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Al Meslamani AZ, Sobrino I, de la Fuente J. Machine learning in infectious diseases: potential applications and limitations. Ann Med 2024; 56:2362869. [PMID: 38853633 PMCID: PMC11168216 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2362869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major threat for human and animal health worldwide. Artificial Intelligence (AI) combined algorithms including Machine Learning and Big Data analytics have emerged as a potential solution to analyse diverse datasets and face challenges posed by infectious diseases. In this commentary we explore the potential applications and limitations of ML to management of infectious disease. It explores challenges in key areas such as outbreak prediction, pathogen identification, drug discovery, and personalized medicine. We propose potential solutions to mitigate these hurdles and applications of ML to identify biomolecules for effective treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. In addition to use of ML for management of infectious diseases, potential applications are based on catastrophic evolution events for the identification of biomolecular targets to reduce risks for infectious diseases and vaccinomics for discovery and characterization of vaccine protective antigens using intelligent Big Data analytics techniques. These considerations set a foundation for developing effective strategies for managing infectious diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Z. Al Meslamani
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Isidro Sobrino
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM)-Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM)-Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, OK State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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2
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Klamrowski MM, Klein R, McCudden C, Green JR, Rashidi B, White CA, Oliver MJ, Molnar AO, Edwards C, Ramsay T, Akbari A, Hundemer GL. Derivation and Validation of a Machine Learning Model for the Prevention of Unplanned Dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2024:01277230-990000000-00393. [PMID: 38787617 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Key Points
Nearly half of all patients with CKD who progress to kidney failure initiate dialysis in an unplanned fashion, which is associated with poor outcomes.Machine learning models using routinely collected data can accurately predict 6- to 12-month kidney failure risk among the population with advanced CKD.These machine learning models retrospectively deliver advanced warning on a substantial proportion of unplanned dialysis events.
Background
Approximately half of all patients with advanced CKD who progress to kidney failure initiate dialysis in an unplanned fashion, which is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. A novel prediction model designed to identify patients with advanced CKD who are at high risk for developing kidney failure over short time frames (6–12 months) may help reduce the rates of unplanned dialysis and improve the quality of transitions from CKD to kidney failure.
Methods
We performed a retrospective study using machine learning random forest algorithms incorporating routinely collected age and sex data along with time-varying trends in laboratory measurements to derive and validate 6- and 12-month kidney failure risk prediction models in the population with advanced CKD. The models were comprehensively characterized in three independent cohorts in Ontario, Canada—derived in a cohort of 1849 consecutive patients with advanced CKD (mean [SD] age 66 [15] years, eGFR 19 [7] ml/min per 1.73 m2) and validated in two external advanced CKD cohorts (n=1356; age 69 [14] years, eGFR 22 [7] ml/min per 1.73 m2).
Results
Across all cohorts, 55% of patients experienced kidney failure, of whom 35% involved unplanned dialysis. The 6- and 12-month models demonstrated excellent discrimination with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87 to 0.89) and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.86 to 0.87) along with high probabilistic accuracy with the Brier scores of 0.10 (95% CI, 0.09 to 0.10) and 0.14 (95% CI, 0.13 to 0.14), respectively. The models were also well calibrated and delivered timely alerts on a significant number of patients who ultimately initiated dialysis in an unplanned fashion. Similar results were found upon external validation testing.
Conclusions
These machine learning models using routinely collected patient data accurately predict near-future kidney failure risk among the population with advanced CKD and retrospectively deliver advanced warning on a substantial proportion of unplanned dialysis events. Optimal implementation strategies still need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Klamrowski
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ran Klein
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher McCudden
- Eastern Ontario Regional Laboratory Association, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James R Green
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Babak Rashidi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine A White
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew J Oliver
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amber O Molnar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada
| | - Cedric Edwards
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim Ramsay
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayub Akbari
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory L Hundemer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Voigtlaender S, Pawelczyk J, Geiger M, Vaios EJ, Karschnia P, Cudkowicz M, Dietrich J, Haraldsen IRJH, Feigin V, Owolabi M, White TL, Świeboda P, Farahany N, Natarajan V, Winter SF. Artificial intelligence in neurology: opportunities, challenges, and policy implications. J Neurol 2024; 271:2258-2273. [PMID: 38367046 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Neurological conditions are the leading cause of disability and mortality combined, demanding innovative, scalable, and sustainable solutions. Brain health has become a global priority with adoption of the World Health Organization's Intersectoral Global Action Plan in 2022. Simultaneously, rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) are revolutionizing neurological research and practice. This scoping review of 66 original articles explores the value of AI in neurology and brain health, systematizing the landscape for emergent clinical opportunities and future trends across the care trajectory: prevention, risk stratification, early detection, diagnosis, management, and rehabilitation. AI's potential to advance personalized precision neurology and global brain health directives hinges on resolving core challenges across four pillars-models, data, feasibility/equity, and regulation/innovation-through concerted pursuit of targeted recommendations. Paramount actions include swift, ethical, equity-focused integration of novel technologies into clinical workflows, mitigating data-related issues, counteracting digital inequity gaps, and establishing robust governance frameworks balancing safety and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Voigtlaender
