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Li H, Jiang X, Mashiguchi K, Yamaguchi S, Lu S. Biosynthesis and signal transduction of plant growth regulators and their effects on bioactive compound production in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen). Chin Med 2024; 19:102. [PMID: 39049014 PMCID: PMC11267865 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are involved in multiple aspects of plant life, including plant growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli. They are also vital for the formation of secondary metabolites in various plants. Salvia miltiorrhiza is a famous herbal medicine and has been used commonly for > 2000 years in China, as well as widely used in many other countries. S. miltiorrhiza is extensively used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in clinical practices and has specific merit against various diseases. Owing to its outstanding medicinal and commercial potential, S. miltiorrhiza has been extensively investigated as an ideal model system for medicinal plant biology. Tanshinones and phenolic acids are primary pharmacological constituents of S. miltiorrhiza. As the growing market for S. miltiorrhiza, the enhancement of its bioactive compounds has become a research hotspot. S. miltiorrhiza exhibits a significant response to various PGRs in the production of phenolic acids and tanshinones. Here, we briefly review the biosynthesis and signal transduction of PGRs in plants. The effects and mechanisms of PGRs on bioactive compound production in S. miltiorrhiza are systematically summarized and future research is discussed. This article provides a scientific basis for further research, cultivation, and metabolic engineering in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqin Li
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Xuwen Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Bairuijia Food Co., Ltd, No. 8008, Yi Road, Laizhou, Yantai, 261400, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kiyoshi Mashiguchi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Yamaguchi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Shanfa Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Liu T, Yang Y, Zhu R, Wang Q, Wang Y, Shi M, Kai G. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Sucrose Nonfermenting 1-Related Protein Kinase ( SnRK) Genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza in Response to Hormone. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:994. [PMID: 38611523 PMCID: PMC11013873 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The SnRK gene family is the chief component of plant stress resistance and metabolism through activating the phosphorylation of downstream proteins. S. miltiorrhiza is widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in Asian countries. However, information about the SnRK gene family of S. miltiorrhiza is not clear. The aim of this study is to comprehensively analyze the SnRK gene family of S. miltiorrhiza and its response to phytohormone. Here, 33 SmSnRK genes were identified and divided into three subfamilies (SmSnRK1, SmSnRK2 and SmSnRK3) according to phylogenetic analysis and domain. SmSnRK genes within same subgroup shared similar protein motif composition and were unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes of S. miltiorrhiza. Cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter of SmSnRK genes was enriched with ABRE motifs. Expression pattern analysis revealed that SmSnRK genes were preferentially expressed in leaves and roots. Most SmSnRK genes were induced by ABA and MeJA treatment. Correlation analysis showed that SmSnRK3.15 and SmSnRK3.18 might positively regulate tanshinone biosynthesis; SmSnRK3.10 and SmSnRK3.12 might positively regulate salvianolic acid biosynthesis. RNAi-based silencing of SmSnRK2.6 down-regulated the biosynthesis of tanshinones and biosynthetic genes expression. An in vitro phosphorylation assay verified that SmSnRK2.2 interacted with and phosphorylated SmAREB1. These findings will provide a valuable basis for the functional characterization of SmSnRK genes and quality improvement of S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyao Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yinkai Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial TCM Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Jinhua Academy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ruiyan Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Qichao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial TCM Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Jinhua Academy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial TCM Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Jinhua Academy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Min Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial TCM Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Jinhua Academy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Zhejiang Provincial TCM Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Jinhua Academy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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Shi M, Zhang S, Zheng Z, Maoz I, Zhang L, Kai G. Molecular regulation of the key specialized metabolism pathways in medicinal plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:510-531. [PMID: 38441295 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The basis of modern pharmacology is the human ability to exploit the production of specialized metabolites from medical plants, for example, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids. However, in most cases, the availability of these valuable compounds is limited by cellular or organelle barriers or spatio-temporal accumulation patterns within different plant tissues. Transcription factors (TFs) regulate biosynthesis of these specialized metabolites by tightly controlling the expression of biosynthetic genes. Cutting-edge technologies and/or combining multiple strategies and approaches have been applied to elucidate the role of TFs. In this review, we focus on recent progress in the transcription regulation mechanism of representative high-value products and describe the transcriptional regulatory network, and future perspectives are discussed, which will help develop high-yield plant resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Zizhen Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon, LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
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Chen J, Ying Y, Yao L, Xu Z, Yu Z, Kai G. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Salvia miltiorrhiza Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Family in Response to Multiple Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:580. [PMID: 38475427 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a plant commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. Its material bases for treating diseases are tanshinones and phenolic acids, including salvianolic acids. Histone deacetylase proteins (HDACs) are a class of specific functional enzymes that interact with acetylation groups on the N-terminal lysine of histone proteins further regulate gene transcription through structural changes at the chromatin level. HDACs involved in the growth and development of various plants, and induced by plant hormones to regulate the internal environment of plants to resist stress, at the same time affect the accumulation of some secondary metabolites. However, the role of SmHDACs on the accumulation of salvianolic acid in S. miltiorrhiza remains unclear. In this study, 16 SmHDACs genes were identified from the high-quality S. miltiorrhiza genome, their physicochemical properties were predicted. In phylogenetic trees co-constructed with HDACs proteins from other plants, SmHDACs was divided into three subfamilies, each with similar motif and conserved domain composition. The distribution of the three subfamilies is similar to that of dicotyledonous plants. Chromosome localization analysis showed that SmHDACs genes were randomly located. Cis-acting element analysis predicted that SmHDACs gene expression may be related to and induced by various phytohormones, such as MeJA and ABA. By combining the expression pattern and co-expression network induced by phytohormones, we speculate that SmHDACs may further influence the synthesis of salvianolic acid, and identified SmHDA5, a potential functional gene, then speculate its downstream target based on the co-expression network. In summary, we analyzed the SmHDACs gene family of S. miltiorrhiza and screened out the potential functional gene SmHDA5. From the perspective of epigenetics, we proposed the molecular mechanism of plant hormone promoting salvianolic acid synthesis, which filled the gap in the subdivision of histone deacetylase in S. miltiorrhiza research, provided a theoretical basis for the culture and transformation of S. miltiorrhiza germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yuxin Ying
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lingtiao Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhangting Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhenming Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Ye D, Zhang S, Gao X, Li X, Jin X, Shi M, Kai G, Zhou W. Mining of disease-resistance genes in Crocus sativus based on transcriptome sequencing. Front Genet 2024; 15:1349626. [PMID: 38370513 PMCID: PMC10869511 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1349626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Crocus sativus L. has an important medicinal and economic value in traditional perennial Chinese medicine. However, due to its unique growth characteristics, during cultivation it is highly susceptible to disease. The absence of effective resistance genes restricts us to breed new resistant varieties of C. sativus. Methods: In present study, comprehensive transcriptome sequencing was introduced to explore the disease resistance of the candidate gene in healthy and corm rot-infected C. sativus. Results and discussion: Totally, 43.72 Gb of clean data was obtained from the assembly to generate 65,337 unigenes. By comparing the gene expression levels, 7,575 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily screened. A majority of the DEGs were completely in charge of defense and metabolism, and 152 of them were annotated as pathogen recognition genes (PRGs) based on the PGRdb dataset. The expression of some transcription factors including NAC, MYB, and WRKY members, changed significantly based on the dataset of transcriptome sequencing. Therefore, this study provides us some valuable information for exploring candidate genes involved in the disease resistance in C. sativus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial TCM Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial TCM Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiankui Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial TCM Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Zhejiang Provincial TCM Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial TCM Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Zhejiang Provincial TCM Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial TCM Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Liu S, Gao X, Shi M, Sun M, Li K, Cai Y, Chen C, Wang C, Maoz I, Guo X, Kai G. Jasmonic acid regulates the biosynthesis of medicinal metabolites via the JAZ9-MYB76 complex in Salvia miltiorrhiza. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad004. [PMID: 36938574 PMCID: PMC10022484 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway plays an important role in tanshinone and phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. However, the specific regulatory mechanism remains largely unclear. Previous work showed that a JASMONATE ZIM-domain (JAZ) protein, SmJAZ9, acted as a repressor of tanshinone production in S. miltiorrhiza. In this study, we revealed that SmJAZ9 reduced both phenolic acid accumulation and related biosynthetic gene expression, confirming that SmJAZ9 also negatively affected phenolic acid biosynthesis. Then, we identified a novel MYB transcription factor, SmMYB76, which interacted with SmJAZ9. SmMYB76 repressed phenolic acid biosynthesis by directly downregulating SmPAL1, Sm4CL2, and SmRAS1. Further investigation demonstrated that JA mediated phenolic acids biosynthesis via SmJAZ9-SmMYB76 complex. Taken together, these findings state the molecular mechanism that SmJAZ9-SmMYB76 regulated phenolic acid biosynthesis at the transcriptional and protein levels, which provided new insights into JA signaling pathway regulating plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Meihong Sun
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Kunlun Li
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Chengan Chen
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Can Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Rd 68, POB 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
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Isolation of Salvia miltiorrhiza Kaurene Synthase-like ( KSL) Gene Promoter and Its Regulation by Ethephon and Yeast Extract. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:genes14010054. [PMID: 36672795 PMCID: PMC9859234 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The presented study describes the regulation of the promoter region of the Salvia miltiorrhiza kaurene synthase-like gene (SmKSL) by ethylene and yeast extract. The isolated fragment is 897 bp and is composed of a promoter (763 bp), 5'UTR (109 bp), and a short CDS (25 bp). The initial in silico analysis revealed the presence of numerous putative cis-active sites for trans-factors responding to different stress conditions. However, this study examines the influence of ethylene and yeast extract on SmKSL gene expression and tanshinone biosynthesis regulation. The results of 72h RT-PCR indicate an antagonistic interaction between ethylene, provided as ethephon (0.05, 0.10, 0.25, and 0.50 mM), and yeast extract (0.5%) on SmKSL gene expression in callus cultures of S. miltiorrhiza. A similar antagonistic effect was observed on total tanshinone concentration for up to 60 days. Ethylene provided as ethephon (0.05, 0.10, 0.25, and 0.50 mM) is a weak inducer of total tanshinone biosynthesis, increasing them only up to the maximum value of 0.67 ± 0.04 mg g-1 DW (60-day induction with 0.50 mM ethephon). Among the tanshinones elicited by ethephon, cryptotanshinone (52.21%) dominates, followed by dihydrotanshinone (45.00%) and tanshinone IIA (3.79%). In contrast, the 0.5% yeast extract strongly increases the total tanshinone concentration up to a maximum value of 13.30 ± 1.09 mg g-1 DW, observed after 50 days of induction. Yeast extract and ethylene appear to activate different fragments of the tanshinone biosynthesis route; hence the primary tanshinones induced by yeast extract were cryptotanshinone (81.42%), followed by dihydrotanshinone (17.06%) and tanshinone IIA (1.52%).
