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Juices and By-Products of Red-Fleshed Sweet Oranges: Assessment of Bioactive and Nutritional Compounds. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020400. [PMID: 36673492 PMCID: PMC9858198 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The content of nutrients and bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity were assessed in the juices from two red-fleshed oranges, Cara Cara and Kirkwood, and compared with that of a standard Navel orange. Two juice extraction procedures, hand-squeezing and industrial, and two treatments, pasteurization (85 °C/30 s) and high-pressure homogenization (HPH, 150 MPa/55 °C/1 min), were evaluated. For most of the nutrients and bioactive compounds, the hand and industrial juice squeezing rendered similar extraction efficiency. Individual composition of carotenoids in the juices were differentially affected by the extraction procedure and the treatments, but the red-fleshed orange juices contained between 3- to 6-times higher total carotenoids than the standard Navel juices, being phytoene and phytofluene the main carotenoids. The industrial and treated juices of both red-fleshed oranges contained 20-30% higher amounts of tocopherols but about 20% lower levels of vitamin C than Navel juices. Navel juices exhibited higher hydrophilic antioxidant capacity, while the red-fleshed orange juices showed an improved lipophilic antioxidant capacity. The main distinctive characteristic of the industrial juice by-product of the red-fleshed oranges was a higher content of carotenoids (×10) and singlet oxygen antioxidant capacity (×1.5-2) than the Navel by-product.
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Zacarías-García J, Cronje PJ, Diretto G, Zacarías L, Rodrigo MJ. A comprehensive analysis of carotenoids metabolism in two red-fleshed mutants of Navel and Valencia sweet oranges ( Citrus sinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1034204. [PMID: 36330241 PMCID: PMC9623303 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Kirkwood Navel and Ruby Valencia are two spontaneous bud mutations of the respective parental lines of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) Palmer Navel and Olinda Valencia, showing an atypical red pigmentation of the pulp. These red-fleshed varieties are commercially available and highly attractive for consumers but their carotenoid metabolism and the basis of the mutation have not been investigated. The red colour of Kirkwood and Ruby pulp was observed from the very early stages of fruit development until full maturity and associated with an altered carotenoid profiling. The red-fleshed varieties accumulated from 6- up to 1000-times more total carotenoids compared to the standard oranges. Specifically, the pulp of Kirkwood and Ruby accumulated large amounts of phytoene and phytofluene, and moderate contents of lycopene. Moreover, the red-fleshed oranges contained other unusual carotenes as δ-carotene, and lower concentrations of downstream products such as β,β-xanthophylls, abscisic acid (ABA) and ABA-glucosyl ester. This peculiar profile was associated with chromoplasts with lycopene crystalloid structures and round vesicles likely containing colourless carotenes. The flavedo and leaves of Kirkwood and Ruby showed minor changes in carotenoids, mainly limited to higher levels of phytoene. The carotenoid composition in Kirkwood and Ruby fruits was not explained by differences in the transcriptional profile of 26 genes related to carotenoid metabolism, covering the main steps of biosynthesis, catabolism and other processes related to carotenoid accumulation. Moreover, sequence analysis of the lycopene cyclase genes revealed no alterations in those of the red-fleshed oranges compared to the genes of the standard varieties. A striking event observed in Kirkwood and Ruby trees was the reddish coloration of the inner side of the bark tissue, with larger amounts of phytoene, accumulation of lycopene and lower ABA content. These observation lead to the conclusion that the mutation is not only manifested in fruit, affecting other carotenogenic tissues of the mutant plants, but with different consequences in the carotenoid profile. Overall, the carotenoid composition in the red-fleshed mutants suggests a partial blockage of the lycopene β-cyclization in the carotenoid pathway, rendering a high accumulation of carotenes upstream lycopene and a reduced flow to downstream xanthophylls and ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Zacarías-García
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Paul J. Cronje
- Citrus Research International (CRI), Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Biotechnology Laboratory, Casaccia Research Center, Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodrigo
