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Singh V, Mehra R, Ramesh KB, Srivastava P, Mishra A. Treatment of carpet and textile industry effluents using Diplosphaera mucosa VSPA: A multiple input optimisation study using artificial neural network-genetic algorithms. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129619. [PMID: 37549715 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The wastewater treatment efficiency of Diplosphaera mucosa VSPA was enhanced by optimising five input parameters and increasing the biomass yield. pH, temperature, light intensity, wastewater percentage (pollutant concentration), and N/P ratio were optimised, and their effects were studied. Two competitive techniques, response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN), were applied for constructing predictive models using experimental data generated according to central composite design. Both MATLAB and Python were used for constructing ANN models. ANN models predicted the experimental data with high accuracy and less error than RSM models. Generated models were hybridised with a genetic algorithm (GA) to determine the optimised values of input parameters leading to high biomass productivity. ANN-GA hybridisation approach performed in Python presented optimisation results with less error (0.45%), which were 7.8 pH, 28.8 °C temperature, 105.20 μmol m-2 s-1 light intensity, 93.10 wastewater % (COD) and 23.5 N/P ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Ravi Mehra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU), Varanasi, India
| | | | | | - Abha Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU), Varanasi, India.
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Gong L, Ma X, Zhang S, Guo C, Zhou J, Zhao Y. The effect of initial inoculation amount of microalgae on synergistic purification of biogas slurry. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37746747 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2250545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Chlorella and Scenedesmus were inoculated in biogas slurry medium with initial inoculum (OD680) of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3, respectively, and 5% CO2 was continuously injected. The study aimed to examine the carbon sequestration capacity of Chlorella and Scenedesmus, as well as the effectiveness of removing pollutants such as TN, TP, and COD in biogas slurry medium. Additionally, an economic efficiency analysis of energy consumption was conducted. The group with an initial inoculum (OD680) of 0.3 for both types of microalgae exhibited better tolerance to pollutants, entered the logarithmic growth stage earlier, promoted nutrient removal, achieved higher energy efficiency, and reduced carbon emissions compared to the other groups. The highest carbon sequestration rates were 18.03% for Chlorella and 11.05% for Scenedesmus. Furthermore, Chlorella demonstrated corresponding nutrient removal efficiencies of 83.03% for TN, 99.84% for TP, and 90.06% for COD, while Scenedesmus exhibited removal efficiencies of 66.35% for TN, 98.74% for TP, and 77.71% for COD. The highest energy efficiency for pollutants and CO2 removal rates for Chlorella were 49.51 ± 2.20 and 9.91 ± 0.44 USD-1, respectively. In conclusion, the findings demonstrate the feasibility of using microalgae for simultaneous purification of biogas and biogas slurry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gong
- School of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Ma
- School of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Zhang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunqian Guo
- School of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- School of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Zhao
- School of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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Yuan H, Song W, Tan J, Zheng Y, Wang H, Shi L, Zhang S. The Effects of Dietary Protein Level on the Growth Performance, Body Composition, Intestinal Digestion and Microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei Fed Chlorella sorokiniana as the Main Protein Source. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2881. [PMID: 37760280 PMCID: PMC10525246 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of dietary protein levels on Litopenaeus vannamei. Five isolipid diets with protein levels of 32%, 36%, 40%, 44% and 48% were prepared using C. sorokiniana as the main protein source. L. vannamei (initial body weight 0.83 ± 0.02 g) were fed these five diets for 8 weeks and referred to as the CHL32, CHL36, CHL40, CHL44 and CHL48 groups, respectively. When the feeding trial was finished, the growth performance, body composition, intestinal digestion and microbiota of L. vannamei were studied. The results showed that the maximum weight gain rate (WGR) of L. vannamei was in the CHL40 group while the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was in the CHL48 group. According to the regression analysis using WGR as the evaluation index, the best growth performance of L. vannamei was obtained when the dietary protein level was 40.81%. The crude protein content of whole shrimp showed an increasing and then decreasing trend with increasing dietary protein levels. Furthermore, the L. vannamei muscle amino acid composition was relatively stable and, to some extent, independent of dietary protein levels. Trypsin, lipase and amylase (AMS) activity increased and then decreased with increasing dietary protein levels and, significantly, peaked in the CHL44 group. Analysis of the alpha diversity of the intestinal microbiota showed that the Chao1 index peaked in the CHL40 group and was significantly lower in the CHL48 group. Additionally, the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria decreased significantly while the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria increased significantly in the intestine of L. vannamei as the dietary protein levels increased. The functional prediction of the intestinal microbiota revealed that dietary protein levels may influence the growth of L. vannamei by regulating various metabolic activities, and the highest WGR in the CHL40 group may have been related to the significant enrichment of nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and biotin metabolism functions. In summary, the optimal protein requirement for L. vannamei was around 40% when C. sorokiniana was used as the primary protein source. Too high or too low dietary protein levels could adversely affect shrimp body composition, intestinal digestion and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yuan
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Wanlin Song
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jianqiang Tan
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yudong Zheng
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hongming Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Lili Shi
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Miyauchi H, Ishikawa T, Hirakawa Y, Sudou A, Okada K, Hijikata A, Sato N, Tsuzuki M, Fujiwara S. Cellular response of Parachlorella kessleri to a solid surface culture environment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1175080. [PMID: 37342150 PMCID: PMC10277731 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1175080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Attached culture allows high biomass productivity and is a promising biomass cultivating system because neither a huge facility area nor a large volume of culture medium are needed. This study investigates photosynthetic and transcriptomic behaviors in Parachlorella kessleri cells on a solid surface after their transfer from liquid culture to elucidate the physiological and gene-expression regulatory mechanisms that underlie their vigorous proliferation. The chlorophyll content shows a decrease at 12 h after the transfer; however, it has fully recovered at 24 h, suggesting temporary decreases in the amounts of light harvesting complexes. On PAM analysis, it is demonstrated that the effective quantum yield of PSII decreases at 0 h right after the transfer, followed by its recovery in the next 24 h. A similar changing pattern is observed for the photochemical quenching, with the PSII maximum quantum yield remaining at an almost unaltered level. Non-photochemical quenching was increased at both 0 h and 12 h after the transfer. These observations suggest that electron transfer downstream of PSII but not PSII itself is only temporarily damaged in solid-surface cells just after the transfer, with light energy in excess being dissipated as heat for PSII protection. It thus seems that the photosynthetic machinery acclimates to high-light and/or dehydration stresses through its temporal size-down and functional regulation that start right after the transfer. Meanwhile, transcriptomic analysis by RNA-Seq demonstrates temporary upregulation at 12 h after the transfer as to the expression levels of many genes for photosynthesis, amino acid synthesis, general stress response, and ribosomal subunit proteins. These findings suggest that cells transferred to a solid surface become stressed immediately after transfer but can recover their high photosynthetic activity through adaptation of photosynthetic machinery and metabolic flow as well as induction of general stress response mechanisms within 24 h.
