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Zhu Y, Guo J, Wu F, Yu H, Min J, Zhao Y, Tan C, Liu Y, Xu C. Exogenous Melatonin Application Accelerated the Healing Process of Oriental Melon Grafted onto Squash by Promoting Lignin Accumulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3690. [PMID: 38612499 PMCID: PMC11011509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) is a vital hormone factor in plant growth and development, yet its potential to influence the graft union healing process has not been reported. In this study, we examined the effects of MT on the healing of oriental melon scion grafted onto squash rootstock. The studies indicate that the exogenous MT treatment promotes the lignin content of oriental melon and squash stems by increasing the enzyme activities of hydroxycinnamoyl CoA ligase (HCT), hydroxy cinnamaldehyde dehydrogenase (HCALDH), caffeic acid/5-hydroxy-conifer aldehyde O-methyltransferase (COMT), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-hydroxycinnamate CoA ligase (4CL), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). Using the oriental melon and squash treated with the exogenous MT to graft, the connection of oriental melon scion and squash rootstock was more efficient and faster due to higher expression of wound-induced dedifferentiation 1 (WIND1), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKB1;2), target of monopteros 6 (TMO6), and vascular-related NAC-domain 7 (VND7). Further research found that the exogenous MT increased the lignin content of the oriental melon scion stem by regulating CmCAD1 expression, and then accelerated the graft healing process. In addition, the root growth of grafted seedlings treated with the exogenous MT was more vigorous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jieying Guo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Fang Wu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hanqi Yu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jiahuan Min
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yingtong Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Changhua Tan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanwei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Chuanqiang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Kaseb MO, Umer MJ, Lu X, He N, Anees M, El-Remaly E, Yousef AF, Salama EAA, Kalaji HM, Liu W. Comparative physiological and biochemical mechanisms in diploid, triploid, and tetraploid watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) grafted by branches. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4993. [PMID: 36973331 PMCID: PMC10043263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed production for polyploid watermelons is costly, complex, and labor-intensive. Tetraploid and triploid plants produce fewer seeds/fruit, and triploid embryos have a harder seed coat and are generally weaker than diploid seeds. In this study, we propagated tetraploid and triploid watermelons by grafting cuttings onto gourd rootstock (C. maxima × C. mochata). We used three different scions: the apical meristem (AM), one-node (1N), and two-node (2N) branches of diploid, triploid, and tetraploid watermelon plants. We then evaluated the effects of grafting on plant survival, some biochemical traits, oxidants, antioxidants, and hormone levels at different time points. We found significant differences between the polyploid watermelons when the 1N was used as a scion. Tetraploid watermelons had the highest survival rates and the highest levels of hormones, carbohydrates, and antioxidant activity compared to diploid watermelons, which may explain the high compatibility of tetraploid watermelons and the deterioration of the graft zone in diploid watermelons. Our results show that hormone production and enzyme activity with high carbohydrate content, particularly in the 2-3 days after transplantation, contribute to a high survival rate. Sugar application resulted in increased carbohydrate accumulation in the grafted combination. This study also presents an alternative and cost-effective approach to producing more tetraploid and triploid watermelon plants for breeding and seed production by using branches as sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Omar Kaseb
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Fruits and Cucurbits Biological Science in South Asia, Zhengzhou, 450009, China.
- Cross Pollenated Plants Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 12611, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Jawad Umer
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Fruits and Cucurbits Biological Science in South Asia, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xuqiang Lu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Fruits and Cucurbits Biological Science in South Asia, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Nan He
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Fruits and Cucurbits Biological Science in South Asia, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Muhammad Anees
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Fruits and Cucurbits Biological Science in South Asia, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Eman El-Remaly
- Cross Pollenated Plants Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 12611, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Fathy Yousef
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Azhar (Branch Assiut), Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ehab A A Salama
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, TNAU, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Hazem M Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, National Research Institute, Falenty, Al. Hrabska 3, 05-090, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Wenge Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Fruits and Cucurbits Biological Science in South Asia, Zhengzhou, 450009, China.
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Liu Q, Wang X, Zhao Y, Xiao F, Yang Y. Transcriptome and physiological analyses reveal new insights into delayed incompatibility formed by interspecific grafting. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4574. [PMID: 36941326 PMCID: PMC10027664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pinus elliottii used as rootstock instead of homologous rootstock, have been proved to accelerate early growth of the scion (Pinus massoniana), for cultivation of large diameter wood. However, the basal diameter of scions in heterologous grafts was significantly smaller than self-graft 10 years later, according to field investigation, which was opposed to cultivation objectives. Although advantage of heterologous grafts has been reported, less is known about the long term effect of heterologous rootstock on scions of P. massoniana. The aim of present study was to investigate the mechanism of the above difference. Toward this aim, the growth traits and physiological characteristics of scions in the two graft groups were studied, and the underlying mechanism was preliminarily explored through transcriptome sequencing technology. Results showed that scions of heterologous grafts had less TSCA compared to self-grafts, while no significant difference of plant height, number of branches and canopy volume between two graft groups. Besides, scion leaves of heterologous grafts displayed higher antioxidant enzyme activity and lower chlorophyll content. And interactions between rootstocks and scions had also changed the mineral element composition of scion leaves. Compared with homologous grafts, scion leaves of heterologous grafts accumulated more K+, Mg2+ and Zn2+, but less Ca2+,which have been proved to be conducive to the growth of stem diameter of P. massoniana. Moreover, a comparative transcriptome analysis of two graft groups showed that DEGs between them were mainly caused by the specificity of rootstock. GO and KEGG analysis found that heterologous rootstock had different gene expression preferences, and the gene expression level between rootstocks and scions were significantly different, such as auxin auxin-related genes and stress responsive genes. That may imply that auxin pathway played an important role not only in grafting healing process, but also in maintaining the growth between scion and stock. Summary of all above results, we concluded that the long term effect of heterologous rootstock on scions may be unsatisfactory with the later rapidly growth of scion, probably due to delayed graft incompatibility between scion and stock of heterologous grafts. This study may remind us that the long-term growth of the scion deserves attention as well as the healing process, which could also provide a basis for delayed graft incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yao Yang
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Hou Y, Qin X, Qiu H, Li D, Xu N, Zhang S, Fang C, Li H. Metabolite profiling and transcriptome analyses provide insight into the regulatory network of graft incompatibility in litchi. Front Genet 2023; 13:1059333. [PMID: 36685870 PMCID: PMC9849251 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1059333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Litchi is an important commercial fruit crop widely grown in the world. Graft incompatibility between rootstocks and scions is a major constraint for large-scale cultivation of litchi orchards, popularization of new and excellent litchi varieties, and associated industrial development. Further, the genetic mechanism of graft incompatibility is still unclear in litchi. To reduce the incompatibility problems, this study investigated metabolic and transcriptomic differences between graft compatible and incompatible rootstock-scion combinations of litchi. The result of metabolomics analysis showed that incompatible rootstock-scion interaction modified the profiles of several metabolic substances. However, various compounds of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and lignin predominantly exhibited significantly altered abundance in graft incompatible combinations. Transcriptome analysis identified that graft incompatibility induces dynamic gene differences. The majority of these differentially expressed genes were enriched in biosynthetic pathways of phenylpropanoids. The differential expressions of genes in these pathways could be linked to the differential abundance levels of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and lignin compounds. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed a strong relationship between differential genes and differential metabolites identified in this study. In addition, identified hub genes and metabolites were closely associated with graft incompatibility of litchi. This study characterized the abundance of metabolites and genes in graft incompatible combinations and further discussed the genetic mechanism of graft incompatibility in litchi. Our results provide a platform to dissect the molecular mechanisms of graft incompatibility in the litchi fruit.