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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Borredá C, Perez-Roman E, Talon M, Terol J. Comparative transcriptomics of wild and commercial Citrus during early ripening reveals how domestication shaped fruit gene expression. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:123. [PMID: 35300613 PMCID: PMC8928680 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interspecific hybridizations and admixtures were key in Citrus domestication, but very little is known about their impact at the transcriptomic level. To determine the effects of genome introgressions on gene expression, the transcriptomes of the pulp and flavedo of three pure species (citron, pure mandarin and pummelo) and four derived domesticated genetic admixtures (sour orange, sweet orange, lemon and domesticated mandarin) have been analyzed at color break. RESULTS Many genes involved in relevant physiological processes for domestication, such sugar/acid metabolism and carotenoid/flavonoid synthesis, were differentially expressed among samples. In the low-sugar, highly acidic species lemon and citron, many genes involved in sugar metabolism, the TCA cycle and GABA shunt displayed a reduced expression, while the P-type ATPase CitPH5 and most subunits of the vacuolar ATPase were overexpressed. The red-colored species and admixtures were generally characterized by the overexpression in the flavedo of specific pivotal genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis, including phytoene synthase, ζ-carotene desaturase, β-lycopene cyclase and CCD4b, a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase. The expression patterns of many genes involved in flavonoid modifications, especially the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid O-methyltransferases showed extreme diversity. However, the most noticeable differential expression was shown by a chalcone synthase gene, which catalyzes a key step in the biosynthesis of flavonoids. This chalcone synthase was exclusively expressed in mandarins and their admixed species, which only expressed the mandarin allele. In addition, comparisons between wild and domesticated mandarins revealed that the major differences between their transcriptomes concentrate in the admixed regions. CONCLUSION In this work we present a first study providing broad evidence that the genome introgressions that took place during citrus domestication largely shaped gene expression in their fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Borredá
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Estela Perez-Roman
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Talon
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Terol
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
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Kim SE, Lee CJ, Park SU, Lim YH, Park WS, Kim HJ, Ahn MJ, Kwak SS, Kim HS. Overexpression of the Golden SNP-Carrying Orange Gene Enhances Carotenoid Accumulation and Heat Stress Tolerance in Sweetpotato Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010051. [PMID: 33406723 PMCID: PMC7823567 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids function as photosynthetic accessory pigments, antioxidants, and vitamin A precursors. We recently showed that transgenic sweetpotato calli overexpressing the mutant sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) Orange gene (IbOr-R96H), which carries a single nucleotide polymorphism responsible for Arg to His substitution at amino acid position 96, exhibited dramatically higher carotenoid content and abiotic stress tolerance than calli overexpressing the wild-type IbOr gene (IbOr-WT). In this study, we generated transgenic sweetpotato plants overexpressing IbOr-R96H under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The total carotenoid contents of IbOr-R96H storage roots (light-orange flesh) and IbOr-WT storage roots (light-yellow flesh) were 5.4-19.6 and 3.2-fold higher, respectively, than those of non-transgenic (NT) storage roots (white flesh). The β-carotene content of IbOr-R96H storage roots was up to 186.2-fold higher than that of NT storage roots. In addition, IbOr-R96H plants showed greater tolerance to heat stress (47 °C) than NT and IbOr-WT plants, possibly because of higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABA contents. These results indicate that IbOr-R96H is a promising strategy for developing new sweetpotato cultivars with improved carotenoid contents and heat stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Eun Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (C.-J.L.); (S.-U.P.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Chan-Ju Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (C.-J.L.); (S.-U.P.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sul-U Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (C.-J.L.); (S.-U.P.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Ye-Hoon Lim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (C.-J.L.); (S.-U.P.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Woo Sung Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudae-ro, Jinju 52828, Korea; (W.S.P.); (H.-J.K.); (M.-J.A.)
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudae-ro, Jinju 52828, Korea; (W.S.P.); (H.-J.K.); (M.-J.A.)
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudae-ro, Jinju 52828, Korea; (W.S.P.); (H.-J.K.); (M.-J.A.)
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (C.-J.L.); (S.-U.P.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-S.K.); (H.S.K.); Tel.: +82-42-860-4432 (S.-S.K.); +82-42-860-4464 (H.S.K.)
| | - Ho Soo Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (C.-J.L.); (S.-U.P.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.-S.K.); (H.S.K.); Tel.: +82-42-860-4432 (S.-S.K.); +82-42-860-4464 (H.S.K.)
