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Wang M, Ou Y, Yuan XL, Zhu XF, Niu B, Kang Z, Zhang B, Ahmed A, Xing GQ, Su H. Heterogeneously elevated branched-chain/aromatic amino acids among new-onset type-2 diabetes mellitus patients are potentially skewed diabetes predictors. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:53-71. [PMID: 38313852 PMCID: PMC10835491 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of specific predictors for type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) severely impacts early intervention/prevention efforts. Elevated branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: Isoleucine, leucine, valine) and aromatic amino acids (AAAs: Tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine)) show high sensitivity and specificity in predicting diabetes in animals and predict T2DM 10-19 years before T2DM onset in clinical studies. However, improvement is needed to support its clinical utility. AIM To evaluate the effects of body mass index (BMI) and sex on BCAAs/AAAs in new-onset T2DM individuals with varying body weight. METHODS Ninety-seven new-onset T2DM patients (< 12 mo) differing in BMI [normal weight (NW), n = 33, BMI = 22.23 ± 1.60; overweight, n = 42, BMI = 25.9 ± 1.07; obesity (OB), n = 22, BMI = 31.23 ± 2.31] from the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China, were studied. One-way and 2-way ANOVAs were conducted to determine the effects of BMI and sex on BCAAs/AAAs. RESULTS Fasting serum AAAs, BCAAs, glutamate, and alanine were greater and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was lower (P < 0.05, each) in OB-T2DM patients than in NW-T2DM patients, especially in male OB-T2DM patients. Arginine, histidine, leucine, methionine, and lysine were greater in male patients than in female patients. Moreover, histidine, alanine, glutamate, lysine, valine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan were significantly correlated with abdominal adiposity, body weight and BMI, whereas isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine were negatively correlated with HDL. CONCLUSION Heterogeneously elevated amino acids, especially BCAAs/AAAs, across new-onset T2DM patients in differing BMI categories revealed a potentially skewed prediction of T2DM development. The higher BCAA/AAA levels in obese T2DM patients would support T2DM prediction in obese individuals, whereas the lower levels of BCAAs/AAAs in NW-T2DM individuals may underestimate T2DM risk in NW individuals. This potentially skewed T2DM prediction should be considered when BCAAs/AAAs are to be used as the T2DM predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiang-Lian Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Zhu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ben Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhuang Kang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Nanchong Central Hospital & The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Anwar Ahmed
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Guo-Qiang Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital and Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Research and Development, Lotus Biotech.com LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Heng Su
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
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Rivera CN, Kamer MM, Cook NE, McGovern MR, Watne RM, Wommack AJ, Vaughan RA. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine-mediated DNA hypomethylation with and without concurrent insulin resistance suppresses myotube mitochondrial capacity. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:1422-1429. [PMID: 37916846 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by elevated blood glucose and reduced insulin sensitivity in target tissues. Moreover, reduced mitochondrial metabolism and expressional profile of genes governing mitochondrial metabolism (such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha [PGC-1α]) are also reduced during insulin resistance. Epigenetic regulation via DNA methylation of genes including PGC-1α may contribute to diminished mitochondrial capacity, while hypomethylation of PGC-1α (such as that invoked by exercise) has been associated with increased PGC-1α expression and favorable metabolic outcomes. The purpose of the present report is to characterize the effects of DNA hypomethylation on myotube metabolism and expression of several related metabolic targets. C2C12 myotubes were treated with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) for either 24 or 72 h both with and without hyperinsulinemic-induced insulin resistance. Mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism were measured via oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rate, respectively. Metabolic gene and protein expression were assessed via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. Though expression of PGC-1α and other related targets remained unaltered, insulin resistance and 5-Aza treatment significantly reduced mitochondrial metabolism. Similarly, peak glycolytic metabolism was diminished by 5-Aza-treated cells, while basal glycolytic metabolism was unaltered. 5-Aza also reduced the expression of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic components, however BCAA utilization was enhanced during insulin resistance with 5-Aza treatment. Together the present work provides proof-of-concept evidence of the potential role of DNA methylation in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and the potential interactions with insulin resistance in a model of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline N Rivera
- Department of Health and Human Performance, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Madison M Kamer
- Department of Health and Human Performance, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Norah E Cook
- Department of Health and Human Performance, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Macey R McGovern
- Department of Health and Human Performance, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel M Watne
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew J Wommack
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roger A Vaughan
- Department of Health and Human Performance, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
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Becetti I, Lauze M, Lee H, Bredella MA, Misra M, Singhal V. Changes in Branched-Chain Amino Acids One Year after Sleeve Gastrectomy in Youth with Obesity and Their Association with Changes in Insulin Resistance. Nutrients 2023; 15:3801. [PMID: 37686833 PMCID: PMC10489782 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adults with obesity have a reduction in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels following metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS), which is hypothesized to contribute to the metabolic advantages of MBS. We examined this relationship in 62 youth 13-24 years old with severe obesity (47 female) over 12 months. Thirty had sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and 32 were non-surgical controls (NS). We measured fasting insulin, glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), isoleucine, leucine, and valine concentrations, and post-prandial insulin and glucose, following a mixed meal tolerance test. Twenty-four-hour food recalls were collected. At baseline, groups did not differ in the intake or the serum levels of BCAAs, HbA1C, HOMA-IR, Matsuda index, insulinogenic index, or oral Disposition index (oDI). Over 12 months, SG vs. NS had greater reductions in serum BCAAs, and SG had significant reductions in BCAA intake. SG vs. NS had greater reductions in HbA1c and HOMA-IR, with increases in the Matsuda index and oDI. In SG, baseline leucine and total BCAA concentrations were negatively correlated with the baseline Matsuda index. Reductions in serum leucine were positively associated with the reductions in HOMA-IR over 12 months. These associations suggest a potential role of BCAA in regulating metabolic health. Reducing dietary intake and serum BCAA concentrations may reduce insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Becetti
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mass General for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.M.); (V.S.)
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Meghan Lauze
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hang Lee
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Miriam A. Bredella
- Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Imaging and Interventions, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Madhusmita Misra
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mass General for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.M.); (V.S.)
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vibha Singhal
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mass General for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.M.); (V.S.)
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Pediatric Program, MGH Weight Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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4
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Andersen CJ, Huang L, Zhai F, Esposito CP, Greco JM, Zhang R, Woodruff R, Sloan A, Van Dyke AR. Consumption of Different Egg-Based Diets Alters Clinical Metabolic and Hematological Parameters in Young, Healthy Men and Women. Nutrients 2023; 15:3747. [PMID: 37686779 PMCID: PMC10490185 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggs-particularly egg yolks-are a rich source of bioactive nutrients and dietary compounds that influence metabolic health, lipid metabolism, immune function, and hematopoiesis. We investigated the effects of consuming an egg-free diet, three egg whites per day, and three whole eggs per day for 4 weeks on comprehensive clinical metabolic, immune, and hematologic profiles in young, healthy adults (18-35 y, BMI < 30 kg/m2 or <30% body fat for men and <40% body fat for women, n = 26) in a 16-week randomized, crossover intervention trial. We observed that average daily macro- and micronutrient intake significantly differed across egg diet periods, including greater intake of choline during the whole egg diet period, which corresponded to increased serum choline and betaine without altering trimethylamine N-oxide. Egg white and whole egg intake increased serum isoleucine while whole egg intake reduced serum glycine-markers of increased and decreased risk of insulin resistance, respectively-without altering other markers of glucose sensitivity or inflammation. Whole egg intake increased a subset of large HDL particles (H6P, 10.8 nm) and decreased the total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio and % monocytes in female participants using combined oral contraceptive (COC) medication (n = 11) as compared to female non-users (n = 10). Whole egg intake further increased blood hematocrit whereas egg white and whole egg intake reduced blood platelet counts. Changes in clinical immune cell counts between egg white and whole egg diet periods were negatively correlated with several HDL parameters yet positively correlated with measures of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and insulin sensitivity. Overall, the intake of whole eggs led to greater overall improvements in micronutrient diet quality, choline status, and HDL and hematologic profiles while minimally-yet potentially less adversely-affecting markers of insulin resistance as compared to egg whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J. Andersen
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA; (J.M.G.); (A.S.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.H.); (F.Z.); (R.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Lindsey Huang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.H.); (F.Z.); (R.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Fangyi Zhai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.H.); (F.Z.); (R.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Christa Palancia Esposito
- Marion Peckham Egan School of Nursing and Health Studies, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA;
| | - Julia M. Greco
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA; (J.M.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.H.); (F.Z.); (R.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Rachael Woodruff
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.H.); (F.Z.); (R.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Allison Sloan
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA; (J.M.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Aaron R. Van Dyke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA;