- Systems Neuroscience Division, Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Virtual Diagnostics Team, QuantCo Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Johannes Pawelczyk
- Faculty of Medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Graduate Center of Medicine and Health, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mario Geiger
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NVIDIA, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eugene J Vaios
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Philipp Karschnia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University and University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Merit Cudkowicz
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorg Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ira R J Hebold Haraldsen
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valery Feigin
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mayowa Owolabi
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Blossom Specialist Medical Center, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Lebanese American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tara L White
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sebastian F Winter
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Al-Bahou R, Bruner J, Moore H, Zarrinpar A. Quantitative methods for optimizing patient outcomes in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2024; 30:311-320. [PMID: 38153309 DOI: 10.1097/lvt.0000000000000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) is a lifesaving yet complex intervention with considerable challenges impacting graft and patient outcomes. Despite best practices, 5-year graft survival is only 70%. Sophisticated quantitative techniques offer potential solutions by assimilating multifaceted data into insights exceeding human cognition. Optimizing donor-recipient matching and graft allocation presents additional intricacies, involving the integration of clinical and laboratory data to select the ideal donor and recipient pair. Allocation must balance physiological variables with geographical and logistical constraints and timing. Quantitative methods can integrate these complex factors to optimize graft utilization. Such methods can also aid in personalizing treatment regimens, drawing on both pretransplant and posttransplant data, possibly using continuous immunological monitoring to enable early detection of graft injury or infected states. Advanced analytics is thus poised to transform management in LT, maximizing graft and patient survival. In this review, we describe quantitative methods applied to organ transplantation, with a focus on LT. These include quantitative methods for (1) utilizing and allocating donor organs equitably and optimally, (2) improving surgical planning through preoperative imaging, (3) monitoring graft and immune status, (4) determining immunosuppressant doses, and (5) establishing and maintaining the health of graft and patient after LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Al-Bahou
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Julia Bruner
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Helen Moore
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ali Zarrinpar
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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5
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Cohen SN, Foster J, Foster P, Lou H, Lyons T, Morley S, Morrill J, Ni H, Palmer E, Wang B, Wu Y, Yang L, Yang W. Subtle variation in sepsis-III definitions markedly influences predictive performance within and across methods. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1920. [PMID: 38253623 PMCID: PMC10803347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Early detection of sepsis is key to ensure timely clinical intervention. Since very few end-to-end pipelines are publicly available, fair comparisons between methodologies are difficult if not impossible. Progress is further limited by discrepancies in the reconstruction of sepsis onset time. This retrospective cohort study highlights the variation in performance of predictive models under three subtly different interpretations of sepsis onset from the sepsis-III definition and compares this against inter-model differences. The models are chosen to cover tree-based, deep learning, and survival analysis methods. Using the MIMIC-III database, between 867 and 2178 intensive care unit admissions with sepsis were identified, depending on the onset definition. We show that model performance can be more sensitive to differences in the definition of sepsis onset than to the model itself. Given a fixed sepsis definition, the best performing method had a gain of 1-5% in the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC). However, the choice of onset time can cause a greater effect, with variation of 0-6% in AUROC. We illustrate that misleading conclusions can be drawn if models are compared without consideration of the sepsis definition used which emphasizes the need for a standardized definition for sepsis onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N Cohen
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - James Foster
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Hang Lou
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, Room 603, 25 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AY, UK
| | - Terry Lyons
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sam Morley
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James Morrill
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hao Ni
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, Room 603, 25 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AY, UK.
| | - Edward Palmer
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bo Wang
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lingyi Yang
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - Weixin Yang
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Bonomi L, Lionts M, Fan L. Private Continuous Survival Analysis with Distributed Multi-Site Data. PROCEEDINGS : ... IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIG DATA. IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIG DATA 2023; 2023:5444-5453. [PMID: 38585488 PMCID: PMC10997374 DOI: 10.1109/bigdata59044.2023.10386571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Effective disease surveillance systems require large-scale epidemiological data to improve health outcomes and quality of care for the general population. As data may be limited within a single site, multi-site data (e.g., from a number of local/regional health systems) need to be considered. Leveraging distributed data across multiple sites for epidemiological analysis poses significant challenges. Due to the sensitive nature of epidemiological data, it is imperative to design distributed solutions that provide strong privacy protections. Current privacy solutions often assume a central site, which is responsible for aggregating the distributed data and applying privacy protection before sharing the results (e.g., aggregation via secure primitives and differential privacy for sharing aggregate results). However, identifying such a central site may be difficult in practice and relying on a central site may introduce potential vulnerabilities (e.g., single point of failure). Furthermore, to support clinical interventions and inform policy decisions in a timely manner, epidemiological analysis need to reflect dynamic changes in the data. Yet, existing distributed privacy-protecting approaches were largely designed for static data (e.g., one-time data sharing) and cannot fulfill dynamic data requirements. In this work, we propose a privacy-protecting approach that supports the sharing of dynamic epidemiological analysis and provides strong privacy protection in a decentralized manner. We apply our solution in continuous survival analysis using the Kaplan-Meier estimation model while providing differential privacy protection. Our evaluations on a real dataset containing COVID-19 cases show that our method provides highly usable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bonomi
