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Yaghoobi A, Abiri R, Alvandi A, Manouchehri I, Arkan E, Jalalvand AR. A novel biosensing strategy for identification of three important bacteria causing meningitis. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 222:106954. [PMID: 38754480 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2024.106954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis is an acute infection which requires rapid diagnosis and treatment due to the high mortality and serious consequences of the disease. The purpose of this study was to design a homemade multiplex PCR and a novel fluorescence biosensor on chip (FBC) to detect three important agents of meningitis including Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis), and Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae). The homemade multiplex PCR can diagnose three bacterial species simultaneously. Fabrication of FBC was carried out based on the deposition of lead nanoparticles on a quartz slide using the thermal evaporation method. Then, the SH-Cap Probe/Target ssDNA /FAM-Rep probe was loaded on lead film. The evaluation of the fluorescence reaction when the probes bind to the target ssDNA was assessed by a Cytation 5 Cell Imaging Multimode Reader Bio-Tek. The limit of detections (LOD) in homemade PCR and FBC to identify S. pneumoniae were 119 × 102 CFU/mL (0.27 ng/μL) and 380 CFU/mL (9 pg/μL), respectively. The LODs of homemade PCR and FBC for detection of N. meningitidis were 4.49 CFU/mL (1.1 pg/μL) and 13 × 103 CFU/mL (30 pg/μL), respectively. Our results confirmed the LODs of homemade PCR and FBC in detection of H. influenzae were 15.1 CFU/mL (30 fg/μL) and 41 × 102 CFU/mL (90 pg/ μL), respectively. Both techniques had appropriate sensitivity and specificity in detection of S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis and H. influenzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Yaghoobi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Abiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Amirhoushang Alvandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Iraj Manouchehri
- Department of Physic, Faculty of Sciences, Kurdistan University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Elham Arkan
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali R Jalalvand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Hashimoto Y, Greene C, Hanley N, Hudson N, Henshall D, Sweeney KJ, O'Brien DF, Campbell M. Pumilio-1 mediated translational control of claudin-5 at the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:52. [PMID: 38898501 PMCID: PMC11188261 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Claudin-5 is one of the most essential tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier. A single nucleotide polymorphism rs10314 is located in the 3'-untranslated region of claudin-5 and has been shown to be a risk factor for schizophrenia. Here, we show that the pumilio RNA-binding protein, pumilio-1, is responsible for rs10314-mediated claudin-5 regulation. The RNA sequence surrounding rs10314 is highly homologous to the canonical pumilio-binding sequence and claudin-5 mRNA with rs10314 produces 25% less protein due to its inability to bind to pumilio-1. Pumilio-1 formed cytosolic granules under stress conditions and claudin-5 mRNA appeared to preferentially accumulate in these granules. Added to this, we observed granular pumilio-1 in endothelial cells in human brain tissues from patients with psychiatric disorders or epilepsy with increased/accumulated claudin-5 mRNA levels, suggesting translational claudin-5 suppression may occur in a brain-region specific manner. These findings identify a key regulator of claudin-5 translational processing and how its dysregulation may be associated with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hashimoto
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Chris Greene
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nicole Hanley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Natalie Hudson
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David Henshall
- Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, FutureNeuro, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Matthew Campbell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, FutureNeuro, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
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3
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Berve K, Michel J, Tietz S, Blatti C, Ivan D, Enzmann G, Lyck R, Deutsch U, Locatelli G, Engelhardt B. Junctional adhesion molecule-A deficient mice are protected from severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350761. [PMID: 38566526 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), early pathological features include immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. We investigated the role of junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), a tight junction protein, in active EAE (aEAE) pathogenesis. Our study confirms JAM-A expression at the blood-brain barrier and its luminal redistribution during aEAE. JAM-A deficient (JAM-A-/-) C57BL/6J mice exhibited milder aEAE, unrelated to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific CD4+ T-cell priming. While JAM-A absence influenced macrophage behavior on primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) under flow in vitro, it did not impact T-cell extravasation across primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells. At aEAE onset, we observed reduced lymphocyte and CCR2+ macrophage infiltration into the spinal cord of JAM-A-/- mice compared to control littermates. This correlated with increased CD3+ T-cell accumulation in spinal cord perivascular spaces and brain leptomeninges, suggesting JAM-A absence leads to T-cell trapping in central nervous system border compartments. In summary, JAM-A plays a role in immune cell infiltration and clinical disease progression in aEAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Berve
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Michel
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Tietz
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Blatti
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Ivan
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Enzmann
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Hong S, Fu N, Sang S, Ma X, Sun F, Zhang X. Identification and validation of IRF6 related to ovarian cancer and biological function and prognostic value. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:64. [PMID: 38493179 PMCID: PMC10943877 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OC) is a severe gynecological malignancy with significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The discovery of reliable cancer biomarkers can be used to adjust diagnosis and improve patient care. However, serous OC lacks effective biomarkers. We aimed to identify novel biomarkers for OC and their pathogenic causes. METHODS The present study used the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained from the "Limma" package and WGCNA modules for intersection analysis to obtain DEGs in OC. Three hub genes were identified-claudin 3 (CLDN3), interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6), and prostasin (PRSS8)-by searching for hub genes through the PPI network and verifying them in GSE14407, GSE18520, GSE66957, and TCGA + GTEx databases. The correlation between IRF6 and the prognosis of OC patients was further confirmed in Kaplan-Miller Plotter. RT-qPCR and IHC confirmed the RNA and protein levels of IRF6 in the OC samples. The effect of IRF6 on OC was explored using transwell invasion and scratch wound assays. Finally, we constructed a ceRNA network of hub genes and used bioinformatics tools to predict drug sensitivity. RESULTS The joint analysis results of TCGA, GTEx, and GEO databases indicated that IRF6 RNA and protein levels were significantly upregulated in serous OC and were associated with OS and PFS. Cell function experiments revealed that IRF6 knockdown inhibited SKOV3 cell proliferation, migration and invasion. CONCLUSION IRF6 is closely correlated with OC development and progression and could be considered a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for OC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang Province Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Ni Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Huangyan Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, 318020, China
| | - Shanliang Sang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang Province Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xudong Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang Province Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Fangying Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang Province Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Zhejiang Province Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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Shang B, Wang T, Zhao S, Yi S, Zhang T, Yang Y, Zhang F, Zhang D, Xu X, Xu J, Shan B, Cheng Y. Higher Blood-brain barrier permeability in patients with major depressive disorder identified by DCE-MRI imaging. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2024; 337:111761. [PMID: 38061159 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies from animal models and clinical trials of blood and cerebrospinal fluid have proposed that blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in depression (MDD). But there are no In vivo proves focused on BBB dysfunction in MDD patients. The present study aimed to identify whether there was abnormal BBB permeability, as well as the association with clinical status in MDD patients using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (DCE-MRI) imaging. METHODS Patients with MDD and healthy adults were recruited and underwent DCE-MRI and structural MRI scans. The mean volume transfer constant (Ktrans) values were calculated for a quantitative assessment of BBB leakage. For each subject, the mean Ktrans values were calculated for the whole gray matter, white matter, and 90 brain regions of the anatomical automatic labeling template (AAL). The differences in Ktrans values between patients and controls and between treated and untreated patients were compared. RESULTS 23 MDD patients (12 males and 11 females, mean age 28.09 years) and 18 healthy controls (HC, 8 males and 10 females, mean age 30.67 years) were recruited in the study. We found that the Ktrans values in the olfactory, caudate, and thalamus were higher in MDD patients compared to healthy controls (p<0.05). The Ktrans values in the orbital lobe, anterior cingulate gyrus, putamen, and thalamus in treated patients were lower than the patients never treated. There were positive correlations between HAMD total score with Ktrans values in whole brain WM, hippocampus and thalamus. The total HAMA score was positively correlated with the Ktrans of hippocampus. CONCLUSION These findings supported a link between blood-brain barrier leakage and depression and symptom severity. The results also suggested a role for non-invasive DCE-MRI in detecting blood-brain barrier dysfunction in depression patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binli Shang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Shilun Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,100049, China
| | - Shu Yi
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,100049, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Fengrui Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Dafu Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China; Yunnan Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Baoci Shan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,100049, China; School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yuqi Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China; Yunnan medical Centre for Mental Health, Kunming, 650032, China.