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5
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Roth Flach RJ, Bollinger E, Reyes AR, Laforest B, Kormos BL, Liu S, Reese MR, Martinez Alsina LA, Buzon L, Zhang Y, Bechle B, Rosado A, Sahasrabudhe PV, Knafels J, Bhattacharya SK, Omoto K, Stansfield JC, Hurley LD, Song L, Luo L, Breitkopf SB, Monetti M, Cunio T, Tierney B, Geoly FJ, Delmore J, Siddall CP, Xue L, Yip KN, Kalgutkar AS, Miller RA, Zhang BB, Filipski KJ. Small molecule branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BDK) inhibitors with opposing effects on BDK protein levels. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4812. [PMID: 37558654 PMCID: PMC10412597 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic impairments have been implicated in several diseases. Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) controls the rate limiting step in BCAA degradation, the activity of which is inhibited by BCKDH kinase (BDK)-mediated phosphorylation. Screening efforts to discover BDK inhibitors led to identification of thiophene PF-07208254, which improved cardiometabolic endpoints in mice. Structure-activity relationship studies led to identification of a thiazole series of BDK inhibitors; however, these inhibitors did not improve metabolism in mice upon chronic administration. While the thiophenes demonstrated sustained branched chain ketoacid (BCKA) lowering and reduced BDK protein levels, the thiazoles increased BCKAs and BDK protein levels. Thiazoles increased BDK proximity to BCKDH-E2, whereas thiophenes reduced BDK proximity to BCKDH-E2, which may promote BDK degradation. Thus, we describe two BDK inhibitor series that possess differing attributes regarding BDK degradation or stabilization and provide a mechanistic understanding of the desirable features of an effective BDK inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Roth Flach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Eliza Bollinger
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Allan R Reyes
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Brigitte Laforest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bethany L Kormos
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shenping Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Matthew R Reese
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - Leanne Buzon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Bruce Bechle
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Amy Rosado
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - John Knafels
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - Kiyoyuki Omoto
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - John C Stansfield
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Liam D Hurley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - LouJin Song
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lina Luo
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - Mara Monetti
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Teresa Cunio
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Brendan Tierney
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Frank J Geoly
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Jake Delmore
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - C Parker Siddall
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Liang Xue
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ka N Yip
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Russell A Miller
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bei B Zhang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kevin J Filipski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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6
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Zheng XX, Li DX, Li YT, Chen YL, Zhao YL, Ji S, Guo MZ, Du Y, Tang DQ. Mulberry leaf water extract alleviates type 2 diabetes in mice via modulating gut microbiota-host co-metabolism of branched-chain amino acid. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3195-3210. [PMID: 37013717 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Elevations in circling branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) levels associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Morus alba L. water extracts (MLE) show hypoglycemic function, but the precise mechanism remains obscure. This study is designed to investigate the association of the antidiabetes effect of MLE with the BCAAs co-metabolism modulated by host and gut microbiota. Tissue-specific expressions of BCAA-catabolizing enzymes were detected by RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. The components of the intestinal microflora were analyzed by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that MLE administration improved blood glucose and insulin level, decreased inflammatory cytokines expression, and lowered serum and feces BCAAs levels. Furthermore, MLE reversed the abundance changes of the bacterial genera correlated with serum and feces BCAAs, such as Anaerovorax, Bilophila, Blautia, Colidextribacter, Dubosiella, Intestinimonas, Lachnoclostridium, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136, Oscillibacter, and Roseburia. Functionality prediction indicated that MLE potentially inhibited bacterial BCAAs biosynthesis, and promoted the tissue-specific expression of BCAAs catabolic enzyme. More importantly, MLE had obvious impacts on BCAA catabolism in germ-free-mimic T2DM mice. Those results indicated that MLE improving T2DM-related biochemical abnormalities is associated with not only gut microbiota modification but also the tissue-specific expression of BCAAs catabolic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ding-Xiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ya-Ting Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yu-Lang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221204, China
| | - Shuai Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining, 221202, China
| | - Meng-Zhe Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining, 221202, China
| | - Yan Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dao-Quan Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221204, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining, 221202, China
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7
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López-Soldado I, Torres AG, Ventura R, Martínez-Ruiz I, Díaz-Ramos A, Planet E, Cooper D, Pazderska A, Wanic K, O'Hanlon D, O'Gorman DJ, Carbonell T, de Pouplana LR, Nolan JJ, Zorzano A, Hernández-Alvarez MI. Decreased expression of mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases causes downregulation of OXPHOS subunits in type 2 diabetic muscle. Redox Biol 2023; 61:102630. [PMID: 36796135 PMCID: PMC9958393 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) affects millions of people worldwide and is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. The skeletal muscle (SKM) is one of the most important tissues involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis and substrate oxidation, and it undergoes insulin resistance in T2D. In this study, we identify the existence of alterations in the expression of mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (mt-aaRSs) in skeletal muscle from two different forms of T2D: early-onset type 2 diabetes (YT2) (onset of the disease before 30 years of age) and the classical form of the disease (OT2). GSEA analysis from microarray studies revealed the repression of mitochondrial mt-aaRSs independently of age, which was validated by real-time PCR assays. In agreement with this, a reduced expression of several encoding mt-aaRSs was also detected in skeletal muscle from diabetic (db/db) mice but not in obese ob/ob mice. In addition, the expression of the mt-aaRSs proteins most relevant in the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins, threonyl-tRNA, and leucyl-tRNA synthetases (TARS2 and LARS2) were also repressed in muscle from db/db mice. It is likely that these alterations participate in the reduced expression of proteins synthesized in the mitochondria detected in db/db mice. We also document an increased iNOS abundance in mitochondrial-enriched muscle fractions from diabetic mice that may inhibit aminoacylation of TARS2 and LARS2 by nitrosative stress. Our results indicate a reduced expression of mt-aaRSs in skeletal muscle from T2D patients, which may participate in the reduced expression of proteins synthesized in mitochondria. An enhanced mitochondrial iNOS could play a regulatory role in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana López-Soldado
- Department de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biología, 08028, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona IBUB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Gabriel Torres
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Ventura
- Department de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biología, 08028, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona IBUB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inma Martínez-Ruiz
- Department de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biología, 08028, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona IBUB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angels Díaz-Ramos
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Evarist Planet
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diane Cooper
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, 3U Diabetes Partnership & School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Agnieszka Pazderska
- Metabolic Research Unit, St James's Hospital, and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Krzysztof Wanic
- Metabolic Research Unit, St James's Hospital, and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan O'Hanlon
- Metabolic Research Unit, St James's Hospital, and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donal J O'Gorman
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, 3U Diabetes Partnership & School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Teresa Carbonell
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Ribas de Pouplana
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John J Nolan
- Metabolic Research Unit, St James's Hospital, and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Department de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biología, 08028, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez
- Department de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biología, 08028, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona IBUB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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A Metabolomics-Based Investigation of the Effects of a Short-Term Body Weight Reduction Program in a Cohort of Adolescents with Obesity: A Prospective Interventional Clinical Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030529. [PMID: 36771236 PMCID: PMC9921209 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics applied to assess the response to a body weight reduction program (BWRP) may generate valuable information concerning the biochemical mechanisms/pathways underlying the BWRP-induced cardiometabolic benefits. The aim of the present study was to establish the BWRP-induced changes in the metabolomic profile that characterizes the obese condition. In particular, a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) targeted metabolomic approach was used to determine a total of 188 endogenous metabolites in the plasma samples of a cohort of 42 adolescents with obesity (female/male = 32/10; age = 15.94 ± 1.33 year; body mass index standard deviation score (BMI SDS) = 2.96 ± 0.46) who underwent a 3-week BWRP, including hypocaloric diet, physical exercise, nutritional education, and psychological support. The BWRP was capable of significantly improving body composition (e.g., BMI SDS, p < 0.0001), glucometabolic homeostasis (e.g., glucose, p < 0.0001), and cardiovascular function (e.g., diastolic blood pressure, p = 0.016). A total of 64 metabolites were significantly reduced after the intervention (at least p < 0.05), including 53 glycerophospholipids (23 PCs ae, 21 PCs aa, and 9 lysoPCs), 7 amino acids (tyrosine, phenylalanine, arginine, citrulline, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and leucine), the biogenic amine kynurenine, 2 sphingomyelins, and (free) carnitine (C0). On the contrary, three metabolites were significantly increased after the intervention (at least p < 0.05)-in particular, glutamine, trans-4-hydroxyproline, and the octadecenoyl-carnitine (C18:1). In conclusion, when administered to adolescents with obesity, a short-term BWRP is capable of changing the metabolomic profile in the plasma.