- Dept. Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Marilyn Lionts
- Dept. Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Liyue Fan
- College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC
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7
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Kiyatkin ME, Aasman B, Fazzari MJ, Rudolph MI, Vidal Melo MF, Eikermann M, Gong MN. Development of an automated, general-purpose prediction tool for postoperative respiratory failure using machine learning: A retrospective cohort study. J Clin Anesth 2023; 90:111194. [PMID: 37422982 PMCID: PMC10529165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2023.111194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Postoperative respiratory failure is a major surgical complication and key quality metric. Existing prediction tools underperform, are limited to specific populations, and necessitate manual calculation. This limits their implementation. We aimed to create an improved, machine learning powered prediction tool with ideal characteristics for automated calculation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS We retrospectively reviewed 101,455 anesthetic procedures from 1/2018 to 6/2021. The primary outcome was the Standardized Endpoints in Perioperative Medicine consensus definition for postoperative respiratory failure. Secondary outcomes were respiratory quality metrics from the National Surgery Quality Improvement Sample, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and CMS. We abstracted from the electronic health record 26 procedural and physiologic variables previously identified as respiratory failure risk factors. We randomly split the cohort and used the Random Forest method to predict the composite outcome in the training cohort. We coined this the RESPIRE model and measured its accuracy in the validation cohort using area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) analysis, among other measures, and compared this with ARISCAT and SPORC-1, two leading prediction tools. We compared performance in a validation cohort using score cut-offs determined in a separate test cohort. MAIN RESULTS The RESPIRE model exhibited superior accuracy with an AUROC of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.92-0.95) compared to 0.82 for both ARISCAT and SPORC-1 (P-for-difference < 0.0001 for both). At comparable 80-90% sensitivities, RESPIRE had higher positive predictive value (11%, 95% CI: 10-12%) and lower false positive rate (12%, 95% CI: 12-13%) compared to 4% and 37% for both ARISCAT and SPORC-1. The RESPIRE model also better predicted the established quality metrics for postoperative respiratory failure. CONCLUSIONS We developed a general-purpose, machine learning powered prediction tool with superior performance for research and quality-based definitions of postoperative respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Kiyatkin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Boudewijn Aasman
- Center for Health Data Innovations, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Melissa J Fazzari
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maíra I Rudolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcos F Vidal Melo
- Department of Anesthesiology, NewYork-Presbyterian, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthias Eikermann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, NewYork-Presbyterian, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michelle N Gong
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Abstract
Data science has the potential to greatly enhance efforts to translate evidence into practice in critical care. The intensive care unit is a data-rich environment enabling insight into both patient-level care patterns and clinician-level treatment patterns. By applying artificial intelligence to these novel data sources, implementation strategies can be tailored to individual patients, individual clinicians, and individual situations, revealing when evidence-based practices are missed and facilitating context-sensitive clinical decision support. To achieve these goals, technology developers should work closely with clinicians to create unbiased applications that are integrated into the clinical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J King
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3500 Terrace Street, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jeremy M Kahn
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3500 Terrace Street, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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9
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Gusev A. Germline mechanisms of immunotherapy toxicities in the era of genome-wide association studies. Immunol Rev 2023; 318:138-156. [PMID: 37515388 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of advanced cancers and is quickly becoming an option for early-stage disease. By reactivating the host immune system, immunotherapy harnesses patients' innate defenses to eradicate the tumor. By putatively similar mechanisms, immunotherapy can also substantially increase the risk of toxicities or immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Severe irAEs can lead to hospitalization, treatment discontinuation, lifelong immune complications, or even death. Many irAEs present with similar symptoms to heritable autoimmune diseases, suggesting that germline genetics may contribute to their onset. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of irAEs have identified common germline associations and putative mechanisms, lending support to this hypothesis. A wide range of well-established GWAS methods can potentially be harnessed to understand the etiology of irAEs specifically and immunotherapy outcomes broadly. This review summarizes current findings regarding germline effects on immunotherapy outcomes and discusses opportunities and challenges for leveraging germline genetics to understand, predict, and treat irAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gusev
- Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Denck J, Ozkirimli E, Wang K. Machine-learning-based adverse drug event prediction from observational health data: A review. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103715. [PMID: 37467879 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Adverse drug events (ADEs) are responsible for a significant number of hospital admissions and fatalities. Machine learning models have been developed to assess the individual patient risk of having an ADE. In this article, we have reviewed studies addressing the prediction of ADEs in observational health data with machine learning. The field of individualised ADE prediction is rapidly emerging through the increasing availability of additional data modalities (e.g., genetic data, screening data, wearables data) and advanced deep learning models such as transformers. Consequently, personalised adverse drug event predictions are becoming more feasible and tangible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Denck
- Roche Informatics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
| | - Elif Ozkirimli
- Roche Informatics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Ken Wang
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Singhal K, Azizi S, Tu T, Mahdavi SS, Wei J, Chung HW, Scales N, Tanwani A, Cole-Lewis H, Pfohl S, Payne P, Seneviratne M, Gamble P, Kelly C, Babiker A, Schärli N, Chowdhery A, Mansfield P, Demner-Fushman D, Agüera Y Arcas B, Webster D, Corrado GS, Matias Y, Chou K, Gottweis J, Tomasev N, Liu Y, Rajkomar A, Barral J, Semturs C, Karthikesalingam A, Natarajan V. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature 2023; 620:172-180. [PMID: 37438534 PMCID: PMC10396962 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 256.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities, but the bar for clinical applications is high. Attempts to assess the clinical knowledge of models typically rely on automated evaluations based on limited benchmarks. Here, to address these limitations, we present MultiMedQA, a benchmark combining six existing medical question answering datasets spanning professional medicine, research and consumer queries and a new dataset of medical questions searched online, HealthSearchQA. We propose a human evaluation framework for model answers along multiple axes including factuality, comprehension, reasoning, possible harm and bias. In addition, we evaluate Pathways Language Model1 (PaLM, a 540-billion parameter LLM) and its instruction-tuned variant, Flan-PaLM2 on MultiMedQA. Using a combination of prompting strategies, Flan-PaLM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on every MultiMedQA multiple-choice dataset (MedQA3, MedMCQA4, PubMedQA5 and Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) clinical topics6), including 67.6% accuracy on MedQA (US Medical Licensing Exam-style questions), surpassing the prior state of the art by more than 17%. However, human evaluation reveals key gaps. To resolve this, we introduce instruction prompt tuning, a parameter-efficient approach for aligning LLMs to new domains using a few exemplars. The resulting model, Med-PaLM, performs encouragingly, but remains inferior to clinicians. We show that comprehension, knowledge recall and reasoning improve with model scale and instruction prompt tuning, suggesting the potential utility of LLMs in medicine. Our human evaluations reveal limitations of today's models, reinforcing the importance of both evaluation frameworks and method development in creating safe, helpful LLMs for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tao Tu
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - Jason Wei
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yun Liu
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
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12
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Wu C, Zhang Y, Nie S, Hong D, Zhu J, Chen Z, Liu B, Liu H, Yang Q, Li H, Xu G, Weng J, Kong Y, Wan Q, Zha Y, Chen C, Xu H, Hu Y, Shi Y, Zhou Y, Su G, Tang Y, Gong M, Wang L, Hou F, Liu Y, Li G. Predicting in-hospital outcomes of patients with acute kidney injury. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3739. [PMID: 37349292 PMCID: PMC10287760 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is prevalent and a leading cause of in-hospital death worldwide. Early prediction of AKI-related clinical events and timely intervention for high-risk patients could improve outcomes. We develop a deep learning model based on a nationwide multicenter cooperative network across China that includes 7,084,339 hospitalized patients, to dynamically predict the risk of in-hospital death (primary outcome) and dialysis (secondary outcome) for patients who developed AKI during hospitalization. A total of 137,084 eligible patients with AKI constitute the analysis set. In the derivation cohort, the area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) for 24-h, 48-h, 72-h, and 7-day death are 95·05%, 94·23%, 93·53%, and 93·09%, respectively. For dialysis outcome, the AUROC of each time span are 88·32%, 83·31%, 83·20%, and 77·99%, respectively. The predictive performance is consistent in both internal and external validation cohorts. The model can predict important outcomes of patients with AKI, which could be helpful for the early management of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Wu
- Department of Nephrology and Nephrology Institute, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Knowledge and Data Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Nie
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daqing Hong
- Department of Nephrology and Nephrology Institute, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajing Zhu
- Knowledge and Data Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Knowledge and Data Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Bicheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, 210000, Nanjing, China
| | - Huafeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 524000, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qiongqiong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Li
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310000, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230000, Hefei, China
| | - Yaozhong Kong
- Department of Nephrology, the First People's Hospital of Foshan, 528000, Foshan, China
| | - Qijun Wan
- The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Zha
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou University, 550000, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunbo Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People's Hospital, 525000, Maoming, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 200000, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310000, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Shi
- Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 516000, Huizhou, China
| | - Yilun Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100000, Beijing, China
| | - Guobin Su
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510000, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 510000, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengchun Gong
- Institute of Health Management, Southern Medical University, 510000, Guangzhou, China
- DHC Technologies, 100000, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Nephrology Institute, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanfan Hou
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yongguo Liu
- Knowledge and Data Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China.
| | - Guisen Li
- Department of Nephrology and Nephrology Institute, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610072, Chengdu, China.