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Fialova L, Barilly P, Stetkarova I, Bartos A, Noskova L, Zimova D, Zido M, Hoffmanova I. Impaired intestinal permeability in patients with multiple sclerosis. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2023. [PMID: 37581230 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2023.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of recent studies have shown that the intestinal microbiome, part of the brain-gut axis, is implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. An essential part of this axis, is the intestinal barrier and gastrointestinal disorders with intestinal barrier dysregulation appear to be linked to CNS demyelination, and hence involved in the etiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the integrity of the intestinal barrier in patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS) and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) using two serum biomarkers, claudin-3 (CLDN3), a component of tight epithelial junctions, and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), a cytosolic protein in enterocytes. METHODS Serum levels of CLDN3 in 37 MS patients and 22 controls, and serum levels of I-FABP in 46 MS patients and 51 controls were measured using commercial ELISA kits. Complete laboratory tests excluded the presence of gluten-related disorders in all subjects. Thirty MS patients received either disease-modifying drugs (DMD), immunosuppression (IS) or corticosteroid treatment. RESULTS CLDN3 levels were only significantly higher in the MS patients treated with DMD or IS compared to the control group (P=0.006). There were no differences in I-FABP serum levels between the groups. Serum CLDN3 levels did not correlate with serum I-FABP levels in CDMS, in CIS patients or controls. CONCLUSIONS In multiple sclerosis patients, the intestinal epithelium may be impaired with increased permeability, but without significant enterocyte damage characterized by intracellular protein leakage. Based on our data, CLDN3 serum levels appear to assess intestinal dysfunction in MS patients but mainly in treated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Fialova
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Barilly
- Department of Neurology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Stetkarova
- Department of Neurology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Bartos
- Department of Neurology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libuse Noskova
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Zimova
- Department of Neurology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Zido
- Department of Neurology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Hoffmanova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol in Prague, Czech Republic
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Baghirov H. Receptor-mediated transcytosis of macromolecules across the blood-brain barrier. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1699-1711. [PMID: 37658673 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2255138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts brain access of virtually all macromolecules. Receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) is one strategy toward their brain delivery. In this strategy, targeting ligands conjugated to therapeutic payload or decorating particles containing the payload interact with targets on brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC), triggering internalization, trafficking, and release from BCEC. AREAS COVERED RMT at the BBB has leveraged multiple formats of macromolecules and large particles. Interactions between those and BCEC have been studied primarily using antibodies, with findings applicable to the design of larger particles. BBB-penetrant constructs have also been identified in screening campaigns and directed evolution, and subsequently found to interact with RMT targets. In addition, BCEC targeted by constructs incorporating genomic payload can be made to produce therapeutic proteins. EXPERT OPINION While targeting may not be strictly necessary to reach a therapeutic effect for all macromolecules, it can improve a molecule's BBB transport, exposing it to the entire brain parenchyma and enhancing its effect. Constructs with better BCEC transcytosis may be designed rationally, leveraging knowledge about BCEC trafficking, and found in screening campaigns, where this knowledge can reduce the search space and improve iterative refinement. Identification of new targets may also help generate BBB-crossing constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Baghirov
- Roche Informatics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Poznań, Poland
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Matsumoto T, Matsumoto J, Matsushita Y, Arimura M, Aono K, Aoki M, Terada K, Mori M, Haramaki Y, Imatoh T, Yamauchi A, Migita K. Bortezomib Increased Vascular Permeability by Decreasing Cell-Cell Junction Molecules in Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10842. [PMID: 37446020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bortezomib (BTZ), a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat multiple myeloma, induces life-threatening side effects, including severe pulmonary toxicity. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate whether BTZ influences vascular permeability and (2) clarify the effect of BTZ on the expression of molecules associated with cell-cell junctions using human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Clinically relevant concentrations of BTZ induced limited cytotoxicity and increased the permeability of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell monolayers. BTZ decreased the protein expression of claudin-5, occludin, and VE-cadherin but not that of ZO-1 and β-catenin. Additionally, BTZ decreased the mRNA expression of claudin-5, occludin, ZO-1, VE-cadherin, and β-catenin. Our results suggest that BTZ increases the vascular permeability of the pulmonary microvascular endothelium by downregulating cell-cell junction molecules, particularly claudin-5, occludin, and VE-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Matsumoto
- Basic Medical Research Unit, St. Mary's Research Center, 422, Tsubuku-honmachi, Kurume 830-8543, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuka Matsushita
- Department of Drug Informatics and Translational Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Moeno Arimura
- Department of Drug Informatics and Translational Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Aono
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikiko Aoki
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Terada
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 7-2-1, Kamiohno, Himeji 670-8524, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Mori
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Haramaki
- Psychology Program, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, 1-1-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City 739-8512, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuya Imatoh
- Department of Drug Informatics and Translational Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Migita
- Department of Drug Informatics and Translational Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Fukuoka, Japan
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9
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Aydin S, Pareja J, Schallenberg VM, Klopstein A, Gruber T, Page N, Bouillet E, Blanchard N, Liblau R, Körbelin J, Schwaninger M, Johnson AJ, Schenk M, Deutsch U, Merkler D, Engelhardt B. Antigen recognition detains CD8 + T cells at the blood-brain barrier and contributes to its breakdown. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3106. [PMID: 37253744 PMCID: PMC10229608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) are early hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). High numbers of CD8+ T cells are found in MS lesions, and antigen (Ag) presentation at the BBB has been proposed to promote CD8+ T cell entry into the CNS. Here, we show that brain endothelial cells process and cross-present Ag, leading to effector CD8+ T cell differentiation. Under physiological flow in vitro, endothelial Ag presentation prevented CD8+ T cell crawling and diapedesis resulting in brain endothelial cell apoptosis and BBB breakdown. Brain endothelial Ag presentation in vivo was limited due to Ag uptake by CNS-resident macrophages but still reduced motility of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells within CNS microvessels. MHC class I-restricted Ag presentation at the BBB during neuroinflammation thus prohibits CD8+ T cell entry into the CNS and triggers CD8+ T cell-mediated focal BBB breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidar Aydin
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pareja
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Gruber
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Bouillet
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Toulouse Institute for infectious and inflammatory diseases, University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Roland Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for infectious and inflammatory diseases, University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mirjam Schenk
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Sun Y, Zabihi M, Li Q, Li X, Kim BJ, Ubogu EE, Raja SN, Wesselmann U, Zhao C. Drug Permeability: From the Blood-Brain Barrier to the Peripheral Nerve Barriers. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2023; 6:2200150. [PMID: 37649593 PMCID: PMC10465108 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery into the peripheral nerves and nerve roots has important implications for effective local anesthesia and treatment of peripheral neuropathies and chronic neuropathic pain. Similar to drugs that need to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) to gain access to the central nervous system (CNS), drugs must cross the peripheral nerve barriers (PNB), formed by the perineurium and blood-nerve barrier (BNB) to modulate peripheral axons. Despite significant progress made to develop effective strategies to enhance BBB permeability in therapeutic drug design, efforts to enhance drug permeability and retention in peripheral nerves and nerve roots are relatively understudied. Guided by knowledge describing structural, molecular and functional similarities between restrictive neural barriers in the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS), we hypothesize that certain CNS drug delivery strategies are adaptable for peripheral nerve drug delivery. In this review, we describe the molecular, structural and functional similarities and differences between the BBB and PNB, summarize and compare existing CNS and peripheral nerve drug delivery strategies, and discuss the potential application of selected CNS delivery strategies to improve efficacious drug entry for peripheral nerve disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Mahmood Zabihi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Xiaosi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Brandon J. Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
- Center for Convergent Biosciences and Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
- Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
| | - Eroboghene E. Ubogu
- Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Srinivasa N. Raja
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ursula Wesselmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, and Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Consortium for Neuroengineering and Brain-Computer Interfaces, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- Center for Convergent Biosciences and Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
- Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
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11
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Chen W, Man X, Zhang Y, Yao G, Chen J. Medial prefrontal cortex oxytocin mitigates epilepsy and cognitive impairments induced by traumatic brain injury through reducing neuroinflammation in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5214. [PMID: 36997619 PMCID: PMC10063625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major risk factor to develop epilepsy and cognitive impairments. Neuropeptide oxytocin has been previously evidenced to produce antiepileptic effects. However, the involvement of central oxytocin in TBI-induced epileptic status and cognitive dysfunctions is not fully elucidated. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of oxytocin on a TBI model followed by seizure induction to clarify whether the epilepsy and cognitive deficits could be mitigated by oxytocin. TBI was established by weight drop and epileptic behaviors were induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) injection in mice. Moreover, oxytocin was microinjected into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to observe the effects on the epilepsy and cognition. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and the neuroinflammation were measured by Evans Blue staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Mice exposed to TBI demonstrate increased vulnerability to PTZ-mediated seizures and cognitive disturbances with a decrease in peripheral and brain oxytocin levels. Additionally, TBI reduces oxytocin, disrupts the BBB permeability and triggers neuroinflammation in mPFC in PTZ-treated mice. Intra-mPFC oxytocin simultaneously mitigates epilepsy and cognitive impairments. Finally, oxytocin restores BBB integrity and reduces mPFC inflammation in PTZ-treated TBI mice. These findings showed that intra-mPFC oxytocin suppressed the seizure vulnerability and cognitive deficits in TBI mice. The normalization of BBB integrity and inhibition of neuroinflammation may be involved in the antiepileptic and cognition-improved effects of oxytocin, suggesting that targeting inflammatory procedure in mPFC may decrease the risk to develop epilepsy and cognitive impairments in individuals previously experienced TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 105 Jiefang Rd, Lixia District, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Man
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 105 Jiefang Rd, Lixia District, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 105 Jiefang Rd, Lixia District, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Guangyan Yao
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 105 Jiefang Rd, Lixia District, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 105 Jiefang Rd, Lixia District, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
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12
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Harris WJ, Asselin MC, Hinz R, Parkes LM, Allan S, Schiessl I, Boutin H, Dickie BR. In vivo methods for imaging blood-brain barrier function and dysfunction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:1051-1083. [PMID: 36437425 PMCID: PMC9931809 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the interface between the central nervous system and systemic circulation. It tightly regulates what enters and is removed from the brain parenchyma and is fundamental in maintaining brain homeostasis. Increasingly, the BBB is recognised as having a significant role in numerous neurological disorders, ranging from acute disorders (traumatic brain injury, stroke, seizures) to chronic neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, small vessel disease). Numerous approaches have been developed to study the BBB in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. The complex multicellular structure and effects of disease are difficult to recreate accurately in vitro, and functional aspects of the BBB cannot be easily studied ex vivo. As such, the value of in vivo methods to study the intact BBB cannot be overstated. This review discusses the structure and function of the BBB and how these are affected in diseases. It then discusses in depth several established and novel methods for imaging the BBB in vivo, with a focus on MRI, nuclear imaging, and high-resolution intravital fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William James Harris
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Marie-Claude Asselin
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rainer Hinz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laura Michelle Parkes
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart Allan
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Ingo Schiessl
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Herve Boutin
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK.