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Lana G, Zacarias-Garcia J, Distefano G, Gentile A, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L. Transcriptional Analysis of Carotenoids Accumulation and Metabolism in a Pink-Fleshed Lemon Mutant. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1294. [PMID: 33143225 PMCID: PMC7692314 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pink lemon is a spontaneous bud mutation of lemon (Citrus limon, L. Burm. f) characterized by the production of pink-fleshed fruits due to an unusual accumulation of lycopene. To elucidate the genetic determinism of the altered pigmentation, comparative carotenoid profiling and transcriptional analysis of both the genes involved in carotenoid precursors and metabolism, and the proteins related to carotenoid-sequestering structures were performed in pink-fleshed lemon and its wild-type. The carotenoid profile of pink lemon pulp is characterized by an increased accumulation of linear carotenoids, such as lycopene, phytoene and phytofluene, from the early stages of development, reaching their maximum in mature green fruits. The distinctive phenotype of pink lemon is associated with an up-regulation and down-regulation of the genes upstream and downstream the lycopene cyclase, respectively. In particular, 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase genes were overexpressed in pink lemon compared with the wild-type, suggesting an altered regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis. Similarly, during early development of the fruits, genes of the carotenoid-associated proteins heat shock protein 21, fibrillin 1 and 2 and orange gene were overexpressed in the pulp of the pink-fleshed lemon compared to the wild-type, indicating its increased capacity for sequestration, stabilization or accumulation of carotenes. Altogether, the results highlighted significant differences at the transcriptomic level between the pink-fleshed lemon and its wild-type, in terms of carotenoid metabolism and the capacity of stabilization in storage structures between the two accessions. Such changes may be either responsible for the altered carotenoid accumulation or in contrast, a metabolic consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lana
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.L.); (G.D.); (A.G.)
| | - Jaime Zacarias-Garcia
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (J.Z.-G.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Gaetano Distefano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.L.); (G.D.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.L.); (G.D.); (A.G.)
| | - María J. Rodrigo
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (J.Z.-G.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Lorenzo Zacarias
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (J.Z.-G.); (M.J.R.)
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Multari S, Licciardello C, Caruso M, Martens S. Monitoring the changes in phenolic compounds and carotenoids occurring during fruit development in the tissues of four citrus fruits. Food Res Int 2020; 134:109228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zacarías-García J, Rey F, Gil JV, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarías L. Antioxidant capacity in fruit of Citrus cultivars with marked differences in pulp coloration: Contribution of carotenoids and vitamin C. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2020; 27:210-222. [PMID: 32727209 DOI: 10.1177/1082013220944018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the specific contribution of carotenoids and vitamin C to the lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity, respectively, of the pulp of citrus fruits using the genetic diversity in pigmentation and in the carotenoid complement. To this end, six citrus varieties were selected: two mandarins, Clemenules (Citrus clementina) and Nadorcott (C. reticulata); two grapefruits (C. paradisi), Marsh and Star Ruby; and two sweet oranges (C. sinensis), Valencia late and Valencia Ruby. Total carotenoid content and composition in the pulp of fruits were very different, in relation to their color singularities. Valencia Ruby and Nadorcott had the highest carotenoid content, accumulating the former large amounts of linear carotenes (phytoene, phytofluene, and lycopene) and Nadorcott of β-cryptoxanthin. Orange fruits contained the highest amount of vitamin C while in Nadorcott mandarin it was substantially lower. Analysis of antioxidant capacity, evaluated by 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, in the pulp of the different fruit varieties indicated a high and positive correlation between vitamin C content and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity. Nevertheless, a weak correlation was observed between carotenoids content and lipophilic antioxidant capacity in the pulp extracts assayed by ABTS. Overall, vitamin C in the pulp of citrus fruit had an important contribution to the hydrophilic antioxidant capacity, whereas that of carotenoids to lipophilic antioxidant capacity was very variable, being the highest that of Valencia Ruby orange, with large concentrations of lycopene and phytoene, followed by Nadorcott mandarin, with high β-cryptoxanthin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Zacarías-García
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Florencia Rey
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - José-Vicente Gil