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13
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González-Castro L, Chávez M, Duflot P, Bleret V, Martin AG, Zobel M, Nateqi J, Lin S, Pazos-Arias JJ, Del Fiol G, López-Nores M. Machine Learning Algorithms to Predict Breast Cancer Recurrence Using Structured and Unstructured Sources from Electronic Health Records. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2741. [PMID: 37345078 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrence is a critical aspect of breast cancer (BC) that is inexorably tied to mortality. Reuse of healthcare data through Machine Learning (ML) algorithms offers great opportunities to improve the stratification of patients at risk of cancer recurrence. We hypothesized that combining features from structured and unstructured sources would provide better prediction results for 5-year cancer recurrence than either source alone. We collected and preprocessed clinical data from a cohort of BC patients, resulting in 823 valid subjects for analysis. We derived three sets of features: structured information, features from free text, and a combination of both. We evaluated the performance of five ML algorithms to predict 5-year cancer recurrence and selected the best-performing to test our hypothesis. The XGB (eXtreme Gradient Boosting) model yielded the best performance among the five evaluated algorithms, with precision = 0.900, recall = 0.907, F1-score = 0.897, and area under the receiver operating characteristic AUROC = 0.807. The best prediction results were achieved with the structured dataset, followed by the unstructured dataset, while the combined dataset achieved the poorest performance. ML algorithms for BC recurrence prediction are valuable tools to improve patient risk stratification, help with post-cancer monitoring, and plan more effective follow-up. Structured data provides the best results when fed to ML algorithms. However, an approach based on natural language processing offers comparable results while potentially requiring less mapping effort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcela Chávez
- Department of Information System Management, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrick Duflot
- Department of Information System Management, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Valérie Bleret
- Senology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Marc Zobel
- Science Department, Symptoma GmbH, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jama Nateqi
- Science Department, Symptoma GmbH, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Simon Lin
- Science Department, Symptoma GmbH, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - José J Pazos-Arias
- atlanTTic Research Center, Department of Telematics Engineering, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Guilherme Del Fiol
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Martín López-Nores
- atlanTTic Research Center, Department of Telematics Engineering, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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14
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Xie F, Ning Y, Liu M, Li S, Saffari SE, Yuan H, Volovici V, Ting DSW, Goldstein BA, Ong MEH, Vaughan R, Chakraborty B, Liu N. A universal AutoScore framework to develop interpretable scoring systems for predicting common types of clinical outcomes. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102302. [PMID: 37178115 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The AutoScore framework can automatically generate data-driven clinical scores in various clinical applications. Here, we present a protocol for developing clinical scoring systems for binary, survival, and ordinal outcomes using the open-source AutoScore package. We describe steps for package installation, detailed data processing and checking, and variable ranking. We then explain how to iterate through steps for variable selection, score generation, fine-tuning, and evaluation to generate understandable and explainable scoring systems using data-driven evidence and clinical knowledge. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Xie et al. (2020),1 Xie et al. (2022)2, Saffari et al. (2022)3 and the online tutorial https://nliulab.github.io/AutoScore/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xie
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Yilin Ning
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Mingxuan Liu
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Siqi Li
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Seyed Ehsan Saffari
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Han Yuan
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Victor Volovici
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Shu Wei Ting
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore; SingHealth AI Office, Singapore Health Services, Singapore 168582, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Alan Goldstein
- Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Marcus Eng Hock Ong
- Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Health Services Research Centre, Singapore Health Services, Singapore 169856, Singapore; Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
| | - Roger Vaughan
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Bibhas Chakraborty
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Statistics and Data Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Nan Liu
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; SingHealth AI Office, Singapore Health Services, Singapore 168582, Singapore; Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117602, Singapore.
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15
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Sheu YH, Magdamo C, Miller M, Das S, Blacker D, Smoller JW. AI-assisted prediction of differential response to antidepressant classes using electronic health records. NPJ Digit Med 2023; 6:73. [PMID: 37100858 PMCID: PMC10133261 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antidepressant selection is largely a trial-and-error process. We used electronic health record (EHR) data and artificial intelligence (AI) to predict response to four antidepressants classes (SSRI, SNRI, bupropion, and mirtazapine) 4 to 12 weeks after antidepressant initiation. The final data set comprised 17,556 patients. Predictors were derived from both structured and unstructured EHR data and models accounted for features predictive of treatment selection to minimize confounding by indication. Outcome labels were derived through expert chart review and AI-automated imputation. Regularized generalized linear model (GLM), random forest, gradient boosting machine (GBM), and deep neural network (DNN) models were trained and their performance compared. Predictor importance scores were derived using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). All models demonstrated similarly good prediction performance (AUROCs ≥ 0.70, AUPRCs ≥ 0.68). The models can estimate differential treatment response probabilities both between patients and between antidepressant classes for the same patient. In addition, patient-specific factors driving response probabilities for each antidepressant class can be generated. We show that antidepressant response can be accurately predicted from real-world EHR data with AI modeling, and our approach could inform further development of clinical decision support systems for more effective treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Sheu
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Colin Magdamo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Miller
- Harvard Injury Control Research Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudeshna Das
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah Blacker
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Begum M F, Narayan S. A Pattern mixture model with long short-term memory network for oliguric acute kidney injury prediction. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY - COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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17
