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Chowdhary K, Léon J, Mathis D, Benoist C. An integrated transcription factor framework for Treg identity and diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2411301121. [PMID: 39196621 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2411301121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate cell identity depends on the combined activity of scores of transcription factors (TF). While TFs have often been studied in isolation, a systematic perspective on their integration has been missing. Focusing on FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), key guardians of immune tolerance, we combined single-cell chromatin accessibility, machine learning, and high-density genetic variation, to resolve a validated framework of diverse Treg chromatin programs, each shaped by multi-TF inputs. This framework identified previously unrecognized Treg controllers (Smarcc1) and illuminated the mechanism of action of FoxP3, which amplified a pre-existing Treg identity, diversely activating or repressing distinct programs, dependent on different regulatory partners. Treg subpopulations in the colon relied variably on FoxP3, Helios+ Tregs being completely dependent, but RORγ+ Tregs largely independent. These differences were rooted in intrinsic biases decoded by the integrated framework. Moving beyond master regulators, this work unravels how overlapping TF activities coalesce into Treg identity and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliette Léon
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France 75015
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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2
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Ohno R, Nakamura A. Advancing autoimmune Rheumatic disease treatment: CAR-T Cell Therapies - Evidence, Safety, and future directions. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2024; 67:152479. [PMID: 38810569 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2024.152479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite advancements in managing autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) with existing treatments, many patients still encounter challenges such as inadequate responses, difficulty in maintaining remission, and side effects. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, originally developed for cancer, has now emerged as a promising option for cases of refractory ARDs. METHODS A search of the literature was conducted to compose a narrative review exploring the current evidence, potential safety, limitations, potential modifications, and future directions of CAR-T cells in ARDs. RESULTS CAR-T cell therapy has been administered to patients with refractory ARDs, including systemic lupus erythematosus, antisynthetase syndrome, and systemic sclerosis, demonstrating significant improvement. Notable responses include enhanced clinical symptoms, reduced serum autoantibody titers, and sustained remissions in disease activity. Preclinical and in vitro studies using both animal and human samples also support the efficacy and elaborate on potential mechanisms of CAR-T cells against antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis. While cautious monitoring of adverse events, such as cytokine release syndrome, is crucial, the therapy appears to be highly tolerable. Nevertheless, challenges persist, including cost, durability due to potential CAR-T cell exhaustion, and manufacturing complexities, urging the development of innovative solutions to further enhance CAR-T cell therapy accessibility in ARDs. CONCLUSIONS CAR-T cell therapy for refractory ARDs has demonstrated high effectiveness. While no significant warning signs are currently reported, achieving a balance between therapeutic efficacy and safety is vital in adapting CAR-T cell therapy for ARDs. Moreover, there is significant potential for technological advancements to enhance the delivery of this treatment to patients, thereby ensuring safer and more effective disease control for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryunosuke Ohno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Translational Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada; Rheumatology Clinic, Kingston Health Science Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Sumida TS, Cheru NT, Hafler DA. The regulation and differentiation of regulatory T cells and their dysfunction in autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:503-517. [PMID: 38374298 PMCID: PMC11216899 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-00994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells as a distinct cell lineage with a central role in regulating immune responses provided a deeper understanding of self-tolerance. The transcription factor FOXP3 serves a key role in Treg cell lineage determination and maintenance, but is not sufficient to enable the full potential of Treg cell suppression, indicating that other factors orchestrate the fine-tuning of Treg cell function. Moreover, FOXP3-independent mechanisms have recently been shown to contribute to Treg cell dysfunction. FOXP3 mutations in humans cause lethal fulminant systemic autoinflammation (IPEX syndrome). However, it remains unclear to what degree Treg cell dysfunction is contributing to the pathophysiology of common autoimmune diseases. In this Review, we discuss the origins of Treg cells in the periphery and the multilayered mechanisms by which Treg cells are induced, as well as the FOXP3-dependent and FOXP3-independent cellular programmes that maintain the suppressive function of Treg cells in humans and mice. Further, we examine evidence for Treg cell dysfunction in the context of common autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu S Sumida
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Nardos T Cheru
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Yano H, Koga K, Sato T, Shinohara T, Iriguchi S, Matsuda A, Nakazono K, Shioiri M, Miyake Y, Kassai Y, Kiyoi H, Kaneko S. Human iPSC-derived CD4 + Treg-like cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors control GvHD in a xenograft model. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:795-802.e6. [PMID: 38848686 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells induced from human iPSCs (iCD4+ T cells) offer a therapeutic opportunity for overcoming immune pathologies arising from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, most iCD4+ T cells are conventional helper T cells, which secrete inflammatory cytokines. We induced high-level expression of FOXP3, a master transcription factor of regulatory T cells, in iCD4+ T cells. Human iPSC-derived, FOXP3-induced CD4+ T (iCD4+ Treg-like) cells did not secrete inflammatory cytokines upon activation. Moreover, they showed demethylation of the Treg-specific demethylation region, suggesting successful conversion to immunosuppressive iCD4+ Treg-like cells. We further assessed these iCD4+ Treg-like cells for CAR-mediated immunosuppressive ability. HLA-A2 CAR-transduced iCD4+ Treg-like cells inhibited CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL) division in a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay with A2+ allogeneic CTLs and suppressed xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in NSG mice treated with A2+ human PBMCs. In most cases, these cells suppressed the xenogeneic GvHD progression as much as natural CD25+CD127- Tregs did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Yano
- Shin Kaneko Laboratory, CiRA, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Takeda-CiRA joint research program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Haematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keiko Koga
- Takeda-CiRA joint research program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan; T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sato
- Takeda-CiRA joint research program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan; T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tokuyuki Shinohara
- Takeda-CiRA joint research program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan; T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shoichi Iriguchi
- Shin Kaneko Laboratory, CiRA, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Takeda-CiRA joint research program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsuda
- Takeda-CiRA joint research program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan; T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakazono
- Takeda-CiRA joint research program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan; T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maki Shioiri
- Takeda-CiRA joint research program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan; T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Miyake
- Shin Kaneko Laboratory, CiRA, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Takeda-CiRA joint research program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kassai
- Takeda-CiRA joint research program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan; T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kiyoi
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shin Kaneko
- Shin Kaneko Laboratory, CiRA, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Takeda-CiRA joint research program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Wang Q, Huang YX, Liu L, Zhao XH, Sun Y, Mao X, Li SW. Pancreatic islet transplantation: current advances and challenges. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1391504. [PMID: 38887292 PMCID: PMC11180903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1391504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a prevalent chronic disease that traditionally requires severe reliance on medication for treatment. Oral medication and exogenous insulin can only temporarily maintain blood glucose levels and do not cure the disease. Most patients need life-long injections of exogenous insulin. In recent years, advances in islet transplantation have significantly advanced the treatment of diabetes, allowing patients to discontinue exogenous insulin and avoid complications.Long-term follow-up results from recent reports on islet transplantation suggest that they provide significant therapeutic benefit although patients still require immunotherapy, suggesting the importance of future transplantation strategies. Although organ shortage remains the primary obstacle for the development of islet transplantation, new sources of islet cells, such as stem cells and porcine islet cells, have been proposed, and are gradually being incorporated into clinical research. Further research on new transplantation sites, such as the subcutaneous space and mesenteric fat, may eventually replace the traditional portal vein intra-islet cell infusion. Additionally, the immunological rejection reaction in islet transplantation will be resolved through the combined application of immunosuppressant agents, islet encapsulation technology, and the most promising mesenchymal stem cells/regulatory T cell and islet cell combined transplantation cell therapy. This review summarizes the progress achieved in islet transplantation, and discusses the research progress and potential solutions to the challenges faced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-xi Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-hong Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Sun
- MRL Global Medical Affairs, MSD China, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinli Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques and Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shao-wei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques and Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