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Ahmad M, Varela Alonso A, Koletti AE, Rodić N, Reichelt M, Rödel P, Assimopoulou AN, Paun O, Declerck S, Schneider C, Molin EM. Dynamics of alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis in response to jasmonate and salicylic acid in Lithospermum officinale. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17093. [PMID: 36224205 PMCID: PMC9554848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkannin/shikonin and their derivatives are specialised metabolites of high pharmaceutical and ecological importance exclusively produced in the periderm of members of the plant family Boraginaceae. Previous studies have shown that their biosynthesis is induced in response to methyl jasmonate but not salicylic acid, two phytohormones that play important roles in plant defence. However, mechanistic understanding of induction and non-induction remains largely unknown. In the present study, we generated the first comprehensive transcriptomic dataset and metabolite profiles of Lithospermum officinale plants treated with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid to shed light on the underlying mechanisms. Our results highlight the diverse biological processes activated by both phytohormones and reveal the important regulatory role of the mevalonate pathway in alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis in L. officinale. Furthermore, by modelling a coexpression network, we uncovered structural and novel regulatory candidate genes connected to alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis. Besides providing new mechanistic insights into alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis, the generated methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicited expression profiles together with the coexpression networks serve as important functional genomic resources for the scientific community aiming at deepening the understanding of alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahmad
- grid.4332.60000 0000 9799 7097Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alicia Varela Alonso
- grid.506382.aInstitut für Pflanzenkultur GmbH & Co. KG., Schnega, Germany ,grid.7942.80000 0001 2294 713XEarth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Antigoni E. Koletti
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Nebojša Rodić
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Michael Reichelt
- grid.418160.a0000 0004 0491 7131Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Rödel
- grid.506382.aInstitut für Pflanzenkultur GmbH & Co. KG., Schnega, Germany
| | - Andreana N. Assimopoulou
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Ovidiu Paun
- grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- grid.7942.80000 0001 2294 713XEarth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Carolin Schneider
- grid.506382.aInstitut für Pflanzenkultur GmbH & Co. KG., Schnega, Germany
| | - Eva M. Molin
- grid.4332.60000 0000 9799 7097Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
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9
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Gao X, Li X, Chen C, Wang C, Fu Y, Zheng Z, Shi M, Hao X, Zhao L, Qiu M, Kai G, Zhou W. Mining of the CULLIN E3 ubiquitin ligase genes in the whole genome of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:1760-1768. [PMID: 36268136 PMCID: PMC9576582 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CULLIN (CUL) proteins are E3 ubiquitin ligases that are involved in a wide variety of biological processes as well as in response to stress in plants. In Salvia miltiorrhiza, CUL genes have not been characterized and its role in plant development, stress response and secondary metabolite synthesis have not been studied. In this study, genome-wide analyses were performed to identify and to predict the structure and function of CUL of S. miltiorrhiza. Eight CUL genes were identified from the genome of S. miltiorrhiza. The CUL genes were clustered into four subgroups according to phylogenetic relationships. The CUL domain was highly conserved across the family of CUL genes. Analysis of cis-acting elements suggested that CUL genes might play important roles in a variety of biological processes, including abscission reaction acid (ABA) processing. To investigate this hypothesis, we treated hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza with ABA. The expression of CUL genes varied obviously after ABA treatment. Co-expression network results indicated that three CUL genes might be involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic acid or tanshinone. In summary, the mining of the CUL genes in the whole genome of S. miltiorrhiza contribute novel information to the understanding of the CUL genes and its functional roles in plant secondary metabolites, growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankui Gao
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China
| | - Chengan Chen
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China
| | - Can Wang
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China
| | - Yuqi Fu
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China
| | - ZiZhen Zheng
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China
| | - Min Shi
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Hao
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China
| | - Minghua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China,Corresponding author. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Gaoke Road, Fuyang district, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China,Corresponding author. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Gaoke Road, Fuyang district, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China.
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10
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Effects of Different Processing Methods Based on Different Drying Conditions on the Active Ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154860. [PMID: 35956808 PMCID: PMC9369592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to the traditional processing method, fresh processing can significantly enhance the preservation of biologically active ingredients and reduce processing time. This study evaluated the influences of fresh and traditional processing based on different drying conditions (sun drying, oven drying and shade drying) on the active ingredients in the roots and rhizomes of S. miltiorrhiza. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized to determine the contents of six active ingredients in the roots and rhizomes of S. miltiorrhiza. The data were analyzed by fingerprint similarity evaluation, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The results suggest that compared to the traditional processing method, the fresh processing method may significantly increase the preservation of biologically active ingredients. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that among the three drying methods under fresh processing conditions, the shade-drying (21.02–26.38%) method is most beneficial for retaining the active ingredients in the roots and rhizomes of S. miltiorrhiza. Moreover, the fingerprint analysis identified 17 common peaks, and the similarity of fingerprints among samples processed by different methods ranged from 0.989 to 1.000. Collectively, these results suggest novel processing methods that may improve the yield of active ingredients for S. miltiorrhiza and may be implemented for industrial production.
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11
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Wu SJ, Xie XG, Feng KM, Zhai X, Ming QL, Qin LP, Rahman K, Zhang ZZ, Han T. Transcriptome sequencing and signal transduction for the enhanced tanshinone production in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots induced by Trichoderma atroviride D16 polysaccharide fraction. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:1049-1059. [PMID: 35675224 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. is commonly used to treat vascular diseases because of its activity ingredients, phenolic acids, and tanshinones. Polysaccharide fraction (PSF) extracted from Trichoderma atroviride D16 could promote tanshinone accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted to describe the global gene expression of PSF-treatment hairy roots, and data analyses showed enzymes of tanshinone biosynthetic pathways were up-regulated, and genes associated to signal molecules and transcription factors were responsive. Endogenous H2O2, abscisic acid, and nitric oxide contents were measured after PSF treatment, while tanshinone accumulations were measured with treatment of exogenous H2O2 or H2O2 inhibitor on PSF-treatment S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. The results showed H2O2 was important in tanshinone biosynthesis caused by PSF and nitric oxide might be the downstream molecules of H2O2. Taken together, the study indicates that D16 PSF enhances the accumulation of tanshinones through enzymes of tanshinone biosynthetic pathways, signal molecules, and transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jia Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Guang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Miao Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhai
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Liang Ming
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England
| | - Zhen-Zhen Zhang
- Naval Medicine Center of PLA, Naval Military University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Han
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Overcoming Metabolic Constraints in the MEP-Pathway Enrich Salvia sclarea Hairy Roots in Therapeutic Abietane Diterpenes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12147116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abietane diterpenoids (e.g., carnosic acid, aethiopinone, 1-oxoaethiopinone, salvipisone, and ferruginol) synthesized in the roots of several Salvia species have proved to have promising biological activities, but their use on a large scale is limited by the very low content extracted from in vivo roots. In this review, we summarized our efforts and the achieved results aimed at optimizing the synthesis of these diterpenes in Salvia sclarea hairy roots by either elicitation or by modifying the expression of genes encoding enzymes of the MEP-pathway, the biosynthetic route from which they derive. Stable S. sclarea hairy roots (HRs) were treated with methyl jasmonate or coronatine, or genetically engineered, by tuning the expression of genes controlling enzymatic rate-limiting steps (DXS, DXR, GGPPS, CPPS alone or in combination), by silencing of the Ent-CPPS gene, encoding an enzyme acting at gibberellin lateral competitive route or by coordinate up-regulation of biosynthetic genes mediated by transcription factors (WRKY and MYC2). Altogether, these different approaches successfully increased the amount of abietane diterpenes in S. sclarea HRs from to 2 to 30 times over the content found in the control HR line.