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Pixner T, Stummer N, Schneider AM, Lukas A, Gramlinger K, Julian V, Thivel D, Mörwald K, Mangge H, Dalus C, Aigner E, Furthner D, Weghuber D, Maruszczak K. The relationship between glucose and the liver-alpha cell axis - A systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1061682. [PMID: 36686477 PMCID: PMC9849557 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1061682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, glucagon was considered a mere antagonist to insulin, protecting the body from hypoglycemia. This notion changed with the discovery of the liver-alpha cell axis (LACA) as a feedback loop. The LACA describes how glucagon secretion and pancreatic alpha cell proliferation are stimulated by circulating amino acids. Glucagon in turn leads to an upregulation of amino acid metabolism and ureagenesis in the liver. Several increasingly common diseases (e.g., non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity) disrupt this feedback loop. It is important for clinicians and researchers alike to understand the liver-alpha cell axis and the metabolic sequelae of these diseases. While most of previous studies have focused on fasting concentrations of glucagon and amino acids, there is limited knowledge of their dynamics after glucose administration. The authors of this systematic review applied PRISMA guidelines and conducted PubMed searches to provide results of 8078 articles (screened and if relevant, studied in full). This systematic review aims to provide better insight into the LACA and its mediators (amino acids and glucagon), focusing on the relationship between glucose and the LACA in adult and pediatric subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pixner
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Salzkammergutklinikum Voecklabruck, Voecklabruck, Austria
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nathalie Stummer
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Maria Schneider
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Lukas
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Salzkammergutklinikum Voecklabruck, Voecklabruck, Austria
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karin Gramlinger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Salzkammergutklinikum Voecklabruck, Voecklabruck, Austria
| | - Valérie Julian
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, Human Nutrition Research Center (CRNH), INRA, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Katharina Mörwald
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Harald Mangge
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher Dalus
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elmar Aigner
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dieter Furthner
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Salzkammergutklinikum Voecklabruck, Voecklabruck, Austria
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Weghuber
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katharina Maruszczak
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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A Study of the Metabolic Pathways Affected by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Comparison with Type 2 Diabetes. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112881. [PMID: 36428943 PMCID: PMC9689375 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains incompletely understood and increases the risk of developing Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). Metabolomics provides insights etiology and pathogenesis of disease and discovery biomarkers for accurate detection. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a key platform defining metabolic signatures in intact serum/plasma. In the present study, we used NMR-based analysis of macromolecules free-serum to accurately characterize the altered metabolic pathways of GDM and assessing their similarities to DM2. Our findings could contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of GDM and help in the identification of metabolomic markers of the disease. METHODS Sixty-two women with GDM matched with seventy-seven women without GDM (control group). 1H NMR serum spectra were acquired on an 11.7 T Bruker Avance DRX NMR spectrometer. RESULTS We identified 55 metabolites in both groups, 25 of which were significantly altered in the GDM group. GDM group showed elevated levels of ketone bodies, 2-hydroxybutyrate and of some metabolic intermediates of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and significantly lower levels of metabolites of one-carbon metabolism, energy production, purine metabolism, certain amino acids, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate, ornithine, 2-aminobutyrate, taurine and trimethylamine N-oxide. CONCLUSION Metabolic pathways affected in GDM were beta-oxidation, ketone bodies metabolism, one-carbon metabolism, arginine and ornithine metabolism likewise in DM2, whereas BCAAs catabolism and aromatic amino acids metabolism were affected, but otherwise than in DM2.
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11
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Caloric restriction improves glycaemic control without reducing plasma branched-chain amino acids or keto-acids in obese men. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19273. [PMID: 36369511 PMCID: PMC9652417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher plasma leucine, isoleucine and valine (BCAA) concentrations are associated with diabetes, obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Here, we evaluated the effects of 6-weeks very-low calorie diet (VLCD) upon fasting BCAA in overweight (OW) non-diabetic men, to explore associations between circulating BCAA and IR, before and after a weight loss intervention. Fasting plasma BCAAs were quantified in an OW (n = 26; BMI 32.4 ± 3 kg/m2; mean age 44 ± 9 y) and a normal-weight (NW) group (n = 26; BMI 24 ± 3.1 kg/m2; mean age 32 ± 12.3 y). Ten of the OW group (BMI 32.2 ± 4 kg/m2; 46 ± 8 y) then underwent 6-weeks of VLCD (600-800 kcal/day). Fasting plasma BCAA (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR) and body-composition (DXA) were assessed before and after VLCD. Total BCAA were higher in OW individuals (sum leucine/isoleucine/valine: 457 ± 85 µM) compared to NW control individuals (365 ± 78 µM, p < 0.001). Despite significant weight loss (baseline 103.9 ± 12.3 to 93 ± 9.6 kg and BMI 32.2 ± 4 to 28.9 ± 3.6 kg/m2), no changes were observed in BCAAs after 6-weeks of VLCD. Moreover, although VLCD resulted in a significant reduction in HOMA-IR (baseline 1.19 ± 0.62 to 0.51 ± 0.21 post-VLCD; p < 0.001), Pearson's r revealed no relationships between BCAA and HOMA-IR, either before (leucine R2: 2.49e-005, p = 0.98; isoleucine R2: 1.211-e006, p = 0.9; valine R2: 0.004, p = 0.85) or after VLCD (leucine R2: 0.003, p = 0.86; isoleucine R2: 0.006, p = 0.82; valine R2: 0.002, p = 0.65). Plasma BCAA are higher in OW compared to NW individuals. However, while 6-weeks VLCD reduced body weight and IR in OW individuals, this was not associated with reductions in BCAA. This suggests that studies demonstrating links between BCAA and insulin resistance in OW individuals, are complex and are not normalised by simply losing weight.
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12
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Vanweert F, Schrauwen P, Phielix E. Role of branched-chain amino acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes-related metabolic disturbances BCAA metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 2022; 12:35. [PMID: 35931683 PMCID: PMC9356071 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-022-00213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism has been considered to have an emerging role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disturbances in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Several studies showed elevated plasma BCAA levels in humans with insulin resistance and patients with T2D, although the underlying reason is unknown. Dysfunctional BCAA catabolism could theoretically be an underlying factor. In vitro and animal work collectively show that modulation of the BCAA catabolic pathway alters key metabolic processes affecting glucose homeostasis, although an integrated understanding of tissue-specific BCAA catabolism remains largely unknown, especially in humans. Proof-of-concept studies in rodents -and to a lesser extent in humans – strongly suggest that enhancing BCAA catabolism improves glucose homeostasis in metabolic disorders, such as obesity and T2D. In this review, we discuss several hypothesized mechanistic links between BCAA catabolism and insulin resistance and overview current available tools to modulate BCAA catabolism in vivo. Furthermore, this review considers whether enhancing BCAA catabolism forms a potential future treatment strategy to promote metabolic health in insulin resistance and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Froukje Vanweert
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Phielix
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Rahman MM, Dhar PS, Sumaia, Anika F, Ahmed L, Islam MR, Sultana NA, Cavalu S, Pop O, Rauf A. Exploring the plant-derived bioactive substances as antidiabetic agent: An extensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113217. [PMID: 35679719 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome. Diabetes has become more common in recent years. Chemically generated drugs are used to lessen the effects of DM and its following repercussions due to unpleasant side effects such as weight gain, gastrointestinal issues, and heart failure. On the other hand, medicinal plants could be a good source of anti-diabetic medications. This article aims to determine any plant matrix's positive potential. Food restriction, physical activity, and the use of antidiabetic plant-derived chemicals are all being promoted as effective ways to manage diabetes because they are less expensive and have fewer or no side effects. This review focuses on antidiabetic plants, along with their bioactive constituent, chemically characterization, and plant-based diets for diabetes management. There is minimal scientific data about the mechanism of action of the plant-based product has been found. The purpose of this article is to highlight anti-diabetic plants and plant-derived bioactive compounds that have anti-diabetic properties. It also provides researchers with data that may be used to build future strategies, such as identifying promising bioactive molecules to make diabetes management easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Puja Sutro Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Sumaia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Fazilatunnesa Anika
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Limon Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Nazneen Ahmeda Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Pop
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania.
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, Swabi, KPK, Pakistan.
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14
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Bao M, Hou K, Xin C, Zeng D, Cheng C, Zhao H, Wang Z, Wang L. Portulaca oleracea L. Extract Alleviated Type 2 Diabetes Via Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Serum Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2101030. [PMID: 35212446 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Portulaca oleracea L. extracts (PE) show hypoglycemic function, but the precise mechanism remains obscure. This study is designed to investigate the association of the antidiabetes effect of PE with the gut microbiota modulation and BCAAs metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS The Orbitrap LC-MS to Orbitrap Fusion Lumos Tribrid mass spectrometer is employed to analyze the major compounds in PE. The components of the intestinal microflora in diet-induced/STZ-treated diabetic mice are analyzed by high-throughput 16S rRNA genes sequencing. The results show that PE improves blood glucose and insulin level, increases anti-inflammatory cytokine level, lowers serum branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), and increases serum glutamine level. PE also protects the mucosal epithelium of the colon and cecum from damage. On the impact of gut microbial composition, PE reduces the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and the abundance of the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Blautia, Ruminiclostridium_9, Dubosiella, and increases the abundance of the Bacteroides, Akkermansia, and Mucisprillum genera. Bacterial functionality prediction indicates PE potentially inhibits bacterial BCAAs biosynthesis, and promotes the tissue-specific expression of BCAAs catabolic enzyme for reducing BCAAs supplementation. CONCLUSION These results reveal that PE improving T2D-related biochemical abnormalities is associated not only with gut microbiota modification but also with the tissue-specific expression of BCAAs catabolic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Bao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, NO. 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Kexin Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, NO. 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, NO. 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Deyong Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, NO. 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Cuilin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, NO. 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Haitian Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, NO. 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, NO. 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, NO. 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P. R. China
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Cuomo P, Capparelli R, Iannelli A, Iannelli D. Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084325. [PMID: 35457142 PMCID: PMC9030262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) include leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Mammalians cannot synthesize these amino acids de novo and must acquire them through their diet. High levels of BCAAs are associated with insulin resistance; type 2 diabetes; obesity; and non-metabolic diseases, including several forms of cancer. BCAAs—in particular leucine—activate the rapamycin complex1 mTORC1, which regulates cell growth and metabolism, glucose metabolism and several more essential physiological processes. Diets rich in BCAAs are associated with metabolic diseases (listed above), while diets low in BCAAs are generally reported to promote metabolic health. As for the dysregulation of the metabolism caused by high levels of BCAAs, recent studies propose that the accumulation of acyl-carnitine and diacyl-CoA in muscles alters lipid metabolism. However, this suggestion is not broadly accepted. On clinical grounds, pre- and post-operative metabolic profiles of candidate patients for bariatric surgery are being used to select the optimal procedure for each individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cuomo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100-Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Capparelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100-Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (D.I.)
| | - Antonio Iannelli
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Université Côte d’ Azur, F-06108 Nice, France;
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice-Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Archet 2 Hospital, 151 Route de Saint Antoine de Ginestiere, F-062024 Nice, France
- Inserm, U1065, Team 8 “Hepatic Complications of Obesity and Alcohol”, F-062024 Nice, France
| | - Domenico Iannelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100-Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (D.I.)