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Wang S, Zhou X, Wu S, Zhao M, Hu Z. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed regulation mechanism of mixotrophic Cylindrotheca sp. glycerol utilization and biomass promotion. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:84. [PMID: 37208696 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diatoms have been viewed as ideal cell factories for production of some high-value bioactive metabolites, such as fucoxanthin, but their applications are restrained by limited biomass yield. Mixotrophy, by using both CO2 and organic carbon source, is believed effective to crack the bottleneck of biomass accumulation and achieve a sustainable bioproduct supply. RESULTS Glycerol, among tested carbon sources, was proved as the sole that could significantly promote growth of Cylindrotheca sp. with illumination, a so-called growth pattern, mixotrophy. Biomass and fucoxanthin yields of Cylindrotheca sp., grown in medium with glycerol (2 g L-1), was increased by 52% and 29%, respectively, as compared to the autotrophic culture (control) without compromise in photosynthetic performance. As Cylindrotheca sp. was unable to use glycerol without light, a time-series transcriptomic analysis was carried out to elucidate the light regulation on glycerol utilization. Among the genes participating in glycerol utilization, GPDH1, TIM1 and GAPDH1, showed the highest dependence on light. Their expressions decreased dramatically when the alga was transferred from light into darkness. Despite the reduced glycerol uptake in the dark, expressions of genes associating with pyrimidine metabolism and DNA replication were upregulated when Cylindrotheca sp. was cultured mixotrophically. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed amino acids and aminoacyl-tRNA metabolisms were enhanced at different timepoints of diurnal cycles in mixotrophic Cylindrotheca sp., as compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS Conclusively, this study not only provides an alternative for large-scale cultivation of Cylindrotheca, but also pinpoints the limiting enzymes subject to further metabolic manipulation. Most importantly, the novel insights in this study should aid to understand the mechanism of biomass promotion in mixotrophic Cylindrotheca sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology; Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiyi Zhou
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology; Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Sha Wu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology; Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Mengkai Zhao
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology; Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology; Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Rosa RM, Machado M, Vaz MGMV, Lopes-Santos R, Nascimento AGD, Araújo WL, Nunes-Nesi A. Urea as a source of nitrogen and carbon leads to increased photosynthesis rates in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under mixotrophy. J Biotechnol 2023; 367:20-30. [PMID: 36966923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae is a potential source of bioproducts, including feedstock to biofuels. Urea has been pointed as potential N source for microalgae growth. Considering that urea metabolism releases HCO3- to the medium, we tested the hypothesis that this carbon source could improve photosynthesis and consequently growth rates of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In this sense, the metabolic responses of C. reinhardtii grown with ammonium and urea as nitrogen sources under mixotrophic and autotrophic conditions were investigated. Overall, the mixotrophy led to increased cell growth as well as to a higher accumulation of lipids independent of N source, followed by a decrease in photosynthesis over the growth phases. In mixotrophy, urea stimulates growth in terms of cell number and dry weight. Furthermore, higher photosynthesis was verified in late logarithmic phase compared to ammonium. Under autotrophy conditions, although cell number and biomass were reduced, there was higher production of starch independent of N source. Nonetheless, urea-based autotrophic treatments stimulated biomass production compared to ammonium-based treatment. Under mixotrophy higher input of carbon into the cell from acetate and urea optimized photosynthesis and consequently promoted cell growth. Together, these results suggest urea as alternative source of carbon, improving photosynthesis and cell growth in C. reinhardtii.
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Lacroux J, Llamas M, Dauptain K, Avila R, Steyer JP, van Lis R, Trably E. Dark fermentation and microalgae cultivation coupled systems: Outlook and challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161136. [PMID: 36587699 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of a sustainable bio-based economy is considered a top priority today. There is no doubt about the necessity to produce renewable bioenergy and bio-sourced chemicals to replace fossil-derived compounds. Under this scenario, strong efforts have been devoted to efficiently use organic waste as feedstock for biohydrogen production via dark fermentation. However, the technoeconomic viability of this process needs to be enhanced by the valorization of the residual streams generated. The use of dark fermentation effluents as low-cost carbon source for microalgae cultivation arises as an innovative approach for bioproducts generation (e.g., biodiesel, bioactive compounds, pigments) that maximizes the carbon recovery. In a biorefinery context, after value-added product extraction, the spent microalgae biomass can be further valorised as feedstock for biohydrogen production. This integrated process would play a key role in the transition towards a circular economy. This review covers recent advances in microalgal cultivation on dark fermentation effluents (DFE). BioH2 via dark fermentation processes and the involved metabolic pathways are detailed with a special focus on the main aspects affecting the effluent composition. Interesting traits of microalgae and current approaches to solve the challenges associated to the integration of dark fermentation and microalgae cultivation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lacroux
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, 102 avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - Mercedes Llamas
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, 102 avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France; Instituto de la Grasa (C.S.I.C.), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46., Ctra. de Utrera km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Kevin Dauptain
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, 102 avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - Romina Avila
- Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona E-08193, Spain
| | | | - Robert van Lis
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, 102 avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - Eric Trably
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, 102 avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France.
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8
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Samadhiya K, Ghosh A, Bhatnagar A, Bala K. Effect of acute vs chronic stress on Polyhydroxybutyrate production by indigenous cyanobacterium. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:416-423. [PMID: 36563801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fossil-based plastic has become a global-threat due to its high stability and transformation into more lethal forms such as micro plastics with time. An alternative should be found to combat this global enemy. Polyhydroxybutyrate or PHB can be such an alternative to plastic. Present study explores the synthesis of PHB in Neowollea manoromense, using two different cultivation-approaches: acute and chronic stress. This study has used 6 carbon sources and 3 different level of phosphate to study the accumulation of PHB along with lipid, carbohydrate, and proteins. Highest PHB in chronic-stress was achieved under glucose supplementation without phosphate at 21st day (156.5 ± 22.5 μg/mg), whereas in acute-stress, it was achieved under acetate without phosphate (91.0 ± 2.7 μg/mg). Despite higher accumulation in chronic-stress, high PHB productivity was achieved in acute-stress. Principal Component Analysis suggests that all the variables were positively correlated with each other. Here we first report PHB accumulation in Neowollea manoromense. This study highlights that acute-stress can be a powerful tool in establishment of a sustainable cyanobacteria based bio refinery for PHB production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Samadhiya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, 453552, India
| | - Atreyee Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, 453552, India
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Finland
| | - Kiran Bala
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, 453552, India.
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Schambach JY, Kruse CPS, Kitin P, Mays W, Hunt CG, Starkenburg SR, Barry AN. Metabolism of Scenedesmus obliquus cultivated with raw plant substrates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:992702. [PMID: 36531386 PMCID: PMC9757167 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.992702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The potential benefits of adding raw, non-food, lignocellulosic plant material as a carbon source for mixotrophic growth of microalgae have previously been demonstrated. This approach has advantages over using traditional carbon sources like glucose or acetate due to wide-spread plant biomass availability and substrate recalcitrance to bacterial contamination. Here, we report the overall growth characteristics and explore the metabolic patterns of Scenedesmus obliquus cultured in the presence raw plant substrate. An initial screen of plant substrate candidates showed an increase in specific growth rate and biomass accumulation when S. obliquus was cultured in the presence of switchgrass or yard waste compared to media alone. We observed a near doubling of microalgal dry weight when S. obliquus was grown with 0.2% (w/v) switchgrass under ambient CO2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of corn stem after S. obliquus cultivation exhibited substantial phloem degradation. Transcriptomic analyses of S. obliquus during mid- and late-log phase growth revealed a dynamic metabolic landscape within many KEGG pathways. Notably, differential expression was observed for several potential glycosyl hydrolases. We also investigated the influence of switchgrass on the growth of S. obliquus at 50 L volume in mini raceway ponds to determine the scalability of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Y. Schambach
- Molecular and Microbiology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Colin P. S. Kruse
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Peter Kitin
- Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Biopolymer Science and Engineering, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Wittney Mays
- Computational Biology and Biophysics Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Christopher G. Hunt
- Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Biopolymer Science and Engineering, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shawn R. Starkenburg
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Amanda N. Barry
- Molecular and Microbiology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Microalgae-mediated wastewater treatment for biofuels production: A comprehensive review. Microbiol Res 2022; 265:127187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Zheng S, Zou S, Wang H, Feng T, Sun S, Chen H, Wang Q. Reducing culture medium nitrogen supply coupled with replenishing carbon nutrient simultaneously enhances the biomass and lipid production of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019806. [PMID: 36225359 PMCID: PMC9549070 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model strain to explore algal lipid metabolism mechanism, and exhibits great potentials in large-scale production of lipids. Completely lacking nitrogen is an efficient strategy to trigger the lipid synthesis in microalgal cells, while it always leads to the obvious reduction in the biomass. To illustrate the optimal culture substrate carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) levels to simultaneously stimulate the growth and lipid production of C. reinhardtii, cells were cultivated under altered C and N concentrations. Results showed that replenishing 6 g/L sodium acetate (NaAc) could increase 1.50 and 1.53 times biomass and lipid productivity compared with 0 g/L NaAc treatment (the control), but total lipid content slightly decreased. Reducing 75% of basic medium (TAP) N level (0 g/L NaAc + 0.09 g/L NH4Cl treatment) could promote 21.57% total lipid content in comparison with the control (containing 0.38 g/L NH4Cl), but decrease 44.45% biomass and 34.15% lipid productivity. The result of the central composite design (CCD) experiment suggested the optimum total lipid content together with higher biomass and lipid productivity could be obtained under the condition of 4.12 g/L NaAc and 0.20 g/L NH4Cl. They reached 32.14%, 1.68 g/L and 108.21 mg/L/d, and increased by 36.77%, 93.10% and 1.75 times compared with the control, respectively. It suggests moderately increasing C supply and decreasing N levels could synchronously improve the biomass and lipid content of C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shangyun Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Tian Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shourui Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Wang,
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12
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Growth Performance and Biochemical Composition of Waste-Isolated Microalgae Consortia Grown on Nano-Filtered Pig Slurry and Cheese Whey under Mixotrophic Conditions. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cultivation mode plays a vital role in algal growth and composition. This paper assessed the growth ability of twelve algae–microbial consortia (ACs) originally selected from organic wastes when nano-filtered pig slurry wastewater (NFP) and cheese whey (CW) were used as growth substrates in a mixotrophic mode in comparison with a photoautotrophic mode. Nutrient uptake ability, biochemical composition, fatty acids, and amino acid profiles of ACs were compared between both cultivation conditions. On average, 47% higher growth rates and 35% higher N uptake were found in mixotrophic cultivation along with significant P and TOC removal rates. Changing the cultivation mode did not affect AA and FA composition but improved EAA content, providing the potential for AC_5 and AC_4 to be used as local protein feed supplements. The results also showed the possibility for AC_6 and AC_1 to be used as omega-3 supplements due to their low ω-6–ω-3 ratio.
