1
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Cannarozzo C, Rubiolo A, Casarotto P, Castrén E. Ketamine and its metabolite 2R,6R-hydroxynorketamine promote ocular dominance plasticity and release tropomyosin-related kinase B from inhibitory control without reducing perineuronal nets enwrapping parvalbumin interneurons. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:940-950. [PMID: 36740723 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine has been described as a fast-acting antidepressant, exerting effects in depressed patients and in preclinical models with a rapid onset of action. The typical antidepressant fluoxetine is known to induce plasticity in the adult rodent visual cortex, as assessed by a shift in ocular dominance, a classical model of brain plasticity, and a similar effect has been described for ketamine and its metabolite 2R,6R-hydroxynorketamine (R,R-HNK). Here, we demonstrate that ketamine (at 3 or 20 mg/kg) and R,R-HNK facilitated the shift in ocular dominance in monocularly deprived mice, after three injections, throughout the 7-day monocular deprivation regimen. Notably, the comparison between the treatments indicates a higher effect size of R,R-HNK compared with ketamine. Treatment with ketamine or R,R-HNK failed to influence the levels of perineuronal nets (PNNs) surrounding parvalbumin-positive interneurons. However, we observed in vitro that both ketamine and R,R-HNK are able to disrupt the tropomyosin-related kinase B (TRKB) interaction with the protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ), which upon binding to PNNs dephosphorylates TRKB. These results support a model where diverse drugs promote the reinstatement of juvenile-like plasticity by directly binding TRKB and releasing it from PTPσ regulation, without necessarily reducing PNNs deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Rubiolo
- Neuroscience Center-HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Plinio Casarotto
- Neuroscience Center-HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Castrén
- Neuroscience Center-HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Li X, Saiyin H, Chen X, Yu Q, Ma L, Liang W. Ketamine impairs growth cone and synaptogenesis in human GABAergic projection neurons via GSK-3β and HDAC6 signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2022:10.1038/s41380-022-01864-5. [PMID: 36414713 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The growth cone guides the axon or dendrite of striatal GABAergic projection neurons that protrude into the midbrain and cortex and form complex neuronal circuits and synaptic networks in a developing brain, aberrant projections and synaptic connections in the striatum related to multiple brain disorders. Previously, we showed that ketamine, an anesthetic, reduced dendritic growth, dendritic branches, and spine density in human striatal GABAergic neurons. However, whether ketamine affects the growth cone, the synaptic connection of growing striatal GABAergic neurons has not been tested. Using human GABAergic projection neurons derived from human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ES) in vitro, we tested ketamine effects on the growth cones and synapses in developing GABAergic neurons by assessing the morphometry and the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) pathway. Ketamine exposure impairs growth cone formation, synaptogenesis, dendritic development, and maturation via ketamine-mediated activation of GSK-3 pathways and inhibiting HDAC6, an essential stabilizing protein for dendritic morphogenesis and synapse maturation. Our findings identified a novel ketamine neurotoxic pathway that depends on GSK-3β and HDAC6 signaling, suggesting that microtubule acetylation is a potential target for reducing ketamine's toxic effect on GABAergic projection neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hexige Saiyin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lixiang Ma
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weimin Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Psychedelics and Neural Plasticity: Therapeutic Implications. J Neurosci 2022; 42:8439-8449. [PMID: 36351821 PMCID: PMC9665925 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1121-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs have reemerged as tools to treat several brain disorders. Cultural attitudes toward them are changing, and scientists are once again investigating the neural mechanisms through which these drugs impact brain function. The significance of this research direction is reflected by recent work, including work presented by these authors at the 2022 meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. As of 2022, there were hundreds of clinical trials recruiting participants for testing the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. Emerging evidence suggests that psychedelic drugs may exert some of their long-lasting therapeutic effects by inducing structural and functional neural plasticity. Herein, basic and clinical research attempting to elucidate the mechanisms of these compounds is showcased. Topics covered include psychedelic receptor binding sites, effects of psychedelics on gene expression, and on dendrites, and psychedelic effects on microcircuitry and brain-wide circuits. We describe unmet clinical needs and the current state of translation to the clinic for psychedelics, as well as other unanswered basic neuroscience questions addressable with future studies.
