1
|
Martinec Nováková L, Plotěná D, Havlíček J. Children's odor pleasantness ratings may not differ according to pubertal status: Preliminary results from a sample of 11-14-year-old Czech children. Physiol Behav 2024; 281:114572. [PMID: 38688442 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Puberty tends to be viewed as a "turning point" in hedonic perception of body odor (BO)-related smells. The pubertal stage, a potential proxy for the underlying physiological changes, may contribute to variation in odor hedonic perception. Other potential modulators of odor hedonics are general semantic knowledge about odors (which also tends to be subsumed under the term "age") and perceived odor intensity. The present cross-sectional study examined differences in hedonic odor perception across puberty in 205 Czech children aged 11-14 (89 boys). We investigated whether children differ in the hedonic appraisal of BO-related (16-androstenes and castoreum control), but also food and non-food odors according to their pubertal (penis/breast and pubic hair) development and general semantic knowledge about odors (operationalized as odor identification), controlling for age and perceived odor intensity. As a subsidiary aim, we examined variation in odor identification. We asked the children to self-stage themselves using drawings depicting Tanner's penis/breast and pubic hair stages of pubertal development, estimated their general semantic knowledge about odors with a Sniffin' Sticks identification test, and obtained their pleasantness and intensity ratings of body odor-related, food, a non-food smells. We found that the participants' ratings of the 16-androstenes and those of the perceptually similar odor of castoreum differed according to perceived intensity and, in the latter case, in boys vs. girls as well, but there were no influences of pubertal status or odor identification on the perceived pleasantness. Similarly, hedonic appraisal of non-food (but not food) odors was only influenced by perceived intensity. Regarding odor identification, differences between boys and girls were limited to younger children and did not become more marked throughout puberty. Perceived pleasantness of odors, irrespective of whether they are associated with body smells, food, or other, does not appear to vary across puberty, and boys and girls seem to achieve similar levels of semantic odor knowledge as they grow up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Martinec Nováková
- Department of Psychology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Pátkova 2137/5, 182 00 Praha 8, Libeň, Czech Republic.
| | - Dagmar Plotěná
- Department of Psychology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Pátkova 2137/5, 182 00 Praha 8, Libeň, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Havlíček
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Genovese F, Xu J, Tizzano M, Reisert J. Quantifying Peripheral Modulation of Olfaction by Trigeminal Agonists. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7958-7966. [PMID: 37813571 PMCID: PMC10669757 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0489-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian nose, two chemosensory systems, the trigeminal and the olfactory mediate the detection of volatile chemicals. Most odorants are able to activate the trigeminal system, and vice versa, most trigeminal agonists activate the olfactory system as well. Although these two systems constitute two separate sensory modalities, trigeminal activation modulates the neural representation of an odor. The mechanisms behind the modulation of olfactory response by trigeminal activation are still poorly understood. We addressed this question by looking at the olfactory epithelium (OE), where olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and trigeminal sensory fibers co-localize and where the olfactory signal is generated. Our study was conducted in a mouse model. Both sexes, males and females, were included. We characterize the trigeminal activation in response to five different odorants by measuring intracellular Ca2+ changes from primary cultures of trigeminal neurons (TGNs). We also measured responses from mice lacking TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels known to mediate some trigeminal responses. Next, we tested how trigeminal activation affects the olfactory response in the olfactory epithelium using electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings from wild-type (WT) and TRPA1/V1-knock out (KO) mice. The trigeminal modulation of the olfactory response was determined by measuring responses to the odorant, 2-phenylethanol (PEA), an odorant with little trigeminal potency after stimulation with a trigeminal agonist. Trigeminal agonists induced a decrease in the EOG response to PEA, which depended on the level of TRPA1 and TRPV1 activation induced by the trigeminal agonist. This suggests that trigeminal activation can alter odorant responses even at the earliest stage of the olfactory sensory transduction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Most odorants reaching the olfactory epithelium (OE) can simultaneously activate olfactory and trigeminal systems. Although these two systems constitute two separate sensory modalities, trigeminal activation can alter odor perception. Here, we analyzed the trigeminal activity induced by different odorants proposing an objective quantification of their trigeminal potency independent from human perception. We show that trigeminal activation by odorants reduces the olfactory response in the olfactory epithelium and that such modulation correlates with the trigeminal potency of the trigeminal agonist. These results show that the trigeminal system impacts the olfactory response from its earliest stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiang Xu