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13
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Huang X, Jin L, Deng H, Wu D, Shen QK, Quan ZS, Zhang CH, Guo HY. Research and Development of Natural Product Tanshinone I: Pharmacology, Total Synthesis, and Structure Modifications. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:920411. [PMID: 35903340 PMCID: PMC9315943 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.920411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza (S. miltiorrhiza), which has been used for thousands of years to treat cardiovascular diseases, is a well-known Chinese medicinal plant. The fat-soluble tanshinones in S. miltiorrhiza are important biologically active ingredients including tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, dihydrotanshinone, and cryptotanshinone. Tanshinone I, a natural diterpenoid quinone compound widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, has a wide range of biological effects including anti-cancer, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities. To further improve its potency, water solubility, and bioavailability, tanshinone I can be used as a platform for drug discovery to generate high-quality drug candidates with unique targets and enhanced drug properties. Numerous derivatives of tanshinone I have been developed and have contributed to major advances in the identification of new drugs to treat human cancers and other diseases and in the study of related molecular mechanisms. This review focuses on the structural modification, total synthesis, and pharmacology of tanshinone I. We hope that this review will help understanding the research progress in this field and provide constructive suggestions for further research on tanshinone I.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong-Yan Guo
- *Correspondence: Chang-hao Zhang, ; Hong-Yan Guo,
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14
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Transcriptome analysis reveals regulation mechanism of methyl jasmonate-induced terpenes biosynthesis in Curcuma wenyujin. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270309. [PMID: 35737688 PMCID: PMC9223393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcuma wenyujin is the source plant of three traditional Chinese medicines, which have been widely used in clinical treatment over 1000 years. The content of terpenes, the major medicinal active ingredients, is relatively low in this plant. Studies have shown that MeJA can promote terpenes biosynthesis in plants. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of MeJA in C. wenyujin remains unclear. In this work, the transcriptome of C. wenyujin leaves with MeJA treatment was analyzed to elucidate the regulation mechanism of MeJA-mediated terpene biosynthesis. Based on the RNA-seq data, 7,246 unigenes were differentially expressed with MeJA treatment. Expression pattern clustering of DEGs revealed that unigenes, related to JA biosynthesis and signal transduction, responded to exogenous MeJA stimulation on the early stage and maintained throughout the process. Subsequently, unigenes related to terpene biosynthesis pathway showed a significant up-regulation with 6 h treatment. The analysis results suggested that MeJA induced the expression of JA biosynthesis genes (such as LOXs, AOSs, AOCs, OPRs, and MFPs) and JA signal transduction core genes (JAZs and MYCs) to activate JA signaling pathway. Meanwhile, downstream JA-responsive genes presented up-regulated expression levels such as AACT, HMGSs, HMGRs, DXSs, DXRs, MCTs, HDSs, and HDRs, thus promoting terpenes biosynthesis. The transcriptional expressions of these genes were validated by qRT-PCR. In addition, six CwTPS genes in response to MeJA were identified. With MeJA treatment, the expression levels of CwTPSs were increased as well as those of the transcription factors MYB, NAC, bZIP, WRKY, AP2/ERF, and HLH. These TFs might potentially regulate terpenes biosynthesis. These results provide insights for regulation mechanism of terpenes biosynthesis.
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15
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Szymczyk P, Szymańska G, Kuźma Ł, Jeleń A, Balcerczak E. Methyl Jasmonate Activates the 2C Methyl-D-erithrytol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate Synthase Gene and Stimulates Tanshinone Accumulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza Solid Callus Cultures. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061772. [PMID: 35335134 PMCID: PMC8950807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study characterizes the 5′ regulatory region of the SmMEC gene. The isolated fragment is 1559 bp long and consists of a promoter, 5′UTR and 31 nucleotide 5′ fragments of the CDS region. In silico bioinformatic analysis found that the promoter region contains repetitions of many potential cis-active elements. Cis-active elements associated with the response to methyl jasmonate (MeJa) were identified in the SmMEC gene promoter. Co-expression studies combined with earlier transcriptomic research suggest the significant role of MeJa in SmMEC gene regulation. These findings were in line with the results of the RT-PCR test showing SmMEC gene expression induction after 72 h of MeJa treatment. Biphasic total tanshinone accumulation was observed following treatment of S. miltiorrhiza solid callus cultures with 50–500 μM methyl jasmonate, with peaks observed after 10–20 and 50–60 days. An early peak of total tanshinone concentration (0.08%) occurred after 20 days of 100 μM MeJa induction, and a second, much lower one, was observed after 50 days of 50 μM MeJa stimulation (0.04%). The dominant tanshinones were cryptotanshinone (CT) and dihydrotanshinone (DHT). To better understand the inducing effect of MeJa treatment on tanshinone biosynthesis, a search was performed for methyl jasmonate-responsive cis-active motifs in the available sequences of gene proximal promoters associated with terpenoid precursor biosynthesis. The results indicate that MeJa has the potential to induce a significant proportion of the presented genes, which is in line with available transcriptomic and RT-PCR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szymczyk
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Grażyna Szymańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Kuźma
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Jeleń
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland; (A.J.); (E.B.)
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland; (A.J.); (E.B.)
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16
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Chen C, Wang C, Li J, Gao X, Huang Q, Gong Y, Hao X, Maoz I, Kai G, Zhou W. Genome-Wide Analysis of U-box E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Family in Response to ABA Treatment in Salvia miltiorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:829447. [PMID: 35222487 PMCID: PMC8863962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.829447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant U-box (PUB) proteins are ubiquitin ligases (E3) involved in multiple biological processes and in response to plant stress. However, the various aspects of the genome and the differences in functions between the U-box E3 (UBE3) ubiquitin ligases remain quite obscure in Salvia miltiorrhiza. The 60 UBE3 genes in the S. miltiorrhiza genome were recognized in the present study. The phylogenetic analysis, gene structure, motifs, promoters, and physical and chemical properties of the genes were also examined. Based on the phylogenetic relationship, the 60 UBE3 genes were categorized under six different groups. The U-box domain was highly conserved across the family of UBE3 genes. Analysis of the cis-acting element revealed that the UBE3 genes might play an important role in a variety of biological processes, including a reaction to the abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. To investigate this hypothesis, an ABA treatment was developed for the hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza. Thirteen out of the UBE3 genes significantly increased after the ABA treatment. The co-expression network revealed that nine UBE3 genes might be associated with phenolic acids or tanshinone biosynthesis. The findings of the present study brought fresh and new understanding to the participation of the UBE3 gene family in plants, specifically in their biological responses mediated by the ABA. In S. miltiorrhiza, this gene family may be crucial during the ABA treatment. Significantly, the results of this study contribute novel information to the understanding of the ubiquitin ligase gene and its role in plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengan Chen
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Can Wang
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junbo Li
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiankui Gao
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qikai Huang
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifu Gong
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Hao
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Transcriptome and HPLC Analysis Reveal the Regulatory Mechanisms of Aurantio-Obtusin in Space Environment-Induced Senna obtusifolia Lines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020898. [PMID: 35055719 PMCID: PMC8776150 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Senna obtusifolia is a famous medicinal plant that is widely used in Asian countries. Its seed plays an important role in the treatment of many diseases because it contains various anthraquinones and flavonoids. Our previous studies have indicated that three space environment-induced S. obtusifolia lines (SP-lines) i.e., QC10, QC29, and QC46, have higher seed yield and aurantio-obtusin (AO) content. However, the underlying mechanism of higher AO content in SP-lines is still unknown. Herein, transcriptome sequencing and HPLC were employed to analyze the differences between SP-lines and ground control (GC3) and elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of AO accumulation in SP-lines. The results show that 4002 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in SP-lines versus (vs.) GC3. DEGs in the QC10 vs. GC3, QC29 vs. GC3, and QC46 vs. GC3 comparisons were classified into 28, 36, and 81 GO terms and involved in 63, 74, and 107 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. KEGG pathway and gene expression analysis revealed that DEGs involved in anthraquinone pathways were significantly elevated in QC10 and QC46. Integrating the results of GO annotation, KEGG enrichment, and gene expression analysis, we propose that the elevated genes such as DAHPS, DHQS, and MenB enhance the metabolic flux in the anthraquinone pathway and promote AO content in QC10 and QC46. Taken together, this study elucidated the mechanism of AO content in SP-lines and provides valuable genetic information for S. obtusifolia. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first transcriptome analysis of environment-induced medicinal plants and paves the way to select elite S. obtusifolia varieties in the future.
