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Polasko AL, Zhang D, Ramraj A, Chiu CL, Garcia-Marques FJ, Bermudez A, Kapp K, Peterson E, Qiu Z, Pollack AS, Zhao H, Pollack JR, Pitteri SJ, Brooks JD. Establishing and Characterizing the Molecular Profiles, Cellular Features, and Clinical Utility of a Patient-Derived Xenograft Model Using Benign Prostatic Tissues. J Transl Med 2024; 104:102129. [PMID: 39222914 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2024.102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition marked by the enlargement of the prostate gland, which often leads to significant urinary symptoms and a decreased quality of life. The development of clinically relevant animal models is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of BPH and improving treatment options. This study aims to establish a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model using benign prostatic tissues to explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms of BPH. PDXs were generated by implanting fresh BPH (transition zone) and paired normal (peripheral zone) prostate tissue from 8 patients under the renal capsule of immunodeficient male mice. Tissue weight, architecture, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, prostate-specific marker expression, and molecular profiles of PDXs were assessed after 1 week and 1, 2, or 3 months of implantation by immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, transcriptomics, and proteomics. Responses to finasteride, a standard-of-care therapy, were evaluated. PDXs maintained histologic and molecular characteristics of the parental human tissues. BPH, but not normal PDXs, demonstrated significant increases in weight and cellular proliferation, particularly at 1 month. Molecular profiling revealed specific gene and protein expression patterns correlating with BPH pathophysiology. Specifically, an increased immune and stress response was observed at 1 week, followed by increased expression of proliferation markers and BPH-specific stromal signaling molecules, such as BMP5 and CXCL13, at 1 month. Graft stabilization to preimplant characteristics was apparent between 2 and 3 months. Treatment with finasteride reduced proliferation, increased apoptosis, and induced morphologic changes consistent with therapeutic responses observed in human BPH. Our PDX model recapitulates the morphologic, histologic, and molecular features of human BPH, offering a significant advancement in modeling the complex interactions of cell types in BPH microenvironments. These PDXs respond to therapeutic intervention as expected, providing a valuable tool for preclinical testing of new therapeutics that will improve the well-being of BPH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Avanti Ramraj
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Chun-Lung Chiu
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Fernando J Garcia-Marques
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Abel Bermudez
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kathryn Kapp
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Eric Peterson
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Zhengyuan Qiu
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Anna S Pollack
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Sharon J Pitteri
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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Moore L, Raison N, Malde S, Dasgupta P, Sahai A. Inheritance patterns of lower urinary tract symptoms in adults: a systematic review. BJU Int 2024. [PMID: 39187949 DOI: 10.1111/bju.16517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compile and evaluate the heritability and inheritance patterns of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in adult cohorts. METHODS Searches of five databases (PubMed, Embase, APA PsycInfo, Global Health, and OVID Medline) commenced on 6 July 2024, resulting in 736 articles retrieved after deduplication. Studies evaluating heritability patterns, gene frequencies, and familial aggregation of symptoms were included for review. Screening and predefined eligibility criteria produced 34 studies for final review. A descriptive analysis of synthesised data was performed, adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The Cochrane Risk of Bias in Non-Randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool and the Johanna Briggs Institute checklist were used to evaluate these studies. RESULTS Ten of the 34 studies (29%) described general LUTS, 14 (41%) described symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement (BPE), nine (26%) described urinary incontinence (UI; urge UI [UUI], stress UI [SUI] and mixed UI [MUI]), four (12%) described nocturia alone, two (6%) described overactive bladder (OAB), and four (13%) described other specific symptoms (frequency, postvoid residual urine volume). BPE symptoms, UI (MUI and UUI), nocturia alone, and frequency alone were associated with genetic predisposition, whilst OAB and SUI had more modest inheritance. CONCLUSION The pathogenetic and pharmacological mechanisms fundamental to LUTS manifestation are highly heterogeneous. Further work is required to evaluate the inheritance patterns of LUTS more extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan Moore
- Guy's King's and St Thomas' School of Medical Education, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Raison
- Guy's King's and St Thomas' School of Medical Education, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sachin Malde
- Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- Guy's King's and St Thomas' School of Medical Education, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Arun Sahai
- Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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3