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Mortezaee K. FOXP3 (in)stability and cancer immunotherapy. Cytokine 2024; 178:156589. [PMID: 38547750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is described in the context of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is a transcription factor that its activity is an indicator of Treg identity. FOXP3 induces metabolic versatility in intra-tumoral Tregs, so that its deficiency mediates Treg instability or even gives rise to the acquisition of effector T cell phenotype. FOXP3 dysregulation and defectiveness occurs upon ubiquitination, methylation and presumably acetylation. Stimulators of PTEN, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), and nucleus accumbens-associated protein-1 (NAC1), and inhibitors of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), Deltex1 (DTX1) and ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (USP22) are suggested to hamper FOXP3 stability, and to promote its downregulation and further Treg depletion. A point is that Treg subsets reveal different reliance on FOXP3, which indicates that not all Tregs are strictly dependent on FOXP3, and presumably Tregs with different origin rely on diverse regulators of FOXP3 stability. The focus of this review is over the current understanding toward FOXP3, its activity in Tregs and influence from different regulators within tumor microenvironment (TME). Implication of FOXP3 targeting in cancer immunotherapy is another focus of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Karakus IS, Catak MC, Frohne A, Bayram Catak F, Yorgun Altunbas M, Babayeva R, Bal SK, Eltan SB, Yalcin Gungoren E, Esen F, Zemheri IE, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Ozen A, Caki-Kilic S, Kraakman MJ, Boztug K, Baris S. Rapamycin Controls Lymphoproliferation and Reverses T-Cell Responses in a Patient with a Novel STIM1 Loss-of-Function Deletion. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:94. [PMID: 38578569 PMCID: PMC10997552 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deficiency of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) results in combined immunodeficiency accompanied by extra-immunological findings like enamel defects and myopathy. We here studied a patient with a STIM1 loss-of-function mutation who presented with severe lymphoproliferation. We sought to explore the efficacy of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin in controlling disease manifestations and reversing aberrant T-cell subsets and functions, which has never been used previously in this disorder. METHODS Clinical findings of the patient were collected over time. We performed immunological evaluations before and after initiation of rapamycin treatment, including detailed lymphocyte subset analyses, alterations in frequencies of circulating T follicular helper (cTFH) and regulatory T (Treg) cells and their subtypes as well as T cell activation and proliferation capacities. RESULTS A novel homozygous exon 2 deletion in STIM1 was detected in a 3-year-old girl with severe lymphoproliferation, recurrent infections, myopathy, iris hypoplasia, and enamel hypoplasia. Lymphoproliferation was associated with severe T-cell infiltrates. The deletion resulted in a complete loss of protein expression, associated with a lack of store-operated calcium entry response, defective T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. Interestingly, patient blood contained fewer cTFH and increased circulating follicular regulatory (cTFR) cells. Abnormal skewing towards TH2-like responses in certain T-cell subpopulations like cTFH, non-cTFH memory T-helper, and Treg cells was associated with increased eosinophil numbers and serum IgE levels. Treatment with rapamycin controlled lymphoproliferation, improved T-cell activation and proliferation capacities, reversed T-cell responses, and repressed high IgE levels and eosinophilia. CONCLUSIONS This study enhances our understanding of STIM1 deficiency by uncovering additional abnormal T-cell responses, and reveals for the first time the potential therapeutic utility of rapamycin for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehmet Cihangir Catak
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Çakmak Mah. No: 41, Pendik/Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Feyza Bayram Catak
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Çakmak Mah. No: 41, Pendik/Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melek Yorgun Altunbas
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Çakmak Mah. No: 41, Pendik/Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Royala Babayeva
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Çakmak Mah. No: 41, Pendik/Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Sevgi Bilgic Eltan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Çakmak Mah. No: 41, Pendik/Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Yalcin Gungoren
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Çakmak Mah. No: 41, Pendik/Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fehim Esen
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Itir Ebru Zemheri
- Department of Pathology, Umraniye Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Çakmak Mah. No: 41, Pendik/Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Çakmak Mah. No: 41, Pendik/Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suar Caki-Kilic
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Umraniye Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Kaan Boztug
- Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Anna Children's Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Safa Baris
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Çakmak Mah. No: 41, Pendik/Istanbul, Turkey.
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey.
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Bacchetta R, Roncarolo MG. IPEX syndrome from diagnosis to cure, learning along the way. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:595-605. [PMID: 38040040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
In the past 2 decades, a significant number of studies have been published describing the molecular and clinical aspects of immune dysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked (IPEX) syndrome. These studies have refined our knowledge of this rare yet prototypic genetic autoimmune disease, advancing the diagnosis, broadening the clinical spectrum, and improving our understanding of the underlying immunologic mechanisms. Despite these advances, Forkhead box P3 mutations have devastating consequences, and treating patients with IPEX syndrome remains a challenge, even with safer strategies for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy becoming a promising reality. The aim of this review was to highlight novel features of the disease to further advance awareness and improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients with IPEX syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bacchetta
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
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9
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Borna S, Meffre E, Bacchetta R. FOXP3 deficiency, from the mechanisms of the disease to curative strategies. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:244-258. [PMID: 37994657 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3 gene is a key transcription factor driving immune tolerance and its deficiency causes immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy X-linked syndrome (IPEX), a prototypic primary immune regulatory disorder (PIRD) with defective regulatory T (Treg) cells. Although life-threatening, the increased awareness and early diagnosis have contributed to improved control of the disease. IPEX currently comprises a broad spectrum of clinical autoimmune manifestations from severe early onset organ involvement to moderate, recurrent manifestations. This review focuses on the mechanistic advancements that, since the IPEX discovery in early 2000, have informed the role of the human FOXP3+ Treg cells in controlling peripheral tolerance and shaping the overall immune landscape of IPEX patients and carrier mothers, contributing to defining new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Borna
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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10
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Durand A, Bonilla N, Level T, Ginestet Z, Lombès A, Guichard V, Germain M, Jacques S, Letourneur F, Do Cruzeiro M, Marchiol C, Renault G, Le Gall M, Charvet C, Le Bon A, Martin B, Auffray C, Lucas B. Type 1 interferons and Foxo1 down-regulation play a key role in age-related T-cell exhaustion in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1718. [PMID: 38409097 PMCID: PMC10897180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Foxo family transcription factors are critically involved in multiple processes, such as metabolism, quiescence, cell survival and cell differentiation. Although continuous, high activity of Foxo transcription factors extends the life span of some species, the involvement of Foxo proteins in mammalian aging remains to be determined. Here, we show that Foxo1 is down-regulated with age in mouse T cells. This down-regulation of Foxo1 in T cells may contribute to the disruption of naive T-cell homeostasis with age, leading to an increase in the number of memory T cells. Foxo1 down-regulation is also associated with the up-regulation of co-inhibitory receptors by memory T cells and exhaustion in aged mice. Using adoptive transfer experiments, we show that the age-dependent down-regulation of Foxo1 in T cells is mediated by T-cell-extrinsic cues, including type 1 interferons. Taken together, our data suggest that type 1 interferon-induced Foxo1 down-regulation is likely to contribute significantly to T-cell dysfunction in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Durand
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Bonilla
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Théo Level
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Zoé Ginestet
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Lombès
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Guichard
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Germain
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Jacques
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Franck Letourneur
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Marcio Do Cruzeiro
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Marchiol
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Renault
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Le Gall
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Céline Charvet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Agnès Le Bon
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Martin
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Auffray
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Lucas
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, 75014, Paris, France.
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11
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Boothby M, Cho SH. Hypoxia and the Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Lymphocyte Differentiation and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1459:115-141. [PMID: 39017842 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62731-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen doubles as a biomolecular building block and an element required for energy generation and metabolism in aerobic organisms. A variety of systems in mammalian cells sense the concentration of oxygen to which they are exposed and are tuned to the range present in our blood and tissues. The ability to respond to insufficient O2 in tissues is central to regulation of erythroid lineage cells, but challenges also are posed for immune cells by a need to adjust to very different oxygen concentrations. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) provide a major means of making such adjustments. For adaptive immunity, lymphoid lineages are initially defined in bone marrow niches; T lineage cells arise in the thymus, and B cells complete maturation in the spleen. Lymphocytes move from these first stops into microenvironments (bloodstream, lymphatics, and tissues) with distinct oxygenation in each. Herein, evidence pertaining to functions of the HIF transcription factors (TFs) in lymphocyte differentiation and function is reviewed. For the CD4+ and CD8+ subsets of T cells, the case is very strong that hypoxia and HIFs regulate important differentiation events and functions after the naïve lymphocytes emerge from the thymus. In the B lineage, the data indicate that HIF1 contributes to a balanced regulation of B-cell fates after antigen (Ag) activation during immunity. A model synthesized from the aggregate literature is that HIF in lymphocytes generally serves to modulate function in a manner dependent on the molecular context framed by other TFs and signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Boothby
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology (Molecular Pathogenesis Division), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Medicine (Rheumatology and Immunology Division), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Inflammation, Immunity (VI4), Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology (Molecular Pathogenesis Division), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Inflammation, Immunity (VI4), Nashville, TN, USA
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12
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Hong X, Yu C, Bi J, Liu Q, Wang Q. TIGIT may Serve as a Potential Target for the Immunotherapy of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300050. [PMID: 37690824 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore whether TIGIT is an effective target for the immunotherapy of renal cell cancer (RCC) with PD-1 as a positive control. The expression of TIGIT and PD-1 in RCC and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the correlation between TIGIT and PD-1 are evaluated. The expression of TIGIT and PD-1 is inhibited, and then the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration are assessed. TIGIT expression is positively related to the expression of PDCD1, BTLA, ICOS, and FOXP3 (p < 0.05). TIGIT expression in the PBMC, TIL, RCC, and adjacent normal tissues is higher than PD-1 expression. Blocking the TIGIT and PD-1 signaling pathways significantly inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of RCC cells and promotes their apoptosis. These effects are more evident in TIGIT inhibitors than in PD-1 inhibitors. TIGIT inhibitor mainly regulates the expression of differential genes to achieve the reconstruction of immune killing and restore the killing effect on the RCC, and its mechanism by which TIGIT functions overlap that of PD-1 inhibitor. TIGIT may become a target for the immunotherapy of RCC, and there is a theoretical basis for the combination of TIGIT inhibitors and PD-1 inhibitors for the treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hong
- Department of Urology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chengfan Yu
- Department of Urology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jianlong Bi
- Department of Emergency, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Urology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, 102206, China
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13