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18
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Zhou W, Wang S, Shen Y, Liu Y, Maoz I, Gao X, Chen C, Liu T, Wang C, Kai G. Overexpression of SmSCR1 Promotes Tanshinone Accumulation and Hairy Root Growth in Salvia miltiorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860033. [PMID: 35350294 PMCID: PMC8957878 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-soluble tanshinone is one of the main bioactive substances in the medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza, and its medicinal demand is growing rapidly. Yeast extract (YE) modulates the tanshinone biosynthesis, but the underlying regulatory network remains obscure. In this study, a YE-responsive transcriptional factor Scarecrow1 (SCR1) was identified in S. miltiorrhiza from the YE-induced transcriptome dataset. SmSCR1 is located in the nucleus. Overexpression of SmSCR1 in S. miltiorrhiza roots resulted in a significantly higher accumulation of tanshinone than the control, with the highest 1.49-fold increase. We also detected upregulation of tanshinone biosynthetic genes, SmSCR1 and SmHMGR1, and distinct alteration of growth and development of the hairy roots in the overexpression lines compared to the control. An inverse phenotype was observed in SmSCR1-SRDX suppression expression lines. We found that SmSCR1 can bind to the promoter of SmCPS1 to induce its expression. This study provides new insight into the regulatory mechanism on the growth and development of hairy roots, tanshinone accumulation, and the metabolic engineering of bioactive compounds in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Laboratory for Core Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Laboratory for Core Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yafang Shen
- Laboratory for Core Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Laboratory for Core Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Xiankui Gao
- Laboratory for Core Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengan Chen
- Laboratory for Core Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingyao Liu
- Laboratory for Core Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Can Wang
- Laboratory for Core Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory for Core Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Quality Improvement and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy and Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoyin Kai,
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19
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Tobeiha M, Rajabi A, Raisi A, Mohajeri M, Yazdi SM, Davoodvandi A, Aslanbeigi F, Vaziri M, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Potential of natural products in osteosarcoma treatment: Focus on molecular mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112257. [PMID: 34688081 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent type of bone cancer found in children and adolescents, and commonly arises in the metaphyseal region of tubular long bones. Standard therapeutic approaches, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, are used in the management of osteosarcoma. In recent years, the mortality rate of osteosarcoma has decreased due to advances in treatment methods. Today, the scientific community is investigating the use of different naturally derived active principles against various types of cancer. Natural bioactive compounds can function against cancer cells in two ways. Firstly they can act as classical cytotoxic compounds by non-specifically affecting macromolecules, such as DNA, enzymes, and microtubules, which are also expressed in normal proliferating cells, but to a greater extent by cancer cells. Secondly, they can act against oncogenic signal transduction pathways, many of which are activated in cancer cells. Some bioactive plant-derived agents are gaining increasing attention because of their anti-cancer properties. Moreover, some naturally-derived compounds can significantly promote the effectiveness of standard chemotherapy drugs, and in certain cases are able to ameliorate drug-induced adverse effects caused by chemotherapy. In the present review we summarize the effects of various naturally-occurring bioactive compounds against osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tobeiha
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ali Rajabi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Arash Raisi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahshad Mohajeri
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amirhossein Davoodvandi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aslanbeigi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - MohamadSadegh Vaziri
- Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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20
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Xiang Y, Wang X, Song W, Du J, Yin X. Integrative Omics Analyses Reveal the Effects of Copper Ions on Salvianolic Acid Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:746117. [PMID: 34745177 PMCID: PMC8567050 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.746117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salvianolic acids, a group of secondary metabolites produced by Salvia miltiorrhiza, are widely used for treating cerebrovascular diseases. Copper is recognized as a necessary microelement and plays an essential role in plant growth. At present, the effect of copper on the biosynthesis of SalAs is unknown. Here, an integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic approach, coupled with biochemical analyses, was employed to dissect the mechanisms by which copper ions induced the biosynthesis of SalAs. In this study, we identified that a low concentration (5 μM) of copper ions could promote growth of S. miltiorrhiza and the biosynthesis of SalAs. Results of the metabolomics analysis showed that 160 metabolites (90 increased and 70 decreased) were significantly changed in S. miltiorrhiza treated with low concentration of copper ions. The differential metabolites were mainly involved in amino acid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll were significantly increased in leaves of low concentration of copper-treated S. miltiorrhiza plants. Importantly, core SalA biosynthetic genes (laccases and rosmarinic acid synthase), SalA biosynthesis-related transcription factors (MYBs and zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 33), and chloroplast proteins-encoding genes (blue copper protein and chlorophyll-binding protein) were upregulated in the treated samples as indicated by a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis. Bioinformatics and enzyme activity analyses showed that laccase 20 contained copper-binding motifs, and its activity in low concentration of copper ions-treated S. miltiorrhiza was much higher than that in the control. Our results demonstrate that enhancement of copper ions of the accumulation of SalAs might be through regulating laccase 20, MYBs, and zinc finger transcription factors, and photosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinfa Du
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojian Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Zheng H, Jing L, Jiang X, Pu C, Zhao S, Yang J, Guo J, Cui G, Tang J, Ma Y, Yu M, Zhou X, Chen M, Lai C, Huang L, Shen Y. The ERF-VII transcription factor SmERF73 coordinately regulates tanshinone biosynthesis in response to stress elicitors in Salvia miltiorrhiza. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1940-1955. [PMID: 33983629 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigate the role of SmERF73, a group VII ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR stress response transcription factor, in the regulation of post-modification of the skeleton precursors of diterpene tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Most genes found to be involved in tanshinone biosynthesis are located on chromosome 6, and five of these genes comprise a large gene cluster in S. miltiorrhiza. We found that SmERF73 overexpression in S. miltiorrhiza coordinately up-regulated the transcription of seven tanshinone biosynthetic genes, four of which were located in the tanshinone gene cluster, consequently increasing tanshinone accumulation, while SmERF73 silencing reduced corresponding gene transcription and tanshinone accumulation. SmERF73 recognizes GCC-box promoter elements of four tanshinone-associated genes (DXR1, CPS1, KSL1 and CYP76AH3) and activates their expression. Moreover, SmERF73 and its targets were up-regulated by stress elicitors; SmERF73 appears to be at least partly mediated by the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway via interaction with SmJAZ3. SmERF73 coordinately regulates tanshinone biosynthetic gene expression, suggesting a potential link between tanshinone production and plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Li Jing
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- Practice Innovations Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Chunjuan Pu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jinfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Muyao Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiuteng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Meilan Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Changjiangsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
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Wang M, Qiu X, Pan X, Li C. Transcriptional Factor-Mediated Regulation of Active Component Biosynthesis in Medicinal Plants. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:848-866. [PMID: 32568019 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200622121809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce thousands of chemically diverse secondary metabolites, many of which have valuable pharmaceutical properties. There is much interest in the synthesis of these pharmaceuticallyvaluable compounds, including the key enzymes and the transcription factors involved. The function and regulatory mechanism of transcription factors in biotic and abiotic stresses have been studied in depth. However, their regulatory roles in the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds, especially in medicinal plants, have only begun. Here, we review what is currently known about how transcription factors contribute to the synthesis of bioactive compounds (alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids) in medicinal plants. Recent progress has been made in the cloning and characterization of transcription factors in medicinal plants on the genome scale. So far, several large transcription factors have been identified in MYB, WRKY, bHLH, ZIP, AP2/ERF transcription factors. These transcription factors have been predicted to regulate bioactive compound production. These transcription factors positively or negatively regulate the expression of multiple genes encoding key enzymes, and thereby control the metabolic flow through the biosynthetic pathway. Although the research addressing this niche topic is in its infancy, significant progress has been made, and advances in high-throughput sequencing technology are expected to accelerate the discovery of key regulatory transcription factors in medicinal plants. This review is likely to be useful for those interested in the synthesis of pharmaceutically- valuable plant compounds, especially those aiming to breed or engineer plants that produce greater yields of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qiu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xian Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Caili Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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Selection of appropriate post-harvest processing methods based on the metabolomics analysis of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Food Res Int 2021; 144:110366. [PMID: 34053559 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-harvest processing is a leading cause of metabolic changes and quality loss in food products. An untargeted metabolomics approach based on UHPLC-QTOF-MS was conducted to explain metabolic changes during post-harvest processing of Salvia miltiorrhiza. A rapid identification method was established for comprehensive characterization of 56 phenolic acids and 45 tanshinones. Enzymatic browning was found to be the primary factor impacting the metabolic profile. A decreasing in free phenolic acids along with increasing in bound polyphenols was observed correlated with the deepening of browning degree. The various substructures of bound polyphenols were explored to interpret the composition of browning-associated products. It has also been found that the steaming process and control of the moisture content during slicing can effectively reduce the influence of enzymatic browning. This metabolomics study will contribute to select the optimal post-harvest processing methods for S. miltiorrhiza and provide information for post-harvest processing of similar products.
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Bibi S, Sarfraz A, Mustafa G, Ahmad Z, Zeb MA, Wang YB, Khan T, Khan MS, Kamal MA, Yu H. Impact of Traditional Plants and their Secondary Metabolites in the Discovery of COVID-19 Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1123-1143. [PMID: 33213320 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201118103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus Disease-2019 belongs to the family of viruses which cause serious pneumonia along with fever, breathing issues and infection of lungs, and was first reported in China and later spread worldwide. OBJECTIVE Several studies and clinical trials have been conducted to identify potential drugs and vaccines for Coronavirus Disease-2019. The present study listed natural secondary metabolites identified from plant sources with antiviral properties and could be a safer and tolerable treatment for Coronavirus Disease-2019. METHODS A comprehensive search on the reported studies was conducted using different search engines such as Google Scholar, SciFinder, Sciencedirect, Medline PubMed, and Scopus for the collection of research articles based on plant-derived secondary metabolites, herbal extracts, and traditional medicine for coronavirus infections. RESULTS Status of COVID-19 worldwide and information of important molecular targets involved in COVID- 19 are described, and through literature search, it is highlighted that numerous plant species and their extracts possess antiviral properties and are studied with respect to coronavirus treatments. Chemical information, plant source, test system type with a mechanism of action for each secondary metabolite are also mentioned in this review paper. CONCLUSION The present review has listed plants that have presented antiviral potential in the previous coronavirus pandemics and their secondary metabolites, which could be significant for the development of novel and a safer drug which could prevent and cure coronavirus infection worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environment, Institute of Herbal Biotic Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Ayesha Sarfraz
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Ghazala Mustafa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Kohsar Homeopathic Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Zeb
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yuan-Bing Wang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environment, Institute of Herbal Biotic Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Tahir Khan
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environment, Institute of Herbal Biotic Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Muhammad S Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environment, Institute of Herbal Biotic Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
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Seasonal Variations of Rosmarinic Acid and Its Glucoside and Expression of Genes Related to Their Biosynthesis in Two Medicinal and Aromatic Species of Salvia subg. Perovskia. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060458. [PMID: 34067387 PMCID: PMC8224735 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Here, we studied two closely related medicinal and aromatic plants from Asia, called Russian sage or from their previously used Latin name–Perovskia. These plants contain various specialized metabolites called phenylpropanoids that contribute to their medicinal uses. In our experiments, several different specialized phytochemicals were traced down in the roots and leaves with the major metabolite called rosmarinic acid, known for health beneficial properties. In order to check if the composition of these plants is regulated by specific genes encoding proteins that assemble these phytochemicals, we analyzed their expression during the growth season (spring, summer and fall). Despite being the closest kin, the two species of Russian sage displayed different seasonal changes in the composition of bioactive metabolites and the activity of genes responsible for their production. The genes’ activity was correlated with rosmarinic acid content in the roots but not in the green parts of the plants. Two genes pointed out were linked to the regulation of rosmarinic acid biosynthesis, called RAS (for Rosmarinic Acid-Synthase) and a newly reported version of an oxidizing enzyme called Cyp98A14. These discoveries broaden our understanding of relationships between the genes’ activity and production of bioactive constituents in herbs such as the two studied species of Russian sages. Abstract Salvia abrotanoides Kar. and Salvia yangii B.T. Drew are medicinal and aromatic plants belonging to the subgenus Perovskia and used as herbal medicines in Asia. Derivatives of caffeic acid, mainly rosmarinic acid (RA), are the major phenolic compounds identified in these plants. Understanding the factors and molecular mechanisms regulating the accumulation of pharmacologically and ecologically relevant phenolic metabolites is essential for future biotechnological and medical applications. Up to date, no studies of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway at the transcriptional level has been performed in the Perovskia subgenus. Using a combined qRT-PCR transcriptional activity analysis with LC-MS based metabolic profiling of roots and leaves at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of vegetation season, we have identified the following gene candidates with properties correlating to phenolic acid biosynthesis in S. abrotanoides and S. yangii: PAL, C4H, 4CL, TAT, HPPR, RAS1, RAS2 and Cyp98A14. A comparison of phenolic acid profiles with gene transcript levels revealed the transcriptional regulation of RA biosynthesis in the roots but not the leaves of the studied species. Additionally, RAS1 and Cyp98A14 were identified as rate-limiting steps regulating phenylpropanoid biosynthesis on a transcription level. In the future, this will facilitate the gene-based metabolic enhancement of phenolic compounds production in these promising medicinal herbs.