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Kyoda Y, Shibamori K, Shindo T, Maehana T, Hashimoto K, Kobayashi K, Tanaka T, Fukuta F, Masumori N. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors causing hyperplasia of the prostate. Int J Urol 2024; 31:705-717. [PMID: 38462732 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Prostatic hyperplasia is very common in elderly men and is a typical disease that reduces quality of life. Histologically, hyperplasia of the prostate gland causes obstruction at the bladder outlet, resulting in symptoms such as a weak urine stream. Various factors have been considered to cause histological enlargement of the prostate, but the underlying cause is still unknown. The factors that cause prostate hyperplasia can be broadly classified into intrinsic and extrinsic ones. Extrinsic factors include things that we directly come into contact with such as bacteria and food. On the other hand, intrinsic factors are those that cause changes in functions originally provided in the body due to some cause, including extrinsic factors, such as chronic inflammation and an imbalance of sex hormones. A large number of reports have been made to date regarding the etiology of prostatic hyperplasia, although they have not yet clarified the fundamental cause(s). The various factors currently known should be outlined for future research. Should it be possible to prevent this highly prevalent prostatic hyperplasia which is mainly cause of dcreasing quality of life, there is no doubt that it would be a huge contribution to humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kyoda
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Shibamori
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shindo
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Maehana
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohei Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ko Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fumimasa Fukuta
- Department of Urology, Steel Memorial Muroran Hospital, Muroran, Japan
| | - Naoya Masumori
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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4
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Hung SC, Chang LW, Hsiao TH, Lin GC, Wang SS, Li JR, Chen IC. Polygenic risk score predicting susceptibility and outcome of benign prostatic hyperplasia in the Han Chinese. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:49. [PMID: 38778357 PMCID: PMC11110300 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the high prevalence of BPH among elderly men, pinpointing those at elevated risk can aid in early intervention and effective management. This study aimed to explore that polygenic risk score (PRS) is effective in predicting benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) incidence, prognosis and risk of operation in Han Chinese. METHODS A retrospective cohort study included 12,474 male participants (6,237 with BPH and 6,237 non-BPH controls) from the Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI). Genotyping was performed using the Affymetrix Genome-Wide TWB 2.0 SNP Array. PRS was calculated using PGS001865, comprising 1,712 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Logistic regression models assessed the association between PRS and BPH incidence, adjusting for age and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. The study also examined the relationship between PSA, prostate volume, and response to 5-α-reductase inhibitor (5ARI) treatment, as well as the association between PRS and the risk of TURP. RESULTS Individuals in the highest PRS quartile (Q4) had a significantly higher risk of BPH compared to the lowest quartile (Q1) (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.274-1.783, p < 0.0001), after adjusting for PSA level. The Q4 group exhibited larger prostate volumes and a smaller volume reduction after 5ARI treatment. The Q1 group had a lower cumulative TURP probability at 3, 5, and 10 years compared to the Q4 group. PRS Q4 was an independent risk factor for TURP. CONCLUSIONS In this Han Chinese cohort, higher PRS was associated with an increased susceptibility to BPH, larger prostate volumes, poorer response to 5ARI treatment, and a higher risk of TURP. Larger prospective studies with longer follow-up are warranted to further validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chun Hung
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Chang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hung Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Cheng Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shian-Shiang Wang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Chieh Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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5
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White JA, Kaninjing ET, Adeniji KA, Jibrin P, Obafunwa JO, Ogo CN, Mohammed F, Popoola A, Fatiregun OA, Oluwole OP, Thorpe RJ, Karanam B, Elhussin I, Ambs S, Tang W, Davis M, Polak P, Campbell MJ, Brignole KR, Rotimi SO, Dean-Colomb W, Odedina FT, Yates C. Whole-exome sequencing of Nigerian benign prostatic hyperplasia reveals increased alterations in apoptotic pathways. Prostate 2024; 84:460-472. [PMID: 38192023 PMCID: PMC10922327 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through whole-exome sequencing of 60 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded Nigerian (NGRn) benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) samples, we identified germline and somatic alterations in apoptotic pathways impacting BPH development and progression. Prostate enlargement is a common occurrence in male aging; however, this enlargement can lead to lower urinary tract symptoms that negatively impact quality of life. This impact is disproportionately present in men of African ancestry. BPH pathophysiology is poorly understood and studies examining non-European populations are lacking. METHODS In this study, NGRn BPH, normal prostate, and prostate cancer (PCa) tumor samples were sequenced and compared to characterize genetic alterations in NGRn BPH. RESULTS Two hundred and two nonbenign, ClinVar-annotated germline variants were present in NGRn BPH samples. Six genes [BRCA1 (92%), HSD3B1 (85%), TP53 (37%), PMS2 (23%), BARD1 (20%), and BRCA2 (17%)] were altered in at least 10% of samples; however, compared to NGRn normal and tumor, the frequency of alterations in BPH samples showed no significant differences at the gene or variant level. BRCA2_rs11571831 