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Borna Š, Lee E, Nideffer J, Ramachandran A, Wang B, Baker J, Mavers M, Lakshmanan U, Narula M, Garrett AKH, Schulze J, Olek S, Marois L, Gernez Y, Bhatia M, Chong HJ, Walter J, Kitcharoensakkul M, Lang A, Cooper MA, Bertaina A, Roncarolo MG, Meffre E, Bacchetta R. Identification of unstable regulatory and autoreactive effector T cells that are expanded in patients with FOXP3 mutations. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg6822. [PMID: 38117899 PMCID: PMC11070150 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg6822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the monogenic autoimmune disease immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome (IPEX) have elucidated the essential function of the transcription factor FOXP3 and thymic-derived regulatory T cells (Tregs) in controlling peripheral tolerance. However, the presence and the source of autoreactive T cells in IPEX remain undetermined. Here, we investigated how FOXP3 deficiency affects the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and Treg stability in vivo and compared T cell abnormalities in patients with IPEX with those in patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome (APECED). To study Tregs independently of their phenotype and to analyze T cell autoreactivity, we combined Treg-specific demethylation region analyses, single-cell multiomic profiling, and bulk TCR sequencing. We found that patients with IPEX, unlike patients with APECED, have expanded autoreactive T cells originating from both autoreactive effector T cells (Teffs) and Tregs. In addition, a fraction of the expanded Tregs from patients with IPEX lost their phenotypic and functional markers, including CD25 and FOXP3. Functional experiments with CRISPR-Cas9-mediated FOXP3 knockout Tregs and Tregs from patients with IPEX indicated that the patients' Tregs gain a TH2-skewed Teff-like function, which is consistent with immune dysregulation observed in these patients. Analyses of FOXP3 mutation-carrier mothers and a patient with IPEX after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation indicated that Tregs expressing nonmutated FOXP3 prevent the accumulation of autoreactive Teffs and unstable Tregs. These findings could be directly used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes and for monitoring the effects of immunomodulatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šimon Borna
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Esmond Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jason Nideffer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Akshaya Ramachandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeanette Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Melissa Mavers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Uma Lakshmanan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mansi Narula
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amy Kang-hee Garrett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Sven Olek
- Ivana Turbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Precision for Medicine GmbH, Berlin, 12489, Germany
| | - Louis Marois
- Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy Service, CHU de Québec – Laval University, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Yael Gernez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Rheumatology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Monica Bhatia
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hey Jin Chong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15224, Pa, USA
| | - Jolan Walter
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, 33701, FL, USA
| | - Maleewan Kitcharoensakkul
- Divisions of Rheumatology/Immunology, and Allergy and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Abigail Lang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Megan A. Cooper
- Department of pediatrics, division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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14
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Ramanan D, Pratama A, Zhu Y, Venezia O, Sassone-Corsi M, Chowdhary K, Galván-Peña S, Sefik E, Brown C, Gélineau A, Mathis D, Benoist C. Regulatory T cells in the face of the intestinal microbiota. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:749-762. [PMID: 37316560 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00890-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are key players in ensuring a peaceful coexistence with microorganisms and food antigens at intestinal borders. Startling new information has appeared in recent years on their diversity, the importance of the transcription factor FOXP3, how T cell receptors influence their fate and the unexpected and varied cellular partners that influence Treg cell homeostatic setpoints. We also revisit some tenets, maintained by the echo chambers of Reviews, that rest on uncertain foundations or are a subject of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alvin Pratama
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yangyang Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia Venezia
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Esen Sefik
- Department of Immunology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chrysothemis Brown
- Immuno-Oncology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Benamar M, Chen Q, Martinez-Blanco M, Chatila TA. Regulatory T cells in allergic inflammation. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101847. [PMID: 37837939 PMCID: PMC10842049 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain immune tolerance to allergens at the environmental interfaces in the airways, skin and gut, marshalling in the process distinct immune regulatory circuits operative in the respective tissues. Treg cells are coordinately mobilized with allergic effector mechanisms in the context of a tissue-protective allergic inflammatory response against parasites, toxins and potentially harmful allergens, serving to both limit the inflammation and promote local tissue repair. Allergic diseases are associated with subverted Treg cell responses whereby a chronic allergic inflammatory environment can skew Treg cells toward pathogenic phenotypes that both perpetuate and aggravate disease. Interruption of Treg cell subversion in chronic allergic inflammatory conditions may thus provide novel therapeutic strategies by re-establishing effective immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Benamar
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monica Martinez-Blanco
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Lead Contact, USA.
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16
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Taves MD, Otsuka S, Taylor MA, Donahue KM, Meyer TJ, Cam MC, Ashwell JD. Tumors produce glucocorticoids by metabolite recycling, not synthesis, and activate Tregs to promote growth. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e164599. [PMID: 37471141 PMCID: PMC10503810 DOI: 10.1172/jci164599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones with potent immunosuppressive properties. Their primary source is the adrenals, where they are generated via de novo synthesis from cholesterol. In addition, many tissues have a recycling pathway in which glucocorticoids are regenerated from inactive metabolites by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1, encoded by Hsd11b1). Here, we find that multiple tumor types express Hsd11b1 and produce active glucocorticoids. Genetic ablation of Hsd11b1 in such cells had no effect on in vitro growth, but reduced in vivo tumor progression, which corresponded with increased frequencies of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) expressing activation markers and producing effector cytokines. Tumor-derived glucocorticoids were found to promote signatures of Treg activation and suppress signatures of conventional T cell activation in tumor-infiltrating Tregs. Indeed, CD8+ T cell activation was restored and tumor growth reduced in mice with Treg-specific glucocorticoid receptor deficiency. Importantly, pharmacologic inhibition of 11β-HSD1 reduced tumor growth to the same degree as gene knockout and rendered immunotherapy-resistant tumors susceptible to PD-1 blockade. Given that HSD11B1 expression is upregulated in many human tumors and that inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is well tolerated in clinical studies, these data suggest that targeting 11β-HSD1 may be a beneficial adjunct in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas J. Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret C. Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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17
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Vaseghi-Shanjani M, Yousefi P, Sharma M, Samra S, Sifuentes E, Turvey SE, Biggs CM. Transcription factor defects in inborn errors of immunity with atopy. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1237852. [PMID: 37727514 PMCID: PMC10505736 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1237852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are critical components involved in regulating immune system development, maintenance, and function. Monogenic defects in certain TFs can therefore give rise to inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) with profound clinical implications ranging from infections, malignancy, and in some cases severe allergic inflammation. This review examines TF defects underlying IEIs with severe atopy as a defining clinical phenotype, including STAT3 loss-of-function, STAT6 gain-of-function, FOXP3 deficiency, and T-bet deficiency. These disorders offer valuable insights into the pathophysiology of allergic inflammation, expanding our understanding of both rare monogenic and common polygenic allergic diseases. Advances in genetic testing will likely uncover new IEIs associated with atopy, enriching our understanding of molecular pathways involved in allergic inflammation. Identification of monogenic disorders profoundly influences patient prognosis, treatment planning, and genetic counseling. Hence, the consideration of IEIs is essential for patients with severe, early-onset atopy. This review highlights the need for continued investigation into TF defects to enhance our understanding and management of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vaseghi-Shanjani
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pariya Yousefi
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mehul Sharma
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Simran Samra
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erika Sifuentes
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stuart E. Turvey
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catherine M. Biggs
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Leon J, Chowdhary K, Zhang W, Ramirez RN, André I, Hur S, Mathis D, Benoist C. Mutations from patients with IPEX ported to mice reveal different patterns of FoxP3 and Treg dysfunction. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113018. [PMID: 37605532 PMCID: PMC10565790 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the transcription factor FoxP3 in patients with "IPEX" (immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome) disrupt regulatory T cells (Treg), causing an array of multiorgan autoimmunity. To understand the functional impact of mutations across FoxP3 domains, without genetic and environmental confounders, six human FOXP3 missense mutations are engineered into mice. Two classes of mutations emerge from combined immunologic and genomic analyses. A mutation in the DNA-binding domain shows the same lymphoproliferation and multiorgan infiltration as complete FoxP3 knockouts but delayed by months. Tregs expressing this mutant FoxP3 are destabilized by normal Tregs in heterozygous females compared with hemizygous males. Mutations in other domains affect chromatin opening differently, involving different cofactors and provoking more specific autoimmune pathology (dermatitis, colitis, diabetes), unmasked by immunological challenges or incrossing NOD autoimmune-susceptibility alleles. This work establishes that IPEX disease heterogeneity results from the actual mutations, combined with genetic and environmental perturbations, explaining then the intra-familial variation in IPEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Leon
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; INSERM UMR 1163, University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - Wenxiang Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Isabelle André
- INSERM UMR 1163, University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sun Hur
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Chowdhary K, Benoist C. A variegated model of transcription factor function in the immune system. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:530-541. [PMID: 37258360 PMCID: PMC10332489 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Specific combinations of transcription factors (TFs) control the gene expression programs that underlie specialized immune responses. Previous models of TF function in immunocytes had restricted each TF to a single functional categorization [e.g., lineage-defining (LDTFs) vs. signal-dependent TFs (SDTFs)] within one cell type. Synthesizing recent results, we instead propose a variegated model of immunological TF function, whereby many TFs have flexible and different roles across distinct cell states, contributing to cell phenotypic diversity. We discuss evidence in support of this variegated model, describe contextual inputs that enable TF diversification, and look to the future to imagine warranted experimental and computational tools to build quantitative and predictive models of immunocyte gene regulatory networks.