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Henry JA. Culture intelligent workflow, structure, and steps. Front Artif Intell 2023; 6:985469. [PMID: 36925615 PMCID: PMC10011165 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2023.985469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Technologies abstract intelligence and provide predictor and precision insight in workflows that manage disorders, similar to cardiology and hematological disease. Positive perceptions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that support Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) manage transformations with a safe system that improves wellbeing. In sections, workflow introduces an eXamination (X = AI) as an end-to-end structure to culture workstreams in a step-by-step design to manage populace health in a governed system. Method To better healthcare outcomes, communities and personnel benefit from an explanation and an interpretive that elucidates workflow for citizens or practitioners to comprehend personalized platforms. Therefore, the author undertook structure and practice reviews and appraised perspectives that impact the management of AI in public health and medicine. Results Figures for the management of AI workflow illustrate and inform on the model, structure, culture, assurance, process steps, values, and governance required for abstract insights in public health and medicine. The papers' end-to-end structure with explanans in a work culture interprets the step-by-step designs that manage the success of AI. Personalized care graphics offer an explanandum in the management of biological analytic value. Discussion Healthcare leadership collaboratives plan population health with an upstream, workplace and workstream format. Secure workflow and safety wellbeing system requirements prove that genomics and AI improve medicine. Therefore, the paper discusses group understanding of current practice, ethics, policy, and legality. Conclusion "Culture, intelligent workflow, structure, and steps" improve wellbeing with personalized care and align a percept for national opportunities, regional control, and local needs. Personalized practice cultures support analytic systems to describe, predict, precision, and prescript medicine in population health management eXaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Andrew Henry
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- Society for Advanced Blood Management, Mount Royal, NJ, United States
- British Blood Transfusion Society, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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18
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Hobensack M, Song J, Scharp D, Bowles KH, Topaz M. Machine learning applied to electronic health record data in home healthcare: A scoping review. Int J Med Inform 2023; 170:104978. [PMID: 36592572 PMCID: PMC9869861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite recent calls for home healthcare (HHC) to integrate informatics, the application of machine learning in HHC is relatively unknown. Thus, this study aimed to synthesize and appraise the literature describing the application of machine learning to predict adverse outcomes (e.g., hospitalization, mortality) using electronic health record (EHR) data in the HHC setting. Our secondary aim was to evaluate the comprehensiveness of predictors used in the machine learning algorithms guided by the Biopsychosocial Model. METHODS During March 2022 we conducted a literature search in four databases: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria were 1) describing services provided in the HHC setting, 2) applying machine learning algorithms to predict adverse outcomes, defined as outcomes related to patient deterioration, 3) using EHR data and 4) focusing on the adult population. Predictors were mapped to the Biopsychosocial Model. A risk of bias analysis was conducted using the Prediction Model Risk Of Bias Assessment Tool. RESULTS The final sample included 20 studies. Eighteen studies used predictors from standardized assessments integrated in the EHR. The most common outcome of interest was hospitalization (55%), followed by mortality (25%). Psychological predictors were frequently excluded (35%). Tree based algorithms were most frequently applied (75%). Most studies demonstrated high or unclear risk of bias (75%). CONCLUSION Future studies in HHC should consider incorporating machine learning algorithms into clinical decision support systems to identify patients at risk. Based on the Biopsychosocial model, psychological and interpersonal characteristics should be used along with biological characteristics to enhance risk prediction. To facilitate the widespread adoption of machine learning, stakeholders should encourage standardization in the HHC setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiyoun Song
- Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Kathryn H Bowles
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Home Care Policy & Research, VNS Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Maxim Topaz
- Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY, USA; Center for Home Care Policy & Research, VNS Health, New York, NY, USA; Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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Zhou XJ, Zhong XH, Duan LX. Integration of artificial intelligence and multi-omics in kidney diseases. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 3:126-148. [PMID: 38933564 PMCID: PMC11197676 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Currently, the diagnosis of kidney diseases and the grading of their severity are mainly based on clinical features, which do not reveal the underlying molecular pathways. More recent surge of ∼omics studies has greatly catalyzed disease research. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has opened the avenue for the efficient integration and interpretation of big datasets for discovering clinically actionable knowledge. This review discusses how AI and multi-omics can be applied and integrated, to offer opportunities to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic means in kidney diseases. The combination of new technology and novel analysis pipelines can lead to breakthroughs in expanding our understanding of disease pathogenesis, shedding new light on biomarkers and disease classification, as well as providing possibilities of precise treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing 100034, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing 100034, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xu-Hui Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Xin Duan
- The Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China
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20
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Vetrugno G, Foti F, Grassi VM, De-Giorgio F, Cambieri A, Ghisellini R, Clemente F, Marchese L, Sabatelli G, Delogu G, Frati P, Fineschi V. Malpractice Claims and Incident Reporting: Two Faces of the Same Coin? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192316253. [PMID: 36498327 PMCID: PMC9739332 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Incident reporting is an important method to identify risks because learning from the reports is crucial in developing and implementing effective improvements. A medical malpractice claims analysis is an important tool in any case. Both incident reports and claims show cases of damage caused to patients, despite incident reporting comprising near misses, cases where no event occurred and no-harm events. We therefore compare the two worlds to assess whether they are similar or definitively different. From 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2021, the claims database of Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS collected 843 claims. From 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021, the incident-reporting database collected 1919 events. In order to compare the two, we used IBNR calculation, usually adopted by the insurance industry to determine loss to a company and to evaluate the real number of adverse events that occurred. Indeed, the number of reported adverse events almost overlapped with the total number of events, which is indicative that incurred-but-not-reported events are practically irrelevant. The distribution of damage events reported as claims in the period from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021 and related to incidents that occurred in the months of the same period, grouped by quarter, was then compared with the distribution of damage events reported as adverse events and sentinel events in the same period, grouped by quarter. The analysis of the claims database showed that the claims trend is slightly decreasing. However, the analysis of the reports database showed that, in the period 2020-2021, the reports trend was increasing. In our study, the comparison of the two, malpractice claims and incident reporting, documented many differences and weak areas of overlap. Nevertheless, this contribution represents the first attempt to compare the two and new studies focusing on single types of adverse events are, therefore, desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Vetrugno
