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Winther JB, Holst JJ. Glucagon agonism in the treatment of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:3501-3512. [PMID: 38853300 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with obesity and, therefore, it is important to target both overweight and hyperglycaemia. Glucagon plays important roles in glucose, amino acid and fat metabolism and may also regulate appetite and energy expenditure. These physiological properties are currently being exploited therapeutically in several compounds, most often in combination with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonism in the form of dual agonists. With this combination, increases in hepatic glucose production and hyperglycaemia, which would be counterproductive, are largely avoided. In multiple randomized trials, the co-agonists have been demonstrated to lead to significant weight loss and, in participants with T2DM, even improved glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. In addition, significant reductions in hepatic fat content have been observed. Here, we review and discuss the studies so far available. Twenty-six randomized trials of seven different GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R)/glucagon receptor (GCGR) co-agonists were identified and reviewed. GLP-1R/GCGR co-agonists generally provided significant weight loss, reductions in hepatic fat content, improved lipid profiles, insulin secretion and sensitivity, and in some cases, improved HbA1c levels. A higher incidence of adverse effects was present with GLP-1R/GCGR co-agonist treatment than with GLP-1 agonist monotherapy or placebo. Possible additional risks associated with glucagon agonism are also discussed. A delicate balance between GLP-1 and glucagon agonism seems to be of particular importance. Further studies exploring the optimal ratio of GLP-1 and glucagon receptor activation and dosage and titration regimens are needed to ensure a sufficient safety profile while providing clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Brix Winther
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the NovoNordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the NovoNordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Gao C, Xiong Z, Liu Y, Wang M, Wang M, Liu T, Liu J, Ren S, Cao N, Yan H, Drucker DJ, Rau CD, Yokota T, Huang J, Wang Y. Glucagon Receptor Antagonist for Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circ Res 2024; 135:614-628. [PMID: 39011638 PMCID: PMC11325917 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.324706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is an emerging major unmet need and one of the most significant clinic challenges in cardiology. The pathogenesis of HFpEF is associated with multiple risk factors. Hypertension and metabolic disorders associated with obesity are the 2 most prominent comorbidities observed in patients with HFpEF. Although hypertension-induced mechanical overload has long been recognized as a potent contributor to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, the synergistic interaction between mechanical overload and metabolic disorders in the pathogenesis of HFpEF remains poorly characterized. METHOD We investigated the functional outcome and the underlying mechanisms from concurrent mechanic and metabolic stresses in the heart by applying transverse aortic constriction in lean C57Bl/6J or obese/diabetic B6.Cg-Lepob/J (ob/ob) mice, followed by single-nuclei RNA-seq and targeted manipulation of a top-ranked signaling pathway differentially affected in the 2 experimental cohorts. RESULTS In contrast to the post-transverse aortic constriction C57Bl/6J lean mice, which developed pathological features of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction over time, the post-transverse aortic constriction ob/ob mice showed no significant changes in ejection fraction but developed characteristic pathological features of HFpEF, including diastolic dysfunction, worsened cardiac hypertrophy, and pathological remodeling, along with further deterioration of exercise intolerance. Single-nuclei RNA-seq analysis revealed significant transcriptome reprogramming in the cardiomyocytes stressed by both pressure overload and obesity/diabetes, markedly distinct from the cardiomyocytes singularly stressed by pressure overload or obesity/diabetes. Furthermore, glucagon signaling was identified as the top-ranked signaling pathway affected in the cardiomyocytes associated with HFpEF. Treatment with a glucagon receptor antagonist significantly ameliorated the progression of HFpEF-related pathological features in 2 independent preclinical models. Importantly, cardiomyocyte-specific genetic deletion of the glucagon receptor also significantly improved cardiac function in response to pressure overload and metabolic stress. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify glucagon receptor signaling in cardiomyocytes as a critical determinant of HFpEF progression and provide proof-of-concept support for glucagon receptor antagonism as a potential therapy for the disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Heart Failure/physiopathology
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Heart Failure/drug therapy
- Heart Failure/etiology
- Stroke Volume/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice
- Male
- Receptors, Glucagon/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glucagon/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucagon/genetics
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Mice, Obese
- Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Obesity/complications
- Disease Models, Animal
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.G., T.L.)
| | - Zhaojun Xiong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (Z.X.)
| | - Yunxia Liu
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, DukeNUS School of Medicine and National Heart Center of Singapore, Singapore (Y.L., Meng Wang, S.R., Y.W.)
| | - Meng Wang
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, DukeNUS School of Medicine and National Heart Center of Singapore, Singapore (Y.L., Meng Wang, S.R., Y.W.)