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Marco Tizzano
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
De Blasio C, Dind J, Petitpierre G. Odor hedonic responses in children and young people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1066286. [PMID: 37692315 PMCID: PMC10484511 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1066286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Odors are closely linked to emotions, play an important role in the well-being of individuals and can influence mood. Despite these crucial properties, the hedonic responses to odors of people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) remain little explored. Aim This within-subjects study aims to examine whether children and young people with PIMD react in a differentiated way to odors evaluated as pleasant or unpleasant by neurotypical adults and, if so, with which behaviors. The influence of their global mood on their emotional responses to odors is also examined. Method Twenty children and young people (7-18 years old) with PIMD were exposed to four pairs of hedonically contrasted odors. A control stimulus was presented before each odorant. Five emotional responses, one physiological reaction (nausea reactions), and three responses reflecting approach toward or avoidance of the stimulus were recorded throughout the duration of the stimulus exposure. The participants' global mood status was measured before the start of the research with the French version of the Mood, Interest and Pleasure Questionnaire (Ross and Oliver, 2003). Results The results show that when exposed to pleasant odorants, participants kept their heads aligned with the odorant source longer, smiled longer, and produced more positive vocalizations. In contrast, unpleasant odorants elicit more pouts and grimaces. Nausea reactions occurred in the presence of unpleasant odorants. The hedonic responses were more marked during the second presentation of the stimuli. Participants with a higher MIPQ score showed significantly more emotional reactions to odors. Conclusion The results confirm the presence of olfactory preferences in participants with PIMD and the existence of a link between their mood, emotions and olfactory hedonic processing. They prompt the use of odors to support not only the cognitive development of this population, but also their mood and their emotional regulation abilities.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bontempi C, Corbelin P, Brand G, Jacquot L. Ortho‐ and Retronasal stimulations with specific food odours: Hedonic and familiarity ratings are related to chemosensory pleasure scale (
CPS
) scores. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gérard Brand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté, CNRS, Inrae AgroSup Dijon F‐21000 Dijon France
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Federica G, Jiang X, Marco T, Johannes R. Quantifying peripheral modulation of olfaction by trigeminal agonists. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532477. [PMID: 36993353 PMCID: PMC10054987 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian nose, two chemosensory systems, the trigeminal and the olfactory mediate the detection of volatile chemicals. Most odorants in fact are able to activate the trigeminal system, and vice versa, most trigeminal agonists activate the olfactory system as well. Although these two systems constitute two separate sensory modalities, trigeminal activation modulates the neural representation of an odor. The mechanisms behind the modulation of olfactory response by trigeminal activation are still poorly understood. In this study, we addressed this question by looking at the olfactory epithelium, where olfactory sensory neurons and trigeminal sensory fibers co-localize and where the olfactory signal is generated. We characterize the trigeminal activation in response to five different odorants by measuring intracellular Ca2+ changes from primary cultures of trigeminal neurons (TGNs). We also measured responses from mice lacking TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels known to mediate some trigeminal responses. Next, we tested how trigeminal activation affects the olfactory response in the olfactory epithelium using electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings from WT and TRPA1/V1-KO mice. The trigeminal modulation of the olfactory response was determined by measuring responses to the odorant, 2-phenylethanol (PEA), an odorant with little trigeminal potency after stimulation with a trigeminal agonist. Trigeminal agonists induced a decrease in the EOG response to PEA, which depended on the level of TRPA1 and TRPV1 activation induced by the trigeminal agonist. This suggests that trigeminal activation can alter odorant responses even at the earliest stage of the olfactory sensory transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu Jiang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 19104 Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tizzano Marco