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16
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Liu S, Li L, Lou P, Zhao M, Wang Y, Tang M, Gong M, Liao G, Yuan Y, Li L, Zhang J, Chen Y, Cheng J, Lu Y, Liu J. Elevated branched-chain α-keto acids exacerbate macrophage oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 175:141-154. [PMID: 34474107 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Chronic inflammation is a primary reason for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications, while disordered branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) metabolism is found in T2DM, but the link between BCAA catabolic defects and inflammation in T2DM remains elusive and needs to be investigated. METHODS The changes in BCAA catabolism, inflammation, organ damage, redox status, and mitochondrial function in db/db mice with treatments of BCAA-overload or BCAA catabolism activator were analyzed in vivo. The changes in BCAA catabolic metabolism, as well as the direct effects of BCAAs/branched-chain alpha-keto acids (BCKAs) on cytokine release and redox status were also analyzed in primary macrophages in vitro. RESULTS Inactivation of branched-chain ɑ-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) complex was found in multiple organs (liver, muscle and kidney) of db/db mice. Long-term high BCAA supplementation further increased BCKA levels, inflammation, tissue fibrosis (liver and kidney), and macrophage hyper-activation in db/db mice, while enhancing BCAA catabolism with pharmacological activator reduced these adverse effects in db/db mice. In vitro, the BCAA catabolism was unchanged in primary macrophages of db/db mice, and elevated BCKAs but not BCAAs promoted the cytokine production in primary macrophages. Moreover, BCKA stimulation was associated with increased mitochondrial oxidative stress and redox imbalance in macrophages and diabetic organs. CONCLUSION Impaired BCAA catabolism is strongly associated with chronic inflammation and tissue damage in T2DM, and this effect is at least partly due to the BCKAs-induced macrophage oxidative stress. This study highlights that targeting BCAA catabolism is a potential strategy to attenuate T2DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Li
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Lou
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minghai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Gong
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangneng Liao
- Animal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Younan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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17
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Yang D, Patel S, Szlachcic WJ, Chmielowiec J, Scaduto D, Putluri N, Sreekumar A, Suliburk J, Metzker M, Balasubramanyam A, Borowiak M. Pancreatic Differentiation of Stem Cells Reveals Pathogenesis of a Syndrome of Ketosis-Prone Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:2419-2429. [PMID: 34344789 PMCID: PMC8576504 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analysis of an adult patient with an unusual course of ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD) and lacking islet autoantibodies demonstrated a nucleotide variant in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of PDX1, a β-cell development gene. When differentiated to the pancreatic lineage, his induced pluripotent stem cells stalled at the definitive endoderm (DE) stage. Metabolomics analysis of the cells revealed that this was associated with leucine hypersensitivity during transition from the DE to the pancreatic progenitor (PP) stage, and RNA sequencing showed that defects in leucine-sensitive mTOR pathways contribute to the differentiation deficiency. CRISPR/Cas9 manipulation of the PDX1 variant demonstrated that it is necessary and sufficient to confer leucine sensitivity and the differentiation block, likely due to disruption of binding of the transcriptional regulator NFY to the PDX1 5'-UTR, leading to decreased PDX1 expression at the early PP stage. Thus, the combination of an underlying defect in leucine catabolism characteristic of KPD with a functionally relevant heterozygous variant in a critical β-cell gene that confers increased leucine sensitivity and inhibits endocrine cell differentiation resulted in the phenotype of late-onset β-cell failure in this patient. We define the molecular pathogenesis of a diabetes syndrome and demonstrate the power of multiomics analysis of patient-specific stem cells for clinical discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Yang
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sanjeet Patel
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - James Suliburk
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Ashok Balasubramanyam
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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18
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Supruniuk E, Żebrowska E, Chabowski A. Branched chain amino acids-friend or foe in the control of energy substrate turnover and insulin sensitivity? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2559-2597. [PMID: 34542351 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1977910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and their derivatives are bioactive molecules with pleiotropic functions in the human body. Elevated fasting blood BCAA concentrations are considered as a metabolic hallmark of obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, since increased BCAA amount is observed both in metabolically healthy and obese subjects, a question whether BCAA are mechanistic drivers of insulin resistance and its morbidities or only markers of metabolic dysregulation, still remains open. The beneficial effects of BCAA on body weight and composition, aerobic capacity, insulin secretion and sensitivity demand high catabolic potential toward amino acids and/or adequate BCAA intake. On the opposite, BCAA-related inhibition of lipogenesis and lipolysis enhancement may preclude impairment in insulin sensitivity. Thereby, the following review addresses various strategies pertaining to the modulation of BCAA catabolism and the possible roles of BCAA in energy homeostasis. We also aim to elucidate mechanisms behind the heterogeneity of ramifications associated with BCAA modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Supruniuk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Żebrowska
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Ning Z, Song Z, Wang C, Peng S, Wan X, Liu Z, Lu A. How Perturbated Metabolites in Diabetes Mellitus Affect the Pathogenesis of Hypertension? Front Physiol 2021; 12:705588. [PMID: 34483960 PMCID: PMC8416465 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.705588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of hypertension (HTN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common phenomenon in more than half of the diabetic patients. Since HTN constitutes a predictor of vascular complications and cardiovascular disease in type 2 DM patients, it is of significance to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of type 2 DM binding to HTN. This review attempts to understand the mechanism via the perspective of the metabolites. It reviewed the metabolic perturbations, the biological function of perturbated metabolites in two diseases, and the mechanism underlying metabolic perturbation that contributed to the connection of type 2 DM and HTN. DM-associated metabolic perturbations may be involved in the pathogenesis of HTN potentially in insulin, angiotensin II, sympathetic nervous system, and the energy reprogramming to address how perturbated metabolites in type 2 DM affect the pathogenesis of HTN. The recent integration of the metabolism field with microbiology and immunology may provide a wider perspective. Metabolism affects immune function and supports immune cell differentiation by the switch of energy. The diverse metabolites produced by bacteria modified the biological process in the inflammatory response of chronic metabolic diseases either. The rapidly evolving metabolomics has enabled to have a better understanding of the process of diseases, which is an important tool for providing some insight into the investigation of diseases mechanism. Metabolites served as direct modulators of biological processes were believed to assess the pathological mechanisms involved in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangchi Ning
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqian Song
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shitao Peng
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Wan
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Sjögren RJO, Rizo-Roca D, Chibalin AV, Chorell E, Furrer R, Katayama S, Harada J, Karlsson HKR, Handschin C, Moritz T, Krook A, Näslund E, Zierath JR. Branched-chain amino acid metabolism is regulated by ERRα in primary human myotubes and is further impaired by glucose loading in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2077-2091. [PMID: 34131782 PMCID: PMC8382616 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Increased levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. However, most metabolomic studies are limited to an analysis of plasma metabolites under fasting conditions, rather than the dynamic shift in response to a metabolic challenge. Moreover, metabolomic profiles of peripheral tissues involved in glucose homeostasis are scarce and the transcriptomic regulation of genes involved in BCAA catabolism is partially unknown. This study aimed to identify differences in circulating and skeletal muscle BCAA levels in response to an OGTT in individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or type 2 diabetes. Additionally, transcription factors involved in the regulation of the BCAA gene set were identified. METHODS Plasma and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained from individuals with NGT or type 2 diabetes before and after an OGTT. Plasma and quadriceps muscles were harvested from skeletal muscle-specific Ppargc1a knockout and transgenic mice. BCAA-related metabolites and genes were assessed by LC-MS/MS and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Small interfering RNA and adenovirus-mediated overexpression techniques were used in primary human skeletal muscle cells to study the role of PPARGC1A and ESRRA in the expression of the BCAA gene set. Radiolabelled leucine was used to analyse the impact of oestrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) knockdown on leucine oxidation. RESULTS Impairments in BCAA catabolism in people with type 2 diabetes under fasting conditions were exacerbated after a glucose load. Branched-chain keto acids were reduced 37-56% after an OGTT in the NGT group, whereas no changes were detected in individuals with type 2 diabetes. These changes were concomitant with a stronger correlation with glucose homeostasis biomarkers and downregulated expression of branched-chain amino acid transaminase 2, branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase complex subunits and 69% of downstream BCAA-related genes in skeletal muscle. In primary human myotubes overexpressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α, encoded by PPARGC1A), 61% of the analysed BCAA genes were upregulated, while 67% were downregulated in the quadriceps of skeletal muscle-specific Ppargc1a knockout mice. ESRRA (encoding ERRα) silencing completely abrogated the PGC-1α-induced upregulation of BCAA-related genes in primary human myotubes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Metabolic inflexibility in type 2 diabetes impacts BCAA homeostasis and attenuates the decrease in circulating and skeletal muscle BCAA-related metabolites after a glucose challenge. Transcriptional regulation of BCAA genes in primary human myotubes via PGC-1α is ERRα-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus J O Sjögren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Rizo-Roca
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander V Chibalin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Chorell
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jun Harada
- Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Håkan K R Karlsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Thomas Moritz
- Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Näslund
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Mann G, Mora S, Madu G, Adegoke OAJ. Branched-chain Amino Acids: Catabolism in Skeletal Muscle and Implications for Muscle and Whole-body Metabolism. Front Physiol 2021; 12:702826. [PMID: 34354601 PMCID: PMC8329528 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.702826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are critical for skeletal muscle and whole-body anabolism and energy homeostasis. They also serve as signaling molecules, for example, being able to activate mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). This has implication for macronutrient metabolism. However, elevated circulating levels of BCAAs and of their ketoacids as well as impaired catabolism of these amino acids (AAs) are implicated in the development of insulin resistance and its sequelae, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and of some cancers, although other studies indicate supplements of these AAs may help in the management of some chronic diseases. Here, we first reviewed the catabolism of these AAs especially in skeletal muscle as this tissue contributes the most to whole body disposal of the BCAA. We then reviewed emerging mechanisms of control of enzymes involved in regulating BCAA catabolism. Such mechanisms include regulation of their abundance by microRNA and by post translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination. We also reviewed implications of impaired metabolism of BCAA for muscle and whole-body metabolism. We comment on outstanding questions in the regulation of catabolism of these AAs, including regulation of the abundance and post-transcriptional/post-translational modification of enzymes that regulate BCAA catabolism, as well the impact of circadian rhythm, age and mTORC1 on these enzymes. Answers to such questions may facilitate emergence of treatment/management options that can help patients suffering from chronic diseases linked to impaired metabolism of the BCAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olasunkanmi A. J. Adegoke