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (Menglong Wang, J.L.)
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.G., T.L.)
| | - Jianfang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (Menglong Wang, J.L.)
| | - Shuxun Ren
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, DukeNUS School of Medicine and National Heart Center of Singapore, Singapore (Y.L., Meng Wang, S.R., Y.W.)
| | - Nancy Cao
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison (N.C.)
| | - Hai Yan
- REMD Biotherapeutics, Camarillo, CA (Y.H.)
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.J.D.)
| | - Christoph Daniel Rau
- Computational Medicine Program and Department of Human Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (C.D.R.)
| | - Tomohiro Yokota
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, and the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (T.Y.)
| | - Jijun Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (J.H.)
| | - Yibin Wang
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, DukeNUS School of Medicine and National Heart Center of Singapore, Singapore (Y.L., Meng Wang, S.R., Y.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (Y.W.)
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3
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Santiago Padilla L, Schiattarella GG. Targeting HFpEF: Unlocking the Potential of Glucagon Receptor Blockade. Circ Res 2024; 135:629-631. [PMID: 39146397 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.325130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Santiago Padilla
- Translational Approaches in Heart Failure and Cardiometabolic Disease (L.S.P., G.G.S.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Proteomics and Metabolomics (L.S.P.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele G Schiattarella
- Max Rubner Center for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (G.G.S.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Germany (G.G.S.)
- Translational Approaches in Heart Failure and Cardiometabolic Disease (L.S.P., G.G.S.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (G.G.S.)
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Coate KC, Dai C, Singh A, Stanley J, Covington BA, Bradley A, Oladipupo F, Gong Y, Wisniewski S, Spears E, Poffenberger G, Bustabad A, Rodgers T, Dey N, Shultz LD, Greiner DL, Yan H, Powers AC, Chen W, Dean ED. Interruption of glucagon signaling augments islet non-alpha cell proliferation in SLC7A2- and mTOR-dependent manners. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.06.606926. [PMID: 39149351 PMCID: PMC11326219 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.06.606926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Objective Dysregulated glucagon secretion and inadequate functional beta cell mass are hallmark features of diabetes. While glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonism ameliorates hyperglycemia and elicits beta cell regeneration in pre-clinical models of diabetes, it also promotes alpha and delta cell hyperplasia. We sought to investigate the mechanism by which loss of glucagon action impacts pancreatic islet non-alpha cells, and the relevance of these observations in a human islet context. Methods We used zebrafish, rodents, and transplanted human islets comprising six different models of interrupted glucagon signaling to examine their impact on delta and beta cell proliferation and mass. We also used models with global deficiency of the cationic amino acid transporter, SLC7A2, and mTORC1 inhibition via rapamycin, to determine whether amino acid-dependent nutrient sensing was required for islet non-alpha cell growth. Results Inhibition of glucagon signaling stimulated delta cell proliferation in mouse and transplanted human islets, and in mouse islets. This was rapamycin-sensitive and required SLC7A2. Likewise, gcgr deficiency augmented beta cell proliferation via SLC7A2- and mTORC1-dependent mechanisms in zebrafish and promoted cell cycle engagement in rodent beta cells but was insufficient to drive a significant increase in beta cell mass in mice. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that interruption of glucagon signaling augments islet non-alpha cell proliferation in zebrafish, rodents, and transplanted human islets in a manner requiring SLC7A2 and mTORC1 activation. An increase in delta cell mass may be leveraged for future beta cell regeneration therapies relying upon delta cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie C. Coate
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ajay Singh
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jade Stanley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Brittney A. Covington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Amber Bradley
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Favour Oladipupo
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yulong Gong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Scott Wisniewski
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Erick Spears
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Greg Poffenberger
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Alexandria Bustabad
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Tyler Rodgers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Nandita Dey
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Dale L. Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Hai Yan
- REMD Biotherapeutics Inc., Camarillo, CA
| | - Alvin C. Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Wenbiao Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - E. Danielle Dean
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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5
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Zhang L, Qin Y, Huang Y, Hu Q, Wu Q, Wang X, Zhang M. Abnormal late postprandial glucagon response in type 1 diabetes is a function of differences in stimulated C-peptide concentrations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1419329. [PMID: 39149119 PMCID: PMC11324558 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1419329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The functional changes in alpha cells in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with different residual beta cell functions remain poorly elucidated. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between glucagon secretion and C-peptide levels and to explore the relationship between glucagon response and glucose increment in respond to a secretagogue in a steamed bread meal tolerance test (BMTT) in T1D. Methods The study enrolled 43 adult patients with T1D and 24 healthy control subjects. Patients with T1D who underwent BMTT were divided into two groups based on peak C-peptide levels: C peptide low (CPL; C-peptide < 200 pmol/L; n=14) and high (CPH; C peptide ≥ 200 pmol/L; n=29). Plasma glucose, C-peptide, glucagon levels at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min were measured. The glucagon response to the BMTT was defined by areas under the curve (AUC) as early (AUC0-30), late (AUC30-180), or total (AUC0-180) glucagon. Results Compared to healthy individuals, fasting plasma glucagon was lower and postprandial plasma glucagon level was increased in patients with T1D. Glucagon levels after BMTT between the CPL and CPH group showed significant group by time interaction. Peak glucagon and glucagon at 60-180 min, total and late glucagon response were higher in CPL than CPH group, while fasting glucagon and early glucagon response adjusted for glucose were comparable between CPL and CPH group. The higher late glucagon response and late glucagon response adjusted for glucose were associated with lower peak C-peptide in T1D. The higher late glucagon response and lower peak C-peptide were associated with the higher value of ▵glucose at 180 min. Conclusion Stimulated C-peptide levels affect the paradoxical increase in postprandial glucagon secretion in patients with T1D, especially late glucagon response. The exaggerated postprandial glucagon secretion further stimulates the elevation of postprandial glucose in patients with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiting Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qizhen Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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6
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Kang Q, Jia J, Dean ED, Yuan H, Dai C, Li Z, Jiang F, Zhang XK, Powers AC, Chen W, Li M. ErbB3 is required for hyperaminoacidemia-induced pancreatic α cell hyperplasia. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107499. [PMID: 38944125 PMCID: PMC11326907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood amino acid levels are maintained in a narrow physiological range. The pancreatic α cells have emerged as the primary aminoacidemia regulator through glucagon secretion to promote hepatic amino acid catabolism. Interruption of glucagon signaling disrupts the liver-α cells axis leading to hyperaminoacidemia, which triggers a compensatory rise in glucagon secretion and α cell hyperplasia. The mechanisms of hyperaminoacidemia-induced α cell hyperplasia remain incompletely understood. Using a mouse α cell line and in vivo studies in zebrafish and mice, we found that hyperaminoacidemia-induced α cell hyperplasia requires ErbB3 signaling. In addition to mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, another ErbB3 downstream effector signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 also plays a role in α cell hyperplasia. Mechanistically, ErbB3 may partner with ErbB2 to stimulate cyclin D2 and suppress p27 via mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Our study identifies ErbB3 as a new regulator for hyperaminoacidemia-induced α cell proliferation and a critical component of the liver-α cells axis that regulates aminoacidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianxin Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - E Danielle Dean
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hang Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhehui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fuquan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wenbiao Chen
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Mingyu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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7
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McFarlin BE, Duffin KL, Konkar A. Incretin and glucagon receptor polypharmacology in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E747-E766. [PMID: 38477666 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00374.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a debilitating condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In recent years, the kidney effects of incretin-based therapies, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), have garnered substantial interest in the management of type 2 diabetes and obesity. This review delves into the intricate interactions between the kidney, GLP-1RAs, and glucagon, shedding light on their mechanisms of action and potential kidney benefits. Both GLP-1 and glucagon, known for their opposing roles in regulating glucose homeostasis, improve systemic risk factors affecting the kidney, including adiposity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial function. Additionally, these hormones and their pharmaceutical mimetics may have a direct impact on the kidney. Clinical studies have provided evidence that incretins, including those incorporating glucagon receptor agonism, are likely to exhibit improved kidney outcomes. Although further research is necessary, receptor polypharmacology holds promise for preserving kidney function through eliciting vasodilatory effects, influencing volume and electrolyte handling, and improving systemic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E McFarlin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate CenterIndianapolisIndianaUnited States
| | - Kevin L Duffin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate CenterIndianapolisIndianaUnited States
| | - Anish Konkar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate CenterIndianapolisIndianaUnited States
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8
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Guo W, Gao L, Mo H, Deng H, Zhao Y, Xu G. Mechano-sensor Piezo1 inhibits glucagon production in pancreatic α-cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167185. [PMID: 38653360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon is a critical hormone regulating glucose metabolism. It stimulates the liver to release glucose under low blood sugar conditions, thereby maintaining blood glucose stability. Excessive glucagon secretion and hyperglycemia is observed in individuals with diabetes. Precise modulation of glucagon is significant to maintain glucose homeostasis. Piezo1 is a mechanosensitive ion channel capable of converting extracellular mechanical forces into intracellular signals, thus regulating hormonal synthesis and secretion. This study aims to investigate the role of Piezo1 in regulating glucagon production in α cells. METHODS The effects of Piezo1 on glucagon production were examined in normal- or high-fat diet fed α cell-specific Piezo1 knockout mice (Gcg-Piezo1-/-), and the murine pancreatic α cell line αTC1-6. Expression of Proglucagon was investigated by real-time PCR and western blotting. Plasma