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 19104 Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gotow N, Kobayakawa T. Olfactory-gustatory simultaneity judgments: A preliminary study on the congruency-dependent temporal window of multisensory binding. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2821. [PMID: 36448307 PMCID: PMC9847607 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A greater congruency of audio and video expands the temporal binding window (TBW). A similar phenomenon may occur with a combination of odor and taste, which are the main components of flavor. OBJECTIVE TBW is defined as the temporal resolution of synchrony perception. The larger the TBW, the lower the resolution. We hypothesized that the more congruent the odor and taste, the lower the temporal resolution of synchrony perception. METHODS To examine this hypothesis, 10 female participants performed simultaneity judgment (SJ) tasks under congruent (soy sauce odor with saline) and incongruent (cherry tree leaf odor with saline) conditions and evaluated the congruency with saltiness for the two odors. In the SJ tasks, participants reported whether odor and taste were presented simultaneously or successively. We assumed a Gaussian distribution for the temporal distributions of the simultaneous response rates and calculated the approximations. In addition, we computed the half width at half height (HWHH) as an index of TBW based on the coefficient of approximation for the temporal distribution of the simultaneous response rates. RESULTS HWHH was significantly larger under congruent condition than under incongruent condition. In addition, congruency with saltiness had a significant moderate positive correlation with HWHH. CONCLUSION The larger the HWHH, the lower the temporal resolution of synchrony perception, supporting the hypothesis. This study suggests that the width of TBW depends on the cross-modal congruency similar to the case for audio-visual SJs. However, methodological improvements, including a larger sample size and gender-independent recruitment of participants, are essential to enhance the reliability of the findings because some of the results did not provide sufficient ESs or power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Gotow
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsu Kobayakawa
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A study on the relationship between odor hedonic ratings and individual odor detection threshold. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18482. [PMID: 36323760 PMCID: PMC9628383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor hedonic perception (pleasant/unpleasant character) is considered as the first and one of the most prominent dimensions in olfaction and is known to depend on several parameters. Among them, the relation between the odorant concentration and the hedonic estimation has been widely studied. However, few studies have considered odor hedonic ratings (OHR) in relation to individual detection thresholds (IDT). Thus, the aim of this study was to determine olfactory detection thresholds and to describe hedonic rating variations from individual thresholds to higher concentrations. IDT were performed for two pleasant (apple and jasmine) and two unpleasant (durian and trimethylamine) odorant stimuli. The experimenter presented one by one in a randomized order, the different odorant concentrations above IDT. Participants rated odor hedonic valence of these stimuli on a visual analog scale. Results showed, except for trimethylamine, the same relationship between hedonic ratings and stimulus concentration, i.e., an increase of pleasantness (apple and jasmine)/unpleasantness (durian) ratings at low and middle concentrations followed by a plateau at high concentrations. Correlations between OHR and concentrations as well as between OHR and threshold steps were always significant. Moreover, comparisons between both conditions showed that the correlation coefficient was significantly higher for trimethylamine (and a trend for apple) when IDTs were considered, while no difference was found for jasmine and durian. Overall, results suggested that the relationship between OHR and IDT is odor specific. These findings contribute to explain the large variability of the hedonic tone (i.e., weakly vs. very pleasant, weakly vs. very unpleasant) at specific concentration in the general population and could serve future research in this field (e.g., olfactory preferences in nutrition studies, anhedonia in psychiatric disorders…).
Collapse
|
8
|
Odor Pleasantness Modulates Functional Connectivity in the Olfactory Hedonic Processing Network. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101408. [PMID: 36291341 PMCID: PMC9599424 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory hedonic evaluation is the primary dimension of olfactory perception and thus central to our sense of smell. It involves complex interactions between brain regions associated with sensory, affective and reward processing. Despite a recent increase in interest, several aspects of olfactory hedonic evaluation remain ambiguous: uncertainty surrounds the communication between, and interaction among, brain areas during hedonic evaluation of olfactory stimuli with different levels of pleasantness, as well as the corresponding supporting oscillatory mechanisms. In our study we investigated changes in functional interactions among brain areas in response to odor stimuli using electroencephalography (EEG). To this goal, functional connectivity networks were estimated based on phase synchronization between EEG signals using the weighted phase lag index (wPLI). Graph theoretic metrics were subsequently used to quantify the resulting changes in functional connectivity of relevant brain regions involved in olfactory hedonic evaluation. Our results indicate that odor stimuli of different hedonic values evoke significantly different interaction patterns among brain regions within the olfactory cortex, as well as in the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices. Furthermore, significant hemispheric laterality effects have been observed in the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, specifically in the beta ((13–30) Hz) and gamma ((30–40) Hz) frequency bands.