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Vyas S, Patel A, Nabil Risse E, Krikigianni E, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. Biosynthesis of microalgal lipids, proteins, lutein, and carbohydrates using fish farming wastewater and forest biomass under photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 359:127494. [PMID: 35724910 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biorefineries enable the circular, sustainable, and economic use of waste resources if value-added products can be recovered from all the generated fractions at a large-scale. In the present studies the comparison and assessment for the production of value-added compounds (e.g., proteins, lutein, and lipids) by the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana grown under photoautotrophic or heterotrophic conditions was performed. Photoautotrophic cultivation generated little biomass and lipids, but abundant proteins (416.66 mg/gCDW) and lutein (6.40 mg/gCDW). Heterotrophic conditions using spruce hydrolysate as a carbon source favored biomass (8.71 g/L at C/N 20 and 8.28 g/L at C/N 60) and lipid synthesis (2.79 g/L at C/N 20 and 3.61 g/L at C/N 60) after 72 h of cultivation. Therefore, heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae using spruce hydrolysate instead of glucose offers a suitable biorefinery concept at large-scale for biodiesel-grade lipids production, whereas photoautotrophic bioreactors are recommended for sustainable protein and lutein biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Vyas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Eric Nabil Risse
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Eleni Krikigianni
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
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14
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Metabolic and Proteomic Analysis of Chlorella sorokiniana, Chloroidium saccharofilum, and Chlorella vulgaris Cells Cultured in Autotrophic, Photoheterotrophic, and Mixotrophic Cultivation Modes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154817. [PMID: 35956768 PMCID: PMC9369600 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorella is one of the most well-known microalgal genera, currently comprising approximately a hundred species of single-celled green algae according to the AlgaeBase. Strains of the genus Chlorella have the ability to metabolize both inorganic and organic carbon sources in various trophic modes and synthesize valuable metabolites that are widely used in many industries. The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of three trophic modes on the growth parameters, productivities of individual cell components, and biochemical composition of Chlorella sorokiniana, Chloroidium saccharofilum, and Chlorella vulgaris cells with special consideration of protein profiles detected by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Mixotrophic conditions with the use of an agro-industrial by-product stimulated the growth of all Chlorella species, which was confirmed by the highest specific growth rates and the shortest biomass doubling times. The mixotrophic cultivation of all Chlorella species yielded a high amount of protein-rich biomass with reduced contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and carbohydrates. Additionally, this work provides the first information about the proteome of Chloroidium saccharofilum, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Chlorella vulgaris cells cultured in molasses supplementation conditions. The proteomic analysis of the three Chlorella species growing photoheterotrophically and mixotrophically showed increased accumulation of proteins involved in the cell energy metabolism and carbon uptake, photosynthesis process, and protein synthesis, as well as proteins involved in intracellular movements and chaperone proteins.
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15
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Young EB, Reed L, Berges JA. Growth parameters and responses of green algae across a gradient of phototrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13776. [PMID: 35891646 PMCID: PMC9308967 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown that algal growth is enhanced by organic carbon and algal mixotrophy is relevant for physiology and commercial cultivation. Most studies have tested only a single organic carbon concentration and report different growth parameters which hampers comparisons and improvements to algal cultivation methodology. This study compared growth of green algae Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii across a gradient of photoautotrophic-mixotrophic-heterotrophic culture conditions, with five acetate concentrations. Culture growth rates and biomass achieved were compared using different methods of biomass estimation. Both species grew faster and produced the most biomass when supplied with moderate acetate concentrations (1-4 g L-1), but light was required to optimize growth rates, biomass yield, cell size and cell chlorophyll content. Higher acetate concentration (10 g L-1) inhibited algal production. The choice of growth parameter and method to estimate biomass (optical density (OD), chlorophyll a fluorescence, flow cytometry, cell counts) affected apparent responses to organic carbon, but use of OD at 600, 680 or 750 nm was consistent. There were apparent trade-offs among exponential growth rate, maximum biomass, and culture time spent in exponential phase. Different cell responses over 1-10 g L-1 acetate highlight profound physiological acclimation across a gradient of mixotrophy. In both species, cell size vs cell chlorophyll relationships were more constrained in photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cultures, but under mixotrophy, and outside exponential growth phase, these relationships were more variable. This study provides insights into algal physiological responses to mixotrophy but also has practical implications for choosing parameters for monitoring commercial algal cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica B. Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States,School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Lindsay Reed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - John A. Berges
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States,School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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16
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Ishiguro S, Roth M, Welti R, Loyd M, Thakkar R, Phillips M, Robben N, Upreti D, Nakashima A, Suzuki K, Comer J, Tamura M. A Water Extract from Chlorella sorokiniana Cell Walls Stimulates Growth of Bone Marrow Cells and Splenocytes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142901. [PMID: 35889858 PMCID: PMC9322350 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A water extract derived from the isolated cell walls of Chlorella sorokiniana (C. sorokiniana, Chlorella water extract, CWE) was analyzed for the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-related material via the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay and evaluated for its growth stimulation effect on the bone marrow cells and splenocytes in vitro cell cultures. The extract contained low levels of LPS-related material, and a mass spectrum suggested that the extract contained many components, including a low level of a lipid A precursor, a compound known as lipid X, which is known to elicit a positive response in the LAL assay. Treatment with the CWE dose- and time-dependently stimulated the growth of mouse bone marrow cells (BMCs) and splenocytes (SPLs). Treatment with the CWE also increased specific BMC subpopulations, including antigen-presenting cells (CD19+ B cells, 33D1+ dendritic cells and CD68+ macrophages), and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but decreased the number of LY6G+ granulocytes. Treatment with the CWE also increased cytokine mRNA associated with T cell activation, including TNFα, IFNγ, and granzyme B in human lymphoblasts. The present study indicates that the cell wall fraction of C.sorokiniana contains an LPS-like material and suggests a candidate source for the bioactivity that stimulates growth of both innate and adaptive immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ishiguro
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
| | - Mary Roth
- Division of Biology, Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (M.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Ruth Welti
- Division of Biology, Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (M.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Mayme Loyd
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
| | - Ravindra Thakkar
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
| | - Morgan Phillips
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
| | - Nicole Robben
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
| | - Deepa Upreti
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
| | - Ayaka Nakashima
- Euglena Co., Ltd., Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014, Japan; (A.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Kengo Suzuki
- Euglena Co., Ltd., Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014, Japan; (A.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
| | - Masaaki Tamura
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(785)-532-4825; Fax: +1-(785)-532-4557
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17
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You X, Yang L, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Sustainability and carbon neutrality trends for microalgae-based wastewater treatment: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112860. [PMID: 35123965 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As the global economy develops and the population increases, greenhouse gas emissions and wastewater discharge have become inevitable global problems. Conventional wastewater treatment processes produce direct or indirect greenhouse gas, which can intensify global warming. Microalgae-based wastewater treatment technology can not only purify wastewater and use the nutrients in wastewater to produce microalgae biomass, but it can also absorb CO2 in the atmosphere or flue gas through photosynthesis, which demonstrates great potential as a sustainable and economical wastewater treatment technology. This review highlights the multifaceted roles of microalgae in different types of wastewater treatment processes in terms of the extent of their bioremediation function and microalgae biomass production. In addition, various newly developed microalgae cultivation systems, especially biofilm cultivation systems, were further characterized systematically. The performance of different microalgae cultivation systems was studied and summarized. Current research on the technical approaches for the modification of the CO2 capture by microalgae and the maximization of CO2 transfer and conversion efficiency were also reviewed. This review serves as a useful and informative reference for the application of wastewater treatment and CO2 capture by microalgae, aiming to provide a reference for the realization of carbon neutrality in wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang You