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Mendham AE, Goedecke JH, Zeng Y, Larsen S, George C, Hauksson J, Fortuin-de Smidt MC, Chibalin AV, Olsson T, Chorell E. Exercise training improves mitochondrial respiration and is associated with an altered intramuscular phospholipid signature in women with obesity. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1642-1659. [PMID: 33770195 PMCID: PMC8187207 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We sought to determine putative relationships among improved mitochondrial respiration, insulin sensitivity and altered skeletal muscle lipids and metabolite signature in response to combined aerobic and resistance training in women with obesity. METHODS This study reports a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial including additional measures of mitochondrial respiration, skeletal muscle lipidomics, metabolomics and protein content. Women with obesity were randomised into 12 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training (n = 20) or control (n = 15) groups. Pre- and post-intervention testing included peak oxygen consumption, whole-body insulin sensitivity (intravenous glucose tolerance test), skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration (high-resolution respirometry), lipidomics and metabolomics (mass spectrometry) and lipid content (magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy). Proteins involved in glucose transport (i.e. GLUT4) and lipid turnover (i.e. sphingomyelin synthase 1 and 2) were assessed by western blotting. RESULTS The original randomised controlled trial showed that exercise training increased insulin sensitivity (median [IQR]; 3.4 [2.0-4.6] to 3.6 [2.4-6.2] x10-5 pmol l-1 min-1), peak oxygen consumption (mean ± SD; 24.9 ± 2.4 to 27.6 ± 3.4 ml kg-1 min-1), and decreased body weight (84.1 ± 8.7 to 83.3 ± 9.7 kg), with an increase in weight (pre intervention, 87.8± 10.9 to post intervention 88.8 ± 11.0 kg) in the control group (interaction p < 0.05). The current study shows an increase in mitochondrial respiration and content in response to exercise training (interaction p < 0.05). The metabolite and lipid signature at baseline were significantly associated with mitochondrial respiratory capacity (p < 0.05) but were not associated with whole-body insulin sensitivity or GLUT4 protein content. Exercise training significantly altered the skeletal muscle lipid profile, increasing specific diacylglycerol(32:2) and ceramide(d18:1/24:0) levels, without changes in other intermediates or total content of diacylglycerol and ceramide. The total content of cardiolipin, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) increased with exercise training with a decrease in the PC:PE ratios containing 22:5 and 20:4 fatty acids. These changes were associated with content-driven increases in mitochondrial respiration (p < 0.05), but not with the increase in whole-body insulin sensitivity or GLUT4 protein content. Exercise training increased sphingomyelin synthase 1 (p < 0.05), with no change in plasma-membrane-located sphingomyelin synthase 2. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The major findings of our study were that exercise training altered specific intramuscular lipid intermediates, associated with content-driven increases in mitochondrial respiration but not whole-body insulin sensitivity. This highlights the benefits of exercise training and presents putative target pathways for preventing lipotoxicity in skeletal muscle, which is typically associated with the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Mendham
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yingxu Zeng
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steen Larsen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Cindy George
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jon Hauksson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Melony C Fortuin-de Smidt
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alexander V Chibalin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy Olsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elin Chorell
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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23
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Margolis LM, Karl JP, Wilson MA, Coleman JL, Ferrando AA, Young AJ, Pasiakos SM. Metabolomic profiles are reflective of hypoxia-induced insulin resistance during exercise in healthy young adult males. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R1-R11. [PMID: 33949213 PMCID: PMC8321788 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced insulin resistance appears to suppress exogenous glucose oxidation during metabolically matched aerobic exercise during acute (<8 h) high-altitude (HA) exposure. However, a better understanding of this metabolic dysregulation is needed to identify interventions to mitigate these effects. The objective of this study was to determine if differences in metabolomic profiles during exercise at sea level (SL) and HA are reflective of hypoxia-induced insulin resistance. Native lowlanders (n = 8 males) consumed 145 g (1.8 g/min) of glucose while performing 80-min of metabolically matched treadmill exercise at SL (757 mmHg) and HA (460 mmHg) after 5-h exposure. Exogenous glucose oxidation and glucose turnover were determined using indirect calorimetry and dual tracer technique ([13C]glucose and [6,6-2H2]glucose). Metabolite profiles were analyzed in serum as change (Δ), calculated by subtracting postprandial/exercised state SL (ΔSL) and HA (ΔHA) from fasted, rested conditions at SL. Compared with SL, exogenous glucose oxidation, glucose rate of disappearance, and glucose metabolic clearance rate (MCR) were lower (P < 0.05) during exercise at HA. One hundred and eighteen metabolites differed between ΔSL and ΔHA (P < 0.05, Q < 0.10). Differences in metabolites indicated increased glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, amino acid catabolism, oxidative stress, and fatty acid storage, and decreased fatty acid mobilization for ΔHA. Branched-chain amino acids and oxidative stress metabolites, Δ3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate (r = -0.738) and Δγ-glutamylalanine (r = -0.810), were inversely associated (P < 0.05) with Δexogenous glucose oxidation. Δ3-Hydroxyisobutyrate (r = -0.762) and Δ2-hydroxybutyrate/2-hydroxyisobutyrate (r = -0.738) were inversely associated (P < 0.05) with glucose MCR. Coupling global metabolomics and glucose kinetic data suggest that the underlying cause for diminished exogenous glucose oxidative capacity during aerobic exercise is acute hypoxia-mediated peripheral insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Margolis
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - J Philip Karl
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Marques A Wilson
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Julie L Coleman
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts.,Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Andrew J Young
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts.,Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
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24
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Molecular pathways behind acquired obesity: Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle multiomics in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for BMI. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100226. [PMID: 33948567 PMCID: PMC8080113 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-specific mechanisms prompting obesity-related development complications in humans remain unclear. We apply multiomics analyses of subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle to examine the effects of acquired obesity among 49 BMI-discordant monozygotic twin pairs. Overall, adipose tissue appears to be more affected by excess body weight than skeletal muscle. In heavier co-twins, we observe a transcriptional pattern of downregulated mitochondrial pathways in both tissues and upregulated inflammatory pathways in adipose tissue. In adipose tissue, heavier co-twins exhibit lower creatine levels; in skeletal muscle, glycolysis- and redox stress-related protein and metabolite levels remain higher. Furthermore, metabolomics analyses in both tissues reveal that several proinflammatory lipids are higher and six of the same lipid derivatives are lower in acquired obesity. Finally, in adipose tissue, but not in skeletal muscle, mitochondrial downregulation and upregulated inflammation are associated with a fatty liver, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, suggesting that adipose tissue dominates in acquired obesity. Multiomics analyses of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in BMI-discordant twins Excess body weight downregulates mitochondrial pathways in both tissues Excess body weight upregulates proinflammatory pathways in both tissues Adipose tissue alterations are associated with metabolic health in acquired obesity
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25
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Yuan S, Ming-Wei L, Qi-Qiang H, Larsson SC. Egg, cholesterol and protein intake and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: Results of repeated measurements from a prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4180-4186. [PMID: 33593662 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epidemiological evidence on the associations of egg, cholesterol and protein intake with risk of type 2 diabetes is inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted this study to explore these associations among Chinese adults. METHODS Data from 4 waves (2004, 2006, 2009 and 2011) of the China Health and Nutrition Survey were used. A multistage random-cluster sampling method was employed to recruit the participants in both rural and urban areas. We included individuals who participated in 2004 and any waves afterwards. Those 1) below 18 years of age; 2) with diabetes at baseline; or 3) with extreme energy intake (men: <800 kcal or >6000 kcal; women: <600 kcal or >4000 kcal) were excluded. Respondents were classified into four groups according to quartiles of egg, cholesterol and protein intake per day. Numbers of eggs per day were calculated by dividing egg intake in grams by 50 g. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was self-reported. Logistic generalized estimation equation models were employed. RESULTS There were 7312 individuals included in 2004, 6390 in 2006, 4826 in 2009 and 4963 in 2011. The mean age of participants at baseline was 48.3 years and 47.2% were men. Over an average of 5.8-y follow-up, 209 developed type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for demographic, lifestyle and dietary confounders, the odds ratio of type 2 diabetes for those in the highest compared with the lowest protein intake quartile was 2.38 (95% CI: 1.43, 3.98). The odds ratio of individuals with ≥3 eggs/day versus none was 3.76 (95% CI, 2.05, 6.90). Cholesterol intake was not associated with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with the highest protein intake had over a 2-fold increased risk of type 2 diabetes compared with those with the lowest protein intake. A high intake of egg, but not dietary cholesterol, was associated with type 2 diabetes. This association warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd. 115, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, Wuhan, PR China; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Liu Ming-Wei
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd. 115, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - He Qi-Qiang
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd. 115, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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26