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4
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Miyata S, Ishino Y, Shimizu S, Tohyama M. Involvement of inflammatory responses in the brain to the onset of major depressive disorder due to stress exposure. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:934346. [PMID: 35936767 PMCID: PMC9354609 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.934346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial disease affected by several environmental factors. Although several potential onset hypotheses have been identified, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this disorder remain unclear. Several recent studies have suggested that among many environmental factors, inflammation and immune abnormalities in the brain or the peripheral tissues are associated with the onset of MDDs. Furthermore, several stress-related hypotheses have been proposed to explain the onset of MDDs. Thus, inflammation or immune abnormalities can be considered stress responses that occur within the brain or other tissues and are regarded as one of the mechanisms underlying the stress hypothesis of MDDs. Therefore, we introduce several current advances in inflammation studies in the brain that might be related to the pathophysiology of MDD due to stress exposure in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Miyata
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shingo Miyata
| | - Yugo Ishino
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoko Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Tohyama
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
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5
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Effect of Psilocybin and Ketamine on Brain Neurotransmitters, Glutamate Receptors, DNA and Rat Behavior. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126713. [PMID: 35743159 PMCID: PMC9224489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies provide evidence that ketamine and psilocybin could be used as fast-acting antidepressants, though their mechanisms and toxicity are still not fully understood. To address this issue, we have examined the effect of a single administration of ketamine and psilocybin on the extracellular levels of neurotransmitters in the rat frontal cortex and reticular nucleus of the thalamus using microdialysis. The genotoxic effect and density of glutamate receptor proteins was measured with comet assay and Western blot, respectively. An open field test, light–dark box test and forced swim test were conducted to examine rat behavior 24 h after drug administration. Ketamine (10 mg/kg) and psilocybin (2 and 10 mg/kg) increased dopamine, serotonin, glutamate and GABA extracellular levels in the frontal cortex, while psilocybin also increased GABA in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. Oxidative DNA damage due to psilocybin was observed in the frontal cortex and from both drugs in the hippocampus. NR2A subunit levels were increased after psilocybin (10 mg/kg). Behavioral tests showed no antidepressant or anxiolytic effects, and only ketamine suppressed rat locomotor activity. The observed changes in neurotransmission might lead to genotoxicity and increased NR2A levels, while not markedly affecting animal behavior.
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6
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Kang MJY, Hawken E, Vazquez GH. The Mechanisms Behind Rapid Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine: A Systematic Review With a Focus on Molecular Neuroplasticity. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:860882. [PMID: 35546951 PMCID: PMC9082546 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.860882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of action underlying ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects in patients with depression, both suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), including treatment resistant depression (TRD), remains unclear. Of the many speculated routes that ketamine may act through, restoring deficits in neuroplasticity may be the most parsimonious mechanism in both human patients and preclinical models of depression. Here, we conducted a literature search using PubMed for any reports of ketamine inducing neuroplasticity relevant to depression, to identify cellular and molecular events, relevant to neuroplasticity, immediately observed with rapid mood improvements in humans or antidepressant-like effects in animals. After screening reports using our inclusion/exclusion criteria, 139 publications with data from cell cultures, animal models, and patients with BD or MDD were included (registered on PROSPERO, ID: CRD42019123346). We found accumulating evidence to support that ketamine induces an increase in molecules involved in modulating neuroplasticity, and that these changes are paired with rapid antidepressant effects. Molecules or complexes of high interest include glutamate, AMPA receptors (AMPAR), mTOR, BDNF/TrkB, VGF, eEF2K, p70S6K, GSK-3, IGF2, Erk, and microRNAs. In summary, these studies suggest a robust relationship between improvements in mood, and ketamine-induced increases in molecular neuroplasticity, particularly regarding intracellular signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody J Y Kang
- Center of Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Hawken
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Gustavo Hector Vazquez
- Center of Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
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7