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Libin Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yalei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai, 200092, China
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18
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Lin JY, Sri Wahyu Effendi S, Ng IS. Enhanced carbon capture and utilization (CCU) using heterologous carbonic anhydrase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for lutein and lipid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:127009. [PMID: 35304253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model microalga that has a higher growth rate and produces high levels of lutein and lipids, but biomass production is limited. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) converts atmospheric CO2 to bicarbonate which is crucial for carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM) in microalgae and boosts cell density. Therefore, C. reinhardtii harboring the heterologous CA from Mesorhizobium loti (MlCA) and Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense (SyCA) were explored to increase CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) through different culture devices. Genetically modified C. reinhardtii was able to grow from mixotrophic to autotrophic conditions. Subsequently, biomass, lutein, and lipid were maximized to OD680 of 4.56, 21.32 mg/L and 672 mg/L using photo-bioreactor (PBR) with 5% CO2. Moreover, CO2 assimilation rate was 2.748 g-CO2/g-DCW and 2.792 g-CO2/g-DCW under mixotrophic and autotrophic conditions, respectively. The biomass accumulation correlated with CA activity. In addition, the transcript levels of major genes in metabolic pathways of lutein and lipid were dramatically increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | | | - I-Son Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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19
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Teng CS, Xue C, Lin JY, Ng IS. Towards high-level protein, beta-carotene, and lutein production from Chlorella sorokiniana using aminobutyric acid and pseudo seawater. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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20
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Gauje B, Yusufu WN, Chia MA, Bako SP, Abolude DS, Tanimu Y, Adudu JA, Okoduwa SIR. Simultaneous phytoremediation of tannery effluent and production of fatty acids rich biomass by Chlorella sorokiniana. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2022; 34:929-940. [DOI: 10.1007/s10811-022-02683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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21
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Karimian A, Mahdavi MA, Gheshlaghi R. Algal cultivation strategies for enhancing production of Chlorella sorokiniana IG-W-96 biomass and bioproducts. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Zhu Q, Zhang M, Liu B, Wen F, Yang Z, Liu J. Transcriptome and Metabolome Profiling of a Novel Isolate Chlorella sorokiniana G32 (Chlorophyta) Displaying Enhanced Starch Accumulation at High Growth Rate Under Mixotrophic Condition. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:760307. [PMID: 35069466 PMCID: PMC8770532 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.760307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorella sorokiniana is one of the most productive microalgal species with a high potential for the production of biofuels and other high value-added molecules. Many studies have focused on its capability of mixotrophic growth using reduced organic carbon and growth pattern shift between autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. In this study, we investigated growth patterns of a novel isolate, C. sorokiniana G32, under mixotrophic growth conditions supplemented with a low level (1.25 g L-1) and a high level (5 g L-1) of glucose. Physiological, transcriptomic (i.e., RNA-seq), and metabolomic (i.e., LC-MS/MS) methods were used. We showed that peak growth based on OD680nm absorbance is ∼4-fold higher with high glucose vs. low glucose supplementation. Photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) in G32 mixotrophic cultures with high or low glucose supplementation remains identical to that of G32 phototrophic growth. We also found that the conversion rate between absorbance-based cell density and cell dry weight with high glucose supplementation was lower than with low glucose. This suggests that more cell biomass is produced under high glucose treatment than with low glucose. The result was confirmed via sucrose density gradient centrifugation. It is likely that accumulation of high concentration of starch may account for this effect. Transcriptomic analysis of G32 cultures (i.e., via RNA-seq) in response to reciprocal change of glucose levels reveals that expression of a subset of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) is correlated with the amount of glucose supplementation. These DEGs are designated as glucose-specific responsive (GSR) genes. GSR genes are enriched for a number of energy metabolic pathways. Together with metabolomics data (i.e., LC-MS/MS), we show that under high-level supplementation, glucose is preferentially oxidized through an oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Collectively, our results indicate the mechanism of regulation of glucose assimilation and energy metabolism in G32 under mixotrophic conditions with different levels of glucose supplementation revealed by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. We propose that C. sorokiniana G32 has the potential for the production of high value-added molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Zhu
- Systems Biology, School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Systems Biology, School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Bingying Liu
- Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Fang Wen
- Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Zhili Yang
- Systems Biology, School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Systems Biology, School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
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23
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Do CVT, Nguyen NTT, Pham MHT, Pham TYT, Ngo VG, Giang Le T, Tran TD. Central composite design for simultaneously optimizing biomass and lutein production by a mixotrophic Chlorella sorokiniana TH01. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Sipaúba-Tavares LH, Tedesque MG, Colla LC, Millan RN, Scardoeli-Truzzi B. Effect of untreated and pretreated sugarcane molasses on growth performance of Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae in inorganic fertilizer and macrophyte extract culture media. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e263282. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.263282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The growth of Haematococcus pluvialis in two alternative culture media NPK (10:10:10) and ME (macrophyte extract), under mixotrophic conditions using sugarcane molasses as a carbon source were evaluated for 28 days. The molasses was used in two different ways, in a native form (untreated) and a hydrolyzed (pretreated). Cell density of Haematococcus pluvialis in mixotrophic cultivation was higher in pretreated molasses. Growth rate was higher when pretreated molasses were employed in mixotrophic cultivation with NPK culture medium (k=0.5 7th growth day). Biomass, chlorophyll-a, conductivity and total inorganic nitrogen were not significantly different (p>0.05) during the experimental period for two mixotrophic cultivation and culture media. Protein contents of H. pluvialis biomass were higher in NPK culture medium with pretreated molasses (50% dry biomass). Annual biomass production was 520 kg-1 dry biomass with untreated molasses for two culture media, and 650 and 520 kg-1 dry biomass with pretreated molasses for NPK and ME culture media, respectively. The use of NPK and ME culture media in mixotrophic cultivation may be a new protocol for H. pluvialis cultivation due to the low cost and similar annual production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. G. Tedesque
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Brasil
| | - L. C. Colla
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Brasil
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25
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Capa-Robles W, García-Mendoza E, Paniagua-Michel JDJ. Enhanced β-carotene and Biomass Production by Induced Mixotrophy in Dunaliella salina across a Combined Strategy of Glycerol, Salinity, and Light. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120866. [PMID: 34940624 PMCID: PMC8708783 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current mixotrophic culture systems for Dunaliella salina have technical limitations to achieve high growth and productivity. The purpose of this study was to optimize the mixotrophic conditions imposed by glycerol, light, and salinity that lead to the highest biomass and β-carotene yields in D. salina. The combination of 12.5 mM glycerol, 3.0 M salinity, and 50 μmol photons m−2 s−1 light intensity enabled significant assimilation of glycerol by D. salina and consequently enhanced growth (2.1 × 106 cell mL−1) and β-carotene accumulation (4.43 pg cell−1). The saline and light shock induced the assimilation of glycerol by this microalga. At last stage of growth, the increase in light intensity (300 μmol photons m−2 s−1) caused the β-carotene to reach values higher than 30 pg cell−1 and tripled the β-carotene values obtained from photoautotrophic cultures using the same light intensity. Increasing the salt concentration from 1.5 to 3.0 M NaCl (non-isosmotic salinity) produced higher growth and microalgal β-carotene than the isosmotic salinity 3.0 M NaCl. The mixotrophic strategy developed in this work is evidenced in the metabolic capability of D. salina to use both photosynthesis and organic carbon, viz., glycerol that leads to higher biomass and β-carotene productivity than that of an either phototrophic or heterotrophic process alone. The findings provide insights into the key role of exogenous glycerol with a strategic combination of salinity and light, which evidenced unknown roles of this polyol other than that in osmoregulation, mainly on the growth, pigment accumulation, and carotenogenesis of D. salina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Capa-Robles
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico;
| | - Ernesto García-Mendoza
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico;
| | - José de Jesús Paniagua-Michel
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-646-1745050
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26