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ben Robert Dickie
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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13
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Yang R, Wang J, Wang F, Zhang H, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Damage in Bacterial Meningitis: The Underlying Link, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032852. [PMID: 36769171 PMCID: PMC9918147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in supportive care and antimicrobial treatment, bacterial meningitis remains the most serious infection of the central nervous system (CNS) that poses a serious risk to life. This clinical dilemma is largely due to our insufficient knowledge of the pathology behind this disease. By controlling the entry of molecules into the CNS microenvironment, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly selective cellular monolayer that is specific to the CNS's microvasculature, regulates communication between the CNS and the rest of the body. A defining feature of the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis is the increase in BBB permeability. So far, several contributing factors for BBB disruption have been reported, including direct cellular damage brought on by bacterial virulence factors, as well as host-specific proteins or inflammatory pathways being activated. Recent studies have demonstrated that targeting pathological factors contributing to enhanced BBB permeability is an effective therapeutic complement to antimicrobial therapy for treating bacterial meningitis. Hence, understanding how these meningitis-causing pathogens affect the BBB permeability will provide novel perspectives for investigating bacterial meningitis's pathogenesis, prevention, and therapies. Here, we summarized the recent research progress on meningitis-causing pathogens disrupting the barrier function of BBB. This review provides handy information on BBB disruption by meningitis-causing pathogens, and helps design future research as well as develop potential combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jundan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
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Goncalves A, Antonetti DA. Transgenic animal models to explore and modulate the blood brain and blood retinal barriers of the CNS. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:86. [PMID: 36320068 PMCID: PMC9628113 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique environment of the brain and retina is tightly regulated by blood-brain barrier and the blood-retinal barrier, respectively, to ensure proper neuronal function. Endothelial cells within these tissues possess distinct properties that allow for controlled passage of solutes and fluids. Pericytes, glia cells and neurons signal to endothelial cells (ECs) to form and maintain the barriers and control blood flow, helping to create the neurovascular unit. This barrier is lost in a wide range of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and retina such as brain tumors, stroke, dementia, and in the eye, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions and age-related macular degeneration to name prominent examples. Recent studies directly link barrier changes to promotion of disease pathology and degradation of neuronal function. Understanding how these barriers form and how to restore these barriers in disease provides an important point for therapeutic intervention. This review aims to describe the fundamentals of the blood-tissue barriers of the CNS and how the use of transgenic animal models led to our current understanding of the molecular framework of these barriers. The review also highlights examples of targeting barrier properties to protect neuronal function in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Goncalves
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall St Rm, Ann Arbor, MI, 7317, USA
| | - David A Antonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall St Rm, Ann Arbor, MI, 7317, USA.
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15
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Claudin-3 inhibits tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis via regulating the PI3K signaling pathway in lymphatic endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17440. [PMID: 36261482 PMCID: PMC9581975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudin-3 is a tight junction protein that has often been associated with the progression and metastasis of various tumors. Here, the role of claudin-3 in tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis is investigated. We found an increased lymphangiogenesis in the B16F10 tumor in claudin-3 knockout mice, accompanied by augmented melanoma cell metastasis into sentinel lymph nodes. In vitro, the overexpression of claudin-3 on lymphatic endothelial cells inhibited tube formation by suppressing cell migration, resulting in restricted lymphangiogenesis. Further experiments showed that claudin-3 inhibited lymphatic endothelial cell migration by regulating the PI3K signaling pathway. Interestingly, the expression of claudin-3 in lymphatic endothelial cells is down-regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor C that is often present in the tumor microenvironment. This study indicates that claudin-3 plays an important role as a signaling molecule in lymphatic endothelial cell activity associated with tumor lymphangiogenesis, which may further contribute to melanoma metastasis.
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16
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Zejc T, Piontek J, Schulzke JD, Fromm M, Ervens J, Rosenthal R. Clinical Significance of Claudin Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911234. [PMID: 36232536 PMCID: PMC9569574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A change in claudin expression has been demonstrated in various tumors. The present study specifically compares claudin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with healthy oral epithelium from the same individual and analyzes the association between claudin expression and the clinically relevant course parameters. Our study includes tissue samples and clinically relevant follow-up data from 60 patients with primary and untreated OSCC. The oral mucosa was analyzed via Western blot for the expression of claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -7. Importantly, the tumor and healthy tissues were obtained pairwise from patients, allowing for intraindividual comparisons. Both the healthy and tumor epithelium from the oral cavity did not express the claudin-3 protein. The intraindividual comparison revealed that, in OSCC, claudin-2 expression was higher, and the expression of claudin-4, -5, and -7 was lower than in healthy epithelium. An association was found between increased claudin-2 expression and shorter relapse-free survival. In addition, the reduced expression of claudin-4 had a negative impact on relapse-free survival. Furthermore, associations between the reduced expression of claudin-7 and the stage of a tumor, or the presence of lymph node metastases, were found. Thus, the expression level of claudin-2, -4, and -7 appears to be predictive of the diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Zejc
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ervens
- Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Rudower Straße 48, Neukölln, 12351 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Rosenthal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-514-527
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17
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McKenna Z, Houck J, Ducharme J, Li Z, Berkemeier Q, Fennel Z, Wells A, Mermier C, Deyhle M, Laitano O, Amorim F. The effect of prolonged interval and continuous exercise in the heat on circulatory markers of intestinal barrier integrity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2651-2659. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Li Y, Wang C, Zhang L, Chen B, Mo Y, Zhang J. Claudin-5a is essential for the functional formation of both zebrafish blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:40. [PMID: 35658877 PMCID: PMC9164509 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian Claudin-5 is the main endothelial tight junction component maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, while Claudin-1 and -3 seal the paracellular space of choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells contributing to the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In zebrafish, two paralogs of claudin-5a and -5b are expressed while their roles in the formation of BBB and BCSFB are unclear. Methods The expression patterns of Claudin-5a and -5b in zebrafish brains were systematically analyzed by immunofluorescence (IF) assay. The developmental functions of Claudin-5a and -5b were characterized by generating of claudin-5a and -5b mutants respectively. Meanwhile, the cerebral inflammation and cell apoptosis in claudin-5a-/- were assessed by live imaging of transgenic zebrafish, RT-qPCR, IF, and TUNEL assay. The integrity of BBB and BCSFB was evaluated by in vivo angiographic and dye permeation assay. Finally, RT-qPCR, whole-mount RNA in situ hybridization (WISH), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses were performed to investigate the development of cerebral vessels and choroid plexus. Results We showed that Claudin-5a and -5b are both expressed in zebrafish cerebrovascular endothelial cells (ECs). In addition, Claudin-5a was strongly expressed in CP epithelial cells. Loss of Claudin-5b showed no effect on zebrafish vasculogenesis or BBB function. In contrast, the knockout of claudin-5a caused a lethal phenotype of severe whole-brain oedema, ventricular dilatation, and cerebral hernia in zebrafish larvae, although the cerebral vasculogenesis and the development of CP were not altered. In claudin-5a-/- , although ultrastructural analysis of CP and cerebral capillary showed intact integrity of epithelial and endothelial tight junctions, permeability assay indicated a disruption of both BBB and BCSFB functions. On the molecular level, it was found that ZO-1 was upregulated in the CP epithelium of claudin-5a-/-, while the notch and shh pathway responsible for CP development was not affected due to loss of Claudin-5a. Conclusions Our findings verified a non-functional role of zebrafish Claudin-5b in the BBB and identified Claudin-5a as the ortholog of mammalian Claudin-5, contributing to the development and the functional maintenance of both BBB and BCSFB. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00337-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Chunchun Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Yuqian Mo
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.,School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China. .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
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19
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Microvascular stabilization via blood-brain barrier regulation prevents seizure activity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2003. [PMID: 35422069 PMCID: PMC9010415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is associated with worse epilepsy outcomes however the underlying molecular mechanisms of BBB dysfunction remain to be elucidated. Tight junction proteins are important regulators of BBB integrity and in particular, the tight junction protein claudin-5 is the most enriched in brain endothelial cells and regulates size-selectivity at the BBB. Additionally, disruption of claudin-5 expression has been implicated in numerous disorders including schizophrenia, depression and traumatic brain injury, yet its role in epilepsy has not been fully deciphered. Here we report that claudin-5 protein levels are significantly diminished in surgically resected brain tissue from patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy. Concomitantly, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in these patients showed widespread BBB disruption. We show that targeted disruption of claudin-5 in the hippocampus or genetic heterozygosity of claudin-5 in mice exacerbates kainic acid-induced seizures and BBB disruption. Additionally, inducible knockdown of claudin-5 in mice leads to spontaneous recurrent seizures, severe neuroinflammation, and mortality. Finally, we identify that RepSox, a regulator of claudin-5 expression, can prevent seizure activity in experimental epilepsy. Altogether, we propose that BBB stabilizing drugs could represent a new generation of agents to prevent seizure activity in epilepsy patients. The mechanisms underlying epilepsy development are not well understood. Here the authors show that loss of a key component of the so called blood-brain barrier drives seizures in mice and is also lost in humans with treatment resistant epilepsy