Collapse
|
9
|
Spence C. Searching for perceptual similarity within, and between, the (chemical) senses. Iperception 2022; 13:20416695221124154. [PMID: 36176976 PMCID: PMC9513126 DOI: 10.1177/20416695221124154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this narrative historical review, I want to take a closer look at the concept of perceptual similarity both as it applies within, and between, the chemical senses (specifically taste and smell). The discussion is linked to issues of affective similarity and connotative meaning. The relation between intramodal and crossmodal judgments of perceptual similarity, and the putatively special status of those odorants that happen to take on taste qualities will also be discussed. An important distinction is drawn between the interrelated, though sometimes distinct, notions of perceptual similarity and crossmodal congruency, specifically as they relate to the comparison of chemosensory stimuli. Such phenomena are often referred to as crossmodal correspondences, or by others (incorrectly in my view), as a kind of ubiquitous synesthesia.
Collapse
|
10
|
Changes in smell and taste perception related to COVID-19 infection: a case-control study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8192. [PMID: 35581235 PMCID: PMC9112641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to psychophysically evaluate smell and taste functions in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and to compare those results with a group of healthy subjects. Another aim of the study was to assess the relationship of changes in patients’ smell and taste functions with a number of clinical parameters, symptoms, and other physiological signs as well as with severity of disease. Olfactory and gustatory functions were tested in 61 hospitalized patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection and in a control group of 54 healthy individuals. Overall, we found a significant impairment of olfactory and gustatory functions in COVID-19 patients compared with the control group. Indeed, about 45% of patients self-reported complaints about or loss of either olfactory or gustatory functions. These results were confirmed by psychophysical testing, which showed a significantly reduced performance in terms of intensity perception and identification ability for both taste and smell functions in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, gustatory and olfactory impairments tended to be more evident in male patients suffering from more severe respiratory failure (i.e., pneumonia with need of respiratory support need during hospitalization).
Collapse
|
11
|
Chalençon L, Thevenet M, Noury N, Bensafi M, Mandairon N. Identification of new behavioral parameters to assess odorant hedonic value in humans: A naturalistic approach. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 366:109422. [PMID: 34826503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When you smell an odorant, your first reaction will certainly be either I like it or I dislike it. This primary reaction is a reflection of what is called the "hedonic value" of the odor. Very often, this hedonic value dominates the olfactory percept, more than olfactory identification or intensity. This component of olfactory perception is of primary importance for guiding behavior: avoiding danger (the smell of smoke, gas, etc.), consuming food, or seduction. Olfactory hedonics can be assessed using a large number of methods in humans, including psychophysical measures, autonomic responses, measurement of facial expressions or peripheral nervous activity. All of these techniques have their limitations: subjectivity, invasiveness, need for expertise, etc. A NEW METHOD: The olfactory system is closely linked to the reward system, the role of which is to mediate motivated behavior. In this context, we propose that the capacity odorants have of recruiting the reward system and thus inducing motivated behavior can be used to identify new behavioral parameters to assess odor hedonic value in humans. RESULTS We recorded freely moving human participants exploring odors emanating from flasks, and showed that five parameters linked to motivated behavior were closely linked to odor hedonics: speed of approach to the nose and withdrawal of the flask containing the odorant, distance between flask and nose, number of samplings, and withdrawal distance (maximal distance between nose and flask after odor sampling). CONCLUSIONS We highlighted new non-verbal and non-invasive parameters to evaluate olfactory hedonics in humans based on the assessment of odor-motivated behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chalençon