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Yan L, Zhang J, Chen H, Luo H. Genome-wide analysis of ATP-binding cassette transporter provides insight to genes related to bioactive metabolite transportation in Salvia miltiorrhiza. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:315. [PMID: 33933003 PMCID: PMC8088630 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have been found to play important roles in metabolic transport in plant cells, influencing subcellular compartmentalisation and tissue distribution of these metabolic compounds. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, known as Danshen in traditional Chinese medicine, is a highly valued medicinal plant used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The dry roots and rhizomes of S. miltiorrhiza contain biologically active secondary metabolites of tanshinone and salvianolic acid. Given an assembled and annotated genome and a set of transcriptome data of S. miltiorrhiza, we analysed and identified the candidate genes that likely involved in the bioactive metabolite transportation of this medicinal plant, starting with the members of the ABC transporter family. RESULTS A total of 114 genes encoding ABC transporters were identified in the genome of S. miltiorrhiza. All of these ABC genes were divided into eight subfamilies: 3ABCA, 31ABCB, 14ABCC, 2ABCD, 1ABCE, 7ABCF, 46ABCG, and 10 ABCI. Gene expression analysis revealed tissue-specific expression profiles of these ABC transporters. In particular, we found 18 highly expressed transporters in the roots of S. miltiorrhiza, which might be involved in transporting the bioactive compounds of this medicinal plant. We further investigated the co-expression profiling of these 18 genes with key enzyme genes involved in tanshinone and salvianolic acid biosynthetic pathways using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). From this RT-qPCR validation, we found that three ABC genes (SmABCG46, SmABCG40, and SmABCG4) and another gene (SmABCC1) co-expressed with the key biosynthetic enzymes of these two compounds, respectively, and thus might be involved in tanshinone and salvianolic acid transport in root cells. In addition, we predicted the biological functions of S. miltiorrhiza ABC transporters using phylogenetic relationships and analysis of the transcriptome to find biological functions. CONCLUSIONS Here, we present the first systematic analysis of ABC transporters in S. miltiorrhiza and predict candidate transporters involved in bioactive compound transportation in this important medicinal plant. Using genome-wide identification, transcriptome profile analysis, and phylogenetic relationships, this research provides a new perspective on the critical functions of ABC transporters in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Yan L, Zhang J, Chen H, Luo H. Genome-wide analysis of ATP-binding cassette transporter provides insight to genes related to bioactive metabolite transportation in Salvia miltiorrhiza. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:315. [PMID: 33933003 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-99773/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have been found to play important roles in metabolic transport in plant cells, influencing subcellular compartmentalisation and tissue distribution of these metabolic compounds. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, known as Danshen in traditional Chinese medicine, is a highly valued medicinal plant used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The dry roots and rhizomes of S. miltiorrhiza contain biologically active secondary metabolites of tanshinone and salvianolic acid. Given an assembled and annotated genome and a set of transcriptome data of S. miltiorrhiza, we analysed and identified the candidate genes that likely involved in the bioactive metabolite transportation of this medicinal plant, starting with the members of the ABC transporter family. RESULTS A total of 114 genes encoding ABC transporters were identified in the genome of S. miltiorrhiza. All of these ABC genes were divided into eight subfamilies: 3ABCA, 31ABCB, 14ABCC, 2ABCD, 1ABCE, 7ABCF, 46ABCG, and 10 ABCI. Gene expression analysis revealed tissue-specific expression profiles of these ABC transporters. In particular, we found 18 highly expressed transporters in the roots of S. miltiorrhiza, which might be involved in transporting the bioactive compounds of this medicinal plant. We further investigated the co-expression profiling of these 18 genes with key enzyme genes involved in tanshinone and salvianolic acid biosynthetic pathways using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). From this RT-qPCR validation, we found that three ABC genes (SmABCG46, SmABCG40, and SmABCG4) and another gene (SmABCC1) co-expressed with the key biosynthetic enzymes of these two compounds, respectively, and thus might be involved in tanshinone and salvianolic acid transport in root cells. In addition, we predicted the biological functions of S. miltiorrhiza ABC transporters using phylogenetic relationships and analysis of the transcriptome to find biological functions. CONCLUSIONS Here, we present the first systematic analysis of ABC transporters in S. miltiorrhiza and predict candidate transporters involved in bioactive compound transportation in this important medicinal plant. Using genome-wide identification, transcriptome profile analysis, and phylogenetic relationships, this research provides a new perspective on the critical functions of ABC transporters in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Wang L, Wang R, Lei W, Wu J, Li C, Shi H, Meng L, Yuan F, Zhou Q, Cui C. Transcriptome analysis reveals gene responses to herbicide, tribenuron methyl, in Brassica napus L. during seed germination. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:299. [PMID: 33892633 PMCID: PMC8067372 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tribenuron methyl (TBM) is an herbicide that inhibits sulfonylurea acetolactate synthase (ALS) and is one of the most widely used broad-leaved herbicides for crop production. However, soil residues or drifting of the herbicide spray might affect the germination and growth of rapeseed, Brassica napus, so it is imperative to understand the response mechanism of rape to TBM during germination. The aim of this study was to use transcriptome analysis to reveal the gene responses in herbicide-tolerant rapeseed to TBM stress during seed germination. Results 2414, 2286, and 1068 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in TBM-treated resistant vs sensitive lines, treated vs. control sensitive lines, treated vs. control resistant lines, respectively. GO analysis showed that most DEGs were annotated to the oxidation-reduction pathways and catalytic activity. KEGG enrichment was mainly involved in plant-pathogen interactions, α-linolenic acid metabolism, glucosinolate biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Based on GO and KEGG enrichment, a total of 137 target genes were identified, including genes involved in biotransferase activity, response to antioxidant stress and lipid metabolism. Biotransferase genes, CYP450, ABC and GST, detoxify herbicide molecules through physical or biochemical processes. Antioxidant genes, RBOH, WRKY, CDPK, MAPK, CAT, and POD regulate plant tolerance by transmitting ROS signals and triggering antioxidant enzyme expression. Lipid-related genes and hormone-related genes were also found, such as LOX3, ADH1, JAZ6, BIN2 and ERF, and they also played an important role in herbicide resistance. Conclusions This study provides insights for selecting TBM-tolerant rapeseed germplasm and exploring the molecular mechanism of TBM tolerance during germination. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07614-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyan Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ruili Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wei Lei
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jiayi Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hongsong Shi
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Lijiao Meng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhou
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Cui Cui
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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Yang X, Su Y, Wu J, Wan W, Chen H, Cao X, Wang J, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Ma D, Loake GJ, Jiang J. Parallel analysis of global garlic gene expression and alliin content following leaf wounding. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:174. [PMID: 33838642 PMCID: PMC8035738 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allium sativum (garlic) is an economically important food source and medicinal plant rich in sulfides and other protective substances such as alliin, the precursor of allicin biosynthesis. Cysteine, serine and sulfur is the precursor of alliin biosynthesis. However, little is known about the alliin content under abiotic stress or the mechanism by which it is synthesized. RESULTS The findings revealed that the content of alliin was lowest in the garlic roots, and highest in the buds. Furthermore, alliin levels decreased in mature leaves following wounding. Transcriptome data generated over time after wounding further revealed significant up-regulation of genes integral to the biosynthetic pathways of cysteine and serine in mature garlic leaves. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that differential expression of cysteine, serine and sulfide-related genes underlies the accumulation of alliin and its precursors in garlic, providing a basis for further analyses of alliin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiren Su
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaying Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijian Chen
- XuZhou Nuote Chemical co., Ltd., Xuzhou, 221137, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoying Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youzhi Wang
- XuZhou Nuote Chemical co., Ltd., Xuzhou, 221137, Jiangsu, China
| | - Deliang Ma
- XuZhou Nuote Chemical co., Ltd., Xuzhou, 221137, Jiangsu, China
| | - G J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Jihong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China.