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Gain G, Vega de Luna F, Cordoba J, Perez E, Degand H, Morsomme P, Thiry M, Baurain D, Pierangelini M, Cardol P. Trophic state alters the mechanism whereby energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration occurs in Euglena gracilis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1603-1617. [PMID: 34392544 PMCID: PMC9292222 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between mitochondrial respiration and photosynthesis plays an important role in the energetic physiology of green plants and some secondary-red photosynthetic eukaryotes (diatoms), allowing an efficient CO2 assimilation and optimal growth. Using the flagellate Euglena gracilis, we first tested if photosynthesis-respiration coupling occurs in this species harbouring secondary green plastids (i.e. originated from an endosymbiosis between a green alga and a phagotrophic euglenozoan). Second, we tested how the trophic state (mixotrophy and photoautotrophy) of the cell alters the mechanisms involved in the photosynthesis-respiration coupling. Energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration was determined by testing the effect of respiratory inhibitors on photosynthesis, and measuring the simultaneous variation of photosynthesis and respiration rates as a function of temperature (i.e. thermal response curves). The mechanism involved in the photosynthesis-respiration coupling was assessed by combining proteomics, biophysical and cytological analyses. Our work shows that there is photosynthesis-respiration coupling and membrane contacts between mitochondria and chloroplasts in E. gracilis. However, whereas in mixotrophy adjustment of the chloroplast ATP/NADPH ratio drives the interaction, in photoautotrophy the coupling is conditioned by CO2 limitation and photorespiration. This indicates that maintenance of photosynthesis-respiration coupling, through plastic metabolic responses, is key to E. gracilis functioning under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaëlle Gain
- InBioS – PhytoSYSTEMSLaboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
| | - Félix Vega de Luna
- InBioS – PhytoSYSTEMSLaboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
| | - Javier Cordoba
- InBioS – PhytoSYSTEMSLaboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
| | - Emilie Perez
- InBioS – PhytoSYSTEMSLaboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
| | - Hervé Degand
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST)UCLouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveB‐1348Belgium
| | - Pierre Morsomme
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST)UCLouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveB‐1348Belgium
| | - Marc Thiry
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et TissulaireGiga‐NeurosciencesULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
| | - Denis Baurain
- InBioS – PhytoSYSTEMSEukaryotic PhylogenomicsULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
| | - Mattia Pierangelini
- InBioS – PhytoSYSTEMSLaboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
| | - Pierre Cardol
- InBioS – PhytoSYSTEMSLaboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
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Khazi MI, Shi L, Liaqat F, Yang Y, Li X, Yang D, Li J. Sequential Continuous Mixotrophic and Phototrophic Cultivation Might Be a Cost-Effective Strategy for Astaxanthin Production From the Microalga Haematococcus lacustris. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:740533. [PMID: 34676203 PMCID: PMC8523894 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.740533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Haematococcus lacustris has been developed for astaxanthin production for decades, the production cost is still high. In order to modify the production processes, we proposed a novel strategy of cultivation, featured by sequential indoor continuous mixotrophic cultivation for the production of green cells followed by outdoor phototrophic induction for astaxanthin accumulation. The continuous mixotrophic cultivation was first optimized indoor, and then the seed culture of mixotrophic cultivation was inoculated into outdoor open raceway ponds for photoinduction. The results showed that mixotrophically grown cultures could efficiently grow without losing their photosynthetic efficiency and yielded higher biomass concentration (0.655 g L−1) and astaxanthin content (2.2% DW), compared to phototrophically grown seed culture controls. This novel strategy might be a promising alternative to the current approaches to advance the production technology of astaxanthin from microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahammed Ilyas Khazi
- Department of Research and Development, Panzhihua Gesala Biotechnology Inc., Panzhihua, China
| | - Liangtao Shi
- Institute of Tropical Eco-agriculture, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Fakhra Liaqat
- Department of Research and Development, Panzhihua Gesala Biotechnology Inc., Panzhihua, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China
| | - Duanpeng Yang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China
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28
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Mogany T, Bhola V, Ramanna L, Bux F. Photosynthesis and pigment production: elucidation of the interactive effects of nutrients and light on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 45:187-201. [PMID: 34668053 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii produces a variety of compounds that can be beneficial to human and animal health. Among these compounds, application of photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, has gained considerable interest in numerous industries. A better understanding on the interactive effects of essential nutrients and light on microalgal physiology and pigment production would be beneficial in improving cultivation strategies. Therefore, this study evaluated biomass, carotenoid and chlorophyll yield and the following fluorescence parameters: quantum yield in PS II [Y(II)] and electron transport rate (ETR) using response surface methodology (RSM). The Fv/Fm, Y(NO) and Y(NPQ) were also monitored; however, no significant relationship was observed. From the investigation it was apparent that nitrogen and carbon; as well as the interactive effects of (nitrogen and carbon) and (carbon and light irradiance) were significant factors. The model predicted the optimum conditions for maximum carotenoids (8.15 ± 0.389 mg g-1) were 08.7 mol l-1 of nitrogen, 0.2 mol l-1 and 50 μmol photon m-2 s-1 of light irradiance. While maximum chlorophyll (33.6 ± 0.854 mg g-1) required a higher nitrogen (11.21 mol l-1). The photosynthetic parameters [Y(II), ETR] was correlated with the primary pigments and biomass production. Increased photosynthetic activity was associated with high carbon and light. The Y(II)and ETR of PSII under these conditions were 0.2 and ~ 14, respectively. This approach was accurate in developing the model, optimizing factors and analysing interaction effects. This study served to provide a better understanding on the interactions between factors influencing pigment biosynthesis and photosynthetic performance of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Mogany
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Virthie Bhola
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Luveshan Ramanna
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
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29
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Cecchin M, Paloschi M, Busnardo G, Cazzaniga S, Cuine S, Li‐Beisson Y, Wobbe L, Ballottari M. CO 2 supply modulates lipid remodelling, photosynthetic and respiratory activities in Chlorella species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2987-3001. [PMID: 33931891 PMCID: PMC8453743 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae represent a potential solution to reduce CO2 emission exploiting their photosynthetic activity. Here, the physiologic and metabolic responses at the base of CO2 assimilation were investigated in conditions of high or low CO2 availability in two of the most promising algae species for industrial cultivation, Chlorella sorokiniana and Chlorella vulgaris. In both species, high CO2 availability increased biomass accumulation with specific increase of triacylglycerols in C. vulgaris and polar lipids and proteins in C. sorokiniana. Moreover, high CO2 availability caused only in C. vulgaris a reduced NAD(P)H/NADP+ ratio and reduced mitochondrial respiration, suggesting a CO2 dependent increase of reducing power consumption in the chloroplast, which in turn influences the redox state of the mitochondria. Several rearrangements of the photosynthetic machinery were observed in both species, differing from those described for the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, where adaptation to carbon availability is mainly controlled by the translational repressor NAB1. NAB1 homologous protein could be identified only in C. vulgaris but lacked the regulation mechanisms previously described in C. reinhardtii. Acclimation strategies to cope with a fluctuating inorganic carbon supply are thus diverse among green microalgae, and these results suggest new biotechnological strategies to boost CO2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Cecchin
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Matteo Paloschi
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaVeronaItaly
| | | | | | - Stephan Cuine
- Aix‐Marseille Univ., CEA, CNRSInstitute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix‐Marseille, UMR7265, CEA CadaracheSaint‐Paul‐lez DuranceFrance
| | - Yonghua Li‐Beisson
- Aix‐Marseille Univ., CEA, CNRSInstitute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix‐Marseille, UMR7265, CEA CadaracheSaint‐Paul‐lez DuranceFrance
| | - Lutz Wobbe
- Bielefeld UniversityCenter for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Faculty of BiologyBielefeldGermany
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30
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Chen JH, Kato Y, Matsuda M, Chen CY, Nagarajan D, Hasunuma T, Kondo A, Chang JS. Lutein production with Chlorella sorokiniana MB-1-M12 using novel two-stage cultivation strategies - metabolic analysis and process improvement. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 334:125200. [PMID: 33975143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae-derived carotenoids have increasingly been considered as feasible green alternatives for synthetic antioxidants. In this study, the lutein high-yielding strain (Chlorella sorokiniana MB-1; henceforth MB-1) and its mutant derivative (C. sorokiniana MB-1-M12; henceforth M12) were evaluated for their growth, biomass production, and lutein accumulation in three different cultivation modes - photoautotrophy, mixotrophy, and heterotrophy. M12 could grow effectively under heterotrophic conditions, but the lutein content was lower, indicating the necessity of photo-induction for lutein accumulation. Metabolic analysis of MB-1 and M12 in autotrophic growth in the presence of carbon dioxide indicated that carbon assimilation and channeling of the fixed metabolites towards carotenoid accumulation was elevated in M12 compared to MB-1. Novel two-stage alternative cultivation strategies (Autotrophic/Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic/Heterotrophic cultures) were applied for enhancing lutein production in M12. Maximum lutein quantity (6.17 mg/g) and production (33.64 mg/L) were obtained with the TSHM strategy that is considered the best two-stage operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih-Heng Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yuichi Kato