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20
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Pulanco MC, Madsen AT, Tanwar A, Corrigan DT, Zang X. Recent advancements in the B7/CD28 immune checkpoint families: new biology and clinical therapeutic strategies. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:694-713. [PMID: 37069229 PMCID: PMC10310771 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The B7/CD28 families of immune checkpoints play vital roles in negatively or positively regulating immune cells in homeostasis and various diseases. Recent basic and clinical studies have revealed novel biology of the B7/CD28 families and new therapeutics for cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the newly discovered KIR3DL3/TMIGD2/HHLA2 pathways, PD-1/PD-L1 and B7-H3 as metabolic regulators, the glycobiology of PD-1/PD-L1, B7x (B7-H4) and B7-H3, and the recently characterized PD-L1/B7-1 cis-interaction. We also cover the tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic resistance mechanisms to current anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapies in clinical settings. Finally, we review new immunotherapies targeting B7-H3, B7x, PD-1/PD-L1, and CTLA-4 in current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Pulanco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Anne T Madsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ankit Tanwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Devin T Corrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Xingxing Zang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
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21
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Yu F, Zhao X, Li M, Meng M. SLITRK6 promotes the progression of lung adenocarcinoma by regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and Warburg effect. Apoptosis 2023:10.1007/s10495-023-01838-0. [PMID: 37219677 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of SLITRK6 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and the underlying mechanism in it, clinical tissues and tissue microarray of LUAD were used to detect the expression of SLITRK6. In vitro cell viability assay and colony formation assay in LUAD cells were conducted to investigate SLITRK6 related biological functions. In vivo subcutaneous model was used to determine the role of SLITRK6 in LUAD growth. It was found that the expression of SLITRK6 was significantly upregulated in LUAD tissues compared with that in para-cancerous tissues. Knockdown of SLITRK6 suppressed the proliferation and colony formation of LUAD cells in vitro. Meanwhile, the growth of LUAD cells was also inhibited by SLITRK6 knockdown in vivo. Furthermore, we found that SLITRK6 knockdown could suppress the glycolysis of LUAD cells by regulating the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR. All results suggest that SLITRK6 promotes LUAD cell proliferation and colony formation by regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and Warburg effect. SLITRK6 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for LUAD in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinya Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- Huake Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Meng
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong Province, China.
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22
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Wang H, Luo F, Shao X, Gao Y, Jiang N, Jia C, Li H, Chen R. Integrated Proteomics and Single-Cell Mass Cytometry Analysis Dissects the Immune Landscape of Ankylosing Spondylitis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7702-7714. [PMID: 37126452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass cytometry is a powerful single-cell technology widely adopted to depict immune cell heterogeneity in different contexts. However, this method is only capable of examining several dozens of proteins simultaneously and requires a prior knowledge of the markers to be analyzed. Here we propose that the integration of mass cytometry with shot-gun proteomics may serve as a valuable tool to achieve an in-depth understanding of the immune system. By implementing such a strategy, we investigated the immune landscape of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a chronic inflammatory arthritis with unclear etiology. The proteome alteration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated by quantitative proteomics, and then mass cytometry analysis was conducted to decipher the immunome by considering the signaling molecules identified with differential expression by proteomics. As a result, we identified a wide spectrum of proteins dysregulated in AS, e.g., upregulation of glycolytic enzymes, downregulation of lipid transporters, and dysregulation of chemokine signaling molecules involved in proinflammatory cytokine production and leucocyte migration. Moreover, the single-cell analysis showed the upregulation of chemokine signaling regulators in subclusters of both innate and adaptive immune cells in AS. In addition, correlation analysis unveiled the interplay among Phenograph-identified subclusters of monocytes, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that the integration of mass spectrometry-based proteomics and single-cell mass cytometry may serve as a useful tool to reveal clinically relevant information regarding useful targets and cellular phenotypes that could be further exploited to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fengting Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300142, China
| | - Xianfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Na Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chenxi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hongle Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Ruibing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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23
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Lamarche C, Ward-Hartstonge K, Mi T, Lin DTS, Huang Q, Brown A, Edwards K, Novakovsky GE, Qi CN, Kobor MS, Zebley CC, Weber EW, Mackall CL, Levings MK. Tonic-signaling chimeric antigen receptors drive human regulatory T cell exhaustion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219086120. [PMID: 36972454 PMCID: PMC10083618 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219086120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg) therapy is a promising approach to improve outcomes in transplantation and autoimmunity. In conventional T cell therapy, chronic stimulation can result in poor in vivo function, a phenomenon termed exhaustion. Whether or not Tregs are also susceptible to exhaustion, and if so, if this would limit their therapeutic effect, was unknown. To "benchmark" exhaustion in human Tregs, we used a method known to induce exhaustion in conventional T cells: expression of a tonic-signaling chimeric antigen receptor (TS-CAR). We found that TS-CAR-expressing Tregs rapidly acquired a phenotype that resembled exhaustion and had major changes in their transcriptome, metabolism, and epigenome. Similar to conventional T cells, TS-CAR Tregs upregulated expression of inhibitory receptors and transcription factors such as PD-1, TIM3, TOX and BLIMP1, and displayed a global increase in chromatin accessibility-enriched AP-1 family transcription factor binding sites. However, they also displayed Treg-specific changes such as high expression of 4-1BB, LAP, and GARP. DNA methylation analysis and comparison to a CD8+ T cell-based multipotency index showed that Tregs naturally exist in a relatively differentiated state, with further TS-CAR-induced changes. Functionally, TS-CAR Tregs remained stable and suppressive in vitro but were nonfunctional in vivo, as tested in a model of xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease. These data are the first comprehensive investigation of exhaustion in Tregs and reveal key similarities and differences with exhausted conventional T cells. The finding that human Tregs are susceptible to chronic stimulation-driven dysfunction has important implications for the design of CAR Treg adoptive immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lamarche
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, VancouverV5Z 4H4, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Université de Montréal, MontrealH1T 2M4, QC, Canada
| | - Kirsten Ward-Hartstonge
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, VancouverV5Z 4H4, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin9016, New Zealand
| | - Tian Mi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
| | - David T. S. Lin
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, VancouverV5Z 4H4, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, VancouverV5Z 4H4, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew Brown
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, VancouverV5Z 4H4, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Karlie Edwards
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, VancouverV5Z 4H4, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Gherman E. Novakovsky
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, VancouverV5Z 4H4, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher N. Qi
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, VancouverV5Z 4H4, BC, Canada
| | - Michael S. Kobor
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, VancouverV5Z 4H4, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Caitlin C. Zebley
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
| | - Evan W. Weber
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Crystal L. Mackall
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, VancouverV5Z 4H4, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
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24
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Zhou X, Qi H, Li M, Li Y, Zhu X, Amin S, Alexander M, Diadhiou C, Davidson A, Zeng H. mTORC2 contributes to systemic autoimmunity. Immunology 2023; 168:554-568. [PMID: 36273262 PMCID: PMC9975033 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of many systemic autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, is associated with overactivation of the type I interferon (IFN) pathway, lymphopenia and increased follicular helper T (Tfh)-cell differentiation. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these immunological perturbations remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) promotes Tfh differentiation and disrupts Treg homeostasis. Inactivation of mTORC2 in total T cells, but not in Tregs, greatly ameliorated the immunopathology in a systemic autoimmunity mouse model. This was associated with reduced Tfh differentiation, B-cell activation, and reduced T-cell glucose metabolism. Finally, we show that type I IFN can synergize with TCR ligation to activate mTORC2 in T cells, which partially contributes to T-cell lymphopenia. These data indicate that mTORC2 may act as downstream of type I IFN, TCR and costimulatory receptor ICOS, to promote glucose metabolism, Tfh differentiation, and T-cell lymphopenia, but not to suppress Treg function in systemic autoimmunity. Our results suggest that mTORC2 might be a rational target for systemic autoimmunity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Haiyu Qi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Meilu Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shreyasee Amin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mariam Alexander
- Division of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Catherine Diadhiou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Anne Davidson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Hu Zeng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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25
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Stallard L, Siddiqui I, Muise A. Beyond IBD: the genetics of other early-onset diarrhoeal disorders. Hum Genet 2023; 142:655-667. [PMID: 36788146 PMCID: PMC10182111 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhoeal disorders in childhood extend beyond the inflammatory bowel diseases. Persistent and severe forms of diarrhoea can occur from birth and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These disorders can affect not only the gastrointestinal tract but frequently have extraintestinal manifestations, immunodeficiencies and endocrinopathies. Genomic analysis has advanced our understanding of these conditions and has revealed precision-based treatment options such as potentially curative haematopoietic stem cell transplant. Although many new mutations have been discovered, there is frequently no clear genotype-phenotype correlation. The functional effects of gene mutations can be studied in model systems such as patient-derived organoids. This allows us to further characterise these disorders and advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of the intestinal mucosa. In this review, we will provide an up to date overview of genes involved in diarrhoeal disorders of early onset, particularly focussing on the more recently described gene defects associated with protein loosing enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Stallard