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain.,Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María J Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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Effect of high-pressure processing applied as pretreatment on carotenoids, flavonoids and vitamin C in juice of the sweet oranges 'Navel' and the red-fleshed 'Cara Cara'. Food Res Int 2020; 132:109105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Watkins JL, Pogson BJ. Prospects for Carotenoid Biofortification Targeting Retention and Catabolism. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:501-512. [PMID: 31956035 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the ongoing prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in developing countries there has been a large effort towards increasing the carotenoid content of staple foods via biofortification. Common strategies used for carotenoid biofortification include altering flux through the biosynthesis pathway to direct synthesis to a specific product, generally β-carotene, or via increasing the expression of genes early in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Recently, carotenoid biofortification strategies are turning towards increasing the retention of carotenoids in plant tissues either via altering sequestration within the cell or via downregulating enzymes known to cause degradation of carotenoids. To date, little attention has focused on increasing the stability of carotenoids, which may be a promising method of increasing carotenoid content in staple foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta L Watkins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Luan Y, Wang S, Wang R, Xu C. Accumulation of red apocarotenoid β-citraurin in peel of a spontaneous mutant of huyou (Citrus changshanensis) and the effects of storage temperature and ethylene application. Food Chem 2020; 309:125705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Gemenet DC, da Silva Pereira G, De Boeck B, Wood JC, Mollinari M, Olukolu BA, Diaz F, Mosquera V, Ssali RT, David M, Kitavi MN, Burgos G, Felde TZ, Ghislain M, Carey E, Swanckaert J, Coin LJM, Fei Z, Hamilton JP, Yada B, Yencho GC, Zeng ZB, Mwanga ROM, Khan A, Gruneberg WJ, Buell CR. Quantitative trait loci and differential gene expression analyses reveal the genetic basis for negatively associated β-carotene and starch content in hexaploid sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:23-36. [PMID: 31595335 PMCID: PMC6952332 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE β-Carotene content in sweetpotato is associated with the Orange and phytoene synthase genes; due to physical linkage of phytoene synthase with sucrose synthase, β-carotene and starch content are negatively correlated. In populations depending on sweetpotato for food security, starch is an important source of calories, while β-carotene is an important source of provitamin A. The negative association between the two traits contributes to the low nutritional quality of sweetpotato consumed, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Using a biparental mapping population of 315 F1 progeny generated from a cross between an orange-fleshed and a non-orange-fleshed sweetpotato variety, we identified two major quantitative trait loci (QTL) on linkage group (LG) three (LG3) and twelve (LG12) affecting starch, β-carotene, and their correlated traits, dry matter and flesh color. Analysis of parental haplotypes indicated that these two regions acted pleiotropically to reduce starch content and increase β-carotene in genotypes carrying the orange-fleshed parental haplotype at the LG3 locus. Phytoene synthase and sucrose synthase, the rate-limiting and linked genes located within the QTL on LG3 involved in the carotenoid and starch biosynthesis, respectively, were differentially expressed in Beauregard versus Tanzania storage roots. The Orange gene, the molecular switch for chromoplast biogenesis, located within the QTL on LG12 while not differentially expressed was expressed in developing roots of the parental genotypes. We conclude that these two QTL regions act together in a cis and trans manner to inhibit starch biosynthesis in amyloplasts and enhance chromoplast biogenesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, and accumulation in orange-fleshed sweetpotato. Understanding the genetic basis of this negative association between starch and β-carotene will inform future sweetpotato breeding strategies targeting sweetpotato for food and nutritional security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcus C Gemenet
- International Potato Center, ILRI Campus, Old Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 25171-00603, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | - Bert De Boeck
- International Potato Center, Av. La Molina 1895, Lima, Peru
| | - Joshua C Wood
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Bode A Olukolu
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Federico Diaz
- International Potato Center, Av. La Molina 1895, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Maria David
- International Potato Center, Av. La Molina 1895, Lima, Peru
| | - Mercy N Kitavi
- International Potato Center, ILRI Campus, Old Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 25171-00603, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Marc Ghislain
- International Potato Center, ILRI Campus, Old Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 25171-00603, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Lachlan J M Coin
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Benard Yada
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCCRI), Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - G Craig Yencho
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Zhao-Bang Zeng
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | - Awais Khan