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Mann G, Adegoke OAJ. Effects of ketoisocaproic acid and inflammation on glucose transport in muscle cells. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14673. [PMID: 33400857 PMCID: PMC7785050 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are regulators of protein metabolism. However, elevated levels of BCAAs and their metabolites are linked to insulin resistance. We previously demonstrated that the leucine metabolite, α-ketoisocaproate (KIC), inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose transport in myotubes. Like KIC, inflammatory factors are implicated in the development of insulin resistance. Here, we analyzed the effect of KIC and inflammatory factors (homocysteine [50 μM], TNF-α [10 ng/ml], and interleukin 6 (IL-6) [10 ng/ml]) on myotubes. Although KIC suppressed insulin-stimulated glucose transport, addition of the inflammatory factors did not worsen this effect. Depletion of branched-chain aminotransferase 2, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of leucine into KIC, abrogated the effect of KIC and the inflammatory factors. The effect of insulin on AKTS473 and S6K1T389 phosphorylation was not modified by treatments. There were no treatment effects on glycogen synthase phosphorylation. Depletion of E1α subunit of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of KIC, suppressed insulin-stimulated glucose transport, especially in cells incubated in KIC. Thus, defects in BCAA catabolism are contributory to insulin resistance of glucose transport in myotubes, especially in the presence of KIC. Interventions that increase BCAA catabolism may promote muscle glucose utilization and improve insulin resistance and its sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Mann
- Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research CentreYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
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27
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Tan HC, Hsu JW, Kovalik JP, Eng A, Chan WH, Khoo CM, Tai ES, Chacko S, Jahoor F. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Oxidation Is Elevated in Adults with Morbid Obesity and Decreases Significantly after Sleeve Gastrectomy. J Nutr 2020; 150:3180-3189. [PMID: 33097955 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are elevated in obese individuals with insulin resistance (IR) and decrease after bariatric surgery. However, the metabolic mechanisms are unclear. OBJECTIVES Our objectives are to compare leucine kinetics between morbidly obese and healthy-weight individuals cross-sectionally, and to prospectively evaluate changes in the morbidly obese after sleeve gastrectomy. We hypothesized that leucine oxidation is slower in obese individuals and increases after surgery. METHODS Ten morbidly obese [BMI (in kg/m2) ≥32.5, age 21-50 y] and 10 healthy-weight participants (BMI <25), matched for age (median ∼30 y) but not gender, were infused with [U-13C6] leucine and [2H5] glycerol to quantify leucine and glycerol kinetics. Morbidly obese participants were studied again 6 mo postsurgery. Primary outcomes were kinetic parameters related to BCAA metabolism. Data were analyzed by nonparametric methods and presented as median (IQR). RESULTS Participants with obesity had IR with an HOMA-IR (4.89; 4.36-8.76) greater than that of healthy-weight participants (1.32; 0.99-1.49; P < 0.001) and had significantly faster leucine flux [218; 196-259 compared with 145; 138-149 μmol · kg fat-free mass (FFM)-1 · h-1], oxidation (24.0; 17.9-29.8 compared with 16.1; 14.3-18.5 μmol · kg FFM-1 · h-1), and nonoxidative disposal (204; 190-247 compared with 138; 129-140 μmol · kg FFM-1 · h-1) (P < 0.017 for all). After surgery, the morbidly obese had a marked improvement in IR (3.54; 3.06-6.08; P = 0.008) and significant reductions in BCAA concentrations (113; 95-157 μmol/L) and leucine oxidation (9.37; 6.85-15.2 μmol · kg FFM-1 · h-1) (P = 0.017 for both). Further, leucine flux in this group correlated significantly with IR (r = 0.78, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS BCAA oxidation is not impaired but elevated in individuals with morbid obesity. Plasma BCAA concentrations are lowered after surgery owing to slower breakdown of body proteins as insulin's ability to suppress proteolysis is restored. These findings suggest that IR is the underlying cause and not the consequence of elevated BCAAs in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chang Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jean W Hsu
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Paul Kovalik
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Alvin Eng
- Department of Upper GI and Bariatric Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Weng Hoong Chan
- Department of Upper GI and Bariatric Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Chin Meng Khoo
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Shaji Chacko
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Farook Jahoor
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Pre-diagnostic biomarkers of type 2 diabetes identified in the UAE's obese national population using targeted metabolomics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17616. [PMID: 33077739 PMCID: PMC7572402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are major global public health issues, and their prevalence in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are among the highest in the world. In 2019, The UAE diabetes national prevalence was 15.4%. In recent years there has been a considerable investigation of predictive biomarkers associated with these conditions. This study analysed fasting (8 h) blood samples from an obese, normoglycemic cohort and an obese, T2DM cohort of UAE nationals, employing clinical chemistry analysis, 1D 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy (FIA-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS) techniques. The novel findings reported for the first time in a UAE population revealed significant differences in a number of metabolites in the T2DM cohort. Metabolic fingerprints identified by NMR included BCAAs, trimethylamine N-oxide, β-hydroxybutyrate, trimethyl uric acid, and alanine. A targeted MS approach showed significant differences in lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylcholines, acylcarnitine, amino acids and sphingomyelins; Lyso.PC.a.C18.0, PC.ae.C34.2, C3.DC..C4.OH, glutamine and SM.C16.1, being the most significant metabolites. Pearson's correlation studies showed associations between these metabolites and the clinical chemistry parameters across both cohorts. This report identified differences in metabolites in response to T2DM in agreement with many published population studies. This contributes to the global search for a bank of metabolite biomarkers that can predict the advent of T2DM and give insight to its pathogenic mechanisms.
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Holeček M. Why Are Branched-Chain Amino Acids Increased in Starvation and Diabetes? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103087. [PMID: 33050579 PMCID: PMC7600358 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) are increased in starvation and diabetes mellitus. However, the pathogenesis has not been explained. It has been shown that BCAA catabolism occurs mostly in muscles due to high activity of BCAA aminotransferase, which converts BCAA and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to branched-chain keto acids (BCKAs) and glutamate. The loss of α-KG from the citric cycle (cataplerosis) is attenuated by glutamate conversion to α-KG in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase reactions, in which glycolysis is the main source of amino group acceptors, pyruvate and oxaloacetate. Irreversible oxidation of BCKA by BCKA dehydrogenase is sensitive to BCKA supply, and ratios of NADH to NAD+ and acyl-CoA to CoA-SH. It is hypothesized that decreased glycolysis and increased fatty acid oxidation, characteristic features of starvation and diabetes, cause in muscles alterations resulting in increased BCAA levels. The main alterations include (i) impaired BCAA transamination due to decreased supply of amino groups acceptors (α-KG, pyruvate, and oxaloacetate) and (ii) inhibitory influence of NADH and acyl-CoAs produced in fatty acid oxidation on citric cycle and BCKA dehydrogenase. The studies supporting the hypothesis and pros and cons of elevated BCAA concentrations are discussed in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Holeček
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Šimkova 870, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Crossland H, Smith K, Idris I, Phillips BE, Atherton PJ, Wilkinson DJ. Exploring mechanistic links between extracellular branched-chain amino acids and muscle insulin resistance: an in vitro approach. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C1151-C1157. [PMID: 33026831 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00377.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential for critical metabolic processes; however, recent studies have associated elevated plasma BCAA levels with increased risk of insulin resistance. Using skeletal muscle cells, we aimed to determine whether continued exposure of high extracellular BCAA would result in impaired insulin signaling and whether the compound sodium phenylbutyrate (PB), which induces BCAA metabolism, would lower extracellular BCAA, thereby alleviating their potentially inhibitory effects on insulin-mediated signaling. Prolonged exposure of elevated BCAA to cells resulted in impaired insulin receptor substrate 1/AKT signaling and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis. PB significantly reduced media BCAA and branched-chain keto acid concentrations and increased phosphorylation of AKT [+2.0 ± 0.1-fold; P < 0.001 versus without (-)PB] and AS160 (+3.2 ± 0.2-fold; P < 0.001 versus -PB); however, insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis was further reduced upon PB treatment. Continued exposure of high BCAA resulted in impaired intracellular insulin signaling and glycogen synthesis, and while forcing BCAA catabolism using PB resulted in increases in proteins important for regulating glucose uptake, PB did not prevent the impairments in glycogen synthesis with BCAA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Crossland
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Iskandar Idris
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
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Biswas D, Dao KT, Mercer A, Cowie AM, Duffley L, El Hiani Y, Kienesberger PC, Pulinilkunnil T. Branched-chain ketoacid overload inhibits insulin action in the muscle. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15597-15621. [PMID: 32878988 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs) are catabolites of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Intracellular BCKAs are cleared by branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), which is sensitive to inhibitory phosphorylation by BCKD kinase (BCKDK). Accumulation of BCKAs is an indicator of defective BCAA catabolism and has been correlated with glucose intolerance and cardiac dysfunction. However, it is unclear whether BCKAs directly alter insulin signaling and function in the skeletal and cardiac muscle cell. Furthermore, the role of excess fatty acids (FAs) in perturbing BCAA catabolism and BCKA availability merits investigation. By using immunoblotting and ultra-performance liquid chromatography MS/MS to analyze the hearts of fasted mice, we observed decreased BCAA-catabolizing enzyme expression and increased circulating BCKAs, but not BCAAs. In mice subjected to diet-induced obesity (DIO), we observed similar increases in circulating BCKAs with concomitant changes in BCAA-catabolizing enzyme expression only in the skeletal muscle. Effects of DIO were recapitulated by simulating lipotoxicity in skeletal muscle cells treated with saturated FA, palmitate. Exposure of muscle cells to high concentrations of BCKAs resulted in inhibition of insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation, decreased glucose uptake, and mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Altering intracellular clearance of BCKAs by genetic modulation of BCKDK and BCKDHA expression showed similar effects on AKT phosphorylation. BCKAs increased protein translation and mTORC1 activation. Pretreating cells with mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin restored BCKA's effect on insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation. This study provides evidence for FA-mediated regulation of BCAA-catabolizing enzymes and BCKA content and highlights the biological role of BCKAs in regulating muscle insulin signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipsikha Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Khoi T Dao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Angella Mercer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Andrew M Cowie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Luke Duffley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Yassine El Hiani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Petra C Kienesberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the relationships between diabetes, cognitive impairment, and the contribution of kidney disease. RECENT FINDINGS We review the independent contributions of parameters of kidney disease, including albuminuria, glomerular filtration, bone/mineral metabolism, and vitamin D synthesis, on cognitive performance in patients with diabetes. Potential pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying these associations are discussed highlighting gaps in existing knowledge. Finally, effects of the dialysis procedure on the brain and cognitive performance are considered. Emphasis is placed on novel non-invasive screening tools with the potential to preserve cerebral perfusion during hemodialysis and limit cognitive decline in patients with diabetic ESKD. Patients with type 2 diabetes and advanced chronic kidney disease suffer a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment. This is particularly true in patients with diabetes and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Ghoshal
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Nicholette D Allred
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1053, USA.