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Borbély É, Simon M, Fuchs E, Wiborg O, Czéh B, Helyes Z. Novel drug developmental strategies for treatment-resistant depression. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1146-1186. [PMID: 34822719 PMCID: PMC9303797 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Because conventional therapies are ineffective in many patients, novel strategies are needed to overcome treatment‐resistant depression (TRD). Limiting factors of successful drug development in the last decades were the lack of (1) knowledge of pathophysiology, (2) translational animal models and (3) objective diagnostic biomarkers. Here, we review novel drug targets and drug candidates currently investigated in Phase I–III clinical trials. The most promising approaches are inhibition of glutamatergic neurotransmission by NMDA and mGlu5 receptor antagonists, modulation of the opioidergic system by κ receptor antagonists, and hallucinogenic tryptamine derivates. The only registered drug for TRD is the NMDA receptor antagonist, S‐ketamine, but add‐on therapies with second‐generation antipsychotics, certain nutritive, anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective agents seem to be effective. Currently, there is an intense research focus on large‐scale, high‐throughput omics and neuroimaging studies. These results might provide new insights into molecular mechanisms and potential novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Szentágothai János Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mária Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eberhard Fuchs
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ove Wiborg
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Boldizsár Czéh
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai János Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Szentágothai János Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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8
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Lukasiewicz K, Baker JJ, Zuo Y, Lu J. Serotonergic Psychedelics in Neural Plasticity. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:748359. [PMID: 34712118 PMCID: PMC8545892 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.748359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychedelics, compounds that can induce dramatic changes in conscious experience, have been used by humans for centuries. Recent studies have shown that certain psychedelics can induce neural plasticity by promoting neurite growth and synapse formation. In this review, we focus on the role of classical serotonergic psychedelics in neural plasticity and discuss its implication for their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Lukasiewicz
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Jacob J Baker
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Ju Lu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
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9
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Wilkinson ST, Rhee TG, Joormann J, Webler R, Ortiz Lopez M, Kitay B, Fasula M, Elder C, Fenton L, Sanacora G. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Sustain the Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2021; 90:318-327. [PMID: 34186531 DOI: 10.1159/000517074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ketamine has emerged as a rapid-acting antidepressant. While ongoing treatment can prevent relapse, concerns exist regarding long-term exposure. OBJECTIVE We conducted a randomized trial to examine the feasibility and efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) following intravenous ketamine in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). METHODS Subjects with TRD were recruited and treated with 6 intravenous infusions of ketamine over 3 weeks. Subjects who experienced a clinical response (≥50% improvement in depression severity) were then randomized to receiving CBT or treatment as usual (TAU) for an additional 14 weeks, using a sequential treatment model. RESULTS Of the 42 patients who signed consent, 28 patients achieved a response and were randomized to CBT or TAU. When measured using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (primary outcome measure), the effect size at the end of the study was moderate (Cohen d = 0.65; 95% CI -0.55 to 1.82), though the group-by-time interaction effect was not significant. There was a significant group-by-time interaction as measured by the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (F = 4.58; p = 0.033), favoring a greater sustained improvement in the CBT group. This corresponded to a moderate-to-large effect size of the Cohen d = 0.71 (95% CI -0.30 to 1.70) at the end of the study (14 weeks following the last ketamine infusion). In a subset of patients (N = 20) who underwent cognitive testing using the emotional N-back assessments before and after ketamine, ketamine responders showed improvement in the accuracy of emotional N-back (t[8] = 2.33; p < 0.05) whereas nonresponders did not (t[10] <1; p ns). CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept study provides preliminary data indicating that CBT may sustain the antidepressant effects of ketamine in TRD. Further study and optimization of this treatment approach in well-powered clinical trials is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Wilkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Interventional Psychiatric Service, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Taeho Greg Rhee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jutta Joormann
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ryan Webler
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mayra Ortiz Lopez
- Department of Nursing, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brandon Kitay
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Madonna Fasula
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christina Elder