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; INSERM, U1028 CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France
| | - Marc Thevenet
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; INSERM, U1028 CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France
| | - Norbert Noury
- Institute Nanotechnology Lyon, Biomedical Sensors Group, University of Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5270, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Moustafa Bensafi
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; INSERM, U1028 CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; INSERM, U1028 CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zarzo M. Multivariate Analysis and Classification of 146 Odor Character Descriptors. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-021-09288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
13
|
Data-science based analysis of perceptual spaces of odors in olfactory loss. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10595. [PMID: 34012047 PMCID: PMC8134481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminished sense of smell impairs the quality of life but olfactorily disabled people are hardly considered in measures of disability inclusion. We aimed to stratify perceptual characteristics and odors according to the extent to which they are perceived differently with reduced sense of smell, as a possible basis for creating olfactory experiences that are enjoyed in a similar way by subjects with normal or impaired olfactory function. In 146 subjects with normal or reduced olfactory function, perceptual characteristics (edibility, intensity, irritation, temperature, familiarity, hedonics, painfulness) were tested for four sets of 10 different odors each. Data were analyzed with (i) a projection based on principal component analysis and (ii) the training of a machine-learning algorithm in a 1000-fold cross-validated setting to distinguish between olfactory diagnosis based on odor property ratings. Both analytical approaches identified perceived intensity and familiarity with the odor as discriminating characteristics between olfactory diagnoses, while evoked pain sensation and perceived temperature were not discriminating, followed by edibility. Two disjoint sets of odors were identified, i.e., d = 4 “discriminating odors” with respect to olfactory diagnosis, including cis-3-hexenol, methyl salicylate, 1-butanol and cineole, and d = 7 “non-discriminating odors”, including benzyl acetate, heptanal, 4-ethyl-octanoic acid, methional, isobutyric acid, 4-decanolide and p-cresol. Different weightings of the perceptual properties of odors with normal or reduced sense of smell indicate possibilities to create sensory experiences such as food, meals or scents that by emphasizing trigeminal perceptions can be enjoyed by both normosmic and hyposmic individuals.
Collapse
|
14
|
Olfactory Perception in Relation to the Physicochemical Odor Space. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050563. [PMID: 33925220 PMCID: PMC8146962 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research aims at solving what is often referred to as the stimulus-percept problem in olfactory perception. Although computational efforts have made it possible to predict perceptual impressions from the physicochemical space of odors, studies with large psychophysical datasets from non-experts remain scarce. Following previous approaches, we developed a physicochemical odor space using 4094 molecular descriptors of 1389 odor molecules. For 20 of these odors, we examined associations with perceived pleasantness, intensity, odor quality and detection threshold, obtained from a dataset of 2000 naïve participants. Our results show significant differences in perceptual ratings, and we were able to replicate previous findings on the association between perceptual ratings and the first dimensions of the physicochemical odor space. However, the present analyses also revealed striking interindividual variations in perceived pleasantness and intensity. Additionally, interactions between pleasantness, intensity, and olfactory and trigeminal qualitative dimensions were found. To conclude, our results support previous findings on the relation between structure and perception on the group level in our sample of non-expert raters. In the challenging task to relate olfactory stimulus and percept, the physicochemical odor space can serve as a reliable and helpful tool to structure the high-dimensional space of olfactory stimuli. Nevertheless, human olfactory perception in the individual is not an analytic process of molecule detection alone, but is part of a holistic integration of multisensory inputs, context and experience.