glucagon and insulin were detected by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Under both normal- and high-fat diet conditions, Gcg-Piezo1-/- mice exhibited increased pancreatic α cell proportion, hyperglucagonemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and activated pancreatic mTORC1 signaling. Activation of Piezo1 by its agonist Yoda1 or overexpression of Piezo1 led to decreased glucagon synthesis and suppressed mTOR signaling pathway in αTC1-6 cells. Additionally, the levels of glucagon in the medium were also reduced. Conversely, knockdown of Piezo1 produced opposite effects. CONCLUSION Our study uncovers the regulatory role of the Piezo1 ion channel in α cells. Piezo1 influences glucagon production by affecting mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Guo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Luyang Gao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Haocong Mo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Handan Deng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yawen Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Geyang Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
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9
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Zhang M, Chen T, Lu X, Lan X, Chen Z, Lu S. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): advances in structures, mechanisms, and drug discovery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:88. [PMID: 38594257 PMCID: PMC11004190 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of human membrane proteins and an important class of drug targets, play a role in maintaining numerous physiological processes. Agonist or antagonist, orthosteric effects or allosteric effects, and biased signaling or balanced signaling, characterize the complexity of GPCR dynamic features. In this study, we first review the structural advancements, activation mechanisms, and functional diversity of GPCRs. We then focus on GPCR drug discovery by revealing the detailed drug-target interactions and the underlying mechanisms of orthosteric drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in the past five years. Particularly, an up-to-date analysis is performed on available GPCR structures complexed with synthetic small-molecule allosteric modulators to elucidate key receptor-ligand interactions and allosteric mechanisms. Finally, we highlight how the widespread GPCR-druggable allosteric sites can guide structure- or mechanism-based drug design and propose prospects of designing bitopic ligands for the future therapeutic potential of targeting this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xun Lu
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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10
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Gandasi NR, Gao R, Kothegala L, Pearce A, Santos C, Acreman S, Basco D, Benrick A, Chibalina MV, Clark A, Guida C, Harris M, Johnson PRV, Knudsen JG, Ma J, Miranda C, Shigeto M, Tarasov AI, Yeung HY, Thorens B, Asterholm IW, Zhang Q, Ramracheya R, Ladds G, Rorsman P. GLP-1 metabolite GLP-1(9-36) is a systemic inhibitor of mouse and human pancreatic islet glucagon secretion. Diabetologia 2024; 67:528-546. [PMID: 38127123 PMCID: PMC10844371 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06060-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diabetes mellitus is associated with impaired insulin secretion, often aggravated by oversecretion of glucagon. Therapeutic interventions should ideally correct both defects. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has this capability but exactly how it exerts its glucagonostatic effect remains obscure. Following its release GLP-1 is rapidly degraded from GLP-1(7-36) to GLP-1(9-36). We hypothesised that the metabolite GLP-1(9-36) (previously believed to be biologically inactive) exerts a direct inhibitory effect on glucagon secretion and that this mechanism becomes impaired in diabetes. METHODS We used a combination of glucagon secretion measurements in mouse and human islets (including islets from donors with type 2 diabetes), total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy imaging of secretory granule dynamics, recordings of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and measurements of protein kinase A activity, immunocytochemistry, in vivo physiology and GTP-binding protein dissociation studies to explore how GLP-1 exerts its inhibitory effect on glucagon secretion and the role of the metabolite GLP-1(9-36). RESULTS GLP-1(7-36) inhibited glucagon secretion in isolated islets with an IC50 of 2.5 pmol/l. The effect was particularly strong at low glucose concentrations. The degradation product GLP-1(9-36) shared this capacity. GLP-1(9-36) retained its glucagonostatic effects after genetic/pharmacological inactivation of the GLP-1 receptor. GLP-1(9-36) also potently inhibited glucagon secretion evoked by β-adrenergic stimulation, amino acids and membrane depolarisation. In islet alpha cells, GLP-1(9-36) led to inhibition of Ca2+ entry via voltage-gated Ca2+ channels sensitive to ω-agatoxin, with consequential pertussis-toxin-sensitive depletion of the docked pool of secretory granules, effects that were prevented by the glucagon receptor antagonists REMD2.59 and L-168049. The capacity of GLP-1(9-36) to inhibit glucagon secretion and reduce the number of docked granules was lost in alpha cells from human donors with type 2 diabetes. In vivo, high exogenous concentrations of GLP-1(9-36) (>100 pmol/l) resulted in a small (30%) lowering of circulating glucagon during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. This effect was abolished by REMD2.59, which promptly increased circulating glucagon by >225% (adjusted for the change in plasma glucose) without affecting pancreatic glucagon content. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We conclude that the GLP-1 metabolite GLP-1(9-36) is a systemic inhibitor of glucagon secretion. We propose that the increase in circulating glucagon observed following genetic/pharmacological inactivation of glucagon signalling in mice and in people with type 2 diabetes reflects the removal of GLP-1(9-36)'s glucagonostatic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil R Gandasi
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Cell Metabolism Lab (GA-08), Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rui Gao
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lakshmi Kothegala
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abigail Pearce
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristiano Santos
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samuel Acreman
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Davide Basco