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lisa Fenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gerard Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Interventional Psychiatric Service, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Yang W, Chini M, Pöpplau JA, Formozov A, Dieter A, Piechocinski P, Rais C, Morellini F, Sporns O, Hanganu-Opatz IL, Wiegert JS. Anesthetics fragment hippocampal network activity, alter spine dynamics, and affect memory consolidation. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001146. [PMID: 33793545 PMCID: PMC8016109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia is characterized by reversible loss of consciousness accompanied by transient amnesia. Yet, long-term memory impairment is an undesirable side effect. How different types of general anesthetics (GAs) affect the hippocampus, a brain region central to memory formation and consolidation, is poorly understood. Using extracellular recordings, chronic 2-photon imaging, and behavioral analysis, we monitor the effects of isoflurane (Iso), medetomidine/midazolam/fentanyl (MMF), and ketamine/xylazine (Keta/Xyl) on network activity and structural spine dynamics in the hippocampal CA1 area of adult mice. GAs robustly reduced spiking activity, decorrelated cellular ensembles, albeit with distinct activity signatures, and altered spine dynamics. CA1 network activity under all 3 anesthetics was different to natural sleep. Iso anesthesia most closely resembled unperturbed activity during wakefulness and sleep, and network alterations recovered more readily than with Keta/Xyl and MMF. Correspondingly, memory consolidation was impaired after exposure to Keta/Xyl and MMF, but not Iso. Thus, different anesthetics distinctly alter hippocampal network dynamics, synaptic connectivity, and memory consolidation, with implications for GA strategy appraisal in animal research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mattia Chini
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jastyn A. Pöpplau
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrey Formozov
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dieter
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Piechocinski
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cynthia Rais
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabio Morellini
- Research Group Behavioral Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ileana L. Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. Simon Wiegert
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Andoh M, Koyama R. Assessing Microglial Dynamics by Live Imaging. Front Immunol 2021; 12:617564. [PMID: 33763064 PMCID: PMC7982483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.617564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are highly dynamic in the brain in terms of their ability to migrate, proliferate, and phagocytose over the course of an individual's life. Real-time imaging is a useful tool to examine how microglial behavior is regulated and how it affects the surrounding environment. However, microglia are sensitive to environmental stimuli, so they possibly change their state during live imaging in vivo, mainly due to surgical damage, and in vitro due to various effects associated with culture conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to perform live imaging without compromising the properties of the microglia under physiological conditions. To overcome this barrier, various experimental conditions have been developed; recently, it has become possible to perform live imaging of so-called surveillant microglia in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro, although there are various limitations. Now, we can choose in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro live imaging systems according to the research objective. In this review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each experimental system and outline the physiological significance and molecular mechanisms of microglial behavior that have been elucidated by live imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Andoh
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Muscat SA, Hartelius G, Crouch CR, Morin KW. An Integrative Approach to Ketamine Therapy May Enhance Multiple Dimensions of Efficacy: Improving Therapeutic Outcomes With Treatment Resistant Depression. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:710338. [PMID: 34899408 PMCID: PMC8653702 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.710338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Research over the last two decades has established ketamine as a safe, effective, fast-acting, and sustained antidepressant that significantly reduces adverse symptoms associated with depression, even in patients who are treatment resistant. Much of this research has evolved within the framework of several independent branches of scientific inquiry: in addition to the study of ketamine is a non-selective NMDAR antagonist with rapid antidepressant effects, it has also been found effective as a psychoplastogen that stimulates synaptogenesis and increases neuroplasticity, as a powerful anti-inflammatory that may improve inflammation-related depressive symptoms, as a substance that induces beneficial high entropy brain states, and as a subjectively impactful psychedelic agent. Each branch of inquiry has generated independent evidence of ketamine's efficacy but has advanced without substantive coordination or communication with other lines of inquiry. Integrative research that considers these branches of research together may lead toward a better understanding of ketamine's effects and improved treatment protocols and clinical outcomes. Such an overview can inform more comprehensive patient care through: (a) informed patient psychoeducation that encompasses all of ketamine's mechanisms of action; (b) calibration of optimal dosage to ensure induction and maintenance of high entropy brain states during each ketamine session utilizing EEG measurement; (c) Improved management of emergence side effects through proper care for set and setting; (d) inclusion of pre-selected appropriate music to enhance the emotional experience; (e) increased monitoring of ketamine effects on cortical activity, inter-hemispheric imbalance, and inflammation-related levels of cytokines to further improvements in ketamine protocols; and (f) appropriate timing of any adjunctive psychotherapy sessions to coincide with peak neurogenesis at 24-48 h post ketamine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry-Anne Muscat