Collapse
|
15
|
Midroit M, Chalençon L, Renier N, Milton A, Thevenet M, Sacquet J, Breton M, Forest J, Noury N, Richard M, Raineteau O, Ferdenzi C, Fournel A, Wesson DW, Bensafi M, Didier A, Mandairon N. Neural processing of the reward value of pleasant odorants. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1592-1605.e9. [PMID: 33607032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pleasant odorants are represented in the posterior olfactory bulb (pOB) in mice. How does this hedonic information generate odor-motivated behaviors? Using optogenetics, we report here that stimulating the representation of pleasant odorants in a sensory structure, the pOB, can be rewarding, self-motivating, and is accompanied by ventral tegmental area activation. To explore the underlying neural circuitry downstream of the olfactory bulb (OB), we use 3D high-resolution imaging and optogenetics and determine that the pOB preferentially projects to the olfactory tubercle, whose increased activity is related to odorant attraction. We further show that attractive odorants act as reinforcers in dopamine-dependent place preference learning. Finally, we extend those findings to humans, who exhibit place preference learning and an increase BOLD signal in the olfactory tubercle in response to attractive odorants. Thus, strong and persistent attraction induced by some odorants is due to a direct gateway from the pOB to the reward system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maëllie Midroit
- CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon 69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon, 69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69000, France
| | - Laura Chalençon
- CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon 69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon, 69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69000, France
| | - Nicolas Renier
- Sorbonne Universités, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Adrianna Milton
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Marc Thevenet
- CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon 69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon, 69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69000, France
| | - Joëlle Sacquet
- CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon 69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon, 69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69000, France
| | - Marine Breton
- CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon 69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon, 69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69000, France
| | - Jérémy Forest
- CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon 69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon, 69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69000, France
| | - Norbert Noury
- CNRS, UMR5270, Institute Nanotechnology Lyon, Biomedical Sensors Group, University of Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69621, France
| | - Marion Richard
- CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon 69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon, 69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69000, France
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Camille Ferdenzi
- CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon 69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon, 69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69000, France
| | - Arnaud Fournel
- CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon 69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon, 69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69000, France
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Moustafa Bensafi
- CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon 69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon, 69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69000, France
| | - Anne Didier
- CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon 69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon, 69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69000, France
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon 69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon, 69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69000, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Piochi M, Dinnella C, Spinelli S, Monteleone E, Torri L. Individual differences in responsiveness to oral sensations and odours with chemesthetic activity: Relationships between sensory modalities and impact on the hedonic response. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
17
|
Loos HM, Schreiner L, Karacan B. A systematic review of physiological responses to odours with a focus on current methods used in event-related study designs. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 158:143-157. [PMID: 33080292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In odour research, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the detailed understanding of the determinants and the magnitude of an odour's impact on human psychophysiology. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize current evidence on psychophysiological responses to olfactory events, to highlight diversity in research methods, and to provide recommendations for further research. MATERIAL AND METHODS Predefined search items were used for literature research in two databases, focussing on recent investigations of cardiac and electrodermal responses to short (<10 s) olfactory stimulations, combined with self-reports on odour experience, in a healthy population. The selected 27 publications were evaluated with regard to their methods and their findings on psychophysiological correlates of odour stimulation, following a conceptual scheme proposing mediating and moderating factors of physiological responses to odour stimuli. RESULTS The cardiac and electrodermal activity generally followed a discriminative pattern depending on the perceived pleasantness of an odour. Moreover, the trigeminal aspect of an odour stimulus became evident in electrodermal activity in several studies. Finally, for many of the here addressed potentially mediating and moderating variables, initial findings were obtained in some studies but these await corroboration by future research. With regard to the applied methodology, the reviewed studies were highly diverse, in terms of odour application, study design, and analysis of the time series data. CONCLUSIONS Future research is needed to advance our understanding of, and theoretical concepts beyond, psychophysiological responses to olfactory events, and to achieve experimentally validated methodological guidelines for psychophysiological measurements in olfaction research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helene M Loos