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Tzeela P, Yechezkel S, Serero O, Eliyahu A, Sherf S, Manni Y, Doron-Faigenboim A, Carmelli-Weissberg M, Shaya F, Dwivedi V, Sadot E. Comparing adventitious root-formation and graft-unification abilities in clones of Argania spinosa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1002703. [PMID: 36452103 PMCID: PMC9702570 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1002703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Argania spinosa trees have attracted attention in recent years due to their high resistance to extreme climate conditions. Initial domestication activities practiced in Morocco. Here we report on selection and vegetative propagation of A. spinosa trees grown in Israel. Trees yielding relatively high amounts of fruit were propagated by rooting of stem cuttings. High variability in rooting ability was found among the 30 clones selected. In-depth comparison of a difficult-to-root (ARS7) and easy-to-root (ARS1) clone revealed that the rooted cuttings of ARS7 have a lower survival rate than those of ARS1. In addition, histological analysis of the adventitious root primordia showed many abnormal fused primordia in ARS7. Hormone profiling revealed that while ARS1 accumulates more cytokinin, ARS7 accumulates more auxin, suggesting different auxin-to-cytokinin ratios underlying the different rooting capabilities. The hypothesized relationship between rooting and grafting abilities was addressed. Reciprocal grafting was performed with ARS1/ARS7 but no significant differences in the success of graft unification between the trees was detected. Accordingly, comparative RNA sequencing of the rooting and grafting zones showed more differentially expressed genes related to rooting than to grafting between the two trees. Clustering, KEGG and Venn analyses confirmed enrichment of genes related to auxin metabolism, transport and signaling, cytokinin metabolism and signaling, cell wall modification and cell division in both regions. In addition, the differential expression of some key genes in ARS1 vs. ARS7 rooting zones was revealed. Taken together, while both adventitious root-formation and graft-unification processes share response to wounding, cell reprogramming, cell division, cell differentiation and reconnection of the vasculature, there are similar, but also many different genes regulating the two processes. Therefore an individual genotype can have low rooting capacity but good graft-unification ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pann Tzeela
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sela Yechezkel
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ori Serero
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avi Eliyahu
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sara Sherf
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yair Manni
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Mira Carmelli-Weissberg
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Felix Shaya
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Vikas Dwivedi
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Einat Sadot
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Xu C, Wu F, Guo J, Hou S, Wu X, Xin Y. Transcriptomic analysis and physiological characteristics of exogenous naphthylacetic acid application to regulate the healing process of oriental melon grafted onto squash. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13980. [PMID: 36128197 PMCID: PMC9482769 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant graft healing process is an intricate development influenced by numerous endogenous and environmental factors. This process involves the histological changes, physiological and biochemical reactions, signal transduction, and hormone exchanges in the grafting junction. Studies have shown that applying exogenous plant growth regulators can effectively promote the graft healing process and improve the quality of grafted plantlets. However, the physiological and molecular mechanism of graft healing formation remains unclear. In our present study, transcriptome changes in the melon and cucurbita genomes were analyzed between control and NAA treatment, and we provided the first view of complex networks to regulate graft healing under exogenous NAA application. The results showed that the exogenous NAA application could accelerate the graft healing process of oriental melon scion grafted onto squash rootstock through histological observation, increase the SOD, POD, PAL, and PPO activities during graft union development and enhance the contents of IAA, GA3, and ZR except for the IL stage. The DEGs were identified in the plant hormone signal-transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism through transcriptome analysis of CK vs. NAA at the IL, CA, and VB stage by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Moreover, the exogenous NAA application significantly promoted the expression of genes involved in the hormone signal-transduction pathway, ROS scavenging system, and vascular bundle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqiang Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China,College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Wu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China,College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jieying Guo
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China,College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuan Hou
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China,College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaofang Wu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China,College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Xin
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China,College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Kaseb MO, Umer MJ, Anees M, Zhu H, Zhao S, Lu X, He N, El-Remaly E, El-Eslamboly A, Yousef AF, Salama EAA, Alrefaei AF, Kalaji HM, Liu W. Transcriptome Profiling to Dissect the Role of Genome Duplication on Graft Compatibility Mechanisms in Watermelon. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:575. [PMID: 35453774 PMCID: PMC9029962 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a popular crop worldwide. Compared to diploid seeded watermelon, triploid seedless watermelon cultivars are in great demand. Grafting in triploid and tetraploid watermelon produces few seedlings. To learn more about how genome duplication affects graft compatibility, we compared the transcriptomes of tetraploid and diploid watermelons grafted on squash rootstock using a splicing technique. WGCNA was used to compare the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between diploid and tetraploid watermelon grafted seedlings at 0, 3, and 15 days after grafting (DAG). Only four gene networks/modules correlated significantly with phenotypic characteristics. We found 11 genes implicated in hormone, AOX, and starch metabolism in these modules based on intramodular significance and RT-qPCR. Among these genes, two were linked with IAA (r2 = 0.81), one with ZR (r2 = 0.85) and one with POD (r2 = 0.74). In the MElightsteelblue1 module, Cla97C11G224830 gene was linked with CAT (r2 = 0.81). Two genes from the MEivory module, Cla97C07G139710 and Cla97C04G077300, were highly linked with SOD (r2 = 0.72). Cla97C01G023850 and Cla97C01G006680 from the MEdarkolivegreen module were associated with sugars and starch (r2 = 0.87). Tetraploid grafted seedlings had higher survival rates and hormone, AOX, sugar, and starch levels than diploids. We believe that compatibility is a complicated issue that requires further molecular research. We found that genome duplication dramatically altered gene expression in the grafted plants' IAA and ZR signal transduction pathways and AOX biosynthesis pathways, regulating hormone levels and improving plant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Omar Kaseb
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Fruits and Cucurbits Biological Science in South Asia, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.O.K.); (M.J.U.); (M.A.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (N.H.)
- Cross Pollenated Plants Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12119, Egypt; (E.E.-R.); (A.E.-E.)
| | - Muhammad Jawad Umer
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Fruits and Cucurbits Biological Science in South Asia, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.O.K.); (M.J.U.); (M.A.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (N.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Muhammad Anees
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Fruits and Cucurbits Biological Science in South Asia, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.O.K.); (M.J.U.); (M.A.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Hongju Zhu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Fruits and Cucurbits Biological Science in South Asia, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.O.K.); (M.J.U.); (M.A.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Shengjie Zhao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Fruits and Cucurbits Biological Science in South Asia, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.O.K.); (M.J.U.); (M.A.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Xuqiang Lu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Fruits and Cucurbits Biological Science in South Asia, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.O.K.); (M.J.U.); (M.A.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Nan He
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Fruits and Cucurbits Biological Science in South Asia, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.O.K.); (M.J.U.); (M.A.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Eman El-Remaly
- Cross Pollenated Plants Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12119, Egypt; (E.E.-R.); (A.E.-E.)
| | - Ahmed El-Eslamboly
- Cross Pollenated Plants Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12119, Egypt; (E.E.-R.); (A.E.-E.)
| | - Ahmed F. Yousef
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University (Branch Assiut), Assiut 71524, Egypt;
| | - Ehab A. A. Salama
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt;
| | - Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 1145, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hazem M. Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences–National Research Institute (ITP), 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
| | - Wenge Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Fruits and Cucurbits Biological Science in South Asia, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.O.K.); (M.J.U.); (M.A.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (N.H.)