and TP53_rs1042522 germline alterations had a statistically significant co-occurrence interaction in BPH samples. In at least two BPH samples, 173 genes harbored somatic variants known to be clinically actionable. Three genes (COL18A1, KIF16B, and LRP1) showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) higher frequency in BPH. NGRn BPH also had five gene pairs (PKD1/KIAA0100, PKHD1/PKD1, DNAH9/LRP1B, NWD1/DCHS2, and TCERG1/LMTK2) with statistically significant co-occurring interactions. Two hundred and seventy-nine genes contained novel somatic variants in NGRn BPH. Three genes (CABP1, FKBP1C, and RP11-595B24.2) had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) higher alteration frequency in NGRn BPH and three were significantly higher in NGRn tumor (CACNA1A, DMKN, and CACNA2D2). Pairwise Fisher's exact tests showed 14 gene pairs with statistically significant (p < 0.05) interactions and four interactions approaching significance (p < 0.10). Mutational patterns in NGRn BPH were similar to COSMIC (Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer) signatures associated with aging and dysfunctional DNA damage repair. CONCLUSIONS NGRn BPH contained significant germline alteration interactions (BRCA2_rs11571831 and TP53_rs1042522) and increased somatic alteration frequencies (LMTK2, LRP1, COL18A1, CABP1, and FKBP1C) that impact apoptosis. Normal prostate development is maintained by balancing apoptotic and proliferative activity. Dysfunction in either mechanism can lead to abnormal prostate growth. This work is the first to examine genomic sequencing in NGRn BPH and provides data that fill known gaps in the understanding BPH and how it impacts men of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A White
- Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
- Department of Genetics, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ernest T Kaninjing
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
- School of Health and Human Performance, Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville, Georgia, USA
| | - Kayode A Adeniji
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Paul Jibrin
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, National Hospital Abuja, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - John O Obafunwa
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Chidiebere N Ogo
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
- Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Faruk Mohammed
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Ademola Popoola
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Omolara A Fatiregun
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olabode P Oluwole
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Roland J Thorpe
- Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Balasubramanyam Karanam
- Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
| | - Isra Elhussin
- Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa Davis
- Department of Genetics, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paz Polak
- Quest Diagnostics, Secaucus, New Jersey, USA
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kathryn R Brignole
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Solomon O Rotimi
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry and Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Windy Dean-Colomb
- Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
- Piedmont Medical Oncology-Newnan, Newnan, Georgia, USA
| | - Folake T Odedina
- Center for Health Equity and Community Engagement Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Clayton Yates
- Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
- Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), Abuja, Wuse Zone 1, Nigeria
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Linder JE, Tao R, Chung WK, Kiryluk K, Liu C, Weng C, Connolly JJ, Hakonarson H, Harr M, Leppig KA, Jarvik GP, Veenstra DL, Aufox S, Chisholm RL, Gordon AS, Hoell C, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Smith ME, Holm IA, Miller EM, Prows CA, Elskeally O, Kullo IJ, Lee C, Jose S, Manolio TA, Rowley R, Padi-Adjirackor NA, Wilmayani NK, City B, Wei WQ, Wiesner GL, Rahm AK, Williams JL, Williams MS, Peterson JF. Prospective, multi-site study of healthcare utilization after actionable monogenic findings from clinical sequencing. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:1950-1958. [PMID: 37883979 PMCID: PMC10645563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As large-scale genomic screening becomes increasingly prevalent, understanding the influence of actionable results on healthcare utilization is key to estimating the potential long-term clinical impact. The eMERGE network sequenced individuals for actionable genes in multiple genetic conditions and returned results to individuals, providers, and the electronic health record. Differences in recommended health services (laboratory, imaging, and procedural testing) delivered within 12 months of return were compared among individuals with pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) findings to matched individuals with negative findings before and after return of results. Of 16,218 adults, 477 unselected individuals were found to have a monogenic risk for arrhythmia (n = 95), breast cancer (n = 96), cardiomyopathy (n = 95), colorectal cancer (n = 105), or familial hypercholesterolemia (n = 86). Individuals with P/LP results more frequently received services after return (43.8%) compared to before return (25.6%) of results and compared to individuals with negative findings (24.9%; p < 0.0001). The annual cost of qualifying healthcare services increased from an average of $162 before return to $343 after return of results among the P/LP group (p < 0.0001); differences in the negative group were non-significant. The mean difference-in-differences was $149 (p < 0.0001), which describes the increased cost within the P/LP group corrected for cost changes in the negative group. When stratified by individual conditions, significant cost differences were observed for arrhythmia, breast cancer, and cardiomyopathy. In conclusion, less than half of individuals received billed health services after monogenic return, which modestly increased healthcare costs for payors in the year following return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodell E Linder