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Iram Siddiqui
- Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aleixo Muise
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Science and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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26
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Wang J, Gong R, Zhao C, Lei K, Sun X, Ren H. Human FOXP3 and tumour microenvironment. Immunology 2023; 168:248-255. [PMID: 35689826 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) is a complex system composed of cancer cells, stromal cells and immune cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the TME impede immune surveillance of tumours and suppress antitumor immune responses. Transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is the main marker of Tregs, which dominates the function of Tregs. FOXP3 was originally thought to be a Tregs-specific expression molecule, and recent studies have found that FOXP3 is expressed in a variety of tumours with inconsistent functional roles. This review summarizes the recent progress of infiltrating Treg-FOXP3 and tumour-FOXP3 in TME, discusses the communication mechanism between FOXP3+ cells and effector T cells in TME, the relationship between FOXP3 and clinical prognosis, and the potential of FOXP3-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Center of Tumor Immunology and Cytotherapy, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Qingdao Medical School, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ruining Gong
- Center of Tumor Immunology and Cytotherapy, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- Center of Tumor Immunology and Cytotherapy, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ke Lei
- Center of Tumor Immunology and Cytotherapy, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - He Ren
- Center of Tumor Immunology and Cytotherapy, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Tianjin, China
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27
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Guan T, Zhou X, Zhou W, Lin H. Regulatory T cell and macrophage crosstalk in acute lung injury: future perspectives. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:9. [PMID: 36646692 PMCID: PMC9841501 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) describes the injury to endothelial cells in the lungs and associated vessels due to various factors. Furthermore, ALI accompanied by inflammation and thrombosis has been reported as a common complication of SARS-COV-2 infection. It is widely accepted that inflammation and the cytokine storm are main causes of ALI. Two classical anti-inflammatory cell types, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and M2 macrophages, are theoretically capable of resisting uncontrolled inflammation. Recent studies have indicated possible crosstalk between Tregs and macrophages involving their mutual activation. In this review, we discuss the current findings related to ALI pathogenesis and the role of Tregs and macrophages. In particular, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between Tregs and macrophages in ALI pathogenesis. Understanding the role of Tregs and macrophages will provide the potential targets for treating ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Guan
- grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, Jiangxi China ,grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Queen Mary university, Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, Jiangxi Province China
| | - Xv Zhou
- grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, Jiangxi China ,grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Queen Mary university, Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, Jiangxi Province China
| | - Wenwen Zhou
- grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Hui Lin
- grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, Jiangxi China
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28
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Benamar M, Chen Q, Chou J, Julé AM, Boudra R, Contini P, Crestani E, Lai PS, Wang M, Fong J, Rockwitz S, Lee P, Chan TMF, Altun EZ, Kepenekli E, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Ozen A, Boran P, Aygun F, Onal P, Sakalli AAK, Cokugras H, Gelmez MY, Oktelik FB, Cetin EA, Zhong Y, Taylor ML, Irby K, Halasa NB, Mack EH, Signa S, Prigione I, Gattorno M, Cotugno N, Amodio D, Geha RS, Son MB, Newburger J, Agrawal PB, Volpi S, Palma P, Kiykim A, Randolph AG, Deniz G, Baris S, De Palma R, Schmitz-Abe K, Charbonnier LM, Henderson LA, Chatila TA. The Notch1/CD22 signaling axis disrupts Treg function in SARS-CoV-2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e163235. [PMID: 36282598 PMCID: PMC9797337 DOI: 10.1172/jci163235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) evolves in some pediatric patients following acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 by hitherto unknown mechanisms. Whereas acute-COVID-19 severity and outcomes were previously correlated with Notch4 expression on Tregs, here, we show that Tregs in MIS-C were destabilized through a Notch1-dependent mechanism. Genetic analysis revealed that patients with MIS-C had enrichment of rare deleterious variants affecting inflammation and autoimmunity pathways, including dominant-negative mutations in the Notch1 regulators NUMB and NUMBL leading to Notch1 upregulation. Notch1 signaling in Tregs induced CD22, leading to their destabilization in a mTORC1-dependent manner and to the promotion of systemic inflammation. These results identify a Notch1/CD22 signaling axis that disrupts Treg function in MIS-C and point to distinct immune checkpoints controlled by individual Treg Notch receptors that shape the inflammatory outcome in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Benamar
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janet Chou
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amélie M. Julé
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rafik Boudra
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paola Contini
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena Crestani
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peggy S. Lai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Muyun Wang
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason Fong
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shira Rockwitz
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Pui Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tsz Man Fion Chan
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ekin Zeynep Altun
- Ministry of Healthy, Marmara University Education and Training Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eda Kepenekli
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Perran Boran
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Social Pediatrics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Aygun
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Onal
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Ayzit Kilinc Sakalli
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haluk Cokugras
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin Yusuf Gelmez
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Betul Oktelik
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas Cetin
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yuelin Zhong
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Lucia Taylor
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Irby
- Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Natasha B. Halasa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elizabeth H. Mack
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sara Signa
- DINOGMI, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy and Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiencies, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Ignazia Prigione
- Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiencies, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Gattorno
- Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiencies, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Clinical and Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Roma, Italy
| | - Donato Amodio
- Clinical and Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Raif S. Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary Beth Son
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jane Newburger
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pankaj B. Agrawal
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefano Volpi
- DINOGMI, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy and Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiencies, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Clinical and Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Roma, Italy
| | - Ayca Kiykim
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adrienne G. Randolph
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safa Baris
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- CNR Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (IBC), Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Klaus Schmitz-Abe
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Charbonnier
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren A. Henderson
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Talal A. Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Kim MJ, Kim K, Park HJ, Kim GR, Hong KH, Oh JH, Son J, Park DJ, Kim D, Choi JM, Lee I, Ha SJ. Deletion of PD-1 destabilizes the lineage identity and metabolic fitness of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:148-161. [PMID: 36577929 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells have an immunosuppressive function and highly express the immune checkpoint receptor PD-1 in the tumor microenvironment; however, the function of PD-1 in tumor-infiltrating (TI) Treg cells remains controversial. Here, we showed that conditional deletion of PD-1 in Treg cells delayed tumor progression. In Pdcd1fl/flFoxp3eGFP-Cre-ERT2(+/-) mice, in which both PD-1-expressing and PD-1-deficient Treg cells coexisted in the same tissue environment, conditional deletion of PD-1 in Treg cells resulted in impairment of the proliferative and suppressive capacity of TI Treg cells. PD-1 antibody therapy reduced the TI Treg cell numbers, but did not directly restore the cytokine production of TI CD8+ T cells in TC-1 lung cancer. Single-cell analysis indicated that PD-1 signaling promoted lipid metabolism, proliferation and suppressive pathways in TI Treg cells. These results suggest that PD-1 ablation or inhibition can enhance antitumor immunity by weakening Treg cell lineage stability and metabolic fitness in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Kim
- Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Ran Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Hee Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Son
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk Lee
- Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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30
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The role of FOXP3 in non-small cell lung cancer and its therapeutic potentials. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108333. [PMID: 36528259 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although in the last few decades we have witnessed the rapid development of treatments for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), it still remains the leading cause of cancer-related death. Increasing efforts have been devoted to exploring potential biomarkers and molecular targets for NSCLC. Foxp3, a transcription factor that was discovered as a master regulator of regulatory T cells (Tregs), has been found to express abnormally in tumoral cells including lung cancer cells. In recent years, increasing evidence have surfaced, revealing the carcinogenic effect of FOXP3 in lung cancer. In this review, we analyzed and summarized the function of FOXP3, its regulation and therapeutic potentials in NSCLC, with a hope to facilitate the development of novel treatments for NSCLC.