- International Potato Center, Av. La Molina 1895, Lima, Peru
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | | | - C Robin Buell
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Rodrigo MJ, Lado J, Alós E, Alquézar B, Dery O, Hirschberg J, Zacarías L. A mutant allele of ζ-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is associated with the yellow pigmentation of the "Pinalate" sweet orange mutant and reveals new insights into its role in fruit carotenogenesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:465. [PMID: 31684878 PMCID: PMC6829850 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit coloration is one of the main quality parameters of Citrus fruit primarily determined by genetic factors. The fruit of ordinary sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) displays a pleasant orange tint due to accumulation of carotenoids, representing β,β-xanthophylls more than 80% of the total content. 'Pinalate' is a spontaneous bud mutant, or somatic mutation, derived from sweet orange 'Navelate', characterized by yellow fruits due to elevated proportions of upstream carotenes and reduced β,β-xanthophylls, which suggests a biosynthetic blockage at early steps of the carotenoid pathway. RESULTS To identify the molecular basis of 'Pinalate' yellow fruit, a complete characterization of carotenoids profile together with transcriptional changes in carotenoid biosynthetic genes were performed in mutant and parental fruits during development and ripening. 'Pinalate' fruit showed a distinctive carotenoid profile at all ripening stages, accumulating phytoene, phytofluene and unusual proportions of 9,15,9'-tri-cis- and 9,9'-di-cis-ζ-carotene, while content of downstream carotenoids was significantly decreased. Transcript levels for most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes showed no alterations in 'Pinalate'; however, the steady-state level mRNA of ζ-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), which catalyses the conversion of 9,15,9'-tri-cis- to 9,9'-di-cis-ζ-carotene, was significantly reduced both in 'Pinalate' fruit and leaf tissues. Isolation of the 'Pinalate' Z-ISO genomic sequence identified a new allele with a single nucleotide insertion at the second exon, which generates an alternative splicing site that alters Z-ISO transcripts encoding non-functional enzyme. Moreover, functional assays of citrus Z-ISO in E.coli showed that light is able to enhance a non-enzymatic isomerization of tri-cis to di-cis-ζ-carotene, which is in agreement with the partial rescue of mutant phenotype when 'Pinalate' fruits are highly exposed to light during ripening. CONCLUSION A single nucleotide insertion has been identified in 'Pinalate' Z-ISO gene that results in truncated proteins. This causes a bottleneck in the carotenoid pathway with an unbalanced content of carotenes upstream to β,β-xanthophylls in fruit tissues. In chloroplastic tissues, the effects of Z-ISO alteration are mainly manifested as a reduction in total carotenoid content. Taken together, our results indicate that the spontaneous single nucleotide insertion in Z-ISO is the molecular basis of the yellow pigmentation in 'Pinalate' sweet orange and points this isomerase as an essential activity for carotenogenesis in citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Joanna Lado
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Salto, Uruguay
| | - Enriqueta Alós
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Berta Alquézar
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP) UPV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Orly Dery
- Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Hirschberg
- Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
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Lu P, Wang R, Zhu C, Fu X, Wang S, Grierson D, Xu C. Microscopic Analyses of Fruit Cell Plastid Development in Loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica) during Fruit Ripening. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030448. [PMID: 30691226 PMCID: PMC6384554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastids are sites for carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation, but detailed information on fruit plastid development and its relation to carotenoid accumulation remains largely unclear. Here, using Baisha (BS; white-fleshed) and Luoyangqing (LYQ; red-fleshed) loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), a detailed microscopic analysis of plastid development during fruit ripening was carried out. In peel cells, chloroplasts turned into smaller chromoplasts in both cultivars, and the quantity of plastids in LYQ increased by one-half during fruit ripening. The average number of chromoplasts per peel cell in fully ripe fruit was similar between the two cultivars, but LYQ peel cell plastids were 20% larger and had a higher colour density, associated with the presence of larger plastoglobules. In flesh cells, chromoplasts could be observed only in LYQ during the middle and late stages of ripening, and the quantity on a per-cell basis was higher than that in peel cells, but the size of chromoplasts was smaller. It was concluded that chromoplasts are derived from the direct conversion of chloroplasts to chromoplasts in the peel, and from de novo differentiation of proplastids into chromoplasts in flesh. The relationship between plastid development and carotenoid accumulation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjun Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ruqian Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Changqing Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiumin Fu