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8
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A Study of Shoot Growth, Leaf Photosynthesis, and Nutrients in ‘Lingfengjing’ Litchi Grafted onto Seedlings of Different Cultivars. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8040282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is one of the important fruit crops in southern China. ‘Lingfengnuo’ (LFN) is a new late-maturing litchi variety which has gained great popularity among consumers and growers due to its high quality and reliable productivity. However, there has been limited research on the graft compatibility of LFN on different rootstocks, which is important for selecting the optimal rootstocks for propagation, and thus application of this new cultivar. In this study, LFN scions were grafted onto one-year-old seedlings from 13 cultivars including ‘Heiye’ (HY), ‘Shakeng’ (SK), ‘Hehuadahongli’ (HHDHL), ‘Maguili’ (MGL), ‘Xiaojinzhong’ (XJZ), ‘Huaizhi’ (HZ), ‘Chenzi’ (CZ), ‘Shangshuhuai’ (SSH), ‘Baitangying’ (BTY), ‘Shuangjianyuhebao’ (SJYHB), ‘Jingganghongnuo’ (JGHN), ‘Baila’ (BL), and ‘Shuidong’ (SD). Graft success, morphology of the graft joint, shoot growth, leaf photosynthetic rate, and nutrients were compared. Graft success was highest for XJZ, HZ, BL and JGHN. Tree vigor, reflected by flush growth, was highest for HZ, followed by JGHN and BTY, but weakest for HY, SD, SJYHB, and XJZ. The stem significantly swelled above the graft joint in trees with rootstocks of HY, SD, and SJYHB seedlings; however, this did not occur in XJZ. Leaf photosynthesis displayed a similar pattern to tree vigor, and was highest for HZ and lowest for HY, SD, and XJZ. These low vigor trees produced flowers the next year after grafting. The result suggested that HZ, JGHN, and BTY seedlings as rootstock are highly compatible with LFN, while those of HY, SD, and SJYHB are poorly compatible. Rootstocks did not significantly influence the leaf N, P, and Fe, but showed significant differences in other minerals. The leaf Ca, Mg, Zn and B were lowest in the trees graft onto HZ seedlings. Based on these results, HZ seedlings are recommended as the best rootstock for the propagation of LFN; however, a supply of Ca, Mg, B and Zn fertilizers a especially needed for LFN trees on HZ seedling rootstock.
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9
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Ji P, Liang C, Yang Y, Wang R, Wang Y, Yuan M, Qiu Z, Cheng Y, Liu J, Li D. Comparisons of Anatomical Characteristics and Transcriptomic Differences between Heterografts and Homografts in Pyrus L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11050580. [PMID: 35270050 PMCID: PMC8912356 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pear (Pyrus L.) is an important temperate fruit worldwide, and grafting is widely used in pear vegetative propagation. However, the mechanisms of graft healing or incompatibility remain poorly understood in Pyrus. To study the differences in graft healing in Pyrus, the homograft "Qingzhen D1/Qingzhen D1" and the heterograft "QAUP-1/Qingzhen D1" as compatibility and incompatibility combinations were compared. Anatomical differences indicated the healing process was faster in homografts than in heterografts. During the healing process, four critical stages in graft union formation were identified in the two types of grafts. The expression of the genes associated with hormone signaling (auxin and cytokinins), and lignin biosynthesis was delayed in the healing process of heterografts. In addition, the PbBglu13 gene, encoded β-glucosidase, was more highly up-regulated in heterografts than in homografts to promote healing. Meanwhile, the most of DEGs related starch and sucrose metabolism were found to be up-regulated in heterografts; those results indicated that cellulose and sugar signals were also involved in graft healing. The results of this study improved the understanding of the differences in the mechanisms of graft healing between homografts and heterografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyu Ji
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (P.J.); (Y.Y.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Chenglin Liang
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang 265200, China;
| | - Yingjie Yang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (P.J.); (Y.Y.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Ran Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (P.J.); (Y.Y.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Yue Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (P.J.); (Y.Y.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Meitong Yuan
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (P.J.); (Y.Y.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Zhiyun Qiu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (P.J.); (Y.Y.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (P.J.); (Y.Y.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianlong Liu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (P.J.); (Y.Y.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Dingli Li
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (P.J.); (Y.Y.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
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10
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Habibi F, Liu T, Folta K, Sarkhosh A. Physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of grafting in fruit trees. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac032. [PMID: 35184166 PMCID: PMC8976691 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a widely used practice for asexual propagation of fruit trees. Many physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes occur upon grafting that can influence important horticultural traits. This technology has many advantages, including avoidance of juvenility, modifying the scion architecture, improving productivity, adapting scion cultivars to unfavourable environmental conditions, and developing traits in resistance to insect pests, bacterial and fungal diseases. A limitation of grafting is scion-rootstock incompatibility. It may be caused by many factors, including insufficient genetic proximity, physiological or biochemical factors, lignification at the graft union, poor graft architecture, insufficient cell recognition between union tissues, and metabolic differences in the scion and the rootstock. Plant hormones, like auxin, ethylene (ET), cytokinin (CK), gibberellin (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), and jasmonic acid (JA) orchestrate several crucial physiological and biochemical processes happening at the site of the graft union. Additionally, epigenetic changes at the union affect chromatin architecture by DNA methylation, histone modification, and the action of small RNA molecules. The mechanism triggering these effects likely is affected by hormonal crosstalk, protein and small molecules movement, nutrients uptake, and transport in the grafted trees. This review provides an overview of the basis of physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of fruit tree grafting between scion and rootstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Habibi
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Tie Liu
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Kevin Folta
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Ali Sarkhosh
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
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11
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Chambaud C, Cookson SJ, Ollat N, Bayer E, Brocard L. A correlative light electron microscopy approach reveals plasmodesmata ultrastructure at the graft interface. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:44-55. [PMID: 34687300 PMCID: PMC8774839 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent progress in our understanding of graft union formation, we still know little about the cellular events underlying the grafting process. This is partially due to the difficulty of reliably targeting the graft interface in electron microscopy to study its ultrastructure and three-dimensional architecture. To overcome this technological bottleneck, we developed a correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM) approach to study the graft interface with high ultrastructural resolution. Grafting hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing yellow FP or monomeric red FP in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) allowed efficient targeting of the grafting interface for examination under light and electron microscopy. To explore the potential of our method to study sub-cellular events at the graft interface, we focused on the formation of secondary plasmodesmata (PD) between the grafted partners. We showed that four classes of PD were formed at the interface and that PD introgression into the cell wall was initiated equally by both partners. Moreover, the success of PD formation appeared not systematic with a third of PD not spanning the cell wall entirely. Characterizing the ultrastructural characteristics of these incomplete PD gives us insights into the process of secondary PD biogenesis. We found that the establishment of successful symplastic connections between the scion and rootstock occurred predominantly in the presence of thin cell walls and ER-plasma membrane tethering. The resolution reached in this work shows that our CLEM method advances the study of biological processes requiring the combination of light and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Chambaud