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31
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Narula M, Lakshmanan U, Borna S, Schulze JJ, Holmes TH, Harre N, Kirkey M, Ramachandran A, Tagi VM, Barzaghi F, Grunebaum E, Upton JEM, Hong-Diep Kim V, Wysocki C, Dimitriades VR, Weinberg K, Weinacht KG, Gernez Y, Sathi BK, Schelotto M, Johnson M, Olek S, Sachsenmaier C, Roncarolo MG, Bacchetta R. Epigenetic and immunological indicators of IPEX disease in subjects with FOXP3 gene mutation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:233-246.e10. [PMID: 36152823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is the master transcription factor in CD4+CD25hiCD127lo regulatory T (Treg) cells. Mutations in FOXP3 result in IPEX (immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked) syndrome. Clinical presentation of IPEX syndrome is broader than initially described, challenging the understanding of the disease, its evolution, and treatment choice. OBJECTIVE We sought to study the type and extent of immunologic abnormalities that remain ill-defined in IPEX, across genetic and clinical heterogeneity. METHODS We performed Treg-cell-specific epigenetic quantification and immunologic characterization of severe "typical" (n = 6) and "atypical" or asymptomatic (n = 9) patients with IPEX. RESULTS Increased number of cells with Treg-cell-Specific Demethylated Region demethylation in FOXP3 is a consistent feature in patients with IPEX, with (1) highest values in those with typical IPEX, (2) increased values in subjects with pathogenic FOXP3 but still no symptoms, and (3) gradual increase over the course of disease progression. Large-scale profiling using Luminex identified plasma inflammatory signature of macrophage activation and TH2 polarization, with cytokines previously not associated with IPEX pathology, including CCL22, CCL17, CCL15, and IL-13, and the inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1A, IL-8, sFasL, and CXCL9. Similarly, both Treg-cell and Teff compartments, studied by Mass Cytometry by Time-Of-Flight, were skewed toward the TH2 compartment, especially in typical IPEX. CONCLUSIONS Elevated TSDR-demethylated cells, combined with elevation of plasmatic and cellular markers of a polarized type 2 inflammatory immune response, extends our understanding of IPEX diagnosis and heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Narula
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Uma Lakshmanan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Simon Borna
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | | | - Tyson H Holmes
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Nicholas Harre
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Matthew Kirkey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Akshaya Ramachandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Veronica Maria Tagi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Barzaghi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eyal Grunebaum
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia E M Upton
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vy Hong-Diep Kim
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Wysocki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Allergy and Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - Victoria R Dimitriades
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, UC Davis Health Medical Center, Sacramento, Calif
| | - Kenneth Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Katja G Weinacht
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Yael Gernez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | | | | | - Matthew Johnson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Olek
- Ivana Turbachova Laboratory of Epigenetics, Precision for Medicine GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Maria-Grazia Roncarolo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
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32
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Cassidy MF, Herbert ZT, Moulton VR. Splicing factor SRSF1 controls autoimmune-related molecular pathways in regulatory T cells distinct from FoxP3. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:140-152. [PMID: 36368121 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are vital for maintaining immune self-tolerance, and their impaired function leads to autoimmune disease. Mutations in FoxP3, the master transcriptional regulator of Tregs, leads to immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome in humans and the early lethal "scurfy" phenotype with multi-organ autoimmune disease in mice. We recently identified serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) as an indispensable regulator of Treg homeostasis and function. Intriguingly, Treg-conditional SRSF1-deficient mice exhibit early lethal systemic autoimmunity with multi-organ inflammation reminiscent of the scurfy mice. Importantly, SRSF1 is decreased in T cells from patients with the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and low SRSF1 levels inversely correlate with disease severity. Given that the Treg-specific deficiency of SRSF1 causes similarly profound autoimmune disease outcomes in mice as the deficiency/mutation in FoxP3, we aimed to evaluate the genes and molecular pathways controlled by these two indispensable regulatory proteins. We performed comparative bioinformatic analyses of transcriptomic profiles of Tregs from Srsf1-knockout mice and two Foxp3 mutant mice--the FoxP3-deficient ΔFoxp3 and the Foxp3 M370I mutant mice. We identified 132 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) unique to Srsf1-ko Tregs, 503 DEGs unique to Foxp3 M370I Tregs, and 1367 DEGs unique to ΔFoxp3 Tregs. Gene set enrichment and pathway analysis of DEGs unique to Srsf1-ko Tregs indicate that SRSF1 controls cytokine and immune response pathways. Conversely, FoxP3 controls pathways involved in DNA replication and cell cycle. Besides the distinct gene signatures, we identified only 30 shared genes between all three Treg mutants, mostly contributing to cytokine and immune defense pathways. Prominent genes included the chemokines CXCR6 and CCL1 and the checkpoint inhibitors FASLG and PDCD1. Thus, we demonstrate that SRSF1 and FoxP3 control common and distinct molecular pathways implicated in autoimmunity. Our analyses suggest that SRSF1 controls crucial immune functions in Tregs contributing to immune tolerance, and perturbations in its levels lead to systemic autoimmunity via mechanisms that are largely distinct from FoxP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Cassidy
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Zachary T Herbert
- Molecular Biology Core Facilities, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vaishali R Moulton
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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33
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Presence of regulatory T-cells in endometrial cancer predicts poorer overall survival and promotes progression of tumor cells. Cell Oncol 2022; 45:1171-1185. [PMID: 36098901 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynaecologic malignancies. Tumor infiltrating regulatory T-cells (Treg) have been reported to have a prognostic impact in many malignancies. Immunotherapeutic strategies are gaining interest for advanced and recurrent EC cases, where treatment options are rare. Our study was aimed at determining the value of Treg in EC progression. METHODS EC specimens from 275 patients and 28 controls were screened immunohistochemically for the presence of Treg represented by FoxP3. Correlations with clinicopathological and survival parameters were performed. Functional assays were performed using EC cell lines Ishikawa + and RL95-2 after co-culturing with isolated CD4 + CD25 + CD127dim Treg. To assess the influence of EC on the composition of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), flow cytometric analyses were performed. RESULTS We found that an increased infiltration of Treg was associated with high grades and a reduced overall survival. Treg were almost absent in endometrium tissues from healthy control patients. Co-culture of tumor cells with CD4 + CD25 + CD127dim Treg led to functional changes: enhanced invasion, migration and viability indicated that increased levels of Treg in the tumor microenvironment may promote tumor growth. Furthermore, we found that the presence of EC cells led to phenotypic changes in PBMC, showing significantly increased levels of CD25 and FoxP3. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the presence of Treg in the EC tumor environment is associated with a poorer outcome. A remarkable impact of Treg on tumor cell behaviour and vice versa of tumor cells on PBMC subpopulations support this notion mechanistically. Our findings provide a basis for focusing on Treg as potential future therapeutic targets in EC.
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34
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Benamar M, Chen Q, Wang M, Chan TMF, Chatila TA. CPHEN-016: Comprehensive phenotyping of human regulatory T cells. Cytometry A 2022; 101:1006-1011. [PMID: 36165514 PMCID: PMC10031414 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral immunological tolerance is mainly maintained by regulatory T (Treg) cells, a specific CD4 T cells subset that expresses the transcription factor Foxp3. Treg cells are crucial to control autoimmunity and inflammation and to limit tissue destruction arising from inflammatory responses. Loss of functions mutations in FOXP3 in humans induces a fatal autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorder, known as Immune dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX). Specific Treg cell differentiation and activation states have been linked to several human diseases. Indeed, Treg cells play a crucial role in different diseases including colitis, multiple sclerosis, autoimmunity, and infection. Characterization of Treg cell functions and understanding the role of different Treg cell subsets are crucial to the development of novel Treg cell-specific therapeutics for inflammatory diseases. In this phenotype report, we will describe laboratory methods to effectively study and characterize human Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Benamar
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Correspondence to: Mehdi Benamar
| | - Qian Chen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Muyun Wang
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tsz Man Fion Chan
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Talal A. Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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de Candia P, Procaccini C, Russo C, Lepore MT, Matarese G. Regulatory T cells as metabolic sensors. Immunity 2022; 55:1981-1992. [PMID: 36351373 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Compelling experimental evidence links immunity and metabolism. In this perspective, we propose forkhead-box-P3 (FoxP3)+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells as key metabolic sensors controlling the immunological state in response to their intrinsic capacity to perceive nutritional changes. Treg cell high anabolic state in vivo, residency in metabolically crucial districts, and recirculation between lymphoid and non-lymphoid sites enable them to recognize the metabolic cues and adapt their intracellular metabolism and anti-inflammatory function at the paracrine and systemic levels. As privileged regulators at the interface between neuroendocrine and immune systems, the role of Treg cells in maintaining metabolic homeostasis makes these cells promising targets of therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring organismal homeostasis not only in autoimmune but also metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Candia
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Russo
- Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Lepore
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy; Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
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36
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Inhibition of FOXP3 by stapled alpha-helical peptides dampens regulatory T cell function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209044119. [PMID: 36227917 PMCID: PMC9586281 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209044119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies and preclinical probes designed to drug and better understand the specific functions of intracellular protein–protein interactions (PPIs) remain an area of unmet need. This study describes the development of prototype therapeutics against the FOXP3 homodimer, a PPI essential for regulatory T cell suppressive capacity. We demonstrate that hydrocarbon stapled peptides designed to block this interaction can dampen regulatory T cell (Treg cell) suppressive function and lead to genetic signatures of immune reactivation. This work provides strong scientific justification for continued development of FOXP3-specific peptide-based inhibitors and provides mechanistic insights into the design and delivery of specific inhibitors of the coiled-coil region of FOXP3. These studies ultimately could lead to new immunotherapeutic strategies to amplify immune responsiveness in a number of settings. Despite continuing advances in the development of novel cellular-, antibody-, and chemotherapeutic-based strategies to enhance immune reactivity, the presence of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) remains a complicating factor for their clinical efficacy. To overcome dosing limitations and off-target effects from antibody-based Treg cell deletional strategies or small molecule drugging, we investigated the ability of hydrocarbon stapled alpha-helical (SAH) peptides to target FOXP3, the master transcription factor regulator of Treg cell development, maintenance, and suppressive function. Using the crystal structure of the FOXP3 homodimer as a guide, we developed SAHs in the likeness of a portion of the native FOXP3 antiparallel coiled-coil homodimerization domain (SAH-FOXP3) to block this key FOXP3 protein-protein interaction (PPI) through molecular mimicry. We describe the design, synthesis, and biochemical evaluation of single- and double-stapled SAHs covering the entire coiled-coil expanse. We show that lead SAH-FOXP3s bind FOXP3, are cell permeable and nontoxic to T cells, induce dose-dependent transcript and protein level alterations of FOXP3 target genes, impede Treg cell function, and lead to Treg cell gene expression changes in vivo consistent with FOXP3 dysfunction. These results demonstrate a proof of concept for rationally designed FOXP3-directed peptide therapeutics that could be used as approaches to amplify endogenous immune responsiveness.