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Abstract
The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while homeostatic functions predominate during sleep. The blood-brain barrier establishes a stable environment that is optimal for neuronal function, yet the barrier imposes a physiological problem; transcapillary filtration that forms extracellular fluid in other organs is reduced to a minimum in brain. Consequently, the brain depends on a special fluid [the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] that is flushed into brain along the unique perivascular spaces created by astrocytic vascular endfeet. We describe this pathway, coined the term glymphatic system, based on its dependency on astrocytic vascular endfeet and their adluminal expression of aquaporin-4 water channels facing toward CSF-filled perivascular spaces. Glymphatic clearance of potentially harmful metabolic or protein waste products, such as amyloid-β, is primarily active during sleep, when its physiological drivers, the cardiac cycle, respiration, and slow vasomotion, together efficiently propel CSF inflow along periarterial spaces. The brain's extracellular space contains an abundance of proteoglycans and hyaluronan, which provide a low-resistance hydraulic conduit that rapidly can expand and shrink during the sleep-wake cycle. We describe this unique fluid system of the brain, which meets the brain's requisites to maintain homeostasis similar to peripheral organs, considering the blood-brain-barrier and the paths for formation and egress of the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaag Rasmussen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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21
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McKenna ZJ, Fennel ZJ, Berkemeier QN, Nava RC, Amorim FT, Deyhle MR, Mermier CM. Exercise in hypobaric hypoxia increases markers of intestinal injury and symptoms of gastrointestinal distress. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:326-336. [PMID: 35224797 DOI: 10.1113/ep090266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDING What is the central question of this study? What is the effect of hypobaric hypoxia on markers of exercise-induced intestinal injury and symptoms of GI distress? What is the main finding and its importance? Exercise performed at 4300 m of simulated altitude increased I-FABP, CLDN-3, and LBP which together suggest that exercise-induced intestinal injury may be aggravated by concurrent hypoxic exposure. Increases in I-FABP, LBP, CLDN-3 were correlated to exercise-induced GI symptoms, providing some evidence of a link between intestinal barrier injury and symptoms of GI distress. ABSTRACT We sought to determine the effect of exercise in hypobaric hypoxia on markers of intestinal injury and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Using a randomized and counterbalanced design, 9 males completed two experimental trials: one at local altitude of 1585 m (NORM) and one at 4300 m of simulated hypobaric hypoxia (HYP). Participants performed 60-minutes of cycling at a workload that elicited 65% of their NORM VO2 max. GI symptoms were assessed before and every 15-minutes during exercise. Pre- and post-exercise blood samples were assessed for intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), claudin-3 (CLDN-3), and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP). All participants reported at least one GI symptom in HYP compared to just 1 participant in NORM. I-FABP significantly increased from pre- to post-exercise in HYP (708±191 to 1215±518 pg mL-1 ; p = 0.011, d = 1.10) but not NORM (759±224 to 828±288 pg mL-1 ; p>0.99, d = 0.27). CLDN-3 significantly increased from pre- to post-exercise in HYP (13.8±0.9 to 15.3±1.2 ng mL-1 ; p = 0.003, d = 1.19) but not NORM (13.7±1.8 to 14.2±1.6 ng mL-1 ; p = .435, d = 0.45). LBP significantly increased from pre- to post-exercise in HYP (10.8±1.2 to 13.9±2.8 μg mL-1 ; p = 0.006, d = 1.12) but not NORM (11.3±1.1 to 11.7±0.9 μg mL-1 ; p>0.99, d = 0.32). I-FABP (d = 0.85), CLDN-3 (d = 0.95), and LBP (d = 0.69) were all significantly higher post-exercise in HYP compared to NORM (p≤0.05). Overall GI discomfort was significantly correlated to ΔI-FABP (r = 0.71), ΔCLDN-3 (r = 0.70), and ΔLBP (r = 0.86). These data indicate that cycling exercise performed in hypobaric hypoxia can cause intestinal injury, which might cause some commonly reported GI symptoms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J McKenna
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zachary J Fennel
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Quint N Berkemeier
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Roberto C Nava
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fabiano T Amorim
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael R Deyhle
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Christine M Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
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22
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Gifre-Renom L, Daems M, Luttun A, Jones EAV. Organ-Specific Endothelial Cell Differentiation and Impact of Microenvironmental Cues on Endothelial Heterogeneity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031477. [PMID: 35163400 PMCID: PMC8836165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells throughout the body are heterogeneous, and this is tightly linked to the specific functions of organs and tissues. Heterogeneity is already determined from development onwards and ranges from arterial/venous specification to microvascular fate determination in organ-specific differentiation. Acknowledging the different phenotypes of endothelial cells and the implications of this diversity is key for the development of more specialized tissue engineering and vascular repair approaches. However, although novel technologies in transcriptomics and proteomics are facilitating the unraveling of vascular bed-specific endothelial cell signatures, still much research is based on the use of insufficiently specialized endothelial cells. Endothelial cells are not only heterogeneous, but their specialized phenotypes are also dynamic and adapt to changes in their microenvironment. During the last decades, strong collaborations between molecular biology, mechanobiology, and computational disciplines have led to a better understanding of how endothelial cells are modulated by their mechanical and biochemical contexts. Yet, because of the use of insufficiently specialized endothelial cells, there is still a huge lack of knowledge in how tissue-specific biomechanical factors determine organ-specific phenotypes. With this review, we want to put the focus on how organ-specific endothelial cell signatures are determined from development onwards and conditioned by their microenvironments during adulthood. We discuss the latest research performed on endothelial cells, pointing out the important implications of mimicking tissue-specific biomechanical cues in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gifre-Renom
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.G.-R.); (M.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Margo Daems
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.G.-R.); (M.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Aernout Luttun
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.G.-R.); (M.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Elizabeth A. V. Jones
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.G.-R.); (M.D.); (A.L.)
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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23
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Nishihara H, Engelhardt B. Brain Barriers and Multiple Sclerosis: Novel Treatment Approaches from a Brain Barriers Perspective. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 273:295-329. [PMID: 33237504 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a prototypic organ specific autoimmune disease targeting the central nervous system (CNS). Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and enhanced immune cell infiltration into the CNS parenchyma are early hallmarks of CNS lesion formation. Therapeutic targeting of immune cell trafficking across the BBB has proven a successful therapy for the treatment of MS, but comes with side effects and is no longer effective once patients have entered the progressive phase of the disease. Beyond the endothelial BBB, epithelial and glial brain barriers establish compartments in the CNS that differ in their accessibility to the immune system. There is increasing evidence that brain barrier abnormalities persist during the progressive stages of MS. Here, we summarize the role of endothelial, epithelial, and glial brain barriers in maintaining CNS immune privilege and our current knowledge on how impairment of these barriers contributes to MS pathogenesis. We discuss how therapeutic stabilization of brain barriers integrity may improve the safety of current therapeutic regimes for treating MS. This may also allow for the development of entirely novel therapeutic approaches aiming to restore brain barriers integrity and thus CNS homeostasis, which may be specifically beneficial for the treatment of progressive MS.
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24
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Hudson N, Campbell M. Tight Junctions of the Neurovascular Unit. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:752781. [PMID: 34867185 PMCID: PMC8640090 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.752781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic balance of the brain and retina is maintained by the presence of the blood-brain and inner blood-retinal barrier (BBB/iBRB, respectively) which are highly specialized barriers. Endothelial cells forming the lining of these blood vessels are interconnected by the presence of tight junctions which form the BBB and iBRB. These tight junctions, formed of numerous interacting proteins, enable the entry of molecules into neural tissues while restricting the entry of harmful material such as anaphylatoxins, bacteria and viruses. If the tight junction complex becomes dysregulated due to changes in expression levels of one or more of the components, this can have detrimental effects leading to brain and retinal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hudson
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin, Ireland
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25
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Vore AS, Deak T. Alcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 161:209-249. [PMID: 34801170 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is the most commonly used drug of abuse in the world and binge drinking is especially harmful to the brain, though the mechanisms by which alcohol compromises overall brain health remain somewhat elusive. A number of brain diseases and pathological states are accompanied by perturbations in Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) function, ultimately exacerbating disease progression. The BBB is critical for coordinating activity between the peripheral immune system and the brain. Importantly, BBB integrity is responsive to circulating cytokines and other immune-related signaling molecules, which are powerfully modulated by alcohol exposure. This review will highlight key cellular components of the BBB; discuss mechanisms by which permeability is achieved; offer insight into methodological approaches for assessing BBB integrity; and forecast how alcohol-induced changes in the peripheral and central immune systems might influence BBB function in individuals with a history of binge drinking and ultimately Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD).
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Vore
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - T Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY, United States.