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Linda Schreiner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Brid Karacan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Manesse C, Fournel A, Bensafi M, Ferdenzi C. Visual Priming Influences Olfactomotor Response and Perceptual Experience of Smells. Chem Senses 2020; 45:211-218. [PMID: 32064508 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas contextual influences in the visual and auditory domains have been largely documented, little is known about how chemical senses might be affected by our multisensory environment. In the present study, we aimed to better understand how a visual context can affect the perception of a rather pleasant (floral) and a rather unpleasant (damp) odor. To this end, 19 healthy participants performed a series of tasks including odor detection followed by perceptual evaluations of odor intensity, pleasantness, flowery, and damp characters of both odors presented at 2 different concentrations. A visual context (either congruent or incongruent with the odor; or a neutral control context) preceded odor stimulations. Olfactomotor responses as well as response times were recorded during the detection task. Results showed an influence of the visual context on semantic and motor responses to the target odors. First, congruency between context and odor increased the saliency of the olfactory feature of the memory trace, for the pleasant floral odor only (higher perceived flowery note). Clinical applications of this finding for olfactory remediation in dysosmic patients are proposed. Second, the unpleasant odor remained unaffected by visual primes, whatever the condition. In addition, incongruency between context and odor (regardless of odor type) had a disruptive effect on odor sampling behavior, which was interpreted as a protective behavior in response to expectancy violation. Altogether, this second series of effects may serve an adaptive function, especially the avoidance of, or simply vigilance toward, aversive and unpredictable stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Manesse
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Fournel
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Moustafa Bensafi
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Camille Ferdenzi
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stickel S, Weismann P, Kellermann T, Regenbogen C, Habel U, Freiherr J, Chechko N. Audio-visual and olfactory-visual integration in healthy participants and subjects with autism spectrum disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:4470-4486. [PMID: 31301203 PMCID: PMC6865810 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human capacity to integrate sensory signals has been investigated with respect to different sensory modalities. A common denominator of the neural network underlying the integration of sensory clues has yet to be identified. Additionally, brain imaging data from patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) do not cover disparities in neuronal sensory processing. In this fMRI study, we compared the underlying neural networks of both olfactory-visual and auditory-visual integration in patients with ASD and a group of matched healthy participants. The aim was to disentangle sensory-specific networks so as to derive a potential (amodal) common source of multisensory integration (MSI) and to investigate differences in brain networks with sensory processing in individuals with ASD. In both groups, similar neural networks were found to be involved in the olfactory-visual and auditory-visual integration processes, including the primary visual cortex, the inferior parietal sulcus (IPS), and the medial and inferior frontal cortices. Amygdala activation was observed specifically during olfactory-visual integration, with superior temporal activation having been seen during auditory-visual integration. A dynamic causal modeling analysis revealed a nonlinear top-down IPS modulation of the connection between the respective primary sensory regions in both experimental conditions and in both groups. Thus, we demonstrate that MSI has shared neural sources across olfactory-visual and audio-visual stimulation in patients and controls. The enhanced recruitment of the IPS to modulate changes between areas is relevant to sensory perception. Our results also indicate that, with respect to MSI processing, adults with ASD do not significantly differ from their healthy counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Stickel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsFaculty of Medicine, RWTH AachenAachenGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine: JARA‐Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship (INM 10)Research Center JülichJülichGermany
| | - Pauline Weismann
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Thilo Kellermann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsFaculty of Medicine, RWTH AachenAachenGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine: JARA‐Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship (INM 10)Research Center JülichJülichGermany
| | - Christina Regenbogen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsFaculty of Medicine, RWTH AachenAachenGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine: JARA‐Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship (INM 10)Research Center JülichJülichGermany
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsFaculty of Medicine, RWTH AachenAachenGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine: JARA‐Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship (INM 10)Research Center JülichJülichGermany
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
- Sensory AnalyticsFraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVVFreisingGermany
| | - Natalya Chechko
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsFaculty of Medicine, RWTH AachenAachenGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine: JARA‐Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship (INM 10)Research Center JülichJülichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Piochi M, Cabrino G, Morini G, Torri L. Individual differences in the perception of orthonasal irritation induced by food. Appetite 2019; 144:104460. [PMID: 31536745 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Oral responsiveness to the burning/spicy sensation affects food behaviors and diet; therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the variation in nasal responsiveness to irritant foods may play a role in modulating food behaviors. This study explored the variation among individuals in orthonasal irritation induced by smelling food ingredients containing irritant compounds: mustard oil (2.0, 10.0, and 100.0% v/v mustard oil in corn oil; irritant compound: allyl isothiocyanate); vinegar (3.5, 42.3, and 98.6% v/v vinegar in water; irritant compound: acetic acid); and wasabi (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4% w/w wasabi powder in water; irritant compound: allyl isothiocyanate). Sixty-eight subjects (40% males; 19-87 years) smelled the nine samples and rated their perceived intensity of odor, irritation and liking. Wide individual variation in the perception of irritation and odor intensity was found, especially at the highest concentrations. Young individuals were the most sensitive to all stimuli. No significant differences were found between males and females. Fifty-seven percent of subjects were "HYPO" and 43 percent "HYPER" responsive to irritation, respectively. Perceived irritation was positively correlated with odor intensity and tended to be negatively correlated with liking, especially in familiar stimuli. The results suggest that the variation in nasal responsiveness to irritant foods may contribute to influencing food acceptance and therefore, to modulating food behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Piochi
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 9, 12042, Pollenzo, Bra, Cuneo, Italy.