- Youth Forensic Psychiatry, Alberta Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Integral and Transpersonal Psychology, California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Glenn Hartelius
- Integral and Transpersonal Psychology, California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Courtenay Richards Crouch
- Integral and Transpersonal Psychology, California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin W Morin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Acute Adult Psychiatry, Alberta Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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13
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Cangalaya C, Stoyanov S, Fischer KD, Dityatev A. Light-induced engagement of microglia to focally remodel synapses in the adult brain. eLife 2020; 9:e58435. [PMID: 32808923 PMCID: PMC7470825 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia continuously monitor synapses, but active synaptic remodeling by microglia in mature healthy brains is rarely directly observed. We performed targeted photoablation of single synapses in mature transgenic mice expressing fluorescent labels in neurons and microglia. The photodamage focally increased the duration of microglia-neuron contacts, and dramatically exacerbated both the turnover of dendritic spines and presynaptic boutons as well as the generation of new filopodia originating from spine heads or boutons. The results of microglia depletion confirmed that elevated spine turnover and the generation of presynaptic filopodia are microglia-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cangalaya
- ESF International Graduate School on Analysis, Imaging and Modelling of Neuronal and Inflammatory ProcessesMagdeburgGermany
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical FacultyMagdeburgGermany
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)MagdeburgGermany
| | - Stoyan Stoyanov
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)MagdeburgGermany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical FacultyMagdeburgGermany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)MagdeburgGermany
- Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburgGermany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS)MagdeburgGermany
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14
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Juczewski K, Koussa JA, Kesner AJ, Lee JO, Lovinger DM. Stress and behavioral correlates in the head-fixed method: stress measurements, habituation dynamics, locomotion, and motor-skill learning in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12245. [PMID: 32699235 PMCID: PMC7376196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Manual restriction of head movement, or head-fixation, of awake rodents allows for sophisticated investigation of neural circuits in vivo, that would otherwise be impossible in completely freely moving animals. While it is known that head-fixation induces stress, the scale of this stress and habituation dynamics remain unclear. We used the Mobile HomeCage system (Neurotar Ltd, Finland) where animals have their heads fixed to an aluminum frame but are otherwise freely moving in an ultralight carbon container floating above an air-dispensing base. For 25 consecutive days, mice were head-fixed while standing on the air-lifted platform for 2 h per day and blood samples were taken periodically to measure variation in the stress-related hormone, corticosterone. We showed that the initial increase in corticosterone concentration is followed by a return to control level throughout the days of head-fixed training. We also found a locomotor correlate of this drop. We conducted a battery of stress-sensitive behavioral paradigms in freely-moving mice that revealed minor differences following chronic head-fixation. Finally, we analyzed motor-skill learning in the head-fixed setup with a floating container. We believe that our results may contribute to better interpretation of past literature and future in vivo experiments using head-fixed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Juczewski
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology and In Vivo Neural Function, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Jonathan A Koussa
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology and In Vivo Neural Function, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Andrew J Kesner
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology and In Vivo Neural Function, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Jeong O Lee
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology and In Vivo Neural Function, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology and In Vivo Neural Function, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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15
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Fallon IP, Tanner MK, Greenwood BN, Baratta MV. Sex differences in resilience: Experiential factors and their mechanisms. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:2530-2547. [PMID: 31800125 PMCID: PMC7269860 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adverse life events can lead to stable changes in brain structure and function and are considered primary sources of risk for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. However, most individuals do not develop these conditions following exposure to traumatic experiences, and research efforts have identified a number of experiential factors associated with an individual's ability to withstand, adapt to and facilitate recovery from adversity. While multiple animal models of stress resilience exist, so that the detailed biological mechanisms can be explored, studies have been disproportionately conducted in male subjects even though the prevalence and presentation of stress-linked disorders differ between sexes. This review focuses on (a) the mechanisms by which experiential factors (behavioral control over a stressor, exercise) reduce the impact of adverse events as studied in males; (b) whether other manipulations (ketamine) that buffer against stress-induced sequelae engage the same circuit features; and (c) whether these processes operate similarly in females. We argue that investigation of experiential factors that produce resistance/resilience rather than vulnerability to adversity will generate a unique set of biological mechanisms that potentially underlie sex differences in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella P. Fallon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Margaret K. Tanner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA