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Su L, Li S, Qiu H, Wang H, Wang C, He C, Xu M, Zhang Z. Full-Length Transcriptome Analyses of Genes Involved in Triterpenoid Saponin Biosynthesis of Psammosilene tunicoides Hairy Root Cultures With Exogenous Salicylic Acid. Front Genet 2021; 12:657060. [PMID: 33854529 PMCID: PMC8039526 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.657060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins constitute a diverse class of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants. Salicylic acid (SA) is an efficient elicitor for secondary metabolite production, but a transcriptome-wide regulatory network of SA-promoted triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis remains little understood. In the current study, we described the establishment of the hairy root culture system for Psammosilene tunicoides, a triterpenoid saponin-producing medicinal herb in China, using genetic transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Compared to controls, we found that total saponin content was dramatically increased (up to 2.49-fold) by the addition of 5 mg/L SA in hairy roots for 1 day. A combination of single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and next-generation sequencing (Illumina RNA-seq) was generated to analyze the full-length transcriptome data for P. tunicoides, as well as the transcript profiles in treated (8 and 24 h) and non-treated (0 h) groups with 5 mg/L SA in hairy roots. A total of 430,117 circular consensus sequence (CCS) reads, 16,375 unigenes and 4,678 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were obtained. The average length of unigenes (2,776 bp) was much higher in full-length transcriptome than that derived from single RNA-seq (1,457 bp). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in the metabolic process. SA up-regulated the unigenes encoding SA-binding proteins and antioxidant enzymes in comparison with controls. Additionally, we identified 89 full-length transcripts encoding enzymes putatively involved in saponin biosynthesis. The candidate transcription factors (WRKY, NAC) and structural genes (AACT, DXS, SE, CYP72A) might be the key regulators in SA-elicited saponin accumulation. Their expression was further validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). These findings preliminarily elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of SA on triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in the transcriptomic level, laying a foundation for SA-elicited saponin augmentation in P. tunicoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingye Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biology Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Hanhan Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biology Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmei He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingfeng Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongshen Zhang
- School of Biology Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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Wu S, Zhu B, Qin L, Rahman K, Zhang L, Han T. Transcription Factor: A Powerful Tool to Regulate Biosynthesis of Active Ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:622011. [PMID: 33719294 PMCID: PMC7943460 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.622011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is a common Chinese herbal medicine, and its major active ingredients are phenolic acids and tanshinones, which are widely used to treat vascular diseases. However, the wild form of S. miltiorrhiza possess low levels of these important pharmaceutical agents; thus, improving their levels is an active area of research. Transcription factors, which promote or inhibit the expressions of multiple genes involved in one or more biosynthetic pathways, are powerful tools for controlling gene expression in biosynthesis. Several families of transcription factors have been reported to participate in regulating phenolic acid and tanshinone biosynthesis and influence their accumulation. This review summarizes the current status in this field, with focus on the transcription factors which have been identified in recent years and their functions in the biosynthetic regulation of phenolic acids and tanshinones. Otherwise, the new insight for further research is provided. Finally, the application of the biosynthetic regulation of active ingredients by the transcription factors in S. miltiorrhiza are discussed, and new insights for future research are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luping Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Han
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Zhou W, Shi M, Deng C, Lu S, Huang F, Wang Y, Kai G. The methyl jasmonate-responsive transcription factor SmMYB1 promotes phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:10. [PMID: 33384411 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00443-445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble phenolic acids are major bioactive compounds in the medicinal plant species Salvia miltiorrhiza. Phenolic acid biosynthesis is induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in this important Chinese herb. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying this induction by analyzing a transcriptome library of S. miltiorrhiza in response to MeJA. Global transcriptome analysis identified the MeJA-responsive R2R3-MYB transcription factor-encoding gene SmMYB1. Overexpressing SmMYB1 significantly promoted phenolic acid accumulation and upregulated the expression of genes encoding key enzymes in the phenolic acid biosynthesis pathway, including cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase (CYP98A14). Dual-luciferase (dual-LUC) assays and/or an electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) indicated that SmMYB1 activated the expression of CYP98A14, as well as the expression of genes encoding anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway enzymes, including chalcone isomerase (CHI) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS). In addition, SmMYB1 was shown to interact with SmMYC2 to additively promote CYP98A14 expression compared to the action of SmMYB1 alone. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SmMYB1 is an activator that improves the accumulation of phenolic acids and anthocyanins in S. miltiorrhiza. These findings lay the foundation for in-depth studies of the molecular mechanism underlying MeJA-mediated phenolic acid biosynthesis and for the metabolic engineering of bioactive ingredients in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changping Deng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sunjie Lu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fenfen Huang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China.
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Zhou W, Shi M, Deng C, Lu S, Huang F, Wang Y, Kai G. The methyl jasmonate-responsive transcription factor SmMYB1 promotes phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:10. [PMID: 33384411 PMCID: PMC7775463 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble phenolic acids are major bioactive compounds in the medicinal plant species Salvia miltiorrhiza. Phenolic acid biosynthesis is induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in this important Chinese herb. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying this induction by analyzing a transcriptome library of S. miltiorrhiza in response to MeJA. Global transcriptome analysis identified the MeJA-responsive R2R3-MYB transcription factor-encoding gene SmMYB1. Overexpressing SmMYB1 significantly promoted phenolic acid accumulation and upregulated the expression of genes encoding key enzymes in the phenolic acid biosynthesis pathway, including cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase (CYP98A14). Dual-luciferase (dual-LUC) assays and/or an electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) indicated that SmMYB1 activated the expression of CYP98A14, as well as the expression of genes encoding anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway enzymes, including chalcone isomerase (CHI) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS). In addition, SmMYB1 was shown to interact with SmMYC2 to additively promote CYP98A14 expression compared to the action of SmMYB1 alone. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SmMYB1 is an activator that improves the accumulation of phenolic acids and anthocyanins in S. miltiorrhiza. These findings lay the foundation for in-depth studies of the molecular mechanism underlying MeJA-mediated phenolic acid biosynthesis and for the metabolic engineering of bioactive ingredients in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Grants
- This work was supported by National Key R&G Program of China (2018YFC1706200), National Natural Science Fund (81522049, 31571735, 31270007), the ‘Dawn’ Program of Shanghai Education Commission (16SG38), Shanghai Science and Technology Committee Project (17JC1404300, 15430502700), Zhejiang Provincial Ten Thousands Program for Leading Talents of Science and Technology Innovation (2018R52050), Zhejiang Natural Science Fund (LY20H280008), Zhejiang Provincial Program for the Cultivation of High-level Innovative Health talents, Pre-research Projects of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (2018ZG30).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changping Deng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sunjie Lu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fenfen Huang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China.
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Mao R, He Z. Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit: A review of its germplasm resources, genetic diversity and active components. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 263:113252. [PMID: 32798614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The medicinal plant Pinellia ternata has been widely used in China, Korea, and Japan and has been demonstrated to be highly effective for treating cough, vomiting, infection, and inflammatory diseases. Modern pharmacological investigations have demonstrated its multiple activities, such as antitussive, expectorant, antiemetic, antitumor, antibacterial, and sedative-hypnotic activities. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to summarize the information about the biological traits, genetic diversity, active components, and continuous cropping obstacle of P. ternata in order to improve its use. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this review, the relevant literature was gathered by using Pinellia ternata, genetic diversity, active components, and continuous cropping obstacle as the keywords from Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer Link, the Wiley online library, SciFinder, SCOPUS, Baidu Scholar, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), and WANFANF DATA (up to April 2020). RESULTS P. ternata is the most widely used herb in the Pinellia genus to treat several diseases. The genetic diversity of P. ternata has been extensively studied, and its high genetic diversity level in China has been demonstrated. Modern pharmacological research has indicated that amino acids, alkaloids, and polysaccharides are the main active components supporting P. ternata's medicinal effects. However, an efficient method for determining its active components is still unavailable. The method used to evaluate Pinelliae Rhizoma (PR) quality standards should be further optimized. The continuous cropping obstacle has a significant effect on the quantity and quality of P. ternata. The underlying mechanism of the continuous cropping obstacle needs to be further explored. CONCLUSIONS P. ternata has emerged as a valuable source of traditional medicine. Some uses of P. ternata in medicine have been validated by pharmacological investigations. However, a more efficient analytical method should be established to evaluate the quality of PR based on multiple quality markers. Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and DNA barcoding should be introduced to identify the authenticity of PR. In addition, the genes involved in the metabolic synthesis pathways of the main active components, population genetic relationships, the quality control of processed PR, and the continuous cropping obstacle need to be further elucidated. We hope this review will allow for better utilization of this valuable herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjun Mao
- College of Life Sciences & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhigui He
- School of Leisure and Health, Guilin Tourism University, Guilin, 541006, Guangxi, China.