- UOS Risk Management Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Foti
- UOS Risk Management Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo M. Grassi
- UOS Risk Management Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio De-Giorgio
- UOS Risk Management Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cambieri
- UOS Risk Management Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Clemente
- UOS Risk Management Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Marchese
- UOS Risk Management Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sabatelli
- Responsabile Centro Regionale Rischio Clinico Regione Lazio, 00145 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Delogu
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Frati
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
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21
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Cao J, Zhang X, Shahinian V, Yin H, Steffick D, Saran R, Crowley S, Mathis M, Nadkarni GN, Heung M, Singh K. Generalizability of an acute kidney injury prediction model across health systems. NAT MACH INTELL 2022; 4:1121-1129. [PMID: 38148789 PMCID: PMC10751025 DOI: 10.1038/s42256-022-00563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Delays in the identification of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized patients are a major barrier to the development of effective interventions to treat AKI. A recent study by Tomasev and colleagues at DeepMind described a model that achieved a state-of-the-art performance in predicting AKI up to 48 hours in advance.1 Because this model was trained in a population of US Veterans that was 94% male, questions have arisen about its reproducibility and generalizability. In this study, we aimed to reproduce key aspects of this model, trained and evaluated it in a similar population of US Veterans, and evaluated its generalizability in a large academic hospital setting. We found that the model performed worse in predicting AKI in females in both populations, with miscalibration in lower stages of AKI and worse discrimination (a lower area under the curve) in higher stages of AKI. We demonstrate that while this discrepancy in performance can be largely corrected in non-Veterans by updating the original model using data from a sex-balanced academic hospital cohort, the worse model performance persists in Veterans. Our study sheds light on the importance of reproducing artificial intelligence studies, and on the complexity of discrepancies in model performance in subgroups that cannot be explained simply on the basis of sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cao
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Xiaosong Zhang
- Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Vahakn Shahinian
- Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Huiying Yin
- Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Diane Steffick
- Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Rajiv Saran
- Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arb, MI
| | - Susan Crowley
- Renal Section, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Michael Mathis
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Girish N. Nadkarni
- Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Division of Data Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Michael Heung
- Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Karandeep Singh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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22
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Zhu S, Zhou L, Feng Y, Zhu J, Shu Q, Li H. Understanding the risk factors for adverse events during exchange transfusion in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia using explainable artificial intelligence. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:567. [PMID: 36180854 PMCID: PMC9523933 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To understand the risk factors associated with adverse events during exchange transfusion (ET) in severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Study design We conducted a retrospective study of infants with hyperbilirubinemia who underwent ET within 30 days of birth from 2015 to 2020 in a children’s hospital. Both traditional statistical analysis and state-of-the-art explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) were used to identify the risk factors. Results A total of 188 ET cases were included; 7 major adverse events, including hyperglycemia (86.2%), top-up transfusion after ET (50.5%), hypocalcemia (42.6%), hyponatremia (42.6%), thrombocytopenia (38.3%), metabolic acidosis (25.5%), and hypokalemia (25.5%), and their risk factors were identified. Some novel and interesting findings were identified by XAI. Conclusions XAI not only achieved better performance in predicting adverse events during ET but also helped clinicians to more deeply understand nonlinear relationships and generate actionable knowledge for practice.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03615-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Zhu
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lianjuan Zhou
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Feng
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jihua Zhu
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haomin Li
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.
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23
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Yoo TK, Ryu IH, Kim JK, Lee IS, Kim HK. A deep learning approach for detection of shallow anterior chamber depth based on the hidden features of fundus photographs. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 219:106735. [PMID: 35305492 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Patients with angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) are asymptomatic until they experience a painful attack. Shallow anterior chamber depth (ACD) is considered a significant risk factor for ACG. We propose a deep learning approach to detect shallow ACD using fundus photographs and to identify the hidden features of shallow ACD. METHODS This retrospective study assigned healthy subjects to the training (n = 1188 eyes) and test (n = 594) datasets (prospective validation design). We used a deep learning approach to estimate ACD and build a classification model to identify eyes with a shallow ACD. The proposed method, including subtraction of the input and output images of CycleGAN and a thresholding algorithm, was adopted to visualize the characteristic features of fundus photographs with a shallow ACD. RESULTS The deep learning model integrating fundus photographs and clinical variables achieved areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.978 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.963-0.988) for an ACD ≤ 2.60 mm and 0.895 (95% CI, 0.868-0.919) for an ACD ≤ 2.80 mm, and outperformed the regression model using only clinical variables. However, the difference between shallow and deep ACD classes on fundus photographs was difficult to be detected with the naked eye. We were unable to identify the features of shallow ACD using the Grad-CAM. The CycleGAN-based feature images showed that area around the macula and optic disk significantly contributed to the classification of fundus photographs with a shallow ACD. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the feasibility of a novel deep learning model to detect a shallow ACD as a screening tool for ACG using fundus photographs. The CycleGAN-based feature map showed the hidden characteristic features of shallow ACD that were previously undetectable by conventional techniques and ophthalmologists. This framework will facilitate the early detection of shallow ACD to prevent overlooking the risks associated with ACG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Keun Yoo
- B&VIIT Eye Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Aerospace Medical Center, Republic of Korea Air Force, Cheongju, South Korea.