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
| | - Ran Tao
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | | | | | - Cong Liu
- Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - John J Connolly
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Margaret Harr
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen A Leppig
- Genetic Services, Kaiser Permanente of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- University of Washington Medical Center, Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David L Veenstra
- University of Washington, Department of Pharmacy, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sharon Aufox
- Northwestern University, Center for Genetic Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rex L Chisholm
- Northwestern University, Center for Genetic Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Adam S Gordon
- Northwestern University, Center for Genetic Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christin Hoell
- Northwestern University, Center for Genetic Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Maureen E Smith
- Northwestern University, Center for Genetic Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Erin M Miller
- Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Cynthia A Prows
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sheethal Jose
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Teri A Manolio
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robb Rowley
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Brittany City
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Wei-Qi Wei
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | | | | | - Janet L Williams
- Department of Genomic Health, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Marc S Williams
- Department of Genomic Health, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Josh F Peterson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
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7
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Maeda-Minami A, Nishikawa T, Ishikawa H, Mutoh M, Akimoto K, Matsuyama Y, Mano Y, Uemura H. Association of PSA variability with prostate cancer development using large-scale medical information data: a retrospective cohort study. Genes Environ 2023; 45:25. [PMID: 37848957 PMCID: PMC10580524 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-023-00280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men worldwide and the fourth most common cause of death. The number of prostate cancer cases and deaths is increasing every year because of population aging. This study aimed to clarify the risk of developing prostate cancer due to fluctuations in Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) levels in patients without a history of prostate cancer using large medical information data. RESULTS This retrospective cohort included 1707 male patients aged 60 years or older who had a PSA level measurement date (2-PSA) within 3 months or more and 2 years from the first PSA level measurement date (1-PSA) in the database between 2008 and 2019. We subtracted 1-PSA from 2-PSA and designated patients with a higher 2-PSA than 1-PSA to the "up" group (n = 967) and patients with a lower 2-PSA than 1-PSA to the "down" group (n = 740). By using Cox proportional hazards model, a significant increase in prostate cancer risk was observed in the up group compared with the down group (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21-2.72; adjusted for patient background factors). Subgroup analysis showed that patients with PSA levels < 4 ng/mL had a significantly increased risk of developing prostate cancer if the next PSA level increases by approximately 20% (adjusted HR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.14-7.58), and patients with PSA levels of 4 ng/mL or higher if the next PSA level is decreased by approximately 20% had a significantly reduced risk of developing prostate cancer (adjusted HR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.18-0.74), compared to that with no change. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to clarify the association between PSA variability and risk of developing prostate cancer in patients without a history of prostate cancer. These results suggest that the suppression of elevated PSA levels may lead to the prevention of prostate cancer and that it would be better to perform a biopsy because the risk of developing prostate cancer may increase in the future if the PSA value increases above a certain level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Maeda-Minami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, 2641, 278-8510 Chiba Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, 2641, 278-8510 Chiba Japan
| | - Hideki Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazunori Akimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, 2641, 278-8510 Chiba Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuyama
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunari Mano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, 2641, 278-8510 Chiba Japan
| | - Hiroji Uemura
- Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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8