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sarah Jane Cookson
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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12
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Xu C, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Liu Y, Xu X, Li T. Transcriptomic analysis of melon/squash graft junction reveals molecular mechanisms potentially underlying the graft union development. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12569. [PMID: 34993019 PMCID: PMC8675255 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino) has become a widely planted horticultural crop in China especially in recent years and has been subjected to the grafting technique for the improvement of cultivation and stress resistance. Although grafting has a long history in horticulture, there is little known about the molecular mechanisms of the graft healing process in oriental melon. This study aims to reveal the molecular changes involved in the graft healing process. In the present work, anatomical observations indicated that the 2, 6, and 9 DAG were three critical stages for the graft healing and therefore, were selected for the subsequent high-throughput RNA-seq analysis. A total of 1,950 and 1,313 DEGs were identified by comparing IL vs. CA and CA vs. VB libraries, respectively. More DEGs in the melon scion exhibited abundant transcriptional changes compared to the squash rootstock, providing increased metabolic activity and thus more material basis for the graft healing formation in the scion. Several DEGs were enriched in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and carbon metabolism. In addition, the results showed that concentrations of IAA, GA3, and ZR were induced in the graft junctions. In conclusion, our study determined that genes involved in the hormone-signaling pathway and lignin biosynthesis played the essential roles during graft healing. These findings expand our current understandings of the molecular basis of the graft junction formation and facilitate the improvement and success of melon grafting in future production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqiang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingzhe Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yiling Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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13
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Yang Y, Huang Q, Wang X, Mei J, Sharma A, Tripathi DK, Yuan H, Zheng B. Genome-wide identification and expression profiles of ABCB gene family in Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) during grafting. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:477-487. [PMID: 34757298 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) is an important nut tree species native to China. Excessive plant height and long juvenile phase has restricted development of its industry. Recently, grafting has been used increasingly in production practice of this species to solve the problems above. Previous studies have proved the importance of auxin during Chinese hickory grafting. However, the function of ATP-binding cassette subfamily B (ABCB) genes during Chinese hickory grafting is less studied. In this study, 23 ABCB genes were identified and characterized in Chinese hickory (CcABCBs). The expression profiles of auxin-related ABCBs among tissues, under auxin-related phytohormone treatments and during grafting were determined. CcABCB proteins were divided into half-size and full-size transporters. Many phytohormone-related cis-acting regulatory elements were detected on the promoters of CcABCB genes. Four CcABCB genes homologous to auxin-related AtABCB1, 6, 19 and 20 in Arabidopsis were selected for expression analysis. The four genes displayed varying expression patterns in different tissues of Chinese hickory. Expressions of the four CcABCB genes were regulated by auxin-related phytohormones to varying degrees. Expression levels of the four genes were significantly changed at different stages of grafting, especially 7 days after grafting, indicating their involvement of auxin homeostasis regulation during grafting. In addition, the expressions of CcABCB1 were regulated by IAA and NPA treatments during grafting in comparison with CK treatment, while expressions of the other 3 CcABCB genes were slightly affected. This study will lay the foundation for understanding the potential regulatory roles of CcABCB genes during Chinese hickory grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Huwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Li Y, Zhao D. Transcriptome analysis of scions grafted to potato rootstock for improving late blight resistance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:272. [PMID: 34130637 PMCID: PMC8204497 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late blight seriously threatens potato cultivation worldwide. The severe and widespread damage caused by the fungal pathogen can lead to drastic decreases in potato yield. Although grafting technology has been widely used to improve crop resistance, the effects of grafting on potato late blight resistance as well as the associated molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, we performed RNA transcriptome sequencing analysis and the late blight resistance testing of the scion when the potato late blight-resistant variety Qingshu 9 and the susceptible variety Favorita were used as the rootstock and scion, respectively, and vice versa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the rootstock on scion disease resistance and to clarify the related molecular mechanisms. RESULTS A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the expression levels of genes related to plant-pathogen interactions, plant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways were significantly up-regulated in the scion when Qingshu 9 was used as the rootstock. Some of these genes encoded calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), chitin elicitor receptor kinases (CERKs), LRR receptor serine/threonine protein kinases (LRR-LRKs), NPR family proteins in the salicylic acid synthesis pathway, and MAPKs which were potato late blight response proteins. When Favorita was used as the rootstock, only a few genes of late blight response genes were upregulated in the scion of Qingshu 9. Grafted plants using resistant variety as rootstocks inoculated with P. infestans spores showed significant reductions in lesion size while no significant difference in lesion size was observed when susceptible variety was used as the rootstock. We also showed that this induction of disease resistance in scions, especially scions derived from susceptible potato varieties was mediated by the up-regulation of expression of genes involved in plant disease resistance in scions. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that potato grafting using late blight resistant varieties as rootstocks could render or enhance resistance to late blight in scions derived from susceptible varieties via up-regulating the expression of disease resistant genes in scions. The results provide the basis for exploring the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of rootstocks on scion disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University/Agricultural Bioengineering Institute, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Degang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University/Agricultural Bioengineering Institute, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Guizhou Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550006, China.
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15
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The Impact of Metabolic Scion-Rootstock Interactions in Different Grapevine Tissues and Phloem Exudates. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060349. [PMID: 34070718 PMCID: PMC8228596 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In viticulture, grafting is used to propagate Phylloxera-susceptible European grapevines, thereby using resistant American rootstocks. Although scion–rootstock reciprocal signaling is essential for the formation of a proper vascular union and for coordinated growth, our knowledge of graft partner interactions is very limited. In order to elucidate the scale and the content of scion–rootstock metabolic interactions, we profiled the metabolome of eleven graft combination in leaves, stems, and phloem exudate from both above and below the graft union 5–6 months after grafting. We compared the metabolome of scions vs. rootstocks of homografts vs. heterografts and investigated the reciprocal effect of the rootstock on the scion metabolome. This approach revealed that (1) grafting has a minor impact on the metabolome of grafted grapevines when tissues and genotypes were compared, (2) heterografting affects rootstocks more than scions, (3) the presence of a heterologous grafting partner increases defense-related compounds in both scion and rootstocks in shorter and longer distances from the graft, and (4) leaves were revealed as the best tissue to search for grafting-related metabolic markers. These results will provide a valuable metabolomics resource for scion–rootstock interaction studies and will facilitate future efforts on the identification of metabolic markers for important agronomic traits in grafted grapevines.