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Li H, Shi X, Jiang H, Kang J, Yu M, Li Q, Yu K, Chen Z, Pan H, Chen W. CMap analysis identifies Atractyloside as a potential drug candidate for type 2 diabetes based on integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7417-7426. [PMID: 32469143 PMCID: PMC7339182 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This research aimed at exploring the mechanisms of alterations of metabolites and pathways in T2D from the perspective of metabolomics and transcriptomics, as well as uncovering novel drug candidate for T2D treatment. Methods Metabolites in human plasma from 42 T2D patients and 45 non‐diabetic volunteers were detected by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometer (LC‐MS). Microarray dataset of the transcriptome was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was used to conduct pathway enrichment analysis. Connectivity Map (CMap) was employed to select potential drugs for T2D therapy. In vivo assay was performed to verify above findings. The protein expression levels of ME1, ME2 and MDH1 were detected by Western blot to determine the status of NAD/NADH cofactor system. Results In our study, differentially expressed metabolites were selected out between healthy samples and T2D samples with selection criteria P value < .05, |Fold Change| > 2, including N‐acetylglutamate and Malate. Genes set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that 34 pathways were significantly enriched in T2D. Based on CMap analysis and animal experiments, Atractyloside was identified as a potential novel drug for T2D treatment via targeting ME1, ME2 and MDH1 and regulating the NAD/NADH cofactor system. Conclusion The present research revealed differentially expressed metabolites and genes, as well as significantly altered pathways in T2D via an integration of metabolomics, transcriptomics and CMap analysis. It was also demonstrated that comprehensive analysis based on metabolomics and transcriptomics was an effective approach for identification and verification of metabolic biomarkers and alternated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Institute for Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Junren Kang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qifei Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Yu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengju Chen
- Pooling Medical Research Institutes, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of the Innovative Development of Functional Staple and the Nutritional Intervention for Chronic Disease, Beijing, China
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Effect of Lifestyle Intervention in the Concentration of Adipoquines and Branched Chain Amino Acids in Subjects with High Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes: Feel4Diabetes Study. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030693. [PMID: 32178221 PMCID: PMC7140606 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing rapidly, especially in low- and middle-income countries and has a high number of associated comorbidities. Plasmatic concentrations of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) have been shown to be elevated in T2D subjects in cross-sectional studies. However, the effect of lifestyle community-based interventions on BCAA and RBP4 concentrations has not yet been analyzed. Material and methods: The Feel4Diabetes study is a school and community-based intervention that identified 360 European families with a high risk of developing T2D according to the FINDRISC questionnaire. Families were randomized in control and intervention groups were followed-up from 2016 to 2018. In the Spanish families, the concentration of BCAA and RBP4 was determined in 266 subjects (115 control and 151 intervention group) that attended the three time-point assessments by colorimetric and ELISA reaction, respectively. Results: Baseline BCAA levels showed positive correlations with the FINDRISC score and glucose impairment (baseline glucose, insulin, and glycated hemoglobin), body mass index, and body weight. The participants receiving the community-based intervention showed a significant decrease in glycated hemoglobin and BCAA levels compared to the control group (p = 0.011 and p < 0.001, respectively). However, baseline RBP4 did not show significant correlations with anthropometric and glycemic parameters, and no significant change was observed in anthropometric parameters and RBP4 concentrations throughout the follow-up. Conclusion: A community-based intervention on lifestyle led to a significant reduction in BCAA levels regardless of weight loss. These findings suggest that this interventional approach could be promising in T2D prevention.
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Lankatillake C, Huynh T, Dias DA. Understanding glycaemic control and current approaches for screening antidiabetic natural products from evidence-based medicinal plants. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:105. [PMID: 31516543 PMCID: PMC6731622 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has reached epidemic proportions as a result of over-nutrition and increasingly sedentary lifestyles. Current therapies, although effective, are not without limitations. These limitations, the alarming increase in the prevalence of diabetes, and the soaring cost of managing diabetes and its complications underscores an urgent need for safer, more efficient and affordable alternative treatments. Over 1200 plant species are reported in ethnomedicine for treating diabetes and these represents an important and promising source for the identification of novel antidiabetic compounds. Evaluating medicinal plants for desirable bioactivity goes hand-in-hand with methods in analytical biochemistry for separating and identifying lead compounds. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of current methods used in antidiabetic plant research to form a useful resource for researchers beginning in the field. The review summarises the current understanding of blood glucose regulation and the general mechanisms of action of current antidiabetic medications, and combines knowledge on common experimental approaches for screening plant extracts for antidiabetic activity and currently available analytical methods and technologies for the separation and identification of bioactive natural products. Common in vivo animal models, in vitro models, in silico methods and biochemical assays used for testing the antidiabetic effects of plants are discussed with a particular emphasis on in vitro methods such as cell-based bioassays for screening insulin secretagogues and insulinomimetics. Enzyme inhibition assays and molecular docking are also highlighted. The role of metabolomics, metabolite profiling, and dereplication of data for the high-throughput discovery of novel antidiabetic agents is reviewed. Finally, this review also summarises sample preparation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, and the critical function of nuclear magnetic resonance and high resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the dereplication, putative identification and structure elucidation of natural compounds from evidence-based medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintha Lankatillake
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083 Australia
| | - Tien Huynh
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Daniel A. Dias
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083 Australia
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Chen M, Gao C, Yu J, Ren S, Wang M, Wynn RM, Chuang DT, Wang Y, Sun H. Therapeutic Effect of Targeting Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolic Flux in Pressure-Overload Induced Heart Failure. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e011625. [PMID: 31433721 PMCID: PMC6585363 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.011625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic defect is an emerging metabolic hallmark in failing hearts in human and animal models. The therapeutic impact of targeting BCAA catabolic flux under pathological conditions remains understudied. Methods and Results BT2 (3,6-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid), a small-molecule inhibitor of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase, was used to enhance BCAA catabolism. After 2 weeks of transaortic constriction, mice with significant cardiac dysfunctions were treated with vehicle or BT2. Serial echocardiograms showed continuing pathological deterioration in left ventricle of the vehicle-treated mice, whereas the BT2-treated mice showed significantly preserved cardiac function and structure. Moreover, BT2 treatment improved systolic contractility and diastolic mechanics. These therapeutic benefits appeared to be independent of impacts on left ventricle hypertrophy but associated with increased gene expression involved in fatty acid utilization. The BT2 administration showed no signs of apparent toxicity. Conclusions Our data provide the first proof-of-concept evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of restoring BCAA catabolic flux in hearts with preexisting dysfunctions. The BCAA catabolic pathway represents a novel and potentially efficacious target for treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PathophysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine and PhysiologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Chen Gao
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine and PhysiologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Jiayu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PathophysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine and PhysiologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Shuxun Ren
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine and PhysiologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityCardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityHubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| | - R. Max Wynn
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - David T. Chuang
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Yibin Wang
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine and PhysiologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Haipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PathophysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine and PhysiologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
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Biswas D, Duffley L, Pulinilkunnil T. Role of branched‐chain amino acid–catabolizing enzymes in intertissue signaling, metabolic remodeling, and energy homeostasis. FASEB J 2019; 33:8711-8731. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802842rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipsikha Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick Dalhousie University Saint John New Brunswick Canada
| | - Luke Duffley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick Dalhousie University Saint John New Brunswick Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick Dalhousie University Saint John New Brunswick Canada
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Reddy BM, Pranavchand R, Latheef SAA. Overview of genomics and post-genomics research on type 2 diabetes mellitus: Future perspectives and a framework for further studies. J Biosci 2019; 44:21. [PMID: 30837372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we briefly outlined salient features of pathophysiology and results of the genetic association studies hitherto conducted on type 2 diabetes. Primarily focusing on the current status of genomic research, we briefly discussed the limited progress made during the post-genomic era and tried to identify the limitations of the post-genomic research strategies. We suggested reanalysis of the existing genomic data through advanced statistical and computational methods and recommended integrated genomics-metabolomics approaches for future studies to facilitate understanding of the gene-environment interactions in the manifestation of the disease. We also propose a framework for research that may be apt for determining the effects of urbanization and changing lifestyles in the manifestation of complex genetic disorders like type 2 diabetes in the Indian populations and offset the confounding effects of both genetic and environmental factors in the natural way.