| | - Ik Hee Ryu
- B&VIIT Eye Center, Seoul, South Korea; VISUWORKS, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Kuk Kim
- B&VIIT Eye Center, Seoul, South Korea; VISUWORKS, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Hong Kyu Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
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24
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Broadbent A, Grote T. Can Robots Do Epidemiology? Machine Learning, Causal Inference, and Predicting the Outcomes of Public Health Interventions. PHILOSOPHY & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 35:14. [PMID: 35251906 PMCID: PMC8881939 DOI: 10.1007/s13347-022-00509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper argues that machine learning (ML) and epidemiology are on collision course over causation. The discipline of epidemiology lays great emphasis on causation, while ML research does not. Some epidemiologists have proposed imposing what amounts to a causal constraint on ML in epidemiology, requiring it either to engage in causal inference or restrict itself to mere projection. We whittle down the issues to the question of whether causal knowledge is necessary for underwriting predictions about the outcomes of public health interventions. While there is great plausibility to the idea that it is, conviction that something is impossible does not by itself motivate a constraint to forbid trying. We disambiguate the possible motivations for such a constraint into definitional, metaphysical, epistemological, and pragmatic considerations and argue that “Proceed with caution” (rather than “Stop!”) is the outcome of each. We then argue that there are positive reasons to proceed, albeit cautiously. Causal inference enforces existing classification schema prior to the testing of associational claims (causal or otherwise), but associations and classification schema are more plausibly discovered (rather than tested or justified) in a back-and-forth process of gaining reflective equilibrium. ML instantiates this kind of process, we argue, and thus offers the welcome prospect of uncovering meaningful new concepts in epidemiology and public health—provided it is not causally constrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Broadbent
- Department of Philosophy, Durham University, Durham, England
- Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thomas Grote
- Cluster of Excellence: Machine Learning for Science, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
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25
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Firoozbakht F, Yousefi B, Schwikowski B. An overview of machine learning methods for monotherapy drug response prediction. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:bbab408. [PMID: 34619752 PMCID: PMC8769705 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For an increasing number of preclinical samples, both detailed molecular profiles and their responses to various drugs are becoming available. Efforts to understand, and predict, drug responses in a data-driven manner have led to a proliferation of machine learning (ML) methods, with the longer term ambition of predicting clinical drug responses. Here, we provide a uniquely wide and deep systematic review of the rapidly evolving literature on monotherapy drug response prediction, with a systematic characterization and classification that comprises more than 70 ML methods in 13 subclasses, their input and output data types, modes of evaluation, and code and software availability. ML experts are provided with a fundamental understanding of the biological problem, and how ML methods are configured for it. Biologists and biomedical researchers are introduced to the basic principles of applicable ML methods, and their application to the problem of drug response prediction. We also provide systematic overviews of commonly used data sources used for training and evaluation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Firoozbakht
- Systems Biology Group, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Behnam Yousefi
- Systems Biology Group, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, École Doctorale Complexite du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Benno Schwikowski
- Systems Biology Group, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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26
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Xiao X, Fang Y, Xiao X, Xu J, Chen J. Machine-Learning-Aided Self-Powered Assistive Physical Therapy Devices. ACS NANO 2021; 15:18633-18646. [PMID: 34913696 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An expanding elderly population and people with disabilities pose considerable challenges to the current healthcare system. As a practical technology that integrates systems and services, assistive physical therapy devices are essential to maintain or to improve an individual's functioning and independence, thus promoting their well-being. Given technological advancements, core components of self-powered sensors and optimized machine-learning algorithms will play innovative roles in providing assistive services for unmet global needs. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the latest developments in machine-learning-aided assistive physical therapy devices based on emerging self-powered sensing systems and a discussion of the challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yunsheng Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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27
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Allam A, Feuerriegel S, Rebhan M, Krauthammer M. Analyzing Patient Trajectories With Artificial Intelligence. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e29812. [PMID: 34870606 PMCID: PMC8686456 DOI: 10.2196/29812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In digital medicine, patient data typically record health events over time (eg, through electronic health records, wearables, or other sensing technologies) and thus form unique patient trajectories. Patient trajectories are highly predictive of the future course of diseases and therefore facilitate effective care. However, digital medicine often uses only limited patient data, consisting of health events from only a single or small number of time points while ignoring additional information encoded in patient trajectories. To analyze such rich longitudinal data, new artificial intelligence (AI) solutions are needed. In this paper, we provide an overview of the recent efforts to develop trajectory-aware AI solutions and provide suggestions for future directions. Specifically, we examine the implications for developing disease models from patient trajectories along the typical workflow in AI: problem definition, data processing, modeling, evaluation, and interpretation. We conclude with a discussion of how such AI solutions will allow the field to build robust models for personalized risk scoring, subtyping, and disease pathway discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Allam
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biomedical Informatics, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Feuerriegel
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- ETH Artificial Intelligence Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Rebhan
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Krauthammer
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biomedical Informatics, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Yale Center for Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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28
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Higgs E, Dagan-Rosenfeld O, Snyder M. Adapting skills from genetic counseling to wearables technology research during the COVID-19 pandemic: Poised for the pivot. J Genet Couns 2021; 30:1269-1275. [PMID: 34580951 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Genetic counselors have shown themselves to be adaptable in an evolving profession, with expansion into new sub-specialties, various non-clinical settings, and research roles. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a sudden and drastic shift in healthcare priorities. In an effort to contribute meaningfully to the COVID-19 crisis, and to adapt to a remote- and essential-only research environment, our workplace and thus our roles pivoted from genomics research to remote COVID-19 research using wearables technologies. With a deep understanding of genomic data, we were quickly able to apply similar concepts to wearables data including considering privacy implications, managing uncertain findings, and acknowledging the lack of ethnic diversity in many datasets. By sharing our own experience as an example, we hope individuals trained in genetic counseling may see opportunities for adaptation of their skills into expanding roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Higgs
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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