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16
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Zhai L, Wang X, Tang D, Qi Q, Yer H, Jiang X, Han Z, McAvoy R, Li W, Li Y. Molecular and physiological characterization of the effects of auxin-enriched rootstock on grafting. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:74. [PMID: 33790234 PMCID: PMC8012700 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a highly useful technique, and its success largely depends on graft union formation. In this study, we found that root-specific expression of the auxin biosynthetic gene iaaM in tobacco, when used as rootstock, resulted in more rapid callus formation and faster graft healing. However, overexpression of the auxin-inactivating iaaL gene in rootstocks delayed graft healing. We observed increased endogenous auxin levels and auxin-responsive DR5::GUS expression in scions of WT/iaaM grafts compared with those found in WT/WT grafts, which suggested that auxin is transported upward from rootstock to scion tissues. A transcriptome analysis showed that auxin enhanced graft union formation through increases in the expression of genes involved in graft healing in both rootstock and scion tissues. We also observed that the ethylene biosynthetic gene ACS1 and the ethylene-responsive gene ERF5 were upregulated in both scions and rootstocks of the WT/iaaM grafts. Furthermore, exogenous applications of the ethylene precursor ACC to the junction of WT/WT grafts promoted graft union formation, whereas application of the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor AVG delayed graft healing in WT/WT grafts, and the observed delay was less pronounced in the WT/iaaM grafts. These results demonstrated that elevated auxin levels in the iaaM rootstock in combination with the increased auxin levels in scions caused by upward transport/diffusion enhanced graft union formation and that ethylene was partially responsible for the effects of auxin on grafting. Our findings showed that grafting success can be enhanced by increasing the auxin levels in rootstocks using transgenic or gene-editing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longmei Zhai
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Dan Tang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Qi Qi
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Huseyin Yer
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Richard McAvoy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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Cui Q, Xie L, Dong C, Gao L, Shang Q. Stage-specific events in tomato graft formation and the regulatory effects of auxin and cytokinin. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110803. [PMID: 33568302 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is widely used worldwide because of its obvious advantages, especially in solanaceous vegetable crops. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying graft formation are unknown. In this study, internode tissues from above and below the graft junction were harvested, and we performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to describe the temporal and spatial transcriptional dynamics that occur during graft formation in tomato. The wounding stress response involved in JA, ETH, and oxylipins mainly occurred at 1 h after grafting (HAG). From 3 to 12 HAG, the biological processes of snRNA and snoRNA modification and the gibberellin-mediated signaling pathway functioned both above and below the graft junction. However, auxin transport and signaling, DNA replication, and xylem and phloem pattern formation were restricted to the scion, whereas the cytokinin-activated signaling pathway and the cellular response to sucrose starvation was restricted to the rootstock. At 24-72 HAG, cell division occurred above the graft junction, and photosynthesis-related pathways were activated below the graft junction. The levels of auxin and cytokinin reached their maxima above and below the graft junction at 12 HAG, respectively. Exogenous application of certain concentrations of IAA and 6-BA will promote xylem and phloem transport capacity. The current work has analyzed the stage-specific events and hub genes during the developmental progression of tomato grafting. We found that auxin and cytokinin levels respond to grafting, above and below the graft junction, respectively, to promote the formation of xylem and phloem patterning. In addition, the accumulation of auxin above the graft junction induced cells to prepare for mitosis and promoted the formation of callus. In short, our work provides an important reference for theoretical research and production application of tomato grafting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lulu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunjuan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingmao Shang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Pina A, Irisarri P, Errea P, Zhebentyayeva T. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci Associated With Graft (In)Compatibility in Apricot ( Prunus armeniaca L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:622906. [PMID: 33679836 PMCID: PMC7933020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.622906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Graft incompatibility (GI) between the most popular Prunus rootstocks and apricot cultivars is one of the major problems for rootstock usage and improvement. Failure in producing long-leaving healthy grafts greatly affects the range of available Prunus rootstocks for apricot cultivation. Despite recent advances related to the molecular mechanisms of a graft-union formation between rootstock and scion, information on genetic control of this trait in woody plants is essentially missing because of a lack of hybrid crosses, segregating for the trait. In this study, we have employed the next-generation sequencing technology to generate the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and construct parental linkage maps for an apricot F1 population "Moniqui (Mo)" × "Paviot (Pa)" segregating for ability to form successful grafts with universal Prunus rootstock "Marianna 2624". To localize genomic regions associated with this trait, we genotyped 138 individuals from the "Mo × Pa" cross and constructed medium-saturated genetic maps. The female "Mo" and male "Pa" maps were composed of 557 and 501 SNPs and organized in eight linkage groups that covered 780.2 and 690.4 cM of genetic distance, respectively. Parental maps were aligned to the Prunus persica v2.0 genome and revealed a high colinearity with the Prunus reference map. Two-year phenotypic data for characters associated with unsuccessful grafting such as necrotic line (NL), bark and wood discontinuities (BD and WD), and an overall estimate of graft (in)compatibility (GI) were collected for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on both parental maps. On the map of the graft-compatible parent "Pa", two genomic regions on LG5 (44.9-60.8 cM) and LG8 (33.2-39.2 cM) were associated with graft (in)compatibility characters at different significance level, depending on phenotypic dataset. Of these, the LG8 QTL interval was most consistent between the years and supported by two significant and two putative QTLs. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on QTLs for graft (in)compatibility in woody plants. Results of this work will provide a valuable genomic resource for apricot breeding programs and facilitate future efforts focused on candidate genes discovery for graft (in)compatibility in apricot and other Prunus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pina
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Patricia Irisarri
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Errea
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tetyana Zhebentyayeva
- The Schatz Center for Tree Molecular Genetics, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Amri R, Font i Forcada C, Giménez R, Pina A, Moreno MÁ. Biochemical Characterization and Differential Expression of PAL Genes Associated With "Translocated" Peach/Plum Graft-Incompatibility. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:622578. [PMID: 33679835 PMCID: PMC7933046 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.622578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is an ancient plant propagation technique widely used in horticultural crops, particularly in fruit trees. However, the involvement of two different species in grafting may lead to lack of affinity and severe disorders between the graft components, known as graft-incompatibility. This complex agronomic trait is traditionally classified into two categories: "localized" (weak graft unions with breaks in cambial and vascular continuity at the graft interface and absence of visual symptoms in scion leaves and shoots) and "translocated" (degeneration of the sieve tubes and phloem companion cells at the graft interface causing translocation problems in neighboring tissues, and reddening/yellowing of scion leaves). Over the decades, more attention has been given to the different mechanisms underlying the "localized" type of graft-incompatibility; whereas the phenylpropanoid-derived compounds and the differential gene expression associated with the "translocated" graft-incompatibility remain unstudied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to shed light on the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in the typical "translocated" graft-incompatibility of peach/plum graft-combinations. In this study, the "Summergrand" (SG) nectarine cultivar was budded on two plum rootstocks: "Adara" and "Damas GF 1869". "Translocated" symptoms of incompatibility were shown and biochemically characterized in the case of "SG/Damas GF 1869" graft-combination, 3 years after grafting. Non-structural carbohydrates (soluble sugars and starch), phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, were significantly enhanced in the incompatible graft-combination scion. Similarly, the enzymatic activities of the antioxidant enzyme peroxidase, the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway were significantly affected by the incompatible rootstock "Damas GF 1869", inducing higher activities in the scion than those induced by the compatible rootstock "Adara". In addition, a positive and strong correlation was obtained between total phenol content, antioxidant capacity and the expression of the key genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway, PAL1 and PAL2. Regarding the "SG/Adara" graft-combination, there were neither external symptoms of "translocated" incompatibility nor significant differences in the biochemical and molecular parameters between scion and rootstock, proving it to be a compatible combination. The differential expression of PAL genes together with the biochemical factors cited above could be good markers for the "translocated" peach/plum graft-incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Amri