| | | | - Michael V. Baratta
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
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16
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Zhang S, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Guo L, Zhang Z, Shao B, Qi J, Zhou H, Zhu W, Yan X, Hong G, Zhang L, Zhang X, Tang M, Zhao C, Gao X, Chai R. Knockdown of Foxg1 in supporting cells increases the trans-differentiation of supporting cells into hair cells in the neonatal mouse cochlea. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1401-1419. [PMID: 31485717 PMCID: PMC7113235 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Foxg1 is one of the forkhead box genes that are involved in morphogenesis, cell fate determination, and proliferation, and Foxg1 was previously reported to be required for morphogenesis of the mammalian inner ear. However, Foxg1 knock-out mice die at birth, and thus the role of Foxg1 in regulating hair cell (HC) regeneration after birth remains unclear. Here we used Sox2CreER/+ Foxg1loxp/loxp mice and Lgr5-EGFPCreER/+ Foxg1loxp/loxp mice to conditionally knock down Foxg1 specifically in Sox2+ SCs and Lgr5+ progenitors, respectively, in neonatal mice. We found that Foxg1 conditional knockdown (cKD) in Sox2+ SCs and Lgr5+ progenitors at postnatal day (P)1 both led to large numbers of extra HCs, especially extra inner HCs (IHCs) at P7, and these extra IHCs with normal hair bundles and synapses could survive at least to P30. The EdU assay failed to detect any EdU+ SCs, while the SC number was significantly decreased in Foxg1 cKD mice, and lineage tracing data showed that much more tdTomato+ HCs originated from Sox2+ SCs in Foxg1 cKD mice compared to the control mice. Moreover, the sphere-forming assay showed that Foxg1 cKD in Lgr5+ progenitors did not significantly change their sphere-forming ability. All these results suggest that Foxg1 cKD promotes HC regeneration and leads to large numbers of extra HCs probably by inducing direct trans-differentiation of SCs and progenitors to HCs. Real-time qPCR showed that cell cycle and Notch signaling pathways were significantly down-regulated in Foxg1 cKD mice cochlear SCs. Together, this study provides new evidence for the role of Foxg1 in regulating HC regeneration from SCs and progenitors in the neonatal mouse cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lingna Guo
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Buwei Shao
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jieyu Qi
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Weijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yan
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Guodong Hong
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
- Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine of NHFPC, ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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17
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Gass N, Becker R, Reinwald J, Cosa-Linan A, Sack M, Weber-Fahr W, Vollmayr B, Sartorius A. The influence of ketamine's repeated treatment on brain topology does not suggest an antidepressant efficacy. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:56. [PMID: 32066682 PMCID: PMC7026038 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As ketamine is increasingly used as an effective antidepressant with rapid action, sustaining its short-lived efficacy over a longer period of time using a schedule of repeated injections appears as an option. An open question is whether repeated and single administrations would affect convergent neurocircuits. We used a combination of one of the most robust animal models of depression with high-field neuroimaging to perform a whole-brain delineation of functional mechanisms underlying ketamine's effects. Rats from two genetic strains, depressive-like and resilient, received seven treatments of 10 mg/kg S-ketamine (N = 14 depressive-like, N = 11 resilient) or placebo (N = 12 depressive-like, N = 10 resilient) and underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Using graph theoretical models of brain networks, we compared effects of repeated ketamine with those of single administration from a separate dataset of our previous study. Compared to single treatment, repeated ketamine evoked strain-specific brain network randomization, resembling characteristics of the depressive-like strain and patients. Several affected regions belonged to the auditory, visual, and motor circuitry, hinting at possible cumulative side effects. Finally, when compared to saline, repeated ketamine affected only a few local topological properties and had no effects on global properties. In combination with the lack of clear differences compared to placebo, our findings point toward an inefficacy of ketamine's long-term administration on brain topology, making questionable the postulated effect of repeated administration and being consistent with the recently reported absence of repeated ketamine's antidepressant efficacy in several placebo-controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gass
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Robert Becker
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jonathan Reinwald
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alejandro Cosa-Linan
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Research Group In Silico Pharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus Sack
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weber-Fahr
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Vollmayr