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37
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Cui Y, Benamar M, Schmitz-Abe K, Poondi-Krishnan V, Chen Q, Jugder BE, Fatou B, Fong J, Zhong Y, Mehta S, Buyanbat A, Eklioglu BS, Karabiber E, Baris S, Kiykim A, Keles S, Stephen-Victor E, Angelini C, Charbonnier LM, Chatila TA. A Stk4-Foxp3-NF-κB p65 transcriptional complex promotes T reg cell activation and homeostasis. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl8357. [PMID: 36149942 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl8357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The molecular programs involved in regulatory T (Treg) cell activation and homeostasis remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in Treg cells induces the nuclear translocation of serine/threonine kinase 4 (Stk4), leading to the formation of an Stk4-NF-κB p65-Foxp3 complex that regulates Foxp3- and p65-dependent transcriptional programs. This complex was stabilized by Stk4-dependent phosphorylation of Foxp3 on serine-418. Stk4 deficiency in Treg cells, either alone or in combination with its homolog Stk3, precipitated a fatal autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease in mice characterized by decreased Treg cell p65 expression and nuclear translocation, impaired NF-κB p65-Foxp3 complex formation, and defective Treg cell activation. In an adoptive immunotherapy model, overexpression of p65 or the phosphomimetic Foxp3S418E in Stk3/4-deficient Treg cells ameliorated their immune regulatory defects. Our studies identify Stk4 as an essential TCR-responsive regulator of p65-Foxp3-dependent transcription that promotes Treg cell-mediated immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cui
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mehdi Benamar
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Klaus Schmitz-Abe
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Varsha Poondi-Krishnan
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Qian Chen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bat-Erdene Jugder
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benoit Fatou
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason Fong
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuelin Zhong
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stuti Mehta
- Dana Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Beray Selver Eklioglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Esra Karabiber
- Marmara University, Pendik Training And Research Hospital, Department of Chest Disease, Division of Adult Immunology and Allergy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safa Baris
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey.,Marmara University, the Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayca Kiykim
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Keles
- Department of Pediatrics, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Emmanuel Stephen-Victor
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudia Angelini
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "M. Picone", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Louis-Marie Charbonnier
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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van der Veeken J, Campbell C, Pritykin Y, Schizas M, Verter J, Hu W, Wang ZM, Matheis F, Mucida D, Charbonnier LM, Chatila TA, Rudensky AY. Genetic tracing reveals transcription factor Foxp3-dependent and Foxp3-independent functionality of peripherally induced Treg cells. Immunity 2022; 55:1173-1184.e7. [PMID: 35700740 PMCID: PMC9885886 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 are an essential suppressive T cell lineage of dual origin: Foxp3 induction in thymocytes and mature CD4+ T cells gives rise to thymic (tTreg) and peripheral (pTreg) Treg cells, respectively. While tTreg cells suppress autoimmunity, pTreg cells enforce tolerance to food and commensal microbiota. However, the role of Foxp3 in pTreg cells and the mechanisms supporting their differentiation remain poorly understood. Here, we used genetic tracing to identify microbiota-induced pTreg cells and found that many of their distinguishing features were Foxp3 independent. Lineage-committed, microbiota-dependent pTreg-like cells persisted in the colon in the absence of Foxp3. While Foxp3 was critical for the suppression of a Th17 cell program, colitis, and mastocytosis, pTreg cells suppressed colonic effector T cell expansion in a Foxp3-independent manner. Thus, Foxp3 and the tolerogenic signals that precede and promote its expression independently confer distinct facets of pTreg functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris van der Veeken
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Clarissa Campbell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuri Pritykin
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michail Schizas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob Verter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fanny Matheis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Charbonnier
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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39
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Yang K. Regulation of Treg Cell Metabolism and Function in Non-Lymphoid Tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:909705. [PMID: 35720275 PMCID: PMC9200993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.909705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulator T cells (Tregs) play pivotal roles in maintaining immune tolerance and regulating immune responses against pathogens and tumors. Reprogramming of cellular metabolism has been determined as a crucial process that connects microenvironmental cues and signaling networks to influence homeostasis and function of tissue Tregs. In adaptation to a variety of non-lymphoid tissues, Tregs coordinate local immune signals and signaling networks to rewire cellular metabolic programs to sustain their suppressive function. Altered Treg metabolism in turn shapes Treg activation and function. In light of the advanced understanding of immunometabolism, manipulation of systemic metabolites has been emerging as an attractive strategy aiming to modulate metabolism and function of tissue Tregs and improve the treatment of immune-related diseases. In this review, we summarize key immune signals and metabolic programs involved in the regulation of tissue Tregs, review the mechanisms underlying the differentiation and function of Tregs in various non-lymphoid tissues, and discuss therapeutic intervention of metabolic modulators of tissue Tregs for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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40
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DUAN FP, LI YS, HU TY, PAN XQ, MA F, FENG Y, QIU SQ, ZHENG YQ. Dendrobium nobile protects against ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis by regulating intestinal flora and suppressing lung inflammation. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:443-457. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Han Z, Ma K, Tao H, Liu H, Zhang J, Sai X, Li Y, Chi M, Nian Q, Song L, Liu C. A Deep Insight Into Regulatory T Cell Metabolism in Renal Disease: Facts and Perspectives. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826732. [PMID: 35251009 PMCID: PMC8892604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease encompasses a complex set of diseases that can aggravate or start systemic pathophysiological processes through their complex metabolic mechanisms and effects on body homoeostasis. The prevalence of kidney disease has increased dramatically over the last two decades. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells that express the transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) are critical for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune disease and tissue damage caused by excessive or unnecessary immune activation, including autoimmune kidney diseases. Recent studies have highlighted the critical role of metabolic reprogramming in controlling the plasticity, stability, and function of Treg cells. They are also likely to play a vital role in limiting kidney transplant rejection and potentially promoting transplant tolerance. Metabolic pathways, such as mitochondrial function, glycolysis, lipid synthesis, glutaminolysis, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation, are involved in the development of renal diseases by modulating the function and proliferation of Treg cells. Targeting metabolic pathways to alter Treg cells can offer a promising method for renal disease therapy. In this review, we provide a new perspective on the role of Treg cell metabolism in renal diseases by presenting the renal microenvironment、relevant metabolites of Treg cell metabolism, and the role of Treg cell metabolism in various kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Han
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Renal Disease Clinical Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuai Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hongxia Tao
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Renal Disease Clinical Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiyalatu Sai
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingxuan Chi
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Renal Disease Clinical Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Nian
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion Sicuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Linjiang Song
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Renal Disease Clinical Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
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42
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Impact of Lipid Metabolism on Antitumor Immune Response. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071850. [PMID: 35406621 PMCID: PMC8997602 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary One of the causes of failure of anticancer therapies is the reprogramming of lipid metabolism. Cells of innate and adaptive immunity present in the tumor microenvironment can be affected by this metabolic switch and thus present changes in their anti- or protumor phenotype. In this review, modifications induced by lipid metabolism will be described for innate immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells and MDSCs, and also for adaptive immune cells, such as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells. Finally, antitumor therapeutic strategies targeting lipid metabolism will be presented. Abstract Over the past decade, metabolic reprogramming has been defined as a hallmark of cancer. More recently, a large number of studies have demonstrated that metabolic reprogramming can modulate the differentiation and functions of immune cells, and thus modify the antitumor response. Increasing evidence suggests that modified energy metabolism could be responsible for the failure of antitumor immunity. Indeed, tumor-infiltrating immune cells play a key role in cancer, and metabolic switching in these cells has been shown to help determine their phenotype: tumor suppressive or immune suppressive. Recent studies in the field of immunometabolism focus on metabolic reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment (TME) by targeting innate and adaptive immune cells and their associated anti- or protumor phenotypes. In this review, we discuss the lipid metabolism of immune cells in the TME as well as the effects of lipids; finally, we expose the link between therapies and lipid metabolism.