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei - CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carolina Font i Forcada
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei - CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
- IRTA Fruitcentre, PCiTAL, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rosa Giménez
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei - CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Pina
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Moreno
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei - CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
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Kapazoglou A, Tani E, Avramidou EV, Abraham EM, Gerakari M, Megariti S, Doupis G, Doulis AG. Epigenetic Changes and Transcriptional Reprogramming Upon Woody Plant Grafting for Crop Sustainability in a Changing Environment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:613004. [PMID: 33510757 PMCID: PMC7835530 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.613004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant grafting is an ancient agricultural practice widely employed in crops such as woody fruit trees, grapes, and vegetables, in order to improve plant performance. Successful grafting requires the interaction of compatible scion and rootstock genotypes. This involves an intricate network of molecular mechanisms operating at the graft junction and associated with the development and the physiology of the scion, ultimately leading to improved agricultural characteristics such as fruit quality and increased tolerance/resistance to abiotic and biotic factors. Bidirectional transfer of molecular signals such as hormones, nutrients, proteins, and nucleic acids from the rootstock to the scion and vice versa have been well documented. In recent years, studies on rootstock-scion interactions have proposed the existence of an epigenetic component in grafting reactions. Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and the action of small RNA molecules are known to modulate chromatin architecture, leading to gene expression changes and impacting cellular function. Mobile small RNAs (siRNAs) migrating across the graft union from the rootstock to the scion and vice versa mediate modifications in the DNA methylation pattern of the recipient partner, leading to altered chromatin structure and transcriptional reprogramming. Moreover, graft-induced DNA methylation changes and gene expression shifts in the scion have been associated with variations in graft performance. If these changes are heritable they can lead to stably altered phenotypes and affect important agricultural traits, making grafting an alternative to breeding for the production of superior plants with improved traits. However, most reviews on the molecular mechanisms underlying this process comprise studies related to vegetable grafting. In this review we will provide a comprehensive presentation of the current knowledge on the epigenetic changes and transcriptional reprogramming associated with the rootstock-scion interaction focusing on woody plant species, including the recent findings arising from the employment of advanced-omics technologies as well as transgrafting methodologies and their potential exploitation for generating superior quality grafts in woody species. Furthermore, will discuss graft-induced heritable epigenetic changes leading to novel plant phenotypes and their implication to woody crop improvement for yield, quality, and stress resilience, within the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliki Kapazoglou
- Department of Vitis, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture (IOSV), Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter), Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Tani
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia V. Avramidou
- Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems, Athens, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter), Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni M. Abraham
- Laboratory of Range Science, Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Gerakari
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatia Megariti
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Doupis
- Department of Viticulture, Vegetable Crops, Floriculture and Plant Protection, Institute of Olive Tree, Sub-Tropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter) (fr. NAGREF), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Andreas G. Doulis
- Department of Viticulture, Vegetable Crops, Floriculture and Plant Protection, Institute of Olive Tree, Sub-Tropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter) (fr. NAGREF), Heraklion, Greece
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21
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Xiong M, Liu C, Guo L, Wang J, Wu X, Li L, Bie Z, Huang Y. Compatibility Evaluation and Anatomical Observation of Melon Grafted Onto Eight Cucurbitaceae Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:762889. [PMID: 34745194 PMCID: PMC8563831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.762889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Melon (Cucumis melo) is one of the top 10 fruits in the world, and its production often suffers due to soil-borne diseases. Grafting is an effective way to solve this problem. However, graft incompatibility between scion and rootstock limits the application of melon grafting. In this study, the melon was grafted onto eight Cucurbitaceae species (cucumber, pumpkin, melon, luffa, wax gourd, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, and watermelon), and graft compatibility evaluation and anatomical observation were conducted. Taking melon homo-grafted plants as control, melon grafted onto cucumber and pumpkin rootstocks was compatible, while melon grafted onto luffa, wax gourd, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, and watermelon rootstocks was incompatible based on the scion dry weight on day 42 after grafting. Meanwhile, we found that starch-iodine staining of scion stem base is an index to predict graft compatibility earlier, on day 14 after grafting. Further, microsection observations showed that there was more cell proliferation at graft junction of melon hetero-grafted combinations; vascular reconnection occurred in all graft combinations. However, excess callose deposited at graft junction resulted in the blockage of photosynthate transport, thus, leading to starch accumulation in scion stem base, and finally graft incompatibility. In addition, undegraded necrotic layer fragments were observed at graft junctions of melon grafted onto incompatible bitter gourd and watermelon rootstocks. The above results provide clues for the selection and breeding of compatible Cucurbitaceae rootstocks of melon and demonstrate that starch accumulation in scion base and callose deposition at graft junction is associated with melon graft compatibility.
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22
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Kawakatsu Y, Sawai Y, Kurotani KI, Shiratake K, Notaguchi M. An in vitro grafting method to quantify mechanical forces of adhering tissues. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:451-458. [PMID: 33850433 PMCID: PMC8034679 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0925a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is an indispensable agricultural technology for propagating useful tree varieties and obtaining beneficial traits of two varieties/species-as stock and scion-at the same time. Recent studies of molecular events during grafting have revealed dynamic physiological and transcriptomic changes. Strategies focused on specific grafting steps are needed to further associate each physiological and molecular event with those steps. In this study, we developed a method to investigate the tissue adhesion event, an early grafting step, by improving an artificial in vitro grafting system in which two pieces of 1.5-mm thick Nicotiana benthamiana cut stem sections were combined and cultured on medium. We prepared a silicone sheet containing five special cutouts for adhesion of cut stem slices. We quantitatively measured the adhesive force at these grafting interfaces using a force gauge and found that graft adhesion started 2 days after grafting, with the adhesive force gradually increasing over time. After confirming the positive effect of auxin on grafting by this method, we tested the effect of cellulase treatment and observed significant enhancement of graft tissue adhesion. Compared with the addition of auxin or cellulase individually, the adhesive force was stronger when both auxin and cellulase were added simultaneously. The in vitro grafting method developed in this study is thus useful for examining the process of graft adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaichi Kawakatsu
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yu Sawai
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kurotani
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Shiratake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- E-mail: Tel & Fax: +81-52-789-5714
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23
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Loupit G, Cookson SJ. Identifying Molecular Markers of Successful Graft Union Formation and Compatibility. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610352. [PMID: 33343610 PMCID: PMC7738326 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a technique used for millennia for vegetative propagation, especially in perennial fruit crops. This method, used on woody and herbaceous plants, can improve several agronomic characteristics, such as yield or vigor, as well as tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, some scion/rootstock combinations suffer from poor graft compatibility, i.e., they are unable to form and/or sustain a successful graft union. Identifying symptoms of graft incompatibility is difficult because they are not always present in the first years after grafting and in most cases the causes of incompatibility are still poorly understood. Studies of changes in transcript abundance during graft union formation indicate that grafting responses are similar to responses to wounding and include the differential expression of genes related to hormone signaling, oxidative stress, formation of new vascular vessels, cell development, and secondary metabolites, in particular polyphenols. This review summarizes current knowledge of the changes in transcript abundance, redox status and metabolites accumulation during graft union formation and in cases of graft incompatibility. The goal of this review is to discuss the possibility of identifying marker transcripts, enzyme activities and/or metabolites of grafting success and graft compatibility which could be used to score grafting success for genetic research and in breeding programs. We highlight gaps in current knowledge and potential research directions in this field.