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26
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Cao D, Li J, Wang X, Wang J, Liu R, Lu J, Liu Q, Luo Y. The effect of AAV-mediated downregulation of Claudin-3 on the development of mouse retinal vasculature. Exp Eye Res 2021; 213:108836. [PMID: 34774487 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinal vascular development is a very tightly regulated and organized process of vessel formation and regression to generate the mature vasculature system. Claudin-3 has been found to be required for the normal development of the neural retina and its vessels in zebrafish in our recent study. In this study, we investigated whether Claudin-3 played a role in the development of mouse retinal vasculature. Immunofluorescent staining was performed to detect the expression and localization of Claudin-3 in the mouse retina. Intravitreal injection of a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing a short hairpin RNA targeting Claudin-3 mRNA was performed to down-regulate Claudin-3 expression in retina in neonatal (Postnatal Day 3, P3) C57BL/6J mice. Retinal vessels were examined by isolectin B4 immunofluorescent staining on the whole-mount retinas and frozen retinal sections at P10. The apoptotic retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were measured by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) staining. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) expression was detected by immunofluorescent staining. The protein levels of Claudin-3, VEGF-A and B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were evaluated by Western blot at P7, P10 and P14. We found that Claudin-3 mainly expressed in the RGCs and progressively increased during the retinal development. The AAV-mediated downregulation of Claudin-3 at P3 impeded the development of retinal deep vascularization of P10 mouse, but without effect on the development of the retinal superficial plexus. Claudin-3 knockdown increased RGC apoptosis and reduced the expression of VEGF-A and Bcl-2 in the retinas. These results suggested that the downregulation of Claudin-3 induced RGC apoptosis and impeded the mouse retinal vascular development by downregulating the levels of VEGF-A and Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Image Reading Center, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Image Reading Center, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Image Reading Center, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Image Reading Center, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Ruyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Image Reading Center, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Image Reading Center, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Qiuhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Image Reading Center, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Image Reading Center, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
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27
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Gastfriend BD, Nishihara H, Canfield SG, Foreman KL, Engelhardt B, Palecek SP, Shusta EV. Wnt signaling mediates acquisition of blood-brain barrier properties in naïve endothelium derived from human pluripotent stem cells. eLife 2021; 10:70992. [PMID: 34755601 PMCID: PMC8664294 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) in the central nervous system (CNS) acquire their specialized blood-brain barrier (BBB) properties in response to extrinsic signals, with Wnt/β-catenin signaling coordinating multiple aspects of this process. Our knowledge of CNS EC development has been advanced largely by animal models, and human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer the opportunity to examine BBB development in an in vitro human system. Here we show that activation of Wnt signaling in hPSC-derived naïve endothelial progenitors, but not in matured ECs, leads to robust acquisition of canonical BBB phenotypes including expression of GLUT-1, increased claudin-5, decreased PLVAP and decreased permeability. RNA-seq revealed a transcriptome profile resembling ECs with CNS-like characteristics, including Wnt-upregulated expression of LEF1, APCDD1, and ZIC3. Together, our work defines effects of Wnt activation in naïve ECs and establishes an improved hPSC-based model for interrogation of CNS barriergenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Gastfriend
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | | | - Scott G Canfield
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Koji L Foreman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | | | - Sean P Palecek
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
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28
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The Blood-Brain Barrier: Much More Than a Selective Access to the Brain. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:2154-2174. [PMID: 34677787 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a dynamic structure, collectively referred to as the neurovascular unit. It is responsible for the exchange of blood, oxygen, ions, and other molecules between the peripheral circulation and the brain compartment. It is the main entrance to the central nervous system and as such critical for the maintenance of its homeostasis. Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier is a characteristic of several neurovascular pathologies. Moreover, physiological changes, environmental factors, nutritional habits, and psychological stress can modulate the tightness of the barrier. In this contribution, we summarize our current understanding of structure and function of this important component of the brain. We also describe the neurological deficits associated with its damage. A special emphasis is placed in the effect of the exposure to xenobiotics and pollutants in the permeability of the barrier. Finally, current protective strategies as well as the culture models to study this fascinating structure are discussed.
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29
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Hashimoto Y, Campbell M, Tachibana K, Okada Y, Kondoh M. Claudin-5: A Pharmacological Target to Modify the Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1380-1390. [PMID: 34602546 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Claudin-5 is the dominant tight junction protein in brain endothelial cells and exclusively limits the paracellular permeability of molecules larger than 400 Da across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Its pathological impairment or sustained down-regulation has been shown to lead to the progression of psychiatric and neurological disorders, whereas its expression under physiological conditions prevents the passage of drugs across the BBB. While claudin-5 enhancers could potentially act as vascular stabilizers to treat neurological diseases, claudin-5 inhibitors could function as delivery systems to enhance the brain uptake of hydrophilic small-molecular-weight drugs. Therefore, the effects of claudin-5 manipulation on modulating the BBB in different neurological diseases requires further examination. To manipulate claudin-5 expression levels and function, several claudin-5 modulating molecules have been developed. In this review, we first describe the molecular, cellular and pathological aspects of claudin-5 to highlight the mechanisms of claudin-5 enhancers/inhibitors. We then discuss recently developed claudin-5 enhancers/inhibitors and new methods to discover these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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30
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Appelt-Menzel A, Oerter S, Mathew S, Haferkamp U, Hartmann C, Jung M, Neuhaus W, Pless O. Human iPSC-Derived Blood-Brain Barrier Models: Valuable Tools for Preclinical Drug Discovery and Development? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 55:e122. [PMID: 32956578 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Translating basic biological knowledge into applications remains a key issue for effectively tackling neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, or neuroendocrine disorders. Efficient delivery of therapeutics across the neuroprotective blood-brain barrier (BBB) still poses a demanding challenge for drug development targeting central nervous system diseases. Validated in vitro models of the BBB could facilitate effective testing of drug candidates targeting the brain early in the drug discovery process during lead generation. We here review the potential of mono- or (isogenic) co-culture BBB models based on brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and compare them to several available BBB in vitro models from primary human or non-human cells and to rodent in vivo models, as well as to classical and widely used barrier models [Caco-2, parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA)]. In particular, we are discussing the features and predictivity of these models and how hiPSC-derived BBB models could impact future discovery and development of novel CNS-targeting therapeutics. © 2020 The Authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Appelt-Menzel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, Germany.,University Hospital Würzburg, Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Oerter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, Germany.,University Hospital Würzburg, Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sanjana Mathew
- University Hospital Würzburg, Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Undine Haferkamp
- Fraunhofer IME ScreeningPort, Schnackenburgallee 114, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carla Hartmann
- University Hospital Halle, University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic Medicine, Julius-Kuehn-Strasse 7, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Matthias Jung
- University Hospital Halle, University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic Medicine, Julius-Kuehn-Strasse 7, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center Health and Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Giefinggasse 4, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ole Pless
- Fraunhofer IME ScreeningPort, Schnackenburgallee 114, Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Function and Biomarkers of the Blood-Brain Barrier in a Neonatal Germinal Matrix Haemorrhage Model. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071677. [PMID: 34359845 PMCID: PMC8303246 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal matrix haemorrhage (GMH), caused by rupturing blood vessels in the germinal matrix, is a prevalent driver of preterm brain injuries and death. Our group recently developed a model simulating GMH using intrastriatal injections of collagenase in 5-day-old rats, which corresponds to the brain development of human preterm infants. This study aimed to define changes to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and to evaluate BBB proteins as biomarkers in this GMH model. Regional BBB functions were investigated using blood to brain 14C-sucrose uptake as well as using biotinylated BBB tracers. Blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluids were collected at various times after GMH and analysed with ELISA for OCLN and CLDN5. The immunoreactivity of BBB proteins was assessed in brain sections. Tracer experiments showed that GMH produced a defined region surrounding the hematoma where many vessels lost their integrity. This region expanded for at least 6 h following GMH, thereafter resolution of both hematoma and re-establishment of BBB function occurred. The sucrose experiment indicated that regions somewhat more distant to the hematoma also exhibited BBB dysfunction; however, BBB function was normalised within 5 days of GMH. This shows that GMH leads to a temporal dysfunction in the BBB that may be important in pathological processes as well as in connection to therapeutic interventions. We detected an increase of tight-junction proteins in both CSF and plasma after GMH making them potential biomarkers for GMH.