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Overview of genomics and post-genomics research on type 2 diabetes mellitus: Future perspectives and a framework for further studies. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Exosomes of pasteurized milk: potential pathogens of Western diseases. J Transl Med 2019; 17:3. [PMID: 30602375 PMCID: PMC6317263 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1760-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk consumption is a hallmark of western diet. According to common believes, milk consumption has beneficial effects for human health. Pasteurization of cow's milk protects thermolabile vitamins and other organic compounds including bioactive and bioavailable exosomes and extracellular vesicles in the range of 40-120 nm, which are pivotal mediators of cell communication via systemic transfer of specific micro-ribonucleic acids, mRNAs and regulatory proteins such as transforming growth factor-β. There is compelling evidence that human and bovine milk exosomes play a crucial role for adequate metabolic and immunological programming of the newborn infant at the beginning of extrauterine life. Milk exosomes assist in executing an anabolic, growth-promoting and immunological program confined to the postnatal period in all mammals. However, epidemiological and translational evidence presented in this review indicates that continuous exposure of humans to exosomes of pasteurized milk may confer a substantial risk for the development of chronic diseases of civilization including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, common cancers (prostate, breast, liver, B-cells) as well as Parkinson's disease. Exosomes of pasteurized milk may represent new pathogens that should not reach the human food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7A, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Zhang W, Wu Y, Fan W, Chen H, Du H, Rao J. The pattern of plasma BCAA concentration and liver Bckdha gene expression in GK rats during T2D progression. Animal Model Exp Med 2018; 1:305-313. [PMID: 30891580 PMCID: PMC6388062 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to measure the concentration of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) in different species and detect the expression pattern of the liver Bckdha gene in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats during type 2 diabetes (T2D) progression. METHODS We measured the concentration of BCAA in GK rats, induced T2D cynomolgus monkeys and T2D humans by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and used real-time quantitative PCR to analyze the gene expression of Bckdha and Bckdk, which encode the rate-limiting enzymes in catabolism of, respectively, branched chain amino acids and branched chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase. RESULTS In this study, we showed that GK rat BCAA concentrations were significantly reduced at 4 and 8 weeks (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), while the expression of Bckdha in GK rat liver was increased at 4 and 8 weeks (1.62-fold and 1.93-fold, respectively). The BCAA concentrations were significantly reduced in diet-induced T2D cynomolgus monkeys (P < 0.01), but significantly increased in T2D humans (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that BCAA concentrations changed at different times and by different amounts in different species and during different periods of T2D progress, and the significant changes of BCAA concentration in the three species indicated that BCAA might participate in the progress of T2D. The results suggested that the increased expression of Bckdha in GK rat liver might partially explain the reduced plasma BCAA concentration at 4 and 8 weeks. Further studies are required to investigate the exact mechanism of BCAA changes in non-obese T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Zhang
- School of Biological and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Yu'e Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory AnimalsGuangzhouChina
| | - Wei Fan
- School of Biological and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | | | - Hongli Du
- School of Biological and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Junhua Rao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource UtilizationGuangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and UtilizationGuangdong Institute of Applied Biological ResourcesGuangzhouChina
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Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) have increasingly been studied as playing a role in diabetes, with the PubMed search string "diabetes" AND "branched chain amino acids" showing particular growth in studies of the topic over the past decade (Fig. ). In the Young Finn's Study, BCAA and, to a lesser extent, the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine were associated with insulin resistance (IR) in men but not in women, whereas the gluconeogenic amino acids alanine, glutamine, or glycine, and several other amino acids (i.e. histidine, arginine, and tryptophan) did not show an association with IR. Obesity may track more strongly than metabolic syndrome and diabetes with elevated BCAA. In a study of 1302 people aged 40-79; higher levels of BCAA tracked with older age, male sex, and metabolic syndrome, as well as with obesity, cardiovascular risk, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and uric acid. Medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines, by-products of mitochondrial catabolism of BCAAs, as well as branched-chain keto acids and the BCAA themselves distinguished obese people having versus not having features of IR, and in a study of 898 patients with essential hypertension, the BCAA and tyrosine and phenylalanine were associated with metabolic syndrome and impaired fasting glucose. In a meta-analysis of three genome-wide association studies, elevations in BCAA and, to a lesser extent, in alanine tracked with IR, whereas higher levels of glutamine and glycine were associated with lesser likelihood of IR. Given these associations with IR, it is not surprising that a number of studies have shown higher BCAA levels in people with and prior to development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), although this has particularly been shown in Caucasian and Asian ethnic groups while not appearing to occur in African Americans. Similarly, higher BCAA levels track with cardiovascular disease. [Figure: see text] The metabolism of BCAA involves two processes: (i) a reversible process catalysed by a branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT), either cytosolic or mitochondrial, requiring pyridoxal to function as an amino group carrier, by which the BCAA with 2-ketoglutarate produce a branched-chain keto acid plus glutamate; and (ii) the irreversible mitochondrial process catalysed by branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) leading to formation of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA), propionyl-CoA, and 2-methylbutyryl-CoA from leucine, valine, and isoleucine, respectively, which enter the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle as acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, and 2-methylbutyryl-CoA, respectively, leading to ATP formation. The BCAA stimulate secretion of both insulin and glucagon and, when given orally, of both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), with oral administration leading to greater and more prolonged insulin and glucagon secretion. Insulin may particularly reduce BCAA turnover to a greater extent than that of other amino acids, and decreases the appearance and increases the uptake of amino acids. However, older studies of the effect of glucose or insulin on BCAA concentrations and rates of leucine appearance and oxidation showed no reduction in T2D, although the higher baseline levels of BCAA in obesity have long been recognized. Impaired function of BCAT and BCKDH has been posited, either as a primary genetic abnormality or due to effects of elevated fatty acids, proinflammatory cytokines, or insulin levels with consequent accumulation of branched-chain keto acids and metabolites such as diacylglycerol and ceramide, potentially contributing to the development of further insulin resistance, and decreased skeletal muscle BCAT and BCKDH expression has been shown in people with diabetes, supporting this concept. A Mendelian randomization study used measured variation in genes involved in BCAA metabolism to test the hypothesis of a causal effect of modifiable exposure on IR, showing that variants in protein phosphatase, Mg2+ /Mn2+ dependent 1K (PPM1K), a gene encoding the mitochondrial phosphatase activating the BCKDH complex, are associated with T2D, but another such study suggested that genetic variations associated with IR are causally related to higher BCAA levels. Another hypothesis involves the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which is activated by BCAA, as well as by insulin and glucose via cellular ATP availability. If this is the relevant pathway, BCAA overload may cause insulin resistance by activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), as well as by leading to increases in acylcarnitines, with mTOR seen in this scenario as a central signal of cross-talk between the BCAA and insulin. At this point, whether whole-body or tissue-specific BCAA metabolism is increased or decreased in states of insulin-resistant obesity and T2D is uncertain. Insulin action in the hypothalamus induces but overfeeding decreases hepatic BCKDH, leading to the concept that hypothalamic insulin resistance impairs BCAA metabolism in obesity and diabetes, so that plasma BCAAs may be markers of hypothalamic insulin action rather than direct mediators of changes in IR. A way to address this may be to understand the effects of changes in diet and other interventions on BCAA, as well as on IR and T2D. In an animal model, lowering dietary BCAA increased energy expenditure and improved insulin sensitivity. Two large human population studies showed an association of estimated dietary BCAA intake with T2D risk, although another population study showed higher dietary BCAA to be associated with lower T2D risk. Ethnic differences, reflecting underlying differences in genetic variants, may be responsible for such differences. In the study of Asghari et al. in the current issue of the Journal of Diabetes, BCAA intake was associated with the development of subsequent IR. Studies of bariatric surgery suggest lower basal and post-insulin infusion BCAA levels are associated with greater insulin sensitivity, with reductions in BCAA not seen with weight loss per se with gastric band procedures, but occurring after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, an intervention that may have metabolic benefits over and above those from reduction in body weight. The gut microbiota may be important for the supply of the BCAA to mammalian hosts, either by de novo biosynthesis or by modifying nutrient absorption. A final fascinating preliminary set of observations is that of the effects of empagliflozin on metabolomics; evidence of increased Krebs cycle activation and of higher levels of BCAA metabolites, such as acylcarnitines, suggests that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition may, to some extent, involve BCAA metabolism. Certainly, we do not yet have a full understanding of these complex associations. However, the suggestion of multiple roles of BCAA in the development of IR promises to be important and to lead to the development of novel effective T2D therapies.
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