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Du W, Wang T, Zhang W, Xiao Y, Wang X. Genetically supported causality between benign prostate hyperplasia and urinary bladder neoplasms: A mendelian randomization study. Front Genet 2022; 13:1016696. [PMID: 36468030 PMCID: PMC9713637 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1016696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Observational studies have suggested a possible association between benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and bladder cancer (BLCA). However, these studies are prone to errors and limitations or confounding factors, making them unsuitable for assessing the causal relationship between BPH and BLCA. Objective: Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed to determine a possible association between genetically predicted BPH and the risk of BLCA. Methods: A two-sample MR analysis was performed utilizing the Integrative Epidemiology Unit genome-wide association (GWAS) database of the Medical Research Council, United Kingdom A series of control steps, including five primary methods, were performed to identify the most suitable instrumental variables (IVs) for MR analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to avoid statistical errors, including heterogeneity and pleiotropic bias. Results: Genetic variants associated with BPH (P < 5 × 10-8) and BLCA (P < 5 × 10-6) were identified as instrumental variables and assessed using GWAS summary data (BPH, 4,670 cases vs. 458,340 controls; BLCA, 1,279 cases vs. 372,016 controls). BPH exhibited a positive effect on the occurrence of BLCA (inverse variance weighted (IVW), odds ratio (OR) = 1.095, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.030-1.165, p = 0.003), but there was no causal effect for BLCA on BPH (IVW, OR = 1.092, 95% CI = 0.814-1.465, p = 0.554). Conclusion: Genetically predicted BPH was associated with a higher risk of BLCA in all histological subtypes. In contrast, the evidence was not significant to back the causality of genetically induced BLCA on BPH. These findings indicate that BPH plays a key role in developing BLCA in the European population. Further studies are needed to uncover the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Du
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxiu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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9
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王 文, 马 飞, 王 帆, 杨 志, 范 珊, 窦 桂, 甘 慧, 冯 素, 孟 志. [ Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge flower extract inhibits benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:1503-1510. [PMID: 36329584 PMCID: PMC9637503 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.10.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the inhibitory effect of the extract of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge flower against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and explore its possible mechanism. METHODS MTT assay was used to examine the effect of the extract of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge flower on proliferation of benign prostatic hyperplasia cells (BPH-1), and cell apoptosis and cell cycle changes following the treatment were analyzed using annexin V/PI double staining and flow cytometry. The protein expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, PI3K and AKT in the treated cells were detected using Western blotting. A rat model of BPH established by subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate was treated with the flower extract for 28 days, and pathological changes in the prostate tissue were observed with HE staining. The protein expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase3 and PI3K/AKT in the prostate tissue were detected with Western blotting. RESULTS Within the concentration range of 125-1000 µg/mL, the flower extract of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge significantly inhibited the proliferation of BPH-1 cells and caused obvious cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase; the apoptotic rate of the cells was positively correlated with the concentration of the flower extract (P < 0.05). Bcl-2, p-PI3K and p-AKT expression levels were significantly down-regulated and Bax and caspase-3 expression levels were significantly increased in the cells after treatment with the flowers extract (P < 0.05). In the rat models of BPH, the rats treated with the flowers extract at moderate and high doses showed obviously decreased expressions of p-AKT and Bcl-2 and an increased expression of Bax in the prostate tissue; a significantly lowered p-AKT expression was observed in the prostate tissue of rats receiving the low-dose treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The flower extract of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge has a inhibitory effect on BPH both in vitro and in rats, suggesting its potential value in the development of medicinal plant preparations for treatment of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- 文晴 王
- 河南中医药大学药学院,河南 郑州 450046College of pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- 军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所,北京 100850Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- 长春金赛药业有限责任公司,吉林 长春 130000GeneScience Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, China
| | - 飞 马
- 军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所,北京 100850Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - 帆均 王
- 军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所,北京 100850Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - 志远 杨
- 军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所,北京 100850Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - 珊 范
- 军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所,北京 100850Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - 桂芳 窦
- 军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所,北京 100850Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - 慧 甘
- 军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所,北京 100850Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - 素香 冯
- 河南中医药大学药学院,河南 郑州 450046College of pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - 志云 孟
- 军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所,北京 100850Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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10