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Sartorius
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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18
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Salloum NC, Fava M, Hock RS, Freeman MP, Flynn M, Hoeppner B, Cusin C, Iosifescu DV, Trivedi MH, Sanacora G, Mathew SJ, Debattista C, Ionescu DF, Papakostas GI. Time to relapse after a single administration of intravenous ketamine augmentation in unipolar treatment-resistant depression. J Affect Disord 2020; 260:131-139. [PMID: 31494365 PMCID: PMC6803106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the rate and time to relapse for remitters and responders to ketamine in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). METHODS Subjects with TRD were randomized to a single infusion of one of several doses of intravenous ketamine, or midazolam. Using Kaplan-Meier survival function, the current report examines the rate and time to relapse, defined as MADRS ≥ 22, over a period of 30 days, in subjects who achieved remission (MADRS ≤ 10) or response (≥ 50% reduction in MADRS) on day three post-infusion of intravenous ketamine 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg. RESULTS Of the 60 randomized participants who received a single ketamine (0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg) infusion, 19 (34%) met criteria for remission and 27 (48%) for response, on day 3 post-infusion. A numerical dose-response relationship was observed, with remitters/responders on ketamine 1.0 mg/kg having the lowest relapse rate, followed by ketamine 0.5 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively (% of remitters who relapsed by day 14: 38% with 1.0 mg/kg, 50% with 0.5 mg/kg, 100% with 0.1 mg/kg;% of responders who relapsed by day 14: 30% with 1.0 mg/kg, 50% with 0.5 mg/kg, 80% with 0.1 mg/kg). LIMITATIONS The sample size was small. No MADRS measurements at day one post-infusion. The study was not powered to assess differences in relapse prevention between different doses of ketamine. CONCLUSION Time to relapse after successful treatment with a single infusion of ketamine appears to follow a dose-response relationship, where higher dosage leads to increased time to relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naji C Salloum
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA; Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA.
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA; Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
| | - Rebecca S Hock
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Marlene P Freeman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA; Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
| | - Martina Flynn
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA; Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
| | | | - Cristina Cusin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Dan V Iosifescu
- New York University School of Medicine, Nathan Kline Institute, USA
| | | | | | - Sanjay J Mathew
- Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. Debakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Dawn F Ionescu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - George I Papakostas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA; Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
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19
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Ampuero E, Cerda M, Härtel S, Rubio FJ, Massa S, Cubillos P, Abarzúa-Catalán L, Sandoval R, Galaburda AM, Wyneken U. Chronic Fluoxetine Treatment Induces Maturation-Compatible Changes in the Dendritic Arbor and in Synaptic Responses in the Auditory Cortex. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:804. [PMID: 31379577 PMCID: PMC6650542 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used to treat mood and anxiety disorders. Chronic treatment with this antidepressant drug is thought to favor functional recovery by promoting structural and molecular changes in several forebrain areas. At the synaptic level, chronic fluoxetine induces an increased size and density of dendritic spines and an increased ratio of GluN2A over GluN2B N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits. The "maturation"-promoting molecular changes observed after chronic fluoxetine should also induce structural remodeling of the neuronal dendritic arbor and changes in the synaptic responses. We treated adult rats with fluoxetine (0.7 mg/kg i.p. for 28 days) and performed a morphometric analysis using Golgi stain in limbic and nonlimbic cortical areas. Then, we focused especially on the auditory cortex, where we evaluated the dendritic morphology of pyramidal neurons using a 3-dimensional reconstruction of neurons expressing mRFP after in utero electroporation. With both methodologies, a shortening and decreased complexity of the dendritic arbors was observed, which is compatible with an increased GluN2A over GluN2B ratio. Recordings of extracellular excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the auditory cortex revealed an increased synaptic response after fluoxetine and were consistent with an enrichment of GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors. Our results confirm that fluoxetine favors maturation and refinement of extensive cortical networks, including the auditory cortex. The fluoxetine-induced receptor switch may decrease GluN2B-dependent toxicity and thus could be applied in the future to treat neurodegenerative brain disorders characterized by glutamate toxicity and/or by an aberrant network connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Ampuero
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Cerda
- SCIAN-Lab, CIMT, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- SCIAN-Lab, CIMT, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Nacional de Sistemas de Información en Salud (CENS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Solange Massa
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Abarzúa-Catalán
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Sandoval