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43
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Baffi TR, Newton AC. Protein kinase C: release from quarantine by mTORC2. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:518-530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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44
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Lv N, Jin S, Liang Z, Wu X, Kang Y, Su L, Dong Y, Wang B, Ma T, Shi L. PP2Cδ Controls the Differentiation and Function of Dendritic Cells Through Regulating the NSD2/mTORC2/ACLY Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 12:751409. [PMID: 35069527 PMCID: PMC8777276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.751409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are recognized as a key orchestrator of immune response and homeostasis, deregulation of which may lead to autoimmunity such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Herein we show that the phosphatase PP2Cδ played a pivotal role in regulating DC activation and function, as PP2Cδ ablation caused aberrant maturation, activation, and Th1/Th17-priming of DCs, and hence induced onset of exacerbated EAE. Mechanistically, PP2Cδ restrained the expression of the essential subunit of mTORC2, Rictor, primarily through de-phosphorylating and proteasomal degradation of the methyltransferase NSD2 via CRL4DCAF2 E3 ligase. Loss of PP2Cδ in DCs accordingly sustained activation of the Rictor/mTORC2 pathway and boosted glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism. Consequently, ATP-citrate lyse (ACLY) was increasingly activated and catalyzed acetyl-CoA for expression of the genes compatible with hyperactivated DCs under PP2Cδ deletion. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that PP2Cδ has an essential role in controlling DCs activation and function, which is critical for prevention of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianyin Lv
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Sufeng Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihao Liang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanhua Kang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeping Dong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingwei Wang
- College of Medicine and Integrated Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- College of Medicine and Integrated Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Liyun Shi
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
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45
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Qin Y, Gao C, Luo J. Metabolism Characteristics of Th17 and Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828191. [PMID: 35281063 PMCID: PMC8913504 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal number and functional deficiency of immune cells are the pathological basis of various diseases. Recent years, the imbalance of Th17/regulatory T (Treg) cell underlies the occurrence and development of inflammation in autoimmune diseases (AID). Currently, studies have shown that material and energy metabolism is essential for maintaining cell survival and normal functions and the altered metabolic state of immune cells exists in a variety of AID. This review summarizes the biology and functions of Th17 and Treg cells in AID, with emphasis on the advances of the roles and regulatory mechanisms of energy metabolism in activation, differentiation and physiological function of Th17 and Treg cells, which will facilitate to provide targets for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Luo,
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46
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Ramirez RN, Chowdhary K, Leon J, Mathis D, Benoist C. FoxP3 associates with enhancer-promoter loops to regulate T reg-specific gene expression. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabj9836. [PMID: 35030035 PMCID: PMC9059705 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj9836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression programs are specified by higher-order chromatin structure and enhancer-promoter loops (EPLs). T regulatory cell (Treg) identity is dominantly specified by the transcription factor (TF) FoxP3, whose mechanism of action is unclear. We applied chromatin conformation capture with immunoprecipitation (HiChIP) in Treg and closely related conventional CD4+ T cells (Tconv). EPLs identified by H3K27Ac HiChIP showed a range of connection intensity, with some superconnected genes. TF-specific HiChIP showed that FoxP3 interacts with EPLs at a large number of genes, including some not differentially expressed in Treg versus Tconv, but enriched at the core Treg signature loci that it up-regulates. FoxP3 association correlated with heightened H3K27Ac looping, as ascertained by analysis of FoxP3-deficient Treg-like cells. There was marked asymmetry in the loci where FoxP3 associated at the enhancer- or the promoter-side of EPLs, with enrichment for different transcriptional cofactors. FoxP3 EPL intensity distinguished gene clusters identified by single-cell ATAC-seq as covarying between individual Tregs, supporting a direct transactivation model for FoxP3 in determining Treg identity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliette Leon
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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47
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Haddadi MH, Negahdari B. Clinical and diagnostic potential of regulatory T cell markers: From bench to bedside. Transpl Immunol 2021; 70:101518. [PMID: 34922022 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are heterogeneous immune cell populations residing in the thymus and peripheral lymphatic tissues. This immune cell plays a central and critical role in maintaining immune tolerance against undesirable immune responses. Treg cells' phenotypic heterogeneity caused by different pathological conditions makes their identification and differentiation from non-suppressive T cells difficult. On the other hand, using nonspecific markers and variable isolation panels leads to undesirable outcomes. There are a variety of markers to identify functional Treg cells, including CD25, FOXP3, and CTLA-4, as well as the epigenetic signature of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), which can be used for both natural and induced Treg cells. Phenotypic heterogeneity is a major concern in Treg purification when using nonspecific markers, which can be addressed by utilizing suitable isolation panels designed for different purposes. This review presents a clinical framework for Treg detection and isolation, focusing on Treg markers such as CD25, FOXP3, CTLA-4, CD127, GPA-33, and TSDR demethylation to design Treg isolation panels suitable for different Treg therapy purposes. The current review also highlights new reliable Treg markers applicable for different purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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48
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Cho S, Dong J, Lu LF. Cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic roles of miRNAs in regulating T cell immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 304:126-140. [PMID: 34549446 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cells are crucial to generate an effective response against numerous invading microbial pathogens and play a pivotal role in tumor surveillance and elimination. However, unwanted T cell activation can also lead to deleterious immune-mediated inflammation and tissue damage. To ensure that an optimal T cell response can be established, each step, beginning from T cell development in the thymus to their activation and function in the periphery, is tightly regulated by many transcription factors and epigenetic regulators including microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we first summarize recent progress in identifying major immune regulatory miRNAs in controlling the differentiation and function of distinct T cell subsets. Moreover, as emerging evidence has demonstrated that miRNAs can impact T cell immunity through targeting both immune- and non-immune cell populations that T cells closely interact with, the T cell-extrinsic role of miRNAs in regulating different aspects of T cell biology is also addressed. Finally, we discuss the complex nature of miRNA-mediated control of T cell immunity and highlight important questions that remain to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunglim Cho
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jiayi Dong
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Li-Fan Lu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
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49
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Huang C, Shen Y, Shen M, Fan X, Men R, Ye T, Yang L. Glucose Metabolism Reprogramming of Regulatory T Cells in Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:726128. [PMID: 34531750 PMCID: PMC8438122 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.726128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an inflammatory liver disease caused by a dysregulated immune response. Although the pathogenesis of AIH remains unclear, impaired regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been considered a driver of AIH development. Unlike autoreactive T cells, Tregs mainly utilize oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as their energy supply. Elevated glycolysis has been reported to limit the suppressive functions of Tregs. However, whether glucose metabolism reprogramming in Tregs is involved in AIH etiology remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine alternations in Treg numbers and functions in AIH patients and concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis, while exploring associations between impaired Tregs and glucose metabolism. The frequency of Tregs was decreased in the peripheral blood but increased in liver biopsies of AIH patients. Moreover, immunosuppressive therapy rescued circulating Tregs in AIH. In Con A-induced immune hepatitis, enhanced intrahepatic Treg accumulation was observed over time, accompanied by reduced splenic Treg numbers. To investigate whether functional impairment of Tregs occurs in AIH, Tregs were isolated from experimental AIH (EAH) model mice and normal controls and the former displayed downregulated mRNA levels of FOXP3, CTLA4, CD103, TIGIT, CD39, and CD73. EAH model-derived Tregs also produced fewer anti-inflammatory mediators (TGF-β and IL-35) than control Tregs. Moreover, enhanced glycolysis and reduced OXPHOS were found in Tregs from EAH model mice, as reflected by elevated levels of key glycolytic enzymes (HK2, PK-M2, and LDH-A) and a decreased ATP concentration. This study revealed a decreased peripheral Treg frequency and abnormal intrahepatic Treg infiltration in AIH. It is first reported that glucose metabolism reprogramming is associated with decreases and functional impairments in the Treg population, promoting AIH development. Targeting glucose metabolism may provide novel insights for the treatment of AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyi Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoting Men
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Laboratory of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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50
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A forward genetic screen identifies modifiers of rocaglate responsiveness. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18516. [PMID: 34531456 PMCID: PMC8445955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rocaglates are a class of eukaryotic translation initiation inhibitors that are being explored as chemotherapeutic agents. They function by targeting eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4A, an RNA helicase critical for recruitment of the 40S ribosome (and associated factors) to mRNA templates. Rocaglates perturb eIF4A activity by imparting a gain-of-function activity to eIF4A and mediating clamping to RNA. To appreciate how rocaglates could best be enabled in the clinic, an understanding of resistance mechanisms is important, as this could inform on strategies to bypass such events as well as identify responsive tumor types. Here, we report on the results of a positive selection, ORFeome screen aimed at identifying cDNAs capable of conferring resistance to rocaglates. Two of the most potent modifiers of rocaglate response identified were the transcription factors FOXP3 and NR1I3, both of which have been implicated in ABCB1 regulation-the gene encoding P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Pgp has previously been implicated in conferring resistance to silvestrol, a naturally occurring rocaglate, and we show here that this extends to additional synthetic rocaglate derivatives. In addition, FOXP3 and NR1I3 impart a multi-drug resistant phenotype that is reversed upon inhibition of Pgp, suggesting a potential therapeutic combination strategy.
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