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chun-Yen Chen
- University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Dillirani Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
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31
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Lacroux J, Seira J, Trably E, Bernet N, Steyer JP, van Lis R. Mixotrophic Growth of Chlorella sorokiniana on Acetate and Butyrate: Interplay Between Substrate, C:N Ratio and pH. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:703614. [PMID: 34276636 PMCID: PMC8283676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.703614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae can be cultivated on waste dark fermentation effluents containing volatile fatty acids (VFA) such as acetate or butyrate. These VFA can however inhibit microalgae growth at concentrations above 0.5-1 gC.L-1. This study used the model strain Chlorella sorokiniana to investigate the effects of acetate or butyrate concentration on biomass growth rates and yields alongside C:N:P ratios and pH control. Decreasing undissociated acid levels by raising the initial pH to 8.0 allowed growth without inhibition up to 5 gC.L-1 VFAs. However, VFA concentration strongly affected biomass yields irrespective of pH control or C:N:P ratios. Biomass yields on 1.0 gC.L-1 acetate were around 1.3-1.5 gC.gC -1 but decreased by 26-48% when increasing initial acetate to 2.0 gC.L-1. This was also observed for butyrate with yields decreasing up to 25%. This decrease in yield in suggested to be due to the prevalence of heterotrophic metabolism at high organic acid concentration, which reduced the amount of carbon fixed by autotrophy. Finally, the effects of C:N:P on biomass, lipids and carbohydrates production dynamics were assessed using a mixture of both substrates. In nutrient replete conditions, C. sorokiniana accumulated up to 20.5% carbohydrates and 16.4% lipids while nutrient limitation triggered carbohydrates accumulation up to 45.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lacroux
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Montpellier, Narbonne, France
| | - Jordan Seira
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Montpellier, Narbonne, France
| | - Eric Trably
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Montpellier, Narbonne, France
| | - Nicolas Bernet
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Montpellier, Narbonne, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Steyer
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Montpellier, Narbonne, France
| | - Robert van Lis
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Montpellier, Narbonne, France
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Curien G, Lyska D, Guglielmino E, Westhoff P, Janetzko J, Tardif M, Hallopeau C, Brugière S, Dal Bo D, Decelle J, Gallet B, Falconet D, Carone M, Remacle C, Ferro M, Weber AP, Finazzi G. Mixotrophic growth of the extremophile Galdieria sulphuraria reveals the flexibility of its carbon assimilation metabolism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:326-338. [PMID: 33764540 PMCID: PMC8252106 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Galdieria sulphuraria is a cosmopolitan microalga found in volcanic hot springs and calderas. It grows at low pH in photoautotrophic (use of light as a source of energy) or heterotrophic (respiration as a source of energy) conditions, using an unusually broad range of organic carbon sources. Previous data suggested that G. sulphuraria cannot grow mixotrophically (simultaneously exploiting light and organic carbon as energy sources), its photosynthetic machinery being repressed by organic carbon. Here, we show that G. sulphuraria SAG21.92 thrives in photoautotrophy, heterotrophy and mixotrophy. By comparing growth, biomass production, photosynthetic and respiratory performances in these three trophic modes, we show that addition of organic carbon to cultures (mixotrophy) relieves inorganic carbon limitation of photosynthesis thanks to increased CO2 supply through respiration. This synergistic effect is lost when inorganic carbon limitation is artificially overcome by saturating photosynthesis with added external CO2 . Proteomic and metabolic profiling corroborates this conclusion suggesting that mixotrophy is an opportunistic mechanism to increase intracellular CO2 concentration under physiological conditions, boosting photosynthesis by enhancing the carboxylation activity of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) and decreasing photorespiration. We discuss possible implications of these findings for the ecological success of Galdieria in extreme environments and for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Curien
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale. Université Grenoble AlpesCNRSCEAINRAeGrenoble Cedex 938054France
| | - Dagmar Lyska
- Institute of Plant BiochemistryCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf40225Germany
| | - Erika Guglielmino
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale. Université Grenoble AlpesCNRSCEAINRAeGrenoble Cedex 938054France
| | - Phillip Westhoff
- Institute of Plant BiochemistryCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf40225Germany
| | - Janina Janetzko
- Institute of Plant BiochemistryCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf40225Germany
| | - Marianne Tardif
- EdyP Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, Université Grenoble AlpesCEAInsermBGE U1038Grenoble Cedex 938054France
| | - Clément Hallopeau
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale. Université Grenoble AlpesCNRSCEAINRAeGrenoble Cedex 938054France
| | - Sabine Brugière
- EdyP Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, Université Grenoble AlpesCEAInsermBGE U1038Grenoble Cedex 938054France
| | - Davide Dal Bo
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale. Université Grenoble AlpesCNRSCEAINRAeGrenoble Cedex 938054France
| | - Johan Decelle
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale. Université Grenoble AlpesCNRSCEAINRAeGrenoble Cedex 938054France
| | - Benoit Gallet
- Institut de Biologie StructuraleUniversité Grenoble AlpesCNRSCEA71 Avenue des MartyrsGrenoble38044France
| | - Denis Falconet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale. Université Grenoble AlpesCNRSCEAINRAeGrenoble Cedex 938054France
| | - Michele Carone
- Genetics and Physiology of MicroalgaeInBios/Phytosystems Research UnitUniversity of LiegeLiège4000Belgium
| | - Claire Remacle
- Genetics and Physiology of MicroalgaeInBios/Phytosystems Research UnitUniversity of LiegeLiège4000Belgium
| | - Myriam Ferro
- EdyP Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, Université Grenoble AlpesCEAInsermBGE U1038Grenoble Cedex 938054France
| | - Andreas P.M. Weber
- Institute of Plant BiochemistryCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf40225Germany
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale. Université Grenoble AlpesCNRSCEAINRAeGrenoble Cedex 938054France
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33
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Levin G, Kulikovsky S, Liveanu V, Eichenbaum B, Meir A, Isaacson T, Tadmor Y, Adir N, Schuster G. The desert green algae Chlorella ohadii thrives at excessively high light intensities by exceptionally enhancing the mechanisms that protect photosynthesis from photoinhibition. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1260-1277. [PMID: 33725388 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although light is the driving force of photosynthesis, excessive light can be harmful. One of the main processes that limits photosynthesis is photoinhibition, the process of light-induced photodamage. When the absorbed light exceeds the amount that is dissipated by photosynthetic electron flow and other processes, damaging radicals are formed that mostly inactivate photosystem II (PSII). Damaged PSII must be replaced by a newly repaired complex in order to preserve full photosynthetic activity. Chlorella ohadii is a green microalga, isolated from biological desert soil crusts, that thrives under extreme high light and is highly resistant to photoinhibition. Therefore, C. ohadii is an ideal model for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying protection against photoinhibition. Comparison of the thylakoids of C. ohadii cells that were grown under low light versus extreme high light intensities found that the alga employs all three known photoinhibition protection mechanisms: (i) massive reduction of the PSII antenna size; (ii) accumulation of protective carotenoids; and (iii) very rapid repair of photodamaged reaction center proteins. This work elucidated the molecular mechanisms of photoinhibition resistance in one of the most light-tolerant photosynthetic organisms, and shows how photoinhibition protection mechanisms evolved to marginal conditions, enabling photosynthesis-dependent life in severe habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Levin
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Ayala Meir
- Department of Vegetable Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Tal Isaacson
- Department of Vegetable Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Yaakov Tadmor
- Department of Vegetable Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Noam Adir
- Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Gadi Schuster
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
- Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
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34
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Bo DD, Magneschi L, Bedhomme M, Billey E, Deragon E, Storti M, Menneteau M, Richard C, Rak C, Lapeyre M, Lembrouk M, Conte M, Gros V, Tourcier G, Giustini C, Falconet D, Curien G, Allorent G, Petroutsos D, Laeuffer F, Fourage L, Jouhet J, Maréchal E, Finazzi G, Collin S. Consequences of Mixotrophy on Cell Energetic Metabolism in Microchloropsis gaditana Revealed by Genetic Engineering and Metabolic Approaches. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628684. [PMID: 34113360 PMCID: PMC8185151 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Algae belonging to the Microchloropsis genus are promising organisms for biotech purposes, being able to accumulate large amounts of lipid reserves. These organisms adapt to different trophic conditions, thriving in strict photoautotrophic conditions, as well as in the concomitant presence of light plus reduced external carbon as energy sources (mixotrophy). In this work, we investigated the mixotrophic responses of Microchloropsis gaditana (formerly Nannochloropsis gaditana). Using the Biolog growth test, in which cells are loaded into multiwell plates coated with different organic compounds, we could not find a suitable substrate for Microchloropsis mixotrophy. By contrast, addition of the Lysogeny broth (LB) to the inorganic growth medium had a benefit on growth, enhancing respiratory activity at the expense of photosynthetic performances. To further dissect the role of respiration in Microchloropsis mixotrophy, we focused on the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX), a protein involved in energy management in other algae prospering in mixotrophy. Knocking-out the AOX1 gene by transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALE-N) led to the loss of capacity to implement growth upon addition of LB supporting the hypothesis that the effect of this medium was related to a provision of reduced carbon. We conclude that mixotrophic growth in Microchloropsis is dominated by respiratory rather than by photosynthetic energetic metabolism and discuss the possible reasons for this behavior in relationship with fatty acid breakdown via β-oxidation in this oleaginous alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Dal Bo