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32
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Scalise AA, Kakogiannos N, Zanardi F, Iannelli F, Giannotta M. The blood-brain and gut-vascular barriers: from the perspective of claudins. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1926190. [PMID: 34152937 PMCID: PMC8489939 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1926190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In some organs, such as the brain, endothelial cells form a robust and highly selective blood-to-tissue barrier. However, in other organs, such as the intestine, endothelial cells provide less stringent permeability, to allow rapid exchange of solutes and nutrients where needed. To maintain the structural and functional integrity of the highly dynamic blood–brain and gut–vascular barriers, endothelial cells form highly specialized cell-cell junctions, known as adherens junctions and tight junctions. Claudins are a family of four-membrane-spanning proteins at tight junctions and they have both barrier-forming and pore-forming properties. Tissue-specific expression of claudins has been linked to different diseases that are characterized by barrier impairment. In this review, we summarize the more recent progress in the field of the claudins, with particular attention to their expression and function in the blood–brain barrier and the recently described gut–vascular barrier, under physiological and pathological conditions. Abbreviations: 22q11DS 22q11 deletion syndrome; ACKR1 atypical chemokine receptor 1; AD Alzheimer disease; AQP aquaporin; ATP adenosine triphosphate; Aβ amyloid β; BAC bacterial artificial chromosome; BBB blood-brain barrier; C/EBP-α CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α; cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate (or 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic adenosine monophosphate); CD cluster of differentiation; CNS central nervous system; DSRED discosoma red; EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; ECV304 immortalized endothelial cell line established from the vein of an apparently normal human umbilical cord; EGFP enhanced green fluorescent protein; ESAM endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule; GLUT-1 glucose transporter 1; GVB gut-vascular barrier; H2B histone H2B; HAPP human amyloid precursor protein; HEK human embryonic kidney; JACOP junction-associated coiled coil protein; JAM junctional adhesion molecules; LYVE1 lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1; MADCAM1 mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1; MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCAO middle cerebral artery occlusion; MMP metalloprotease; MS multiple sclerosis; MUPP multi-PDZ domain protein; PATJ PALS-1-associated tight junction protein; PDGFR-α platelet-derived growth factor receptor α polypeptide; PDGFR-β platelet-derived growth factor receptor β polypeptide; RHO rho-associated protein kinase; ROCK rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase; RT-qPCR real time quantitative polymerase chain reactions; PDGFR-β soluble platelet-derived growth factor receptor, β polypeptide; T24 human urinary bladder carcinoma cells; TG2576 transgenic mice expressing the human amyloid precursor protein; TNF-α tumor necrosis factor α; WTwild-type; ZO zonula occludens.
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33
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Tachibana K, Hashimoto Y, Shirakura K, Okada Y, Hirayama R, Iwashita Y, Nishino I, Ago Y, Takeda H, Kuniyasu H, Kondoh M. Safety and efficacy of an anti-claudin-5 monoclonal antibody to increase blood-brain barrier permeability for drug delivery to the brain in a non-human primate. J Control Release 2021; 336:105-111. [PMID: 34118338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Claudin-5 (CLDN-5) is an essential component of the tight junction seal in the blood-brain barrier. Previously, we showed that CLDN-5 modulation in vitro via an anti-CLDN-5 monoclonal antibody (mAb) may be useful for increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier for drug delivery to the brain. Based on these findings, here we examined the safety and efficacy of the anti-CLDN-5 mAb in a non-human primate. Cynomolgus monkeys were intravenously administered the anti-CLDN-5 mAb followed by fluorescein dye (376 Da), and the concentrations of the dye in the cerebrospinal fluid was examined. When the mAb was administered at 3.0 mg/kg, the concentration of dye in the cerebrospinal fluid was increased, and no behavioral changes or changes in plasma biomarkers for inflammation or liver or kidney injury were observed. However, a monkey that received the mAb at 6 mg/kg experienced convulsions, and subsequent histopathological examination of this animal revealed vasodilation in the liver, lung, and kidney; hemorrhage in the lung; and edema in the brain. Together, our data indicate that CLDN-5 might be a potential target for enhancing drug delivery to the brain, but also that the therapeutic window of the anti-CLDN-5 mAb may be narrow for separating efficacy and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tachibana
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shirakura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Hirayama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yumi Iwashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Itsuki Nishino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukio Ago
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Sun H, Hu H, Liu C, Sun N, Duan C. Methods used for the measurement of blood-brain barrier integrity. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:723-735. [PMID: 33635479 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprises the interface between blood, brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Its primary function, which is mainly carried out by tight junctions, is to stabilize the tightly controlled microenvironment of the brain. To study the development and maintenance of the BBB, as well as various roles their intrinsic mechanisms that play in neurological disorders, suitable measurements are required to demonstrate integrity and functional changes at the interfaces between the blood and brain tissue. Markers and plasma proteins with different molecular weight (MW) are used to measure the permeability of BBB. In addition, the expression changes of tight-junction proteins form the basic structure of BBB, and imaging modalities are available to study the disruption of BBB. In the present review, above mentioned methods are depicted in details, together with the pros and cons as well as the differences between these methods, which maybe benefit research studies focused on the detection of BBB breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chuanjie Liu
- Weihai City Key Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Weihai Central Hospital, Weihai, 264400, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nannan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Chaohui Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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35
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Castro Dias M, Odriozola Quesada A, Soldati S, Bösch F, Gruber I, Hildbrand T, Sönmez D, Khire T, Witz G, McGrath JL, Piontek J, Kondoh M, Deutsch U, Zuber B, Engelhardt B. Brain endothelial tricellular junctions as novel sites for T cell diapedesis across the blood-brain barrier. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:237782. [PMID: 33912914 PMCID: PMC8121105 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of activated T cells across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in central nervous system (CNS) immune surveillance and inflammation. Whereas T cell diapedesis across the intact BBB seems to occur preferentially through the BBB cellular junctions, impaired BBB integrity during neuroinflammation is accompanied by increased transcellular T cell diapedesis. The underlying mechanisms directing T cells to paracellular versus transcellular sites of diapedesis across the BBB remain to be explored. By combining in vitro live-cell imaging of T cell migration across primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) under physiological flow with serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), we have identified BBB tricellular junctions as novel sites for T cell diapedesis across the BBB. Downregulated expression of tricellular junctional proteins or protein-based targeting of their interactions in pMBMEC monolayers correlated with enhanced transcellular T cell diapedesis, and abluminal presence of chemokines increased T cell diapedesis through tricellular junctions. Our observations assign an entirely novel role to BBB tricellular junctions in regulating T cell entry into the CNS. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Highlighted Article: Ultrastructural analysis of T cell migration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) under physiological flow identifies BBB tricellular junctions as sites of T cell diapedesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Bösch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Gruber
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Derya Sönmez
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tejas Khire
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 270168, USA
| | - Guillaume Witz
- Microscopy Imaging Center (MIC), University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland.,Science IT Support (ScITS), Mathematical Institute, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - James L McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 270168, USA
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Zuber
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
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36
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Doney E, Cadoret A, Dion-Albert L, Lebel M, Menard C. Inflammation-driven brain and gut barrier dysfunction in stress and mood disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2851-2894. [PMID: 33876886 PMCID: PMC9290537 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of emotions is generally associated exclusively with the brain. However, there is evidence that peripheral systems are also involved in mood, stress vulnerability vs. resilience, and emotion‐related memory encoding. Prevalence of stress and mood disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder, and post‐traumatic stress disorder is increasing in our modern societies. Unfortunately, 30%–50% of individuals respond poorly to currently available treatments highlighting the need to further investigate emotion‐related biology to gain mechanistic insights that could lead to innovative therapies. Here, we provide an overview of inflammation‐related mechanisms involved in mood regulation and stress responses discovered using animal models. If clinical studies are available, we discuss translational value of these findings including limitations. Neuroimmune mechanisms of depression and maladaptive stress responses have been receiving increasing attention, and thus, the first part is centered on inflammation and dysregulation of brain and circulating cytokines in stress and mood disorders. Next, recent studies supporting a role for inflammation‐driven leakiness of the blood–brain and gut barriers in emotion regulation and mood are highlighted. Stress‐induced exacerbated inflammation fragilizes these barriers which become hyperpermeable through loss of integrity and altered biology. At the gut level, this could be associated with dysbiosis, an imbalance in microbial communities, and alteration of the gut–brain axis which is central to production of mood‐related neurotransmitter serotonin. Novel therapeutic approaches such as anti‐inflammatory drugs, the fast‐acting antidepressant ketamine, and probiotics could directly act on the mechanisms described here improving mood disorder‐associated symptomatology. Discovery of biomarkers has been a challenging quest in psychiatry, and we end by listing promising targets worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Doney
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Alice Cadoret
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Dion-Albert
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Manon Lebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Menard
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
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37
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Baier FA, Sánchez-Taltavull D, Yarahmadov T, Castellà CG, Jebbawi F, Keogh A, Tombolini R, Odriozola A, Dias MC, Deutsch U, Furuse M, Engelhardt B, Zuber B, Odermatt A, Candinas D, Stroka D. Loss of Claudin-3 Impairs Hepatic Metabolism, Biliary Barrier Function, and Cell Proliferation in the Murine Liver. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:745-767. [PMID: 33866021 PMCID: PMC8273426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tight junctions in the liver are essential to maintain the blood-biliary barrier, however, the functional contribution of individual tight junction proteins to barrier and metabolic homeostasis remains largely unexplored. Here, we describe the cell type-specific expression of tight junction genes in the murine liver, and explore the regulation and functional importance of the transmembrane protein claudin-3 in liver metabolism, barrier function, and cell proliferation. METHODS The cell type-specific expression of hepatic tight junction genes is described using our mouse liver single-cell sequencing data set. Differential gene expression in Cldn3-/- and Cldn3+/+ livers was assessed in young and aged mice by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and hepatic tissue was analyzed for lipid content and bile acid composition. A surgical model of partial hepatectomy was used to induce liver cell proliferation. RESULTS Claudin-3 is a highly expressed tight junction protein found in the liver and is expressed predominantly in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. The histology of Cldn3-/- livers showed no overt phenotype, and the canalicular tight junctions appeared intact. Nevertheless, by RNA-seq we detected a down-regulation of metabolic pathways in the livers of Cldn3-/- young and aged mice, as well as a decrease in lipid content and a weakened biliary barrier for primary bile acids, such as taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, and taurine-conjugated muricholic acid. Coinciding with defects in the biliary barrier and lower lipid metabolism, there was a diminished hepatocyte proliferative response in Cldn3-/- mice after partial hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that, in the liver, claudin-3 is necessary to maintain metabolic homeostasis, retention of bile acids, and optimal hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration. The RNA-seq data set can be accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE159914.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Alexander Baier
