice although they possess intensive IKKβ–IκBα–NF-κB signaling activation. These indicate that IKKβ activation probably plays homeostatic role instead of causing inflammation. Compared to IkkβWT littermates, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) could induce high mortality rate in IkkβC46A mice which is correlated to breaking the homeostasis by intensively activating p-IκBα–NF-κB signaling and inhibiting phosphorylation of 5ʹ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) expression. We then demonstrated that IKKβ kinase domain (KD) phosphorylates AMPKα1 via interacting with residues Thr183, Ser184, and Thr388, while IKKβ helix–loop–helix motifs is essential to phosphorylate IκBα according to the previous reports. Kinase assay further demonstrated that IKKβ simultaneously catalyzes phosphorylation of AMPK and IκBα to mediate homeostasis. Accordingly, activation of AMPK rather than inhibition of IKKβ could substantially rescue LPS-induced mortality in IkkβC46A mice by rebuilding the homeostasis. We conclude that IKKβ activates AMPK to restrict inflammation and IKKβ mediates homeostatic function in inflammation via competitively phosphorylating AMPK and IκBα.
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Liu K. Immune, metabolism and therapeutic targets in RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis). BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20225501016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a classic autoimmune disease, the pathogenesis of which is closely linked to the auto-reactivity of immune cells and joint inflammation. Three cell types, namely T cells, macrophages and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA. Numerous studies have pointed to a metabolic reprogramming of T cells, macrophages and FLS in the pathogenesis of RA arthritis, with alterations in different metabolic pathways of cells, mainly producing a shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis, in addition to lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism which are also altered in the cellular activation state. Metabolic changes are regulated by metabolism-related signalling pathways, and RA is associated with two representative signalling pathways, namely the mTOR signalling pathway and the AMPK signalling pathway. In RA, both signalling pathways are activated or inhibited, and through a series of cascade reactions, different gene expressions are ultimately induced, altering intracellular metabolic pathways and promoting pro-inflammatory functions (e.g. pro-inflammatory cytokine release and FLS phenotypes), or inhibiting the expression of genes related to immune tolerance. Targeting key components of metabolic signalling pathways and key enzymes in cellular metabolic pathways in RA has emerged as a new way of finding drugs for RA, and many modulators targeting these targets have been extensively studied for their therapeutic effects in RA. In this article, we focus on cellular metabolic alterations in RA, related signalling pathways and possible drugs targeting RA metabolic pathways.
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Sanse Powder Essential Oil Nanoemulsion Negatively Regulates TRPA1 by AMPK/mTOR Signaling in Synovitis: Knee Osteoarthritis Rat Model and Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte Isolates. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:4736670. [PMID: 34876884 PMCID: PMC8645395 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4736670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovitis is the primary driving factor for the occurrence and development of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) and plays a crucial role during this process. Our previous works revealed that transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channels mediate the amplification of KOA synovitis. In recent years, essential oils have been proved to have blocking effect on transient receptor potential channels. Meanwhile, the therapeutic effect of Sanse Powder on KOA synovitis has been confirmed in clinical trials and basic studies; although, the mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, Sanse Powder essential oil nanoemulsion (SP-NEs) was prepared, and then chemical composition, physicochemical properties, and stability were investigated. Besides, both in MIA-induced KOA rats and in LPS-stimulated FLSs, we investigated whether SP-NES could alleviate KOA synovitis by interfering with AMP-activated protein kinase- (AMPK-) mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an energy sensing pathway proved to negatively regulate the TRPA1. Our research shows that the top three substances in SP-NEs were tumerone, delta-cadinene, and Ar-tumerone, which accounted for 51.62% of the total, and should be considered as the main pharmacodynamic ingredient. Less inflammatory cell infiltration and type I collagen deposition were found in the synovial tissue of KOA rats treated with SP-NEs, as well as the downregulated expressions of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and TRPA1. Besides, SP-NEs increased the phosphorylation level of AMPK and decreased the phosphorylation level of mTOR in the KOA model, and SP-NEs also upregulated expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and PPARγ coactivator-1α and downstream signaling molecules of AMPK-mTOR in vivo and in vitro. To conclude, a kind of Chinese herbal medicine for external use which is effective in treating synovitis of KOA was extracted and prepared into essential oil nanoemulsion with stable properties in the present study. It may alleviate synovitis in experimental KOA through the negative regulation of TRPA1 by AMPK-mTOR signaling.
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Wu B, Zhao TV, Jin K, Hu Z, Abdel MP, Warrington KJ, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Mitochondrial aspartate regulates TNF biogenesis and autoimmune tissue inflammation. Nat Immunol 2021; 22. [PMID: 34811544 PMCID: PMC8756813 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01065-2 10.1038/s41590-021-01065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Misdirected immunity gives rise to the autoimmune tissue inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis, in which excess production of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a central pathogenic event. Mechanisms underlying the breakdown of self-tolerance are unclear, but T cells in the arthritic joint have a distinctive metabolic signature of ATPlo acetyl-CoAhi proinflammatory effector cells. Here we show that a deficiency in the production of mitochondrial aspartate is an important abnormality in these autoimmune T cells. Shortage of mitochondrial aspartate disrupted the regeneration of the metabolic cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, causing ADP deribosylation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sensor GRP78/BiP. As a result, ribosome-rich ER membranes expanded, promoting co-translational translocation and enhanced biogenesis of transmembrane TNF. ERrich T cells were the predominant TNF producers in the arthritic joint. Transfer of intact mitochondria into T cells, as well as supplementation of exogenous aspartate, rescued the mitochondria-instructed expansion of ER membranes and suppressed TNF release and rheumatoid tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tuantuan V. Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ke Jin
- Department of Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhaolan Hu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Matthew P. Abdel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ken J. Warrington
- Department of Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jörg J. Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Cornelia M. Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA,Corresponding author: Cornelia M. Weyand, Department of Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine and Sciences, Rochester, MN 55901;
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Wu B, Zhao TV, Jin K, Hu Z, Abdel MP, Warrington KJ, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Mitochondrial aspartate regulates TNF biogenesis and autoimmune tissue inflammation. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1551-1562. [PMID: 34811544 PMCID: PMC8756813 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Misdirected immunity gives rise to the autoimmune tissue inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis, in which excess production of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a central pathogenic event. Mechanisms underlying the breakdown of self-tolerance are unclear, but T cells in the arthritic joint have a distinctive metabolic signature of ATPlo acetyl-CoAhi proinflammatory effector cells. Here we show that a deficiency in the production of mitochondrial aspartate is an important abnormality in these autoimmune T cells. Shortage of mitochondrial aspartate disrupted the regeneration of the metabolic cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, causing ADP deribosylation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sensor GRP78/BiP. As a result, ribosome-rich ER membranes expanded, promoting co-translational translocation and enhanced biogenesis of transmembrane TNF. ERrich T cells were the predominant TNF producers in the arthritic joint. Transfer of intact mitochondria into T cells, as well as supplementation of exogenous aspartate, rescued the mitochondria-instructed expansion of ER membranes and suppressed TNF release and rheumatoid tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tuantuan V Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ke Jin
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zhaolan Hu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew P Abdel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ken J Warrington
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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