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Assunção M, Santos C, Brazão J, Eiras-Dias JE, Fevereiro P. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying graft success in grapevine. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:396. [PMID: 31510937 PMCID: PMC6737599 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grafting is an intensive commercial practice required to protect the European grapevine against the Phylloxera pest. Rootstocks resistant to this pest are hybrids of American vine species with different levels of compatibility with European Vitis vinifera varieties. Aiming to understand what drives grafting compatibility in grapevine, a transcriptomic approach was used to search for master regulators of graft success. Two scion/rootstock combinations, with different levels of compatibility, were compared in a nursery-grafting context at two stages, at 21 and 80 days after grafting. RESULTS In the most compatible combination, an earlier and higher expression of genes signaling the metabolic and hormonal pathways as well as a reduced expression of genes of the phenolic metabolism and of the oxidative stress response was observed. At 80 days after grafting a higher expression of transcription factors regulating vascular maintenance, differentiation and proliferation was obtained in the most compatible combination. Moreover, lower expression levels of microRNAs potentially targeting important transcription factors related to plant development was observed in the more compatible combination when compared to the less compatible one. CONCLUSION In this context, a set of regulators was selected as potential expression markers for early prediction of a compatible grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Assunção
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - C. Santos
- Genetics and Genomics of Plant Complex Traits (PlantX) Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - J. Brazão
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (Biotechnology and Genetic Genetic Resources Unit) INIAV-Dois Portos, Quinta da Almoínha, 2565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - J. E. Eiras-Dias
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (Biotechnology and Genetic Genetic Resources Unit) INIAV-Dois Portos, Quinta da Almoínha, 2565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - P. Fevereiro
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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25
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Assunção M, Santos C, Brazão J, Eiras-Dias JE, Fevereiro P. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying graft success in grapevine. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:396. [PMID: 31510937 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1967-1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grafting is an intensive commercial practice required to protect the European grapevine against the Phylloxera pest. Rootstocks resistant to this pest are hybrids of American vine species with different levels of compatibility with European Vitis vinifera varieties. Aiming to understand what drives grafting compatibility in grapevine, a transcriptomic approach was used to search for master regulators of graft success. Two scion/rootstock combinations, with different levels of compatibility, were compared in a nursery-grafting context at two stages, at 21 and 80 days after grafting. RESULTS In the most compatible combination, an earlier and higher expression of genes signaling the metabolic and hormonal pathways as well as a reduced expression of genes of the phenolic metabolism and of the oxidative stress response was observed. At 80 days after grafting a higher expression of transcription factors regulating vascular maintenance, differentiation and proliferation was obtained in the most compatible combination. Moreover, lower expression levels of microRNAs potentially targeting important transcription factors related to plant development was observed in the more compatible combination when compared to the less compatible one. CONCLUSION In this context, a set of regulators was selected as potential expression markers for early prediction of a compatible grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Assunção
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - C Santos
- Genetics and Genomics of Plant Complex Traits (PlantX) Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - J Brazão
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (Biotechnology and Genetic Genetic Resources Unit) INIAV-Dois Portos, Quinta da Almoínha, 2565-191, Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - J E Eiras-Dias
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (Biotechnology and Genetic Genetic Resources Unit) INIAV-Dois Portos, Quinta da Almoínha, 2565-191, Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - P Fevereiro
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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26
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Cookson S, Prodhomme D, Chambaud C, Hévin C, Valls Fonayet J, Hilbert G, Trossat-Magnin C, Richard T, Bortolami G, Gambetta G, Brocard L, Ollat N. Understanding scion-rootstock interactions at the graft interface of grapevine. ACTA HORTICULTURAE 2019:369-374. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2019.1248.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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27
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Irisarri P, Zhebentyayeva T, Errea P, Pina A. Inheritance of self- and graft-incompatibility traits in an F1 apricot progeny. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216371. [PMID: 31071130 PMCID: PMC6508642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral self-incompatibility affecting yearly yield in a weather-dependent manner and graft incompatibility affecting longevity of mature trees are two important traits for apricot production. However, genetic control of graft compatibility and relationship between these traits are unknown. Here, we analyzed its inheritance in an F1 apricot progeny from a cross between self- and graft- incompatible and self- and graft-compatible cultivars. Hybrid individuals were genotyped for establishing self-incompatibility status and grafted on the plum rootstock ‘Marianna 2624’. Phenotyping of graft incompatibility was done at two time points, one month and one year after grafting. Anatomical (necrotic layer, bark and wood discontinuity for two consecutive years) and cytomorphological (cell proliferation, cell arrangement and cell shape one month after grafting) characteristics related to graft compatibility displayed continuous variation within the progeny, suggesting a polygenic inheritance. Using the Pearson correlation test, strong and significant correlations were detected between anatomical and cytomorphological traits that may reduce the number of characters for screening genotypes or progenies for graft compatibility in segregating crosses. Furthermore, no correlation existed between self- and graft incompatibility traits suggesting that they are independent inheritance traits. Hence, screening an extended hybrid population is required for pyramiding these traits in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Irisarri
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tatyana Zhebentyayeva
- The Schatz Center for Tree Molecular Genetics, Department of Ecosystem Sciences and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pilar Errea
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Pina
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Gautier AT, Chambaud C, Brocard L, Ollat N, Gambetta GA, Delrot S, Cookson SJ. Merging genotypes: graft union formation and scion-rootstock interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:747-755. [PMID: 30481315 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grafting has been utilised for at least the past 7000 years. Historically, grafting has been developed by growers without particular interest beyond the agronomical and ornamental effects, and thus knowledge about grafting has remained largely empirical. Much of the commercial production of fruit, and increasingly vegetables, relies upon grafting with rootstocks to provide resistance to soil-borne pathogens and abiotic stresses as well as to influence scion growth and performance. Although there is considerable agronomic knowledge about the use and selection of rootstocks for many species, we know little of the molecular mechanisms underlying rootstock adaptation to different soil environments and rootstock-conferred modifications of scion phenotypes. Furthermore, the processes involved in the formation of the graft union and graft compatibility are poorly understood despite over a hundred years of scientific study. In this paper, we provide an overview of what is known about grafting and the mechanisms underlying rootstock-scion interactions. We highlight recent studies that have advanced our understanding of graft union formation and outline subjects that require further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine T Gautier
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Clément Chambaud
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, UMS, INRA, Bordeaux Imaging Center, Plant Imaging Plateform, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Serge Delrot
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sarah J Cookson
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Hu F, Chen Z, Zhao J, Wang X, Su W, Qin Y, Hu G. Differential gene expression between the vigorous and dwarf litchi cultivars based on RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208771. [PMID: 30540829 PMCID: PMC6291152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinesis Sonn.) is the most economically significant member of Sapindaceae family, especially in sub-tropical regions. However, its tall tree body often brings many inconveniences to production management. In order to modify the tree size or growth for productivity optimization and simplifying management, it is urgent to reveal the dwarf mechanism of litchi for dwarfing rootstocks or cultivar breeding. However, to date, the mechanisms on litchi dwarfism is still poor known. In the present study, transcriptome profiling were performed on L. chinensis cv. 'Feizixiao' (FZX, vigorous cultivar) and 'Ziniangxi' (ZNX, dwarf cultivar). A total of 55,810 unigenes were obtained, and 9,190 unigenes were differentially expressed between vigorous and dwarf litchi samples. Gene functional enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were related to phytohormone metabolism and signal transduction, and energy metabolism pathways. In particular, GA2ox were only up-regulated in ZNX samples, indicating GA might play an important role in regulating huge difference between vigorous and dwarf litchi cultivars. In addition, the 35S::LcGA2ox transgenic tobacco plants were dwarf and had smaller leaves or branches than wild type plants. Our study provided a series of candidate genes to reveal the mechanism of litchi dwarf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Tree Biology of Hainan Province/Institute of Tropical Fruit Trees, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Science, Haikou, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Tree Biology of Hainan Province/Institute of Tropical Fruit Trees, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Science, Haikou, China