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Taltavull
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tural Yarahmadov
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Gómez Castellà
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fadi Jebbawi
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Keogh
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Tombolini
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | | | - Benoît Zuber
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Candinas
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Stroka
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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38
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Lu TM, Barcia Durán JG, Houghton S, Rafii S, Redmond D, Lis R. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Endothelial Cells: Current Controversies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:642812. [PMID: 33868008 PMCID: PMC8044318 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.642812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) possess unique properties that are crucial for many functions of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) including maintenance of brain homeostasis and regulation of interactions between the brain and immune system. The generation of a pure population of putative brain microvascular endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cell sources (iBMECs) has been described to meet the need for reliable and reproducible brain endothelial cells in vitro. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), embryonic or induced, can be differentiated into large quantities of specialized cells in order to study development and model disease. These hPSC-derived iBMECs display endothelial-like properties, such as tube formation and low-density lipoprotein uptake, high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), and barrier-like efflux transporter activities. Over time, the de novo generation of an organotypic endothelial cell from hPSCs has aroused controversies. This perspective article highlights the developments made in the field of hPSC derived brain endothelial cells as well as where experimental data are lacking, and what concerns have emerged since their initial description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Lu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - José Gabriel Barcia Durán
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sean Houghton
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Redmond
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raphaël Lis
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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39
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Ivan DC, Walthert S, Berve K, Steudler J, Locatelli G. Dwellers and Trespassers: Mononuclear Phagocytes at the Borders of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609921. [PMID: 33746939 PMCID: PMC7973121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma is enclosed and protected by a multilayered system of cellular and acellular barriers, functionally separating glia and neurons from peripheral circulation and blood-borne immune cells. Populating these borders as dynamic observers, CNS-resident macrophages contribute to organ homeostasis. Upon autoimmune, traumatic or neurodegenerative inflammation, these phagocytes start playing additional roles as immune regulators contributing to disease evolution. At the same time, pathological CNS conditions drive the migration and recruitment of blood-borne monocyte-derived cells across distinct local gateways. This invasion process drastically increases border complexity and can lead to parenchymal infiltration of blood-borne phagocytes playing a direct role both in damage and in tissue repair. While recent studies and technical advancements have highlighted the extreme heterogeneity of these resident and CNS-invading cells, both the compartment-specific mechanism of invasion and the functional specification of intruding and resident cells remain unclear. This review illustrates the complexity of mononuclear phagocytes at CNS interfaces, indicating how further studies of CNS border dynamics are crucially needed to shed light on local and systemic regulation of CNS functions and dysfunctions.
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40
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Lu TM, Houghton S, Magdeldin T, Durán JGB, Minotti AP, Snead A, Sproul A, Nguyen DHT, Xiang J, Fine HA, Rosenwaks Z, Studer L, Rafii S, Agalliu D, Redmond D, Lis R. Pluripotent stem cell-derived epithelium misidentified as brain microvascular endothelium requires ETS factors to acquire vascular fate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2016950118. [PMID: 33542154 PMCID: PMC7923590 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016950118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells derived from pluripotent sources in vitro must resemble those found in vivo as closely as possible at both transcriptional and functional levels in order to be a useful tool for studying diseases and developing therapeutics. Recently, differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into brain microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) with blood-brain barrier (BBB)-like properties has been reported. These cells have since been used as a robust in vitro BBB model for drug delivery and mechanistic understanding of neurological diseases. However, the precise cellular identity of these induced brain microvascular endothelial cells (iBMECs) has not been well described. Employing a comprehensive transcriptomic metaanalysis of previously published hPSC-derived cells validated by physiological assays, we demonstrate that iBMECs lack functional attributes of ECs since they are deficient in vascular lineage genes while expressing clusters of genes related to the neuroectodermal epithelial lineage (Epi-iBMEC). Overexpression of key endothelial ETS transcription factors (ETV2, ERG, and FLI1) reprograms Epi-iBMECs into authentic endothelial cells that are congruent with bona fide endothelium at both transcriptomic as well as some functional levels. This approach could eventually be used to develop a robust human BBB model in vitro that resembles the human brain EC in vivo for functional studies and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Lu
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sean Houghton
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Tarig Magdeldin
- Department of Neurology and the Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065
| | - José Gabriel Barcia Durán
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Andrew P Minotti
- Developmental Biology, the Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- The Biochemistry, Structural Biology, Cell Biology, Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065
| | - Amanda Snead
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Andrew Sproul
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Duc-Huy T Nguyen
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jenny Xiang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Howard A Fine
- Department of Neurology and the Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065
| | - Zev Rosenwaks
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Biochemistry, Structural Biology, Cell Biology, Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - David Redmond
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065;
| | - Raphaël Lis
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065;
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
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41
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Winkler L, Blasig R, Breitkreuz-Korff O, Berndt P, Dithmer S, Helms HC, Puchkov D, Devraj K, Kaya M, Qin Z, Liebner S, Wolburg H, Andjelkovic AV, Rex A, Blasig IE, Haseloff RF. Tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier promote edema formation and infarct size in stroke - Ambivalent effects of sealing proteins. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:132-145. [PMID: 32054373 PMCID: PMC7747158 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20904687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of stroke is greatly influenced by the state of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB endothelium is sealed paracellularly by tight junction (TJ) proteins, i.e., claudins (Cldns) and the redox regulator occludin. Functions of Cldn3 and occludin at the BBB are largely unknown, particularly after stroke. We address the effects of Cldn3 deficiency and stress factors on the BBB and its TJs. Cldn3 tightened the BBB for small molecules and ions, limited endothelial endocytosis, strengthened the TJ structure and controlled Cldn1 expression. After middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 3-h reperfusion or hypoxia of isolated brain capillaries, Cldn1, Cldn3 and occludin were downregulated. In Cldn3 knockout mice (C3KO), the reduction in Cldn1 was even greater and TJ ultrastructure was impaired; 48 h after MCAO of wt mice, infarct volumes were enlarged and edema developed, but endothelial TJs were preserved. In contrast, junctional localization of Cldn5 and occludin, TJ density, swelling and infarction size were reduced in affected brain areas of C3KO. Taken together, Cldn3 and occludin protect TJs in stroke, and this keeps the BBB intact. However, functional Cldn3, Cldn3-regulated TJ proteins and occludin promote edema and infarction, which suggests that TJ modulation could improve the outcome of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Winkler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Rosel Blasig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Berndt
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Sophie Dithmer
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Hans C Helms
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Dmytro Puchkov
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Kavi Devraj
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger-Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mehmet Kaya
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology & Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zhihai Qin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Stefan Liebner
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger-Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Universität of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Andre Rex
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf E Blasig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Reiner F Haseloff
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
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42
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Towards the development of a human in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier for virus-associated acute encephalopathy: assessment of the time- and concentration-dependent effects of TNF-α on paracellular tightness. Exp Brain Res 2020; 239:451-461. [PMID: 33219841 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of virus-associated acute encephalopathy (VAE) involves brain edema caused by disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We aimed to develop an in vitro VAE model using an in vitro BBB model, to evaluate the dynamics of vascular dysfunction caused by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. A co-culture model, consisting of Transwell®-grown human brain microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes, was treated with serially diluted TNF-α. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) was measured using cellZscope®. A permeability assay, using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated sodium or dextran, was performed. Changes in claudin-5 localization and expression after TNF-α treatment were observed using immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis. The TER decreased and permeability increased after TNF-α treatment; recovery time was dependent on TNF-α concentration. Claudin-5 was delocalized after TNF-α treatment and recovered in a TNF-α concentration-dependent manner. The expression of claudin-5 decreased 24 h after the TNF-α treatment and completely recovered 48 h after TNF-α treatment. Claudin-5 delocalization was likely associated with vascular hyperpermeability. To conclude, we evaluated vascular endothelial cell permeability and injury in VAE using an in vitro BBB model treated with TNF-α. This system can be useful for developing novel therapeutic strategies for VAE and designing treatments that target vascular permeability.