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Vickman RE, Aaron-Brooks L, Zhang R, Lanman NA, Lapin B, Gil V, Greenberg M, Sasaki T, Cresswell GM, Broman MM, Paez JS, Petkewicz J, Talaty P, Helfand BT, Glaser AP, Wang CH, Franco OE, Ratliff TL, Nastiuk KL, Crawford SE, Hayward SW. TNF is a potential therapeutic target to suppress prostatic inflammation and hyperplasia in autoimmune disease. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2133. [PMID: 35440548 PMCID: PMC9018703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune (AI) diseases can affect many organs; however, the prostate has not been considered to be a primary target of these systemic inflammatory processes. Here, we utilize medical record data, patient samples, and in vivo models to evaluate the impact of inflammation, as seen in AI diseases, on prostate tissue. Human and mouse tissues are used to examine whether systemic targeting of inflammation limits prostatic inflammation and hyperplasia. Evaluation of 112,152 medical records indicates that benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) prevalence is significantly higher among patients with AI diseases. Furthermore, treating these patients with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-antagonists significantly decreases BPH incidence. Single-cell RNA-seq and in vitro assays suggest that macrophage-derived TNF stimulates BPH-derived fibroblast proliferation. TNF blockade significantly reduces epithelial hyperplasia, NFκB activation, and macrophage-mediated inflammation within prostate tissues. Together, these studies show that patients with AI diseases have a heightened susceptibility to BPH and that reducing inflammation with a therapeutic agent can suppress BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E Vickman
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - LaTayia Aaron-Brooks
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Renyuan Zhang
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Nadia A Lanman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Brittany Lapin
- Biostatistics and Research Informatics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Victoria Gil
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Max Greenberg
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Gregory M Cresswell
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- GW Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Meaghan M Broman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - J Sebastian Paez
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jacqueline Petkewicz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Pooja Talaty
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Brian T Helfand
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Alexander P Glaser
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Chi-Hsiung Wang
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Biostatistics and Research Informatics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kent L Nastiuk
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA.
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11
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Jiang W, Xu Y, Chen X, Pan S, Zhu X. E26 transformation-specific variant 4 as a tumor promotor in human cancers through specific molecular mechanisms. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 22:518-527. [PMID: 34553037 PMCID: PMC8433062 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
E26 transformation-specific (ETS) variant 4 (ETV4) is an important transcription factor that belongs to the ETS transcription factor family and is essential for much cellular physiology. Recent evidence has revealed that ETV4 is aberrantly expressed in many types of tumors, and its overexpression is related to poor prognosis of cancer patients. Additionally, increasing studies have identified that ETV4 promotes cancer growth, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Mechanistically, the level of ETV4 is regulated by some post-translation modulations in a broad spectrum of cancers. However, little progress has been made to comprehensively summarize the critical roles of ETV4 in different human cancers. Hence, this review mainly focuses on the physiological functions of ETV4 in various human tumors. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of ETV4-mediated cancer progression were elucidated, including how ETV4 modulates its downstream signaling pathways and how ETV4 is regulated by some factors. On this basis, the present review may provide a valuable therapeutics strategy for future cancer treatment by targeting ETV4-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yichi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Shuya Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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Shah A, Shah AA, K N, Lobo R. Mechanistic targets for BPH and prostate cancer-a review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2021; 36:261-270. [PMID: 32960781 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
All men, almost, suffer from prostatic disorders in average life expectancy. In the year of 1950s, the first autopsy of prostate gland discovered the link between Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and Prostate Cancer (PCa). After that, many histology, biochemistry, epidemiology studies explained the association and associated risk factor for the same. From the various scientific evidence, it is proved that both diseases share some common transcription factors and signalling pathways. Still, BPH cannot be considered as the first step of PCa progression. To define, the relationship between both of the diseases, a well-defined large epidemiological study is needed. Along with androgen signalling, imbalanced apoptosis, oxidative stress, and microbial infection also crucial factors that significantly affect the pathogenesis of BPH. Various signalling pathways are involved in the progression of BPH. Androgen signalling is the driving force for the progress of PCa. In PCa androgen signalling is upregulated as compared to a healthy prostate. Some dominant Androgen-regulated genes and their functions have been discussed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Aarti Abhishek Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nandakumar K
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Richard Lobo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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13