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Deng C, Wang Y, Huang F, Lu S, Zhao L, Ma X, Kai G. SmMYB2 promotes salvianolic acid biosynthesis in the medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1688-1702. [PMID: 32343491 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
MYB transcription factors play vital roles in plant growth and metabolism. The phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) promotes phenolic acid accumulation in the medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza, but the regulatory mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we identified the MeJA-responsive R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene SmMYB2 from a transcriptome library produced from MeJA-treated S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. SmMYB2 expression was tightly correlated with the expression of key salvianolic acid biosynthetic genes including CYP98A14. SmMYB2 was highly expressed in the periderm of S. miltiorrhiza and SmMYB2 localized to the nucleus. Overexpressing SmMYB2 in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots significantly increased the levels of salvianolic acids (including rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B) by upregulating salvianolic acid biosynthetic genes such as CYP98A14. SmMYB2 binds to the MYB-binding motifs in the promoter of CYP98A14, as confirmed by a dual-luciferase assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Anthocyanin contents were significantly higher in SmMYB2-overexpressing hairy root lines than the control, primarily due to the increased expression of CHI, DFR, and ANS. These findings reveal the novel regulatory role of SmMYB2 in MeJA-mediated phenolic acid biosynthesis, providing a useful target gene for metabolic engineering and shedding light on the salvianolic acid regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changping Deng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Fenfen Huang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Sunjie Lu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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Deng C, Shi M, Fu R, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Ma X, Kai G. ABA-responsive transcription factor bZIP1 is involved in modulating biosynthesis of phenolic acids and tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5948-5962. [PMID: 32589719 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids and tanshinones are major bioactive ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza, which possess pharmacological activities with great market demand. However, transcriptional regulation of phenolic acid and tanshinone biosynthesis remains poorly understood. Here, a basic leucine zipper transcription factor (TF) named SmbZIP1 was screened from the abscisic acid (ABA)-induced transcriptome library. Overexpression of SmbZIP1 positively promoted phenolic acid biosynthesis by enhancing expression of biosynthetic genes such as cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H1). Furthermore, biochemical experiments revealed that SmbZIP1 bound the G-Box-like1 element in the promoter of the C4H1 gene. Meanwhile, SmbZIP1 inhibited accumulation of tanshinones mainly by suppressing the expression of biosynthetic genes including geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) which was confirmed as a target gene by in vitro and in vivo experiments. In contrast, the phenolic acid content was reduced and tanshinone was enhanced in CRISPR/Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9]-mediated knockout lines. In addition, the previously reported positive regulator of tanshinone biosynthesis, SmERF1L1, was found to be inhibited in SmbZIP1 overexpression lines indicated by RNA sequencing, and was proven to be the target of SmbZIP1. In summary, this work uncovers a novel regulator and deepens our understanding of the transcriptional and regulatory mechanisms of phenolic acid and tanshinone biosynthesis, and also sheds new light on metabolic engineering in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changping Deng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Min Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Rong Fu
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
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Zheng X, Li H, Chen M, Zhang J, Tan R, Zhao S, Wang Z. smi-miR396b targeted SmGRFs, SmHDT1, and SmMYB37/4 synergistically regulates cell growth and active ingredient accumulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1263-1283. [PMID: 32607753 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
MIR396b had been cloned and overexpressed in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. MiR396b targets SmGRFs, SmHDT1, and SmMYB37/4 to regulate cell growth and secondary metabolism in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) is a valuable medicinal herb with two kinds of clinically used natural products, salvianolic acids and tanshinones. miR396 is a conserved microRNA and plays extensive roles in plants. However, it is still unclear how miR396 works in S. miltiorrhiza. In this study, an smi-MIR396b has been cloned from S. miltiorrhiza. Overexpression of miR396b in danshen hairy roots inhibited hairy root growth, reduced salvianolic acid concentration, but enhanced tanshinone accumulation, resulting in the biomass and total salvianolic acids respectively reduced to 55.5 and 72.1% of the control and total tanshinones increased up to 1.91-fold of the control. Applied degradome sequencing, 5'RLM-RACE, and qRT-PCR, 13 targets for miR396b were identified including seven conserved SmGRF1-7 and six novel ones. Comparative transcriptomics and microRNomics analysis together with qRT-PCR results confirmed that miR396b targets SmGRFs, SmHDT1, and SmMYB37/4 to mediate the phytohormone, especially gibberellin signaling pathways and consequentially resulted in the phenotype variation of miR396b-OE hairy roots. Furthermore, miR396b could be activated by methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, gibberellin, salt, and drought stresses. The findings in this study indicated that smi-miR396b acts as an upstream and central regulator in cell growth and the biosynthesis of tanshinones and salvianolic acids, shedding light on the coordinated regulation of plant growth and biosynthesis of active ingredients in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zheng
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Li
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjia Zhang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghui Tan
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
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Xie Y, Ding M, Zhang B, Yang J, Pei T, Ma P, Dong J. Genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of MAPK cascade genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza reveals the function of SmMAPK3 and SmMAPK1 in secondary metabolism. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:630. [PMID: 32928101 PMCID: PMC7488990 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades to plant growth and development has been widely studied, but this knowledge has not yet been extended to the medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza, which produces a number of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites. RESULTS In this study, we performed a genome-wide survey and identified six MAPKKK kinases (MAPKKKKs), 83 MAPKK kinases (MAPKKKs), nine MAPK kinases (MAPKKs) and 18 MAPKs in the S. miltiorrhiza genome. Within each class of genes, a small number of subfamilies were recognized. A transcriptional analysis revealed differences in the genes' behaviour with respect to both their site of transcription and their inducibility by elicitors and phytohormones. Two genes were identified as strong candidates for playing roles in phytohormone signalling. A gene-to-metabolite network was constructed based on correlation analysis, highlighting the likely involvement of two of the cascades in the synthesis of two key groups of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites: phenolic acids and tanshinones. CONCLUSION The data provide insight into the functional diversification and conservation of MAPK cascades in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meiling Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tianlin Pei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Juane Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Shi M, Liao P, Nile SH, Georgiev MI, Kai G. Biotechnological Exploration of Transformed Root Culture for Value-Added Products. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:137-149. [PMID: 32690221 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants produce valuable secondary metabolites with anticancer, analgesic, anticholinergic or other activities, but low metabolite levels and limited available tissue restrict metabolite yields. Transformed root cultures, also called hairy roots, provide a feasible approach for producing valuable secondary metabolites. Various strategies have been used to enhance secondary metabolite production in hairy roots, including increasing substrate availability, regulating key biosynthetic genes, multigene engineering, combining genetic engineering and elicitation, using transcription factors (TFs), and introducing new genes. In this review, we focus on recent developments in hairy roots from medicinal plants, techniques to boost production of desired secondary metabolites, and the development of new technologies to study these metabolites. We also discuss recent trends, emerging applications, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, China
| | - Pan Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, China
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Blvd, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, China.
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Wei T, Deng K, Gao Y, Chen L, Song W, Zhang Y, Wang C, Chen C. SmKSL overexpression combined with elicitor treatment enhances tanshinone production from Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hao X, Pu Z, Cao G, You D, Zhou Y, Deng C, Shi M, Nile SH, Wang Y, Zhou W, Kai G. Tanshinone and salvianolic acid biosynthesis are regulated by SmMYB98 in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. J Adv Res 2020; 23:1-12. [PMID: 32071787 PMCID: PMC7016019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is an herb rich in bioactive tanshinone and salvianolic acid compounds. It is primarily used as an effective medicine for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Liposoluble tanshinones and water-soluble phenolic acids are a series of terpenoids and phenolic compounds, respectively. However, the regulation mechanism for the simultaneous promotion of tanshinone and salvianolic acid biosynthesis remains unclear. This study identified a R2R3-MYB subgroup 20 transcription factor (TF), SmMYB98, which was predominantly expressed in S. miltiorrhiza lateral roots. The accumulation of major bioactive metabolites, tanshinones, and salvianolic acids, was improved in SmMYB98 overexpression (OE) hairy root lines, but reduced in SmMYB98 knockout (KO) lines. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcriptional expression levels of tanshinone and salvianolic acid biosynthesis genes were upregulated by SmMYB98-OE and downregulated by SmMYB98-KO. Dual-Luciferase (Dual-LUC) assays demonstrated that SmMYB98 significantly activated the transcription of SmGGPPS1, SmPAL1, and SmRAS1. These results suggest that SmMYB98-OE can promote tanshinone and salvianolic acid production. The present findings illustrate the exploitation of R2R3-MYB in terpenoid and phenolic biosynthesis, as well as provide a feasible strategy for improving tanshinone and salvianolic acid contents by MYB proteins in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Key Words
- 4CL, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase
- AACT, acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase
- C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase
- CDP-ME, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol
- CDP-MEP, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate
- CMK, 4-(cytidine5-diphospho)-2-C-methylerythritol kinase
- CPP, copalyldiphesphate
- DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate
- DXP, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate
- DXR, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase
- DXS, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase
- G3P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- GGPP, geranylgeranyl diphosphate
- HDR, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate reductase
- HDS, hydroxy-methybutenyl-4-diphosphate synthase
- HMB-PP, (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate
- HMGR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase
- HMGS, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase
- HPPR, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase
- IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate
- IPPI, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase
- MCT, MEP cytidyl-transferase
- MDC, mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase
- MDS, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase
- MEP, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate
- MEcPP, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate
- MK, mevalonate kinase
- MVA, mevalonate
- MVAP, mevalonate-5-phosphate
- MVAPP, mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate
- Metabolic engineering
- PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
- PMK, phosphomevalonate kinase
- Plant secondary metabolism
- R2R3-MYB transcription factor
- RAS, rosmarinic acid synthase
- TAT, tyrosine aminotransferase
- Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Transcriptional regulation
- ent-CPP, ent-Copalyldiphesphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Hao
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Zhongqiang Pu
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Gang Cao
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Dawei You
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Changping Deng
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Min Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
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Quantitative Determination and Validation of Four Ketones in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Using Quantitative Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092043. [PMID: 32353926 PMCID: PMC7248917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia mltiorrhiza Bunge (SMB) is native to China, whose dried root has been used as medicine. A few chromatographic- or spectrometric-based methods have already been used to analyze the lipid-soluble components in SMB. However, the methodology of qNMR on the extracts of fresh SMB root has not been verified so far. The purpose of this study was to establish a fast and simple method to quantify the tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, dihydrotanshinone, and cryptotanshinone in fresh Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge root without any pre-purification steps using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The process is as follows: first, 70% methanol aqueous extracts of fresh Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge roots were quantitatively analyzed for tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, dihydrotanshinone, and cryptotanshinone using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Different internal standards were tested and the validated method was compared with HPLC. 3,4,5-trichloropyridine was chosen as the internal standard. Twelve samples of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge were quantitatively analyzed by qNMR and HPLC respectively. Then, the results were analyzed by chemometric approaches. This NMR method offers a fast, stable, and accurate analysis of four ketones: tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, dihydrotanshinone, and cryptotanshinone in fresh roots of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge.