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Albert M. Galaburda
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ursula Wyneken
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Sun W, Suzuki K, Toptunov D, Stoyanov S, Yuzaki M, Khiroug L, Dityatev A. In vivo Two-Photon Imaging of Anesthesia-Specific Alterations in Microglial Surveillance and Photodamage-Directed Motility in Mouse Cortex. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:421. [PMID: 31133777 PMCID: PMC6513965 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon imaging of fluorescently labeled microglia in vivo provides a direct approach to measure motility of microglial processes as a readout of microglial function that is crucial in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as to understand the neuroinflammatory response to implanted substrates and brain-computer interfaces. In this longitudinal study, we quantified surveilling and photodamage-directed microglial processes motility in both acute and chronic cranial window preparations and compared the motility under isoflurane and ketamine anesthesia to an awake condition in the same animal. The isoflurane anesthesia increased the length of surveilling microglial processes in both acute and chronic preparations, while ketamine increased the number of microglial branches in acute preparation only. In chronic (but not acute) preparation, the extension of microglial processes toward the laser-ablated microglial cell was faster under isoflurane (but not ketamine) anesthesia than in awake mice, indicating distinct effects of anesthetics and of preparation type. These data reveal potentiating effects of isoflurane on microglial response to damage, and provide a framework for comparison and optimal selection of experimental conditions for quantitative analysis of microglial function using two-photon microscopy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilun Sun
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kunimichi Suzuki
- Department of Neurophysiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Stoyan Stoyanov
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Neurophysiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Leonard Khiroug
- Neurotar Ltd., Helsinki, Finland.,HiLIFE/Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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21
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Treccani G, Ardalan M, Chen F, Musazzi L, Popoli M, Wegener G, Nyengaard JR, Müller HK. S-Ketamine Reverses Hippocampal Dendritic Spine Deficits in Flinders Sensitive Line Rats Within 1 h of Administration. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7368-7379. [PMID: 31037646 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When administered as a single subanesthetic dose, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, ketamine, produces rapid (within hours) and relatively sustained antidepressant actions even in treatment-resistant patients. Preclinical studies have shown that ketamine increases dendritic spine density and synaptic proteins in brain areas critical for the actions of antidepressants, yet the temporal relationship between structural changes and the onset of antidepressant action remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of a single dose of S-ketamine (15 mg/kg) on dendritic length, dendritic arborization, spine density, and spine morphology in the Flinders Sensitive and Flinders Resistant Line (FSL/FRL) rat model of depression. We found that already 1 h after injection with ketamine, apical dendritic spine deficits in CA1 pyramidal neurons of FSL rats were completely restored. Notably, the observed increase in spine density was attributable to regulation of both mushroom and long-thin spines. In contrast, ketamine had no effect on dendritic spine density in FRL rats. On the molecular level, ketamine normalized elevated levels of phospho-cofilin and the NMDA receptor subunits GluN2A and GluN2B and reversed homer3 deficiency in hippocampal synaptosomes of FSL rats. Taken together, our data suggest that rapid formation of new spines may provide an important structural substrate during the initial phase of ketamine's antidepressant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Treccani
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 72, 8240, Risskov, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, Mainz, Germany
- Deutsches Resilienz Zentrum (DRZ) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maryam Ardalan
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 72, 8240, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 72, 8240, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Laura Musazzi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics - Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics - Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 72, 8240, Risskov, Denmark
- AUGUST Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Heidi Kaastrup Müller
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 72, 8240, Risskov, Denmark.
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22
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Steelman BC. A pivot from synaptic monoamine processes to further downstream processes: The impact of ketamine research. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2019; 55:190-193. [PMID: 30040131 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently only one-third of patients treated for depression enjoy complete remission of their negative symptoms. This paper explores ketamine research as it applies to understanding and treating mood illnesses. CONCLUSIONS Ketamine's rapid antidepressant effect implicates downstream signal transduction involving the spontaneous transmissions associated with ketamine's action at the NMDA receptor. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Better understanding of brain neuropathophysiology offers hope for symptom relief to those living with affective illness refractory to currently available medical management.
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