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Nishihara H, Gastfriend BD, Soldati S, Perriot S, Mathias A, Sano Y, Shimizu F, Gosselet F, Kanda T, Palecek SP, Du Pasquier R, Shusta EV, Engelhardt B. Advancing human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived blood-brain barrier models for studying immune cell interactions. FASEB J 2020; 34:16693-16715. [PMID: 33124083 PMCID: PMC7686106 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001507rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)‐derived blood‐brain barrier (BBB) models established to date lack expression of key adhesion molecules involved in immune cell migration across the BBB in vivo. Here, we introduce the extended endothelial cell culture method (EECM), which differentiates hiPSC‐derived endothelial progenitor cells to brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC)‐like cells with good barrier properties and mature tight junctions. Importantly, EECM‐BMEC‐like cells exhibited constitutive cell surface expression of ICAM‐1, ICAM‐2, and E‐selectin. Pro‐inflammatory cytokine stimulation increased the cell surface expression of ICAM‐1 and induced cell surface expression of P‐selectin and VCAM‐1. Co‐culture of EECM‐BMEC‐like cells with hiPSC‐derived smooth muscle‐like cells or their conditioned medium further increased the induction of VCAM‐1. Functional expression of endothelial ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 was confirmed by T‐cell interaction with EECM‐BMEC‐like cells. Taken together, we introduce the first hiPSC‐derived BBB model that displays an adhesion molecule phenotype that is suitable for the study of immune cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin D Gastfriend
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Perriot
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Mathias
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yasuteru Sano
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Blood Brain Barrier Laboratory, University of Artois, Lens, France
| | - Takashi Kanda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Bicker J, Alves G, Fonseca C, Falcão A, Fortuna A. Repairing blood-CNS barriers: Future therapeutic approaches for neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Res 2020; 162:105226. [PMID: 33007420 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) drug development faces significant difficulties that translate into high rates of failure and lack of innovation. The pathophysiology of neurological and psychiatric disorders often results in the breakdown of blood-CNS barriers, disturbing the CNS microenvironment and worsening disease progression. Therefore, restoring the integrity of blood-CNS barriers may have a beneficial influence in several CNS disorders and improve treatment outcomes. In this review, pathways that may be modulated to protect blood-CNS barriers from neuroinflammatory and oxidative insults are featured. First, the participation of the brain endothelium and glial cells in disruption processes is discussed. Then, the relevance of regulatory systems is analysed, specifically the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, the renin-angiotensin system, sleep and circadian rhythms, and glutamate neurotransmission. Lastly, compounds of endogenous and exogenous origin that are known to mediate the repair of blood-CNS barriers are presented. We believe that enhancing the protection of blood-CNS barriers is a promising therapeutic strategy to pursue in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bicker
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carla Fonseca
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
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45
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El Andalousi J, Khairallah H, Zhuang Y, Ryan AK, Gupta IR. Role of Claudins in Renal Branching Morphogenesis. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14492. [PMID: 32975899 PMCID: PMC7518295 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are a family of tight junction proteins that are expressed during mouse kidney development. They regulate paracellular transport of solutes along the nephron and contribute to the final composition of the urinary filtrate. To understand their roles during development, we used a protein reagent, a truncated version of the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (C-CPE), to specifically remove a subset of claudin family members from mouse embryonic kidney explants at embryonic day 12. We observed that treatment with C-CPE decreased the number and the complexity of ureteric bud tips that formed: there were more single and less bifid ureteric bud tips when compared to control-treated explants. In addition, C-CPE-treated explants exhibited ureteric bud tips with larger lumens when compared to control explants (p < .05). Immunofluorescent analysis revealed decreased expression and localization of Claudin-3, -4, -6, and -8 to tight junctions of ureteric bud tips following treatment with C-CPE. Interestingly, Claudin-7 showed higher expression in the basolateral membrane of the ureteric bud lineage and poor localization to the tight junctions of the ureteric bud lineage both in controls and in C-CPE-treated explants. Taken together, it appears that claudin proteins may play a role in ureteric bud branching morphogenesis through changes in lumen formation that may affect the efficiency by which ureteric buds emerge and branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine El Andalousi
- Research Institute of McGill University Health CentreMontreal Children's HospitalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Halim Khairallah
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Aimee K. Ryan
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
- Department of PediatricsMontreal Children's HospitalMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Indra R. Gupta
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
- Department of PediatricsMontreal Children's HospitalMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
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Francisco DMF, Marchetti L, Rodríguez-Lorenzo S, Frías-Anaya E, Figueiredo RM, Winter P, Romero IA, de Vries HE, Engelhardt B, Bruggmann R. Advancing brain barriers RNA sequencing: guidelines from experimental design to publication. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:51. [PMID: 32811511 PMCID: PMC7433166 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) in its varied forms has become an indispensable tool for analyzing differential gene expression and thus characterization of specific tissues. Aiming to understand the brain barriers genetic signature, RNA seq has also been introduced in brain barriers research. This has led to availability of both, bulk and single-cell RNA-Seq datasets over the last few years. If appropriately performed, the RNA-Seq studies provide powerful datasets that allow for significant deepening of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that establish the brain barriers. However, RNA-Seq studies comprise complex workflows that require to consider many options and variables before, during and after the proper sequencing process. MAIN BODY In the current manuscript, we build on the interdisciplinary experience of the European PhD Training Network BtRAIN ( https://www.btrain-2020.eu/ ) where bioinformaticians and brain barriers researchers collaborated to analyze and establish RNA-Seq datasets on vertebrate brain barriers. The obstacles BtRAIN has identified in this process have been integrated into the present manuscript. It provides guidelines along the entire workflow of brain barriers RNA-Seq studies starting from the overall experimental design to interpretation of results. Focusing on the vertebrate endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) and epithelial blood-cerebrospinal-fluid barrier (BCSFB) of the choroid plexus, we provide a step-by-step description of the workflow, highlighting the decisions to be made at each step of the workflow and explaining the strengths and weaknesses of individual choices made. Finally, we propose recommendations for accurate data interpretation and on the information to be included into a publication to ensure appropriate accessibility of the data and reproducibility of the observations by the scientific community. CONCLUSION Next generation transcriptomic profiling of the brain barriers provides a novel resource for understanding the development, function and pathology of these barrier cells, which is essential for understanding CNS homeostasis and disease. Continuous advancement and sophistication of RNA-Seq will require interdisciplinary approaches between brain barrier researchers and bioinformaticians as successfully performed in BtRAIN. The present guidelines are built on the BtRAIN interdisciplinary experience and aim to facilitate collaboration of brain barriers researchers with bioinformaticians to advance RNA-Seq study design in the brain barriers community.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M F Francisco
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Marchetti
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabela Rodríguez-Lorenzo
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Frías-Anaya
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Ricardo M Figueiredo
- GenXPro GmbH, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Ignacio Andres Romero
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Helga E de Vries
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Hashimoto Y, Tachibana K, Kondoh M. Tight junction modulators for drug delivery to the central nervous system. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1477-1486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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48
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Neuronal regulation of the blood-brain barrier and neurovascular coupling. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:416-432. [PMID: 32636528 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To continuously process neural activity underlying sensation, movement and cognition, the CNS requires a homeostatic microenvironment that is not only enriched in nutrients to meet its high metabolic demands but that is also devoid of toxins that might harm the sensitive neural tissues. This highly regulated microenvironment is made possible by two unique features of CNS vasculature absent in the peripheral organs. First, the blood-blood barrier, which partitions the circulating blood from the CNS, acts as a gatekeeper to facilitate the selective trafficking of substances between the blood and the parenchyma. Second, neurovascular coupling ensures that, following local neural activation, regional blood flow is increased to quickly supply more nutrients and remove metabolic waste. Here, we review how neural and vascular activity act on one another with regard to these two properties.
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Duong CN, Vestweber D. Mechanisms Ensuring Endothelial Junction Integrity Beyond VE-Cadherin. Front Physiol 2020; 11:519. [PMID: 32670077 PMCID: PMC7326147 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial junctions provide blood and lymph vessel integrity and are essential for the formation of a vascular system. They control the extravasation of solutes, leukocytes and metastatic cells from blood vessels and the uptake of fluid and leukocytes into the lymphatic vascular system. A multitude of adhesion molecules mediate and control the integrity and permeability of endothelial junctions. VE-cadherin is arguably the most important adhesion molecule for the formation of vascular structures, and the stability of their junctions. Interestingly, despite this prominence, its elimination from junctions in the adult organism has different consequences in the vasculature of different organs, both for blood and lymph vessels. In addition, even in tissues where the lack of VE-cadherin leads to strong plasma leaks from venules, the physical integrity of endothelial junctions is preserved. Obviously, other adhesion molecules can compensate for a loss of VE-cadherin and this review will discuss which other adhesive mechanisms contribute to the stability and regulation of endothelial junctions and cooperate with VE-cadherin in intact vessels. In addition to adhesion molecules, endothelial receptors will be discussed, which stimulate signaling processes that provide junction stability by modulating the actomyosin system, which reinforces tension of circumferential actin and dampens pulling forces of radial stress fibers. Finally, we will highlight most recent reports about the formation and control of the specialized button-like junctions of initial lymphatics, which represent the entry sites for fluid and cells into the lymphatic vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Nguyen Duong
- Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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50
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Hashimoto Y, Campbell M. Tight junction modulation at the blood-brain barrier: Current and future perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183298. [PMID: 32353377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the one of the most robust physical barriers in the body, comprised of tight junction (TJ) proteins in brain microvascular endothelial cells. The need for drugs to treat central nervous systems diseases is ever increasing, however the presence of the BBB significantly hampers the uptake of drugs into the brain. To overcome or circumvent the barrier, many kinds of techniques are being developed. Modulating the paracellular route by disruption of the TJ complex has been proposed as a potential drug delivery system to treat brain diseases, however, it has several limitations and is still in a developmental stage. However, recent significant advance in medical equipment /tools such as targeted ultra-sound technologies may resolve these limitations. In this review, we introduce recent advances in site- or molecular size-selective BBB disruption/modulation technologies and we include details on pharmacological inhibitory molecules against intercellular TJ proteins to modulate the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hashimoto
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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