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Leonardo Magneschi
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Mariette Bedhomme
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Elodie Billey
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
- Total Refining Chemicals, Tour Coupole, Paris La Défense, France
| | - Etienne Deragon
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Mattia Storti
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathilde Menneteau
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Christelle Richard
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Camille Rak
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Morgane Lapeyre
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Mehdi Lembrouk
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Melissa Conte
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie Gros
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Tourcier
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Cécile Giustini
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Falconet
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Gilles Curien
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Allorent
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Dimitris Petroutsos
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Laurent Fourage
- Total Refining Chemicals, Tour Coupole, Paris La Défense, France
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Séverine Collin
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique, Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
- Total Refining Chemicals, Tour Coupole, Paris La Défense, France
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Mixotrophic cultivation of Thalassiosira pseudonana with pure and crude glycerol: Impact on lipid profile. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Wang Q, Hyman M, Higgins BT. Factors impacting the effectiveness of biological pretreatment for the alleviation of algal growth inhibition on anaerobic digestate. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Sipaúba-Tavares LH, Scardoeli-Truzzi B, Fenerick DC, Tedesque MG. Comparison of photoautotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae Messastrum gracile (Chlorophyceae) in alternative culture media. BRAZ J BIOL 2020; 80:914-920. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.226548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Growth and biological conditions of Messastrum gracile were evaluated to compare the effect of photoautotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation on the increase of biomass production and chemical conditions cultured in macrophyte and commercial culture media. The growth rate (k) of M. gracile was different in the culture media, higher in mixotrophic cultivation for Lemna minor culture medium, whilst to Eichhornia crassipes and NPK culture media were higher in photoautotrophic cultivation. Mean lipid contents in photoautotrophic cultivation were 8.2% biomass dry weight, whereas they reached 19% biomass dry weight in mixotrophic cultivation. Protein contents were below 48% biomass dry weight in photoautotrophic cultivation and 30% biomass dry weight in mixotrophic cultivation. Messastrum gracile cultured in macrophyte culture media (E. crassipes and L. minor) and NPK culture medium provided satisfactory results with regard to lipid and protein contents in mixotrophic and photoautotrophic cultivations, respectively. Lipid and protein contents in alternative media were higher or similar to the CHU12 commercial culture medium.
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Kutscha R, Pflügl S. Microbial Upgrading of Acetate into Value-Added Products-Examining Microbial Diversity, Bioenergetic Constraints and Metabolic Engineering Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228777. [PMID: 33233586 PMCID: PMC7699770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological concerns have recently led to the increasing trend to upgrade carbon contained in waste streams into valuable chemicals. One of these components is acetate. Its microbial upgrading is possible in various species, with Escherichia coli being the best-studied. Several chemicals derived from acetate have already been successfully produced in E. coli on a laboratory scale, including acetone, itaconic acid, mevalonate, and tyrosine. As acetate is a carbon source with a low energy content compared to glucose or glycerol, energy- and redox-balancing plays an important role in acetate-based growth and production. In addition to the energetic challenges, acetate has an inhibitory effect on microorganisms, reducing growth rates, and limiting product concentrations. Moreover, extensive metabolic engineering is necessary to obtain a broad range of acetate-based products. In this review, we illustrate some of the necessary energetic considerations to establish robust production processes by presenting calculations of maximum theoretical product and carbon yields. Moreover, different strategies to deal with energetic and metabolic challenges are presented. Finally, we summarize ways to alleviate acetate toxicity and give an overview of process engineering measures that enable sustainable acetate-based production of value-added chemicals.
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Azaman SNA, Wong DCJ, Tan SW, Yusoff FM, Nagao N, Yeap SK. De novo transcriptome analysis of Chlorella sorokiniana: effect of glucose assimilation, and moderate light intensity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17331. [PMID: 33060668 PMCID: PMC7562877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorella can produce an unusually wide range of metabolites under various nutrient availability, carbon source, and light availability. Glucose, an essential molecule for the growth of microorganisms, also contributes significantly to the metabolism of various metabolic compounds produced by Chlorella. In addition, manipulation of light intensity also induces the formation of secondary metabolites such as pigments, and carotenoids in Chlorella. This study will focus on the effect of glucose addition, and moderate light on the regulation of carotenoid, lipid, starch, and other key metabolic pathways in Chlorella sorokiniana. To gain knowledge about this, we performed transcriptome profiling on C. sorokiniana strain NIES-2168 in response to moderate light stress supplemented with glucose under mixotrophic conditions. A total of 60,982,352 raw paired-end (PE) reads 100 bp in length was obtained from both normal, and mixotrophic samples of C. sorokiniana. After pre-processing, 93.63% high-quality PE reads were obtained, and 18,310 predicted full-length transcripts were assembled. Differential gene expression showed that a total of 937, and 1124 genes were upregulated, and downregulated in mixotrophic samples, respectively. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the mixotrophic condition caused upregulation of genes involved in carotenoids production (specifically lutein biosynthesis), fatty acid biosynthesis, TAG accumulation, and the majority of the carbon fixation pathways. Conversely, starch biosynthesis, sucrose biosynthesis, and isoprenoid biosynthesis were downregulated. Novel insights into the pathways that link the enhanced production of valuable metabolites (such as carotenoids in C. sorokiniana) grown under mixotrophic conditions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nor Ani Azaman
- Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (AquaHealth), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Darren C J Wong
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Sheau Wei Tan
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules (VacBio), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah M Yusoff
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norio Nagao
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (AquaHealth), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- , 102 Naname-go, Shinkamigoto-cho, Minami Matsuura-Gun, Nagasaki, 857-4214, Japan
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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40
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Growth, total lipid, and omega-3 fatty acid production by Nannochloropsis spp. cultivated with raw plant substrate. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Manhaeghe D, Blomme T, Van Hulle SWH, Rousseau DPL. Experimental assessment and mathematical modelling of the growth of Chlorella vulgaris under photoautotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116152. [PMID: 32791422 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae show great potential for wastewater treatment and nutrient recovery. However, microalgae cultivation and harvesting are affected by the low biomass concentrations which are inherent to the photoautotrophic growth process. Mixotrophic growth can be a solution as it increases microalgae biomass concentration independently from the incident light intensity. In this work, a combined respirometric-titrimetric unit was used to assess the microalgae kinetics during such mixotrophic growth conditions for Chlorella vulgaris. Based on the experimental results, a microalgae model was extended in order to gain more insight in the delicate balance between photoautotrophic and heterotrophic growth. The results suggest that during heterotrophic growth with light in absence of external inorganic carbon sources (i.e. photoheterotrophic growth), all CO2 produced by the heterotrophic pathway is internally recycled for photoautotrophic growth. Moreover, it was shown that photoautotrophic growth is the preferential growth mechanism under mixotrophic cultivation conditions (i.e. light + inorganic carbon + organic carbon), but that high oxygen concentrations activate the heterotrophic growth pathway to avoid photorespiration. The extended microalgae model supports these findings, with good model performance for all conducted experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Manhaeghe
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium.