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Shasha Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Don Grierson
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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14
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Shen YH, Yang FY, Lu BG, Zhao WW, Jiang T, Feng L, Chen XJ, Ming R. Exploring the differential mechanisms of carotenoid biosynthesis in the yellow peel and red flesh of papaya. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:49. [PMID: 30651061 PMCID: PMC6335806 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Red-fleshed papaya is a good material to study the different carotenoids accumulation mechanism in the peel and flesh. Although the peel and flesh of papaya closely integrated into one body, the flesh coloration changing from white to red, while the exocarp coloration changing from green to yellow. In this study, the major carotenoids accumulation and the expression patterns of key carotenoid biosynthesis pathway genes in the process of papaya fruit ripening were studied, and the carotenoid biosynthetic pathways in the yellow peel and red flesh of papaya were investigated. Results The carotenoid composition in papaya flesh and peel were different. The major carotenoids were lutein and β-carotene in the peel, while lycopene in the flesh. The accumulation of carotenoids, including lycopene, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin were considered to cause the orange-red color of papaya cv. ‘Daqing No.10’ flesh. The color of peel changed from green to yellow because of the fast degradation of chlorophyll and the appearance of carotenoids such as lutein and β-carotene. Thirteen genes that encode enzymes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway were detected in papaya fruit transcriptome: two phytoene synthase (PSY1, PSY2), two phytoene desaturase (PDS1, PDS2), one ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS), four lycopene cyclase (CYCB, LCYB1, LCYB2, LCYE), one β-carotene hydroxylase (CHYB), one carotene ε-monooxygenase (LUT1), one violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE), and one zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). The results of RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR showed the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic pathway genes was consistent with the change of carotenoid content. Carotenoid biosynthetic pathways in the yellow peel and red flesh of papaya were analysed based on the major carotenoids accumulation and the expression patterns of key carotenoid biosynthesis pathway genes. There was only a β-branch of carotenoid biosynthesis in the flesh of papaya, while there were both α- and β-branch of carotenoid biosynthesis in papaya peel. In the process of papaya fruit ripening, the α-branch was inhibited and the β-branch was enhanced in the peel. Conclusions The differential carotenoid accumulation and biosynthesis pathway genes expression in peel and flesh, lay a foundation for further study and provide further insights to control fruit color and improve fruit quality and appearance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5388-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hong Shen
- College of Horticulture Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China. .,College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Fei Ying Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Bing Guo Lu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Wan Wan Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Horticulture Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Li Feng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao Jing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Ray Ming
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China. .,Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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15
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Lu P, Wang S, Grierson D, Xu C. Transcriptomic changes triggered by carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors and role of Citrus sinensis phosphate transporter 4;2 (CsPHT4;2) in enhancing carotenoid accumulation. PLANTA 2019; 249:257-270. [PMID: 30083809 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid accumulation and chromoplast development in orange were perturbed by carotenoid inhibitors, and candidate genes were identified via transcriptomic analysis. The role of CsPHT4;2 in enhancing carotenoid accumulation was revealed. Carotenoids are important plant pigments and their accumulation can be affected by biosynthesis inhibitors, but the genes involved were largely unknown. Here, application of norflurazon (NFZ), 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylamine hydrochloride (CPTA) and clomazone for 30 days to in vitro cultured sweet orange juice vesicles caused over-accumulation of phytoene (over 1000-fold), lycopene (2.92 μg g-1 FW, none in control), and deficiency in total carotenoids (reduced to 22%), respectively. Increased carotenoids were associated with bigger chromoplasts with enlarged plastoglobules or a differently crystalline structure in NFZ, and CPTA-treated juice vesicles, respectively. Global transcriptomic changes following inhibitor treatments were profiled. Induced expression of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase 1 by CPTA, hydroxymethylbutenyl 4-diphosphate reductase by both NFZ and CPTA, and reduced expression of chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase by CPTA, as well as several downstream genes by at least one of the three inhibitors were observed. Expression of fibrillin 11 (CsFBN11) was induced following both NFZ and CPTA treatments. Using weighted correlation network analysis, a plastid-type phosphate transporter 4;2 (CsPHT4;2) was identified as closely correlated with high-lycopene accumulation induced by CPTA. Transient over-expression of CsPHT4;2 significantly enhanced carotenoid accumulation over tenfold in 'Cara Cara' sweet orange juice vesicle-derived callus. The study provides a valuable overview of the underlying mechanisms for altered carotenoid accumulation and chromoplast development following carotenoid inhibitor treatments and sheds light on the relationship between carotenoid accumulation and chromoplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjun Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Don Grierson