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Fu L, Han B, Zhou Y, Ren J, Cao W, Patel G, Kai G, Zhang J. The Anticancer Properties of Tanshinones and the Pharmacological Effects of Their Active Ingredients. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:193. [PMID: 32265690 PMCID: PMC7098175 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a common malignant disease worldwide with an increasing mortality in recent years. Salvia miltiorrhiza, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, has been used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases for thousands of years. The liposoluble tanshinones in S. miltiorrhiza are important bioactive components and mainly include tanshinone IIA, dihydrodanshinone, tanshinone I, and cryptotanshinone. Previous studies showed that these four tanshinones exhibited distinct inhibitory effects on tumor cells through different molecular mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. The mechanisms mainly include the inhibition of tumor cell growth, metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis, apoptosis induction, cell autophagy, and antitumor immunity, and so on. In this review, we describe the latest progress on the antitumor functions and mechanisms of these four tanshinones to provide a deeper understanding of the efficacy. In addition, the important role of tumor immunology is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Han
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhi Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gopal Patel
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Jiang Y, Wang L, Lu S, Xue Y, Wei X, Lu J, Zhang Y. Transcriptome sequencing of Salvia miltiorrhiza after infection by its endophytic fungi and identification of genes related to tanshinone biosynthesis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:760-769. [PMID: 31694427 PMCID: PMC6844419 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1680706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Context: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae) is a traditional Chinese herb. Endophytic fungi, which are biotic elicitors, can induce accumulation of secondary metabolites in their host plants.Objective: To analyze the interaction mechanism between S. miltiorrhiza and endophytic fungi.Materials and methods: Endophytic fungi U104 producing tanshinone IIA were isolated from the healthy disease-free tissue of root of S. miltiorrhiza by conventional methods. The endophytic fungus U104 of S. miltiorrhiza was co-cultured with the sterile seedlings of S. miltiorrhiza for 20 d (temp:day/night = 26 °C/18 °C, photoperiod:12/12 h, illuminance:2000 Lx). Transcriptome sequencing of S. miltiorrhiza seedlings after 20 d of co-cultivation was performed using the Illumina platform.Results: A total of 3713 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained. These different expression genes, such as STPII, LTP2, MYB transcription factors, CNGC, CDPK, Rboh, CaM, MAP2K1/MEK1, WRKY33, SGT1/SGT and Hsp90/htpG, showed that host S. miltiorrhiza had biological defence response in the initial stage of interaction. Under the induction of endophytic fungi, 14 key enzyme genes were up-regulated in the tanshinone biosynthesis pathway: DXS, DXS2, DXR, HMGR3, AACT, MK, PMK, GGPPS2, GPPS, KSL, IDI, IPII, FDPS and CPS.Discussion and conclusions: A total of 14 key genes were obtained from the tanshinone component synthesis and metabolic pathways, providing a reasonable explanation for the accumulation of tanshinone components, an accumulation induced by endophytic fungi, in the host plants. The large amounts of data generated in this study provide a strong and powerful platform for future functional and molecular studies of interactions between host plants and their endophytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shaorong Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yizhe Xue
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiying Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Zhou H, Li C, Qiu X, Lu S. Systematic Analysis of Alkaline/Neutral Invertase Genes Reveals the Involvement of Smi-miR399 in Regulation of SmNINV3 and SmNINV4 in Salvia miltiorrhiza. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110490. [PMID: 31717988 PMCID: PMC6918228 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline/neutral invertases (NINVs), which irreversibly catalyze the hydrolysis of sucrose into fructose and glucose, play crucial roles in carbohydrate metabolism and plant development. Comprehensive insights into NINV genes are lacking in Salvia miltiorrhiza, a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) plant with significant medicinal and economic value. Through genome-wide prediction, nine putative SmNINV genes, termed SmNINV1-SmNINV9, were identified. Integrated analysis of gene structures, sequence features, conserved domains, conserved motifs and phylogenetic trees revealed the conservation and divergence of SmNINVs. The identified SmNINVs were differentially expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and different root tissues. They also responded to drought, salicylic acid, yeast extract, and methyl jasmonate treatments. More importantly, computational prediction and experimental validation showed that SmNINV3 and SmNINV4 were targets of Smi-miR399, a conserved miRNA previously shown to affect Pi uptake and translocation through the cleavage of PHOSPHATE2 (PHO2). Consistently, analysis of 43 NINV genes and 26 miR399 sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana, Populus trichocarpa, Manihot esculenta, and Solanum lycopersicum showed that various AtNINV, PtNINV, MeNINV, and SlNINV genes were regulated by miR399. It indicates that the miR399-NINV module exists widely in plants. Furthermore, Smi-miR399 also cleaved SmPHO2 transcripts in S. miltiorrhiza, suggesting the complexity of NINVs, PHO2, and miR399 networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shanfa Lu
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-57833366
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Aminfar Z, Rabiei B, Tohidfar M, Mirjalili MH. Identification of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenic acids in the mint family. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15826. [PMID: 31676750 PMCID: PMC6825174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenic acids (TAs), a large group of natural compounds with diverse biological activity, are produced by several plant taxa. Betulinic, oleanolic, and ursolic acids are the most medicinally important TAs and are mainly found in plants of the mint family. Metabolic engineering is strongly dependent on identifying the key genes in biosynthetic pathways toward the products of interest. In this study, gene expression tracking was performed by transcriptome mining, co-expression network analysis, and tissue-specific metabolite-expression analysis in order to identify possible key genes involved in TAs biosynthetic pathways. To this end, taxa-specific degenerate primers of six important genes were designed using an effective method based on the MEME algorithm in a phylogenetically related group of sequences and successfully applied in three members of the Lamiaceae (Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, and Thymus persicus). Based on the results of in-depth data analysis, genes encoding squalene epoxidase and oxido squalene cyclases are proposed as targets for boosting triterpene production. The results emphasize the importance of identifying key genes in triterpene biosynthesis, which may facilitate genetic manipulation or overexpression of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Aminfar
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Babak Rabiei
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Masoud Tohidfar
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Tehran, Iran.
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Zheng X, Li P, Lu X. Research advances in cytochrome P450-catalysed pharmaceutical terpenoid biosynthesis in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4619-4630. [PMID: 31037306 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids, the biggest class of plant secondary metabolites, have a wide range of significant physiological roles, while many of them are important natural drugs. Biosynthesis of pharmaceutical terpenoids in plants is a fairly complex process, most of which involves cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases. CYP450 enzymes are versatile biocatalysts that play critical roles in terpenoid skeleton modification and structural diversity. Therefore, the discovery and identification of CYP450 genes is significant for elucidating the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway. This review summarizes the progress and cloning strategies relating to CYP450s in pharmaceutical terpenoid biosynthesis of the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Transcriptome Landscape Variation in the Genus Thymus. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10080620. [PMID: 31426352 PMCID: PMC6723042 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the Lamiaceae family, the genus Thymus is an economically important genera due to its medicinal and aromatic properties. Most Thymus molecular research has focused on the determining the phylogenetic relationships between different species, but no published work has focused on the evolution of the transcriptome across the genus to elucidate genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis. Hence, in this study, the transcriptomes of five different Thymus species were generated and analyzed to mine putative genes involved in thymol and carvacrol biosynthesis. High-throughput sequencing produced ~43 million high-quality reads per sample, which were assembled de novo using several tools, then further subjected to a quality evaluation. The best assembly for each species was used as queries to search within the UniProt, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes), COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups) and TF (Transcription Factors) databases. Mining the transcriptomes resulted in the identification of 592 single-copy orthogroups used for phylogenetic analysis. The data showed strongly support a close genetic relationship between Thymus vulgaris and Thymus daenensis. Additionally, this study dates the speciation events between 1.5–2.1 and 9–10.2 MYA according to different methodologies. Our study provides a global overview of genes related to the terpenoid pathway in Thymus, and can help establish an understanding of the relationship that exists among Thymus species.
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49
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Ren J, Fu L, Nile SH, Zhang J, Kai G. Salvia miltiorrhiza in Treating Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review on Its Pharmacological and Clinical Applications. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:753. [PMID: 31338034 PMCID: PMC6626924 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive chemical constitutes from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza classified in two major groups, viz., liposoluble tanshinones and water-soluble phenolics. Tanshinone IIA is a major lipid-soluble compound having promising health benefits. The in vivo and in vitro studies showed that the tanshinone IIA and salvianolate have a wide range of cardiovascular and other pharmacological effects, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, endothelial protective, myocardial protective, anticoagulation, vasodilation, and anti-atherosclerosis, as well as significantly help to reduce proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, some of the clinical studies reported that the S. miltiorrhiza preparations in combination with Western medicine were more effective for treatment of various cardiovascular diseases including angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and pulmonary heart diseases. In this review, we demonstrated the potential applications of S. miltiorrhiza, including pharmacological effects of salvianolate, tanshinone IIA, and its water-soluble derivative, like sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate. Moreover, we also provided details about the clinical applications of S. miltiorrhiza preparations in controlling the cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Fu
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Deng C, Hao X, Shi M, Fu R, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Feng Y, Makunga NP, Kai G. Tanshinone production could be increased by the expression of SmWRKY2 in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 284:1-8. [PMID: 31084862 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinones are the main bioactive diterpenes in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, are widely used for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the biosynthetic mechanisms of these compounds have not yet been fully explained. In this study, a transcription factor named SmWRKY2 was isolated and functionally characterized. Multiple sequence analysis indicated it was classified into subgroup I of the WRKY family. Expression pattern showed that SmWRKY2 was mainly expressed in the stem and leaf and was inducible by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. Subcellular localization showed that SmWRKY2 was localized in the nucleus. Overexpression of SmWRKY2 in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots significantly increased the expression of SmDXS2 and SmCPS, resulting in increased accumulation of tanshinones and the highest total tanshinone content was detected in OE-SmWRKY2-1 line, which was 1.83 times of the control. Meanwhile, tanshinone production was slightly reduced in the antisense-SmWRKY2 line. Dual-Luciferase assay showed that SmWRKY2 can positively regulate SmDXS2 and SmCPS expression, However, Y1H and EMSA experiments indicate that SmWRKY2 only binds to the W-box of the SmCPS promoter. Our study shows that SmWRKY2 is a positive regulator of tanshinone biosynthesis by mainly activating SmCPS. This study thus sheds new light on the regulatory role of SmWRKY2 in tanshinone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changping Deng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China; Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Hao
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, PR China
| | - Min Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China
| | - Rong Fu
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China
| | - Yue Feng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China
| | - Nokwanda P Makunga
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China; Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, PR China.
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