| | - G Cabrino
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 9, 12042, Pollenzo, Bra, Cuneo, Italy.
| | - G Morini
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 9, 12042, Pollenzo, Bra, Cuneo, Italy.
| | - L Torri
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 9, 12042, Pollenzo, Bra, Cuneo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Licon CC, Bosc G, Sabri M, Mantel M, Fournel A, Bushdid C, Golebiowski J, Robardet C, Plantevit M, Kaytoue M, Bensafi M. Chemical features mining provides new descriptive structure-odor relationships. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006945. [PMID: 31022180 PMCID: PMC6504111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An important goal in researching the biology of olfaction is to link the perception of smells to the chemistry of odorants. In other words, why do some odorants smell like fruits and others like flowers? While the so-called stimulus-percept issue was resolved in the field of color vision some time ago, the relationship between the chemistry and psycho-biology of odors remains unclear up to the present day. Although a series of investigations have demonstrated that this relationship exists, the descriptive and explicative aspects of the proposed models that are currently in use require greater sophistication. One reason for this is that the algorithms of current models do not consistently consider the possibility that multiple chemical rules can describe a single quality despite the fact that this is the case in reality, whereby two very different molecules can evoke a similar odor. Moreover, the available datasets are often large and heterogeneous, thus rendering the generation of multiple rules without any use of a computational approach overly complex. We considered these two issues in the present paper. First, we built a new database containing 1689 odorants characterized by physicochemical properties and olfactory qualities. Second, we developed a computational method based on a subgroup discovery algorithm that discriminated perceptual qualities of smells on the basis of physicochemical properties. Third, we ran a series of experiments on 74 distinct olfactory qualities and showed that the generation and validation of rules linking chemistry to odor perception was possible. Taken together, our findings provide significant new insights into the relationship between stimulus and percept in olfaction. In addition, by automatically extracting new knowledge linking chemistry of odorants and psychology of smells, our results provide a new computational framework of analysis enabling scientists in the field to test original hypotheses using descriptive or predictive modeling. An important issue in olfaction sciences deals with the question of how a chemical information can be translated into percepts. This is known as the stimulus-percept problem. Here, we set out to better understand this issue by combining knowledge about the chemistry and cognition of smells with computational olfaction. We also assumed that not only one, but several physicochemical models may describe a given olfactory quality. To achieve this aim, a first challenge was to set up a database with ~1700 molecules characterized by chemical features and described by olfactory qualities (e.g. fruity, woody). A second challenge consisted in developing a computational model enabling the discrimination of olfactory qualities based on these chemical features. By meeting these 2 challenges, we provided for several olfactory qualities new chemical models describing why an odorant molecule smells fruity or woody (among others). For most qualities, multiple (rather than a single) chemical models were generated. These findings provide new elements of knowledge about the relationship between odorant chemistry and perception. They also make it possible to envisage concrete applications in the aroma and fragrance field where chemical characterization of smells is an important step in the design of new products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C. Licon
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon, CNRS UMR5292, France
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, California State University, Fresno, California, United States of America
| | - Guillaume Bosc
- INSA Lyon, CNRS, LIRIS UMR5205, France
- Infologic, Bourg-lès-Valence, France
| | - Mohammed Sabri
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon, CNRS UMR5292, France
- Ecole Nationale Polytechnique d’Oran—Maurice Audin, Département de Mathématiques et Informatique, Oran, Algérie
| | - Marylou Mantel
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon, CNRS UMR5292, France
| | - Arnaud Fournel
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon, CNRS UMR5292, France
| | - Caroline Bushdid
- Institute of Chemistry of Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Jerome Golebiowski
- Institute of Chemistry of Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Mehdi Kaytoue
- INSA Lyon, CNRS, LIRIS UMR5205, France
- Infologic, Bourg-lès-Valence, France
| | - Moustafa Bensafi
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon, CNRS UMR5292, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|