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Incaspitolide A extracted from Carpesium cernuum induces apoptosis in vitro via the PI3K/AKT pathway in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228962. [PMID: 34100062 PMCID: PMC8220449 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease that occurs mainly in older men. The pathogenesis of BPH is complex and patients face a prolonged treatment course, and novel drugs with better selectivity and lower toxicity are required. Incaspitolide A (compound TMJ-12) is a germacrane-type sesquiterpenoid compound extracted from the plant Carpesium carnuum. Extracts of C. carnuum are known to exert suppressive effects on BPH-1 cells. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the suppressive effect of TMJ-12 specifically on BPH-1 cells. A cytotoxicity assay indicated that TMJ-12 inhibited BPH-1 cell proliferation, while flow cytometry assays showed that TMJ-12 induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and the apoptosis of BPH-1 cells. TMJ-12 was also shown to regulate the expression of several apoptosis- and cell cycle-related proteins, namely Bcl-2, Bax, Bad, Caspase-9, Caspase-3, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), Cyclin B1, CDC25C, and c-Myc, among others. Collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) following exposure to TMJ-12 was detected with the JC-1 staining assay. Further investigation revealed that treatment with TMJ-12 inhibited the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway by increasing the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). Taken together, the results suggest that TMJ-12 prevents BPH-1 cell proliferation via the PI3K/AKT pathway by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
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14
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Li W, Klein RJ. Genome-wide association study identifies a role for the progesterone receptor in benign prostatic hyperplasia risk. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:492-498. [PMID: 33219367 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-00303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common noncancerous prostate enlargement, which is usually associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and can lead to complex urinary, bladder, or kidney diseases. The majority of elderly men will be affected by BPH as age increases. METHODS Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of BPH using 1942 cases and 4730 controls from the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics network (eMERGE) as discovery cohort. We then used 5109 cases and 161,911 controls from UK Biobank as validation cohort. RESULTS This GWAS discovered 35 genome-wide significant variants (P < 5 × 10-8), located at 22 different loci in discovery cohort. We validated four significant variants located at four different loci in validation cohort: rs8027714 at 15q11.2, rs8136152 at 22q13.2, rs10192133 at 2q24.2, and rs1237696 at 11q22.1. rs1237696 is an intronic variant on chromosome 11 in the progesterone receptor (PGR) gene (P = 4.21 ×10-8, OR [95% CI] = 1.36 [1.22-1.52]). PGR is a known drug target for BPH as the PGR agonist gestonorone caproate has been used to treat BPH in multiple countries. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that genetic variants identified from BPH GWAS can identify pharmacologic targets for BPH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Li
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Klein
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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16
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Li W, Bicak M, Sjoberg DD, Vertosick E, Dahlin A, Melander O, Ulmert D, Lilja H, Klein RJ. Genome-wide association study identifies novel single nucleotide polymorphisms having age-specific effect on prostate-specific antigen levels. Prostate 2020; 80:1405-1412. [PMID: 32914890 PMCID: PMC7606728 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in blood are widely used and associated with prostate cancer risk and outcome. After puberty, PSA levels increase by age and multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found to be associated with PSA levels. However, the relationship between the effects of SNPs and age on PSA remains unknown. METHODS To test for SNP × age interaction, we conducted a genome-wide association study using 2394 men without prostate cancer diagnosis from Malmö, Sweden as a discovery set and 2137 men from the eMERGE study (USA) for validation. Linear regression was used to identify significant interactions between SNP and age (p < 1 × 10-4 for discovery, p < .05 for validation). RESULTS The 15 SNPs from three different loci (8p11.22, 8p12, 3q25.31) are found to have age-specific effect on PSA levels. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) analysis shows that 12 SNPs from 3q25.31 locus affect the expression level of three genes: KCNAB1, SLC33A1, PLCH1. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SNPs may have age-specific effect on PSA levels, which provides new direction to study genetic markers for PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Li
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Mesude Bicak
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Daniel D. Sjoberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Emily Vertosick
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Anders Dahlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - David Ulmert
- Molecular pharmacology program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Hans Lilja
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Surgery, and Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA; Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Robert J. Klein
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
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17