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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16
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cis-carotene biosynthesis, evolution and regulation in plants: The emergence of novel signaling metabolites. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 654:172-184. [PMID: 30030998 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid pigments synthesised by plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria as well as some non-photosynthetic bacteria, fungi and insects. Abundant carotenoids found in nature are synthesised via a linear route from phytoene to lycopene after which the pathway bifurcates into cyclised α- and β-carotenes. Plants evolved additional steps to generate a diversity of cis-carotene intermediates, which can accumulate in fruits or tissues exposed to an extended period of darkness. Enzymatic or oxidative cleavage, light-mediated photoisomerization and histone modifications can affect cis-carotene accumulation. cis-carotene accumulation has been linked to the production of signaling metabolites that feedback and forward to regulate nuclear gene expression. When cis-carotenes accumulate, plastid biogenesis and operational control can become impaired. Carotenoid derived metabolites and phytohormones such as abscisic acid and strigolactones can fine-tune cellular homeostasis. There is a hunt to identify a novel cis-carotene derived apocarotenoid signal and to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which it facilitates communication between the plastid and nucleus. In this review, we describe the biosynthesis and evolution of cis-carotenes and their links to regulatory switches, as well as highlight how cis-carotene derived apocarotenoid signals might control organelle communication, physiological and developmental processes in response to environmental change.
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17
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Yan F, Shi M, He Z, Wu L, Xu X, He M, Chen J, Deng X, Cheng Y, Xu J. Largely different carotenogenesis in two pummelo fruits with different flesh colors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200320. [PMID: 29985936 PMCID: PMC6037374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids in citrus fruits have health benefits and make the fruits visually attractive. Red-fleshed ‘Chuhong’ (‘CH’) and pale green-fleshed ‘Feicui’ (‘FC’) pummelo (Citrus maxima (Burm) Merr.) fruits are interesting materials for studying the mechanisms of carotenoid accumulation. In this study, particularly high contents of linear carotenes were observed in the albedo tissue, segment membranes and juice sacs of ‘CH’. However, carotenoids, especially β-carotene and xanthophylls, accumulated more in the flavedo tissue of ‘FC’ than in that of ‘CH’. Additionally, the contents of other terpenoids such as limonin, nomilin and abscisic acid significantly differed in the juice sacs at 150 days postanthesis. A dramatic increase in carotenoid production was observed at 45 to 75 days postanthesis in the segment membranes and juice sacs of ‘CH’. Different expression levels of carotenogenesis genes, especially the ζ-carotene desaturase (CmZDS), β-carotenoid hydroxylase (CmBCH) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (CmZEP) genes, in combination are directly responsible for the largely different carotenoid profiles between these two pummelo fruits. The sequences of eleven genes involved in carotenoid synthesis were investigated; different alleles of seven of eleven genes might also explain the largely different carotenogenesis observed between ‘CH’ and ‘FC’. These results enhance our understanding of carotenogenesis in pummelo fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
- Forestry Science Academy of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Meiyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Lianhai Wu
- Forestry Science Academy of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xianghua Xu
- Forestry Science Academy of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Min He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Meng L, Fan Z, Zhang Q, Wang C, Gao Y, Deng Y, Zhu B, Zhu H, Chen J, Shan W, Yin X, Zhong S, Grierson D, Jiang CZ, Luo Y, Fu DQ. BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN 11 regulates chloroplast development and chlorophyll synthesis in tomato fruit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:1126-1140. [PMID: 29659108 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast development and chlorophyll(Chl)metabolism in unripe tomato contribute to the growth and quality of the fruit, however these mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we initially investigated seven homeobox-containing transcription factors (TFs) with specific ripening-associated expression patterns using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology and found that inhibiting the expression of one of these TFs, BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN11 (SlBEL11), significantly increased Chl levels in unripe tomato fruit. This enhanced Chl accumulation was further validated by generating stable RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic lines. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of RNAi-SlBEL11 fruit at the mature green (MG) stage showed that 48 genes involved in Chl biosynthesis, photosynthesis and chloroplast development were significantly upregulated compared with the wild type (WT) fruit. Genomic global scanning for Homeobox TF binding sites combined with RNA-seq differential gene expression analysis showed that 22 of these 48 genes were potential target genes of SlBEL11 protein. These genes included Chl biosynthesis-related genes encoding for protochlorophyllide reductase (POR), magnesium chelatase H subunit (CHLH) and chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO), and chloroplast development-related genes encoding for chlorophyll a/b binding protein (CAB), homeobox protein knotted 2 (TKN2) and ARABIDOPSIS PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR 2-LIKE (APRR2-like). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (ChIP-qPCR) assays were employed to verify that SlBEL11 protein could bind to the promoters for TKN2, CAB and POR. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that SlBEL11 plays an important role in chloroplast development and Chl synthesis in tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhuan Meng
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhongqi Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yikang Deng
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jianye Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wei Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xueren Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Silin Zhong
- The State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yunbo Luo
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Da-Qi Fu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Transcriptome analysis in tissue sectors with contrasting crocins accumulation provides novel insights into apocarotenoid biosynthesis and regulation during chromoplast biogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2843. [PMID: 29434251 PMCID: PMC5809551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocins, the red soluble apocarotenoids of saffron, accumulate in the flowers of Crocus species in a developmental and tissue-specific manner. In Crocus sieberi, crocins accumulate in stigmas but also in a distinct yellow tepal sector, which we demonstrate contains chromoplast converted from amyloplasts. Secondary metabolites were analysed by LC-DAD-HRMS, revealing the progressive accumulation of crocetin and crocins in the yellow sector, which were also localized in situ by Raman microspectroscopy. To understand the underlying mechanisms of crocin biosynthesis, we sequenced the C. sieberi tepal transcriptome of two differentially pigmented sectors (yellow and white) at two developmental stages (6 and 8) by Illumina sequencing. A total of 154 million high-quality reads were generated and assembled into 248,099 transcripts. Differentially expressed gene analysis resulted in the identification of several potential candidate genes involved in crocin metabolism and regulation. The results provide a first profile of the molecular events related to the dynamics of crocetin and crocin accumulation during tepal development, and present new information concerning apocarotenoid biosynthesis regulators and their accumulation in Crocus. Further, reveals genes that were previously unknown to affect crocin formation, which could be used to improve crocin accumulation in Crocus plants and the commercial quality of saffron spice.
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Sun T, Yuan H, Cao H, Yazdani M, Tadmor Y, Li L. Carotenoid Metabolism in Plants: The Role of Plastids. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:58-74. [PMID: 28958604 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are indispensable to plants and critical in human diets. Plastids are the organelles for carotenoid biosynthesis and storage in plant cells. They exist in various types, which include proplastids, etioplasts, chloroplasts, amyloplasts, and chromoplasts. These plastids have dramatic differences in their capacity to synthesize and sequester carotenoids. Clearly, plastids play a central role in governing carotenogenic activity, carotenoid stability, and pigment diversity. Understanding of carotenoid metabolism and accumulation in various plastids expands our view on the multifaceted regulation of carotenogenesis and facilitates our efforts toward developing nutrient-enriched food crops. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of various types of plastids on carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation, and discuss recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory control of carotenogenesis and metabolic engineering of carotenoids in light of plastid types in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hui Yuan
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hongbo Cao
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Mohammad Yazdani
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yaakov Tadmor
- Plant Science Institute, Israeli Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Yaar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishai 30095, Israel
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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