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Benrick
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margarita V Chibalina
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne Clark
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Claudia Guida
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul R V Johnson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jakob G Knudsen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jinfang Ma
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline Miranda
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Makoto Shigeto
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrei I Tarasov
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ho Yan Yeung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid W Asterholm
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Quan Zhang
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Reshma Ramracheya
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
- Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
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11
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Abstract
Recent years witnessed advancements in diabetes technologies and therapeutics. People with type 1 diabetes have more options to control their blood glucose, prevent hypoglycemia, and spend more time with their loved ones. Newer diabetes technologies and therapeutics improve the quality of life and boost the confidence of people with type 1 diabetes. In parallel to changes in the diabetes technology field, stem cell research has been evolving. Gene editing and production of β cells from stem cells are ongoing. The current focus of cure studies is how to increase the survival of cells produced with stem cells. New adjunctive therapies are under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halis Kaan Akturk
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, 1775 Aurora Court, Room 1319, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Alexis M McKee
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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12
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Asadi F, Gunawardana SC, Dolle RE, Piston DW. An orally available compound suppresses glucagon hypersecretion and normalizes hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e172626. [PMID: 38258903 PMCID: PMC10906223 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Suppression of glucagon hypersecretion can normalize hyperglycemia during type 1 diabetes (T1D). Activating erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular receptor type-A4 (EphA4) on α cells reduced glucagon hypersecretion from dispersed α cells and T1D islets from both human donor and mouse models. We synthesized a high-affinity small molecule agonist for the EphA4 receptor, WCDD301, which showed robust plasma and liver microsome metabolic stability in both mouse and human preparations. In islets and dispersed islet cells from nondiabetic and T1D human donors, WCDD301 reduced glucagon secretion comparable to the natural EphA4 ligand, Ephrin-A5. In diabetic NOD and streptozotocin-treated mice, once-daily oral administration of WCDD301 formulated with a time-release excipient reduced plasma glucagon and normalized blood glucose for more than 3 months. These results suggest that targeting the α cell EphA4 receptor by sustained release of WCDD301 is a promising pharmacologic pathway for normalizing hyperglycemia in patients with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roland E. Dolle
- Center for Drug Discovery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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13
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Al-Horani RA, Aliter KF, Aliter HF. Future is Brighter: New Potential Paradigm-Shifting Medications and Regimens for Diabetes and Obesity. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:84-97. [PMID: 38275036 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998276832231124170324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic illness that can become debilitating owing to its microvascular and macrovascular complications. Its prevalence is increasing and so is its cost. Diabetes, particularly type 2, appears to have a very close relationship with obesity. While lifestyle modifications, exercises, and current therapeutics have substantially improved clinical outcomes, the need for new therapeutics and regimens continue to exist. Several new medications and regimens for diabetes, obesity, and diabesity are showing promising results in advanced clinical trials. For type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), they include teplizumab, ustekinumab, jakinibs, and cell therapies, whereas for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), they include once-weakly insulin, tirzepatide, high oral dose of semaglutide, orforglipron, retatrutide, CagriSema, and survodutide. Given their structural and mechanistic diversity as well as their substantial efficacy and safety profiles, these medications and regimens are paradigm shifting and promise a brighter future. They will likely enable better disease prevention and management. This review will provide details about each of the above strategies to keep the scientific community up to date about progress in the fields of diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Al-Horani
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, USA
| | - Kholoud F Aliter
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, School of STEM, Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70122, USA
| | - Hashem F Aliter
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dalhouise University, Halifax, NS B3H 3A6, Canada
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14