| | - Jietang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianghe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Tree Biology of Hainan Province/Institute of Tropical Fruit Trees, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Science, Haikou, China
| | - Wenbing Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghua Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guibing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhou Y, Underhill SJR. Plasma membrane H + -ATPase activity and graft success of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) onto interspecific rootstocks of marang (A. odoratissimus) and pedalai (A. sericicarpus). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:978-985. [PMID: 30047203 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is primarily grown as a staple tree crop for food security in Oceania. Significant wind damage has driven interest in developing its dwarfing rootstocks. Due to the predominantly vegetative propagation of the species, grafting onto interspecific seedlings is an approach to identifying dwarfing rootstocks. However, grafting of breadfruit onto unrelated Artocarpus species has not been investigated. Here we first report the success of breadfruit grafting onto interspecific rootstocks, marang (A. odoratissimus) and pedalai (A. sericicarpus). To address the low graft survival, we investigated the relationship of plasma membrane (PM) H+ -ATPase activity to graft success. We provide the first evidence for a positive correlation between PM H+ -ATPase activity and graft survival. The graft unions of successful grafts had higher PM H+ -ATPase activity compared to those of failed grafts. Rootstocks with low PM H+ -ATPase activity in leaf microsomes before grafting had lower graft survival than those with high enzyme activity, with graft success of 10% versus 60% and 0% versus 30% for marang and pedalai rootstocks, respectively. There was a positive correlation between graft success and the PM H+ -ATPase activity measured from the rootstock stem microsomes 2 months after grafting [marang, r(7) = 0.9203, P = 0.0004; pedalai (r(7) = 0. 8820, P = 0.0017]. Removal of scion's own roots decreased the leaf PM H+ -ATPase activity of grafted plants regardless of the final graft outcome. Recovery of the enzyme activity was only found in the successful grafts. The function of PM H+ -ATPase in graft union development and graft success improvement is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
| | - S J R Underhill
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
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31
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Identification of miRNAs Associated with Graft Union Development in Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch]. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9080472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] is a high-value fruit tree with a long juvenile period. The fruiting process of pecan seedlings can be largely accelerated through grafting. As non-coding small RNAs, plant miRNAs participate in various biological processes through negative regulation of gene expression. To reveal the roles of miRNAs in the graft union development of pecan, four small RNA libraries were constructed from the graft union at days 0, 8, 15, and 30 after grafting. A total of 47 conserved miRNAs belonging to 31 families and 39 novel miRNAs were identified. For identified miRNAs, 584 target genes were bioinformatically predicted, and 266 of them were annotated; 29 miRNAs (including 16 conserved and 13 novel miRNAs) were differentially expressed during the graft process. The expression profiles of 12 miRNA were further validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). In addition, qRT-PCR revealed that the expression levels of 3 target genes were negatively correlated with their corresponding miRNAs. We found that miRS26 might be involved in callus formation; miR156, miR160, miR164, miR166, and miRS10 might be associated with vascular bundle formation. These results indicate that the miRNA-mediated gene regulations play important roles in the graft union development of pecan.
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Transcriptome dynamics at Arabidopsis graft junctions reveal an intertissue recognition mechanism that activates vascular regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2447-E2456. [PMID: 29440499 PMCID: PMC5878008 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718263115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant grafting is an ancient and agriculturally important technique. Despite its widespread use, little is known about how plants graft. Here, we perform a genome-wide transcriptome analysis of tissues above and below graft junctions. We observed a sequential activation of genes important for vascular development including cambium-, phloem-, and xylem-related genes. Massive changes in gene expression that rapidly differentiate the top of the graft from the bottom occur. These changes disappear as the graft heals and the vasculature reconnects. Many genes below the junction rapidly respond to the presence of attached tissues including genes involved in vascular differentiation and cell division. This intertissue communication process occurs independently of functional vascular connections and acts as a signal to activate vascular regeneration. The ability for cut tissues to join and form a chimeric organism is a remarkable property of many plants; however, grafting is poorly characterized at the molecular level. To better understand this process, we monitored genome-wide gene expression changes in grafted Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls. We observed a sequential activation of genes associated with cambium, phloem, and xylem formation. Tissues above and below the graft rapidly developed an asymmetry such that many genes were more highly expressed on one side than on the other. This asymmetry correlated with sugar-responsive genes, and we observed an accumulation of starch above the graft junction. This accumulation decreased along with asymmetry once the sugar-transporting vascular tissues reconnected. Despite the initial starvation response below the graft, many genes associated with vascular formation were rapidly activated in grafted tissues but not in cut and separated tissues, indicating that a recognition mechanism was activated independently of functional vascular connections. Auxin, which is transported cell to cell, had a rapidly elevated response that was symmetric, suggesting that auxin was perceived by the root within hours of tissue attachment to activate the vascular regeneration process. A subset of genes was expressed only in grafted tissues, indicating that wound healing proceeded via different mechanisms depending on the presence or absence of adjoining tissues. Such a recognition process could have broader relevance for tissue regeneration, intertissue communication, and tissue fusion events.
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He W, Wang Y, Chen Q, Sun B, Tang HR, Pan DM, Wang XR. Dissection of the Mechanism for Compatible and Incompatible Graft Combinations of Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck ('Hongmian Miyou'). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E505. [PMID: 29419732 PMCID: PMC5855727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
'Hongmian miyou' (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) is mutated from 'Guanxi miyou', with a different spongy layer coloration. Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) is widely used as rootstocks in 'Guanxi miyou' grafting, whereas 'Hongmian miyou' is incompatible with available trifoliate orange rootstocks. To explore the reasons for the etiolation of leaves of 'Hongmian miyou'/trifoliate orange, anatomical differences among different graft unions, gene expression profiles, and auxin levels of scion were investigated in this study. A histological assay indicated that there was no significant difference in anatomical structure between the compatible and incompatible combinations. A total of 1950 significant differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and analyzed. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction were significantly enriched. Moreover, the expression of nine genes in the auxin pathway were upregulated and three were downregulated in compatible combinations compared with those in the incompatible group. Further experiments verified that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content increases in the compatible graft combination, which suggests that IAA might promote graft compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen He
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Hao-Ru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Dong-Ming Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xiao-Rong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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34
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Nanda AK, Melnyk CW. The role of plant hormones during grafting. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:49-58. [PMID: 29181647 PMCID: PMC5762790 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
For millennia, people have cut and joined different plant tissues together through a process known as grafting. By creating a chimeric organism, desirable properties from two plants combine to enhance disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, vigour or facilitate the asexual propagation of plants. In addition, grafting has been extremely informative in science for studying and identifying the long-distance movement of molecules. Despite its increasing use in horticulture and science, how plants undertake the process of grafting remains elusive. Here, we discuss specifically the role of eight major plant hormones during the wound healing and vascular formation process, two phenomena involved in grafting. We furthermore present the roles of these hormones during graft formation and highlight knowledge gaps and future areas of interest for the field of grafting biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit K Nanda
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51, Uppsala, Sweden.
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