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present historical and contemporary hypotheses on the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and the potential implications for current medical therapies. METHODS The literature on BPH was reviewed. BPH is a prevalent disease with significant health and economic impacts on patients and health organisations across the world, whilst the cause/initiation of the disease process has still not been fully determined. RESULTS In BPH, pathways involving androgens, oestrogens, insulin, inflammation, proliferative reawakening, stem cells and telomerase have been hypothesised in the pathogenesis of the disease. A number of pathways first described >40 years ago have been first rebuked and then have come back into favour. A system of an inflammatory process within the prostate, which leads to growth factor production, stem cell activation, and cellular proliferation encompassing a number of pathways, is currently in vogue. This review also highlights the physiology of the prostate cell subpopulations and how this may account for the delay/failure in treatment response for certain medical therapies. CONCLUSION BPH is an important disease, and as the pathogenesis is not fully understood it impacts the effectiveness of medical therapies. This impacts patients, with further research potentially highlighting novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor M Devlin
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.,Urology Department, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK
| | | | - Norman J Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
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18
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Dong Y, Liu J, Xue Z, Sun J, Huang Z, Jing Y, Han B, Shen B, Yan J, Huang R. Pao Pereira extract suppresses benign prostatic hyperplasia by inhibiting inflammation-associated NFκB signaling. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:150. [PMID: 32416730 PMCID: PMC7231430 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study revealed the extract from the bark of an Amazonian tree Pao Pereira can suppress benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a rat model. Herein, we examined its inhibitory effects on human BPH cells and dissect its molecular mechanism. METHODS We applied Pao extract to human BPH epithelial BPH-1 and prostate myofibroblast WPMY-1 cells. Cell viability, apoptosis and immunoblotting were performed, followed by gene expression profiling and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to detect the differentially expressed genes and signaling pathway induced by Pao extract. Human ex vivo BPH explant organ culture was also used to examine the effects of Pao extract on human BPH tissues. RESULTS Pao extract treatment inhibited viability and induced apoptosis in human BPH-1 and WPMY-1 cells. Gene expression profiling and the following validation indicated that the expression levels of pro-apoptotic genes (eg. PCDC4, CHOP and FBXO32) were induced by Pao extract in both two cell lines. GSEA further revealed that Pao extract treatment was negatively associated with the activation of NFκB signaling. Pao extract suppressed the transcriptional activity of NFκB and down-regulated its target genes involved in inflammation (CXCL5, CXCL6 and CXCL12) and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling (HAS2, TNC and MMP13) in both cultured cells and human ex vivo BPH explants. CONCLUSION In both BPH epithelial and stromal cells, Pao extract induces apoptosis by upregulating the pro-apoptotic genes and inhibiting the inflammation-associated NFκB signaling via reducing phosphorylation of NFκB subunit RelA. Our data suggest that Pao extract may be a promising phytotherapeutic agent for BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiakuan Liu
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zesheng Xue
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingya Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhengnan Huang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yifeng Jing
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bangmin Han
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ruimin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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19
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Prostate Cancer Development: Therapeutic Implications. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E82. [PMID: 31366128 PMCID: PMC6789661 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent nonskin cancer and second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in man. Prostate cancer is a clinically heterogeneous disease with many patients exhibiting an aggressive disease with progression, metastasis, and other patients showing an indolent disease with low tendency to progression. Three stages of development of human prostate tumors have been identified: intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma androgen-dependent, and adenocarcinoma androgen-independent or castration-resistant. Advances in molecular technologies have provided a very rapid progress in our understanding of the genomic events responsible for the initial development and progression of prostate cancer. These studies have shown that prostate cancer genome displays a relatively low mutation rate compared with other cancers and few chromosomal loss or gains. The ensemble of these molecular studies has led to suggest the existence of two main molecular groups of prostate cancers: one characterized by the presence of ERG rearrangements (~50% of prostate cancers harbor recurrent gene fusions involving ETS transcription factors, fusing the 5' untranslated region of the androgen-regulated gene TMPRSS2 to nearly the coding sequence of the ETS family transcription factor ERG) and features of chemoplexy (complex gene rearrangements developing from a coordinated and simultaneous molecular event), and a second one characterized by the absence of ERG rearrangements and by the frequent mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase adapter SPOP and/or deletion of CDH1, a chromatin remodeling factor, and interchromosomal rearrangements and SPOP mutations are early events during prostate cancer development. During disease progression, genomic and epigenomic abnormalities accrued and converged on prostate cancer pathways, leading to a highly heterogeneous transcriptomic landscape, characterized by a hyperactive androgen receptor signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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