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Cheng L, Xia F, Li Z, Shen C, Yang Z, Hou H, Sun S, Feng Y, Yong X, Tian X, Qin H, Yan W, Shao Z. Structure, function and drug discovery of GPCR signaling. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:46. [PMID: 38047990 PMCID: PMC10695916 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are versatile and vital proteins involved in a wide array of physiological processes and responses, such as sensory perception (e.g., vision, taste, and smell), immune response, hormone regulation, and neurotransmission. Their diverse and essential roles in the body make them a significant focus for pharmaceutical research and drug development. Currently, approximately 35% of marketed drugs directly target GPCRs, underscoring their prominence as therapeutic targets. Recent advances in structural biology have substantially deepened our understanding of GPCR activation mechanisms and interactions with G-protein and arrestin signaling pathways. This review offers an in-depth exploration of both traditional and recent methods in GPCR structure analysis. It presents structure-based insights into ligand recognition and receptor activation mechanisms and delves deeper into the mechanisms of canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways downstream of GPCRs. Furthermore, it highlights recent advancements in GPCR-related drug discovery and development. Particular emphasis is placed on GPCR selective drugs, allosteric and biased signaling, polyphamarcology, and antibody drugs. Our goal is to provide researchers with a thorough and updated understanding of GPCR structure determination, signaling pathway investigation, and drug development. This foundation aims to propel forward-thinking therapeutic approaches that target GPCRs, drawing upon the latest insights into GPCR ligand selectivity, activation, and biased signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ziyan Li
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenglong Shen
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqian Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanlin Hou
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Suyue Sun
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuying Feng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xihao Yong
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaowen Tian
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongxi Qin
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Frontiers Medical Center, Chengdu, 610212, China.
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15
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Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, Cherrington AD, Finan B, Gluud LL, Dean ED, Campbell JE, Bloom SR, Tan TMM, Knop FK, Müller TD. 100 years of glucagon and 100 more. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1378-1394. [PMID: 37367959 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The peptide hormone glucagon, discovered in late 1922, is secreted from pancreatic alpha cells and is an essential regulator of metabolic homeostasis. This review summarises experiences since the discovery of glucagon regarding basic and clinical aspects of this hormone and speculations on the future directions for glucagon biology and glucagon-based therapies. The review was based on the international glucagon conference, entitled 'A hundred years with glucagon and a hundred more', held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in November 2022. The scientific and therapeutic focus of glucagon biology has mainly been related to its role in diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the glucose-raising properties of glucagon have been leveraged to therapeutically restore hypoglycaemia. The hyperglucagonaemia evident in type 2 diabetes has been proposed to contribute to hyperglycaemia, raising questions regarding underlying mechanism and the importance of this in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Mimicry experiments of glucagon signalling have fuelled the development of several pharmacological compounds including glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonists, GCGR agonists and, more recently, dual and triple receptor agonists combining glucagon and incretin hormone receptor agonism. From these studies and from earlier observations in extreme cases of either glucagon deficiency or excess secretion, the physiological role of glucagon has expanded to also involve hepatic protein and lipid metabolism. The interplay between the pancreas and the liver, known as the liver-alpha cell axis, reflects the importance of glucagon for glucose, amino acid and lipid metabolism. In individuals with diabetes and fatty liver diseases, glucagon's hepatic actions may be partly impaired resulting in elevated levels of glucagonotropic amino acids, dyslipidaemia and hyperglucagonaemia, reflecting a new, so far largely unexplored pathophysiological phenomenon termed 'glucagon resistance'. Importantly, the hyperglucagonaemia as part of glucagon resistance may result in increased hepatic glucose production and hyperglycaemia. Emerging glucagon-based therapies show a beneficial impact on weight loss and fatty liver diseases and this has sparked a renewed interest in glucagon biology to enable further pharmacological pursuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alan D Cherrington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lise Lotte Gluud
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Gastro Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - E Danielle Dean
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tricia M-M Tan
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Filip K Knop
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München Neuherberg, Germany
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16
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Ajmal N, Bogart MC, Khan P, Max-Harry IM, Nunemaker CS. Emerging Anti-Diabetic Drugs for Beta-Cell Protection in Type 1 Diabetes. Cells 2023; 12:1472. [PMID: 37296593 PMCID: PMC10253164 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that damages beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and results in hyperglycemia due to the loss of insulin. Exogenous insulin therapy can save lives but does not halt disease progression. Thus, an effective therapy may require beta-cell restoration and suppression of the autoimmune response. However, currently, there are no treatment options available that can halt T1D. Within the National Clinical Trial (NCT) database, a vast majority of over 3000 trials to treat T1D are devoted to insulin therapy. This review focuses on non-insulin pharmacological therapies. Many investigational new drugs fall under the category of immunomodulators, such as the recently FDA-approved CD-3 monoclonal antibody teplizumab. Four intriguing candidate drugs fall outside the category of immunomodulators, which are the focus of this review. Specifically, we discuss several non-immunomodulators that may have more direct action on beta cells, such as verapamil (a voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker), gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA, a major neurotransmitter with effects on beta cells), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone), and volagidemab (a glucagon receptor antagonist). These emerging anti-diabetic drugs are expected to provide promising results in both beta-cell restoration and in suppressing cytokine-derived inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Ajmal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (N.A.); (P.K.); (I.M.M.-H.)