| | - T Blomme
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - S W H Van Hulle
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - D P L Rousseau
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
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42
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Wirth R, Pap B, Böjti T, Shetty P, Lakatos G, Bagi Z, Kovács KL, Maróti G. Chlorella vulgaris and Its Phycosphere in Wastewater: Microalgae-Bacteria Interactions During Nutrient Removal. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:557572. [PMID: 33072721 PMCID: PMC7537789 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.557572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae-based bioenergy production is a promising field with regard to the wide variety of algal species and metabolic potential. The use of liquid wastes as nutrient clearly improves the sustainability of microalgal biofuel production. Microalgae and bacteria have an ecological inter-kingdom relationship. This microenvironment called phycosphere has a major role in the ecosystem productivity and can be utilized both in bioremediation and biomass production. However, knowledge on the effects of indigenous bacteria on microalgal growth and the characteristics of bacterial communities associated with microalgae are limited. In this study municipal, industrial and agricultural liquid waste derivatives were used as cultivation media. Chlorella vulgaris green microalgae and its bacterial partners efficiently metabolized the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous content available in these wastes. The read-based metagenomics approach revealed a diverse microbial composition at the start point of cultivations in the different types of liquid wastes. The relative abundance of the observed taxa significantly changed over the cultivation period. The genome-centric reconstruction of phycospheric bacteria further explained the observed correlations between the taxonomic composition and biomass yield of the various waste-based biodegradation systems. Functional profile investigation of the reconstructed microbes revealed a variety of relevant biological processes like organic acid oxidation and vitamin B synthesis. Thus, liquid wastes were shown to serve as valuable resources of nutrients as well as of growth promoting bacteria enabling increased microalgal biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wirth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Pap
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Böjti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Prateek Shetty
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Lakatos
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bagi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kornél L. Kovács
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Faculty of Water Sciences, National University of Public Service, Baja, Hungary
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43
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Vo HNP, Ngo HH, Guo W, Nguyen KH, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Liu Y, Liu Y, Ding A, Bui XT. Micropollutants cometabolism of microalgae for wastewater remediation: Effect of carbon sources to cometabolism and degradation products. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:115974. [PMID: 32652348 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impacts of selective sole carbon source-induced micropollutants (MPs) cometabolism of Chlorella sp. by: (i) extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme production; (ii) MPs removal efficiency and cometabolism rate; (iii) MPs' potential degradation products identification; and (iv) degradation pathways and validation using the Eawag database to differentiate the cometabolism of Chlorella sp. with other microbes. Adding the sole carbon sources in the presence of MPs increased EPS and enzyme concentrations from 2 to 100-fold in comparison with only sole carbon sources. This confirmed that MPs cometabolism had occurred. The removal efficiencies of tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and bisphenol A ranged from 16-99%, 32-92%, and 58-99%, respectively. By increasing EPS and enzyme activity, the MPs concentrations accumulated in microalgae cells also fell 400-fold. The cometabolism process resulted in several degradation products of MPs. This study drew an insightful understanding of cometabolism for MPs remediation in wastewater. Based on the results, proper carbon sources for microalgae can be selected for practical applications to remediate MPs in wastewater while simultaneously recovering biomass for several industries and gaining revenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Nhat Phong Vo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Khanh Hoang Nguyen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea; Institution of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - An Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Xuan Thanh Bui
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Technology, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet st, Dist. 10, Ho Chi Minh City, 700 000, Viet Nam
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44
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Petrini S, Foladori P, Donati L, Andreottola G. Comprehensive respirometric approach to assess photosynthetic, heterotrophic and nitrifying activity in microalgal-bacterial consortia treating real municipal wastewater. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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45
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Comparison of the Photoautotrophic Growth Regimens of Chlorella sorokiniana in a Photobioreactor for Enhanced Biomass Productivity. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070169. [PMID: 32708813 PMCID: PMC7407388 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae have a wide industrial potential because of their high metabolic diversity and plasticity. Selection of optimal cultivation methods is important to optimize multi-purpose microalgal biotechnologies. In this research, Chlorella sorokiniana AM-02 that was isolated from a freshwater lake was cultured under various high photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) conditions and CO2 gas levels in standard Bold’s basal medium (BBM). Furthermore, a wide range of nitrate levels (180–1440 mg L−1) was tested on the growth of C. sorokiniana. Microalgae growth, pigment concentration, medium pH, exit gas composition, as well as nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate levels were measured during an experimental period. The preferred high PPFD and optimal CO2 levels were found to be 1000–1400 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and 0.5–2.0% (v/v), respectively. The addition of nitrate ions (up to 1440 mg L−1) to the standard growth medium increased final optical density (OD750), cell count, pigment concentration, and total biomass yield but decreased the initial growth rate at high nitrate levels. Our findings can serve as the basis for a robust photoautotrophic cultivation system to maximize the productivity of large-scale microalgal cultures.
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46
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Vo HNP, Ngo HH, Guo W, Liu Y, Woong Chang S, Nguyen DD, Zhang X, Liang H, Xue S. Selective carbon sources and salinities enhance enzymes and extracellular polymeric substances extrusion of Chlorella sp. for potential co-metabolism. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 303:122877. [PMID: 32028214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and enzyme extrusion of Chlorella sp. using seven carbon sources and two salinities for potential pollutant co-metabolism. Results indicated that the levels of biomass, EPS and enzymes of microalgae cultured with glucose and saccharose outcompeted other carbon sources. For pigment production, glycine received the highest chlorophyll and carotene, up to 10 mg/L. The EPS reached 30 mg/L, having doubled the amount of protein than carbohydrate. For superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes, the highest concentrations were beyond 60 U/ml and 6 nmol/d.ml, respectively. This amount could be potentially used for degrading 40% ciprofloxacin of concentration 2000 µg/L. When increasing salinity from 0.1% to 3.5%, the concentrations of pigment, EPS and enzymes rose 3 to 30 times. These results highlighted that certain carbon sources and salinities could induce Chlorella sp. to produce EPS and enzymes for pollutant co-metabolism and also for revenue-raising potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Nhat Phong Vo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea; Institution of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Shan Xue
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
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47
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Patel AK, Choi YY, Sim SJ. Emerging prospects of mixotrophic microalgae: Way forward to sustainable bioprocess for environmental remediation and cost-effective biofuels. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 300:122741. [PMID: 31956058 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Algal bioremediation becoming most fascinating to produce biomass as biofuels feedstock while remediating wastes, also improving carbon-footprint through carbon capturing and utilization (CCU) technology. Non-algae process however offers effective treatment but metabolic CO2 emission is major drawback towards sustainable bioprocess. Mixotrophic cultivation strategy (MCS) enables to treat organic and inorganic wastes which broadly extend microalgae application towards cleaner and sustainable bioeconomy. Latest focus of global think-tanks to encourage bioprocess holding promise of sustainability via CCU ability as important trait. Several high CO2 emitting industries forced to improve their carbon-footprints. MCS driven microalgae treatment could be best solution for those industries. This review covers recent updates on MCS applications for waste-to-value (biofuels) and environment remediation. Moreover, recommendations to fill knowledge gaps, and commercial algal biofuel could be cost-effectiveness and sustainable technology for biocircular economy if fuelled by waste streams from other industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Panahi B, Farhadian M, Hejazi MA. Systems biology approach identifies functional modules and regulatory hubs related to secondary metabolites accumulation after transition from autotrophic to heterotrophic growth condition in microalgae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225677. [PMID: 32084664 PMCID: PMC7035001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrophic growth mode is among the most promising strategies put forth to overcome the low biomass and secondary metabolites productivity challenge. To shedding light on the underlying molecular mechanisms, transcriptome meta-analysis was integrated with weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), connectivity analysis, functional enrichment, and hubs identification. Meta-analysis and Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that most of the biological processes are up-regulated at heterotrophic growth condition, which leads to change of genetic architectures and phenotypic outcomes. WGNCA analysis of meta-genes also resulted four significant functional modules across logarithmic (LG), transition (TR), and production peak (PR) phases. The expression pattern and connectivity characteristics of the brown module as a non-preserved module vary across LG, TR, and PR phases. Functional analysis identified Carotenoid biosynthesis, Fatty acid metabolism and Methane metabolism as enriched pathways in the non-preserved module. Our integrated approach was applied here, identified some hubs, such as a serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT1), which is the best candidate for development of metabolites accumulating strains in microalgae. Current study provided a new insight into underlying metabolite accumulation mechanisms and opens new avenue for the future applied studies in the microalgae field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Panahi
- Department of Genomics, Branch for Northwest & West Region, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz, Iran
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Mohammad Farhadian
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Hejazi
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Branch for Northwest & West Region, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz, Iran
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Ribeiro DM, Roncaratti LF, Possa GC, Garcia LC, Cançado LJ, Williams TCR, dos Santos Alves Figueiredo Brasil B. A low-cost approach for Chlorella sorokiniana production through combined use of urea, ammonia and nitrate based fertilizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ren L, Sun X, Zhang L, Zhao Q, Huang H. Identification of active pathways of Chlorella protothecoides by elementary mode analysis integrated with fluxomic data. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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