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | - Palwasha Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (N.A.); (P.K.); (I.M.M.-H.)
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Ibiagbani M. Max-Harry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (N.A.); (P.K.); (I.M.M.-H.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Craig S. Nunemaker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (N.A.); (P.K.); (I.M.M.-H.)
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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17
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Lafferty R, Tanday N, Dubey V, Coulter-Parkhill A, Vishal K, Moffett RC, O'Harte F, Flatt PR, Irwin N. The glucagon receptor antagonist desHis 1Pro 4Glu 9-glucagon(Lys 12PAL) alters alpha-cell turnover and lineage in mice, but does not cause alpha-cell hyperplasia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 570:111932. [PMID: 37080378 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonism elicits antihyperglycemic effects in rodents and humans. The present study investigates whether the well characterised peptide-based GCGR antagonist, desHis1Pro4Glu9-glucagon (Lys12PAL), alters alpha-cell turnover or identity in mice. METHODS Multiple low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) treated (50 mg/kg bw, 5 days) transgenic GluCreERT2;ROSA26-eYFP mice were employed. STZ mice received twice daily administration of saline vehicle or desHis1Pro4Glu9-glucagon (Lys12PAL), at low- or high-dose (25 and 100 nmol/kg, respectively) for 11 days. RESULTS No GCGR antagonist induced changes in food or fluid intake, body weight or glucose homeostasis were observed. As expected, STZ dramatically reduced (P < 0.001) islet numbers and increased (P < 0.01) alpha-to beta-cell ratio, which was linked to elevated (P < 0.05) levels of beta-cell apoptosis. Whilst treatment with desHis1Pro4Glu9-glucagon (Lys12PAL) decreased (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) alpha- and beta-cell areas, it also helped restore the classic rodent islet alpha-cell mantle in STZ mice. Interestingly, low-dose desHis1Pro4Glu9-glucagon (Lys12PAL) increased (P < 0.05) alpha-cell apoptosis rates whilst high dose decreased (p < 0.05) this parameter. This difference reflects substantially increased (P < 0.001) alpha-to beta-cell transdifferentiation following high dose desHis1Pro4Glu9-glucagon (Lys12PAL) treatment, which was not fully manifest with low-dose therapy. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the present study indicates that peptidic GCGR antagonists can positively influence alpha-cell turnover and lineage in identity in multiple low-dose STZ mice, but that such effects are dose-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Lafferty
- Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Neil Tanday
- Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Vaibhav Dubey
- Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Karthick Vishal
- Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Finbarr O'Harte
- Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
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18
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Hædersdal S, Andersen A, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. Revisiting the role of glucagon in health, diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:321-335. [PMID: 36932176 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Insulin and glucagon exert opposing effects on glucose metabolism and, consequently, pancreatic islet β-cells and α-cells are considered functional antagonists. The intra-islet hypothesis has previously dominated the understanding of glucagon secretion, stating that insulin acts to inhibit the release of glucagon. By contrast, glucagon is a potent stimulator of insulin secretion and has been used to test β-cell function. Over the past decade, α-cells have received increasing attention due to their ability to stimulate insulin secretion from neighbouring β-cells, and α-cell-β-cell crosstalk has proven central for glucose homeostasis in vivo. Glucagon is not only the counter-regulatory hormone to insulin in glucose metabolism but also glucagon secretion is more susceptible to changes in the plasma concentration of certain amino acids than to changes in plasma concentrations of glucose. Thus, the actions of glucagon also include a central role in amino acid turnover and hepatic fat oxidation. This Review provides insights into glucagon secretion, with a focus on the local paracrine actions on glucagon and the importance of α-cell-β-cell crosstalk. We focus on dysregulated glucagon secretion in obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lastly, the future potential of targeting hyperglucagonaemia and applying dual and triple receptor agonists with glucagon receptor-activating properties in combination with incretin hormone receptor agonism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Hædersdal
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Andersen
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Holst JJ. Glucagon 100 years. Important, but still enigmatic. Peptides 2023; 161:170942. [PMID: 36626940 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon was discovered in 1923 as a contaminant of early insulin preparations, and its hormonal status was not established until its structure was established in the 1950 s and when the first radioimmunoassay was developed by Roger Unger, providing information about its secretion. Its role in hepatic glucose production was soon established and it was proposed as an essential factor in diabetic hyperglycemia. However, even today a number of issues remain unsolved. For instance, the assays for glucagon are not straightforward, although the development of sandwich ELISAs allowed reasonably accurate measurements also in rodents. The tools for evaluation of glucagon physiology include pancreatectomy, but studies in both humans and experimental animals pointed towards extrapancreatic sources of glucagon. It was demonstrated that glucagon receptor knockout animals do not develop diabetes upon destruction of their beta cells with streptozotocin. However, in patients with type 1 diabetes, glucagon antagonists do not normalize glucose levels; but antagonists do lower glucose levels in patients with in type 2 diabetes. Recent studies in animals and humans have confirmed the essential role of glucagon in glucose metabolism, but have suggested that it may be at least equally important for amino acid and lipid metabolism. In spite of the 100 years, glucagon research is very much alive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Juul Holst
- NovoNordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Luo X. Research Highlights. Transplantation 2023; 107:554-555. [PMID: 37779419 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xunrong Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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21
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Yuan H, Kang Q, Li Z, Bai X, Jia J, Han D, Wu X, Li M. Crispr-Cas9 mediated complete deletion of glucagon receptor in mice display hyperglucagonemia and α-cell hyperplasia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 643:121-128. [PMID: 36596263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon receptor plays an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Studies have revealed that glucagon receptor antagonism is a potential effective treatment for diabetes. However, the functions of GCGR have not been fully illustrated. Although two Gcgr truncation knockout mice models have been widely used for GCGR function studies, truncated gene may remain neomorphic and/or dominant-negative function. In this study, we took the advantages of Crispr-Cas9 technique and generated a novel allele of GCGR in the mouse that yields complete loss of GCGR protein. Our studies reveal that complete deletion of Gcgr results in hyperglucagonemia, α-cell hyperplasia, improvement of glucose tolerance. These results are similar to the Gcgr-truncated mutation in mice. Hence, we provide a novel strain of GCGR knockout mice for the GCGR function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361016, China
| | - Qi Kang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhehui Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xuanxuan Bai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxin Jia
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Daxiong Han
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xijie Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361016, China.
| | - Mingyu Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536007, China.
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22
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Abstract
Plasma glucose is tightly regulated via the secretion of the two glucose-regulating hormones insulin and glucagon. Situated next to the insulin-secreting β-cells, the α-cells produce and secrete glucagon-one of the body's few blood glucose-increasing hormones. Diabetes is a bihormonal disorder, resulting from both inadequate insulin secretion and dysregulation of glucagon. The year 2023 marks the 100th anniversary of the discovery of glucagon, making it particularly timely to highlight the roles of this systemic metabolic messenger in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E MacDonald
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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23
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Gong Y, Yang B, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Tang Z, Yang L, Coate KC, Yin L, Covington BA, Patel RS, Siv WA, Sellick K, Shou M, Chang W, Danielle Dean E, Powers AC, Chen W. Hyperaminoacidemia induces pancreatic α cell proliferation via synergism between the mTORC1 and CaSR-Gq signaling pathways. Nat Commun 2023; 14:235. [PMID: 36646689 PMCID: PMC9842633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon has emerged as a key regulator of extracellular amino acid (AA) homeostasis. Insufficient glucagon signaling results in hyperaminoacidemia, which drives adaptive proliferation of glucagon-producing α cells. Aside from mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), the role of other AA sensors in α cell proliferation has not been described. Here, using both genders of mouse islets and glucagon receptor (gcgr)-deficient zebrafish (Danio rerio), we show α cell proliferation requires activation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) by the AA-sensitive calcium sensing receptor (CaSR). Inactivation of CaSR dampened α cell proliferation, which was rescued by re-expression of CaSR or activation of Gq, but not Gi, signaling in α cells. CaSR was also unexpectedly necessary for mTORC1 activation in α cells. Furthermore, coactivation of Gq and mTORC1 induced α cell proliferation independent of hyperaminoacidemia. These results reveal another AA-sensitive mediator and identify pathways necessary and sufficient for hyperaminoacidemia-induced α cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Gong
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Bingyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Dingdong Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Zihan Tang
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Katie C Coate
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Linlin Yin
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Brittney A Covington
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ravi S Patel
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Walter A Siv
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Katelyn Sellick
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Matthew Shou
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- University of California San Francisco and San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - E Danielle Dean
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Wenbiao Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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