1
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Kim J, Xu S, Jung S, Nguyen A, Cheng Y, Zhao M, Fujimoto BS, Nelson W, Schiro P, Franklin JL, Higginbotham JN, Coffey RJ, Shi M, Vojtech LN, Hladik F, Tewari M, Tigges J, Ghiran I, Jovanovic‐Talisman T, Laurent LC, Das S, Gololobova O, Witwer KW, Xu T, Charest A, Jensen KVK, Raffai RL, Jones JC, Welsh JA, Nolan JP, Chiu DT. Comparison of EV characterization by commercial high-sensitivity flow cytometers and a custom single-molecule flow cytometer. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12498. [PMID: 39140467 PMCID: PMC11322860 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
High-sensitivity flow cytometers have been developed for multi-parameter characterization of single extracellular vesicles (EVs), but performance varies among instruments and calibration methods. Here we compare the characterization of identical (split) EV samples derived from human colorectal cancer (DiFi) cells by three high-sensitivity flow cytometers, two commercial instruments, CytoFLEX/CellStream, and a custom single-molecule flow cytometer (SMFC). DiFi EVs were stained with the membrane dye di-8-ANEPPS and with PE-conjugated anti-EGFR or anti-tetraspanin (CD9/CD63/CD81) antibodies for estimation of EV size and surface protein copy numbers. The limits of detection (LODs) for immunofluorescence and vesicle size based on calibration using cross-calibrated, hard-dyed beads were ∼10 PE/∼80 nm EV diameter for CytoFLEX and ∼10 PEs/∼67 nm for CellStream. For the SMFC, the LOD for immunofluorescence was 1 PE and ≤ 35 nm for size. The population of EVs detected by each system (di-8-ANEPPS+/PE+ particles) differed widely depending on the LOD of the system; for example, CellStream/CytoFLEX detected only 5.7% and 1.5% of the tetraspanin-labelled EVs detected by SMFC, respectively, and median EV diameter and antibody copy numbers were much larger for CellStream/CytoFLEX than for SMFC as measured and validated using super-resolution/single-molecule TIRF microscopy. To obtain a dataset representing a common EV population analysed by all three platforms, we filtered out SMFC and CellStream measurements for EVs below the CytoFLEX LODs as determined by bead calibration (10 PE/80 nm). The inter-platform agreement using this filtered dataset was significantly better than for the unfiltered dataset, but even better concordance between results was obtained by applying higher cutoffs (21 PE/120 nm) determined by threshold analysis using the SMFC data. The results demonstrate the impact of specifying LODs to define the EV population analysed on inter-instrument reproducibility in EV flow cytometry studies, and the utility of threshold analysis of SMFC data for providing semi-quantitative LOD values for other flow cytometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kim
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Shihan Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Alya Nguyen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Yuanhua Cheng
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Mengxia Zhao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Wyatt Nelson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Jeffrey L. Franklin
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | | | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Cell BiologyVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Min Shi
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Lucia N. Vojtech
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Muneesh Tewari
- Division of Hematology/OncologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Rogel Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Center for Computational Medicine and BioinformaticsUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare SystemAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - John Tigges
- Department of MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston and CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ionita Ghiran
- Department of MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston and CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Tijana Jovanovic‐Talisman
- Department of Molecular MedicineBeckman Research Institute of the City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Louise C. Laurent
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical schoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Olesia Gololobova
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Tuoye Xu
- Cancer Research InstituteBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Al Charest
- Cancer Research InstituteBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Robert L. Raffai
- Department of Veterans AffairsSurgical Service (112G), San Francisco VA Medical CenterSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jennifer C. Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Joshua A. Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | - Daniel T. Chiu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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2
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Moya Muñoz GG, Brix O, Klocke P, Harris PD, Luna Piedra JR, Wendler ND, Lerner E, Zijlstra N, Cordes T. Single-molecule detection and super-resolution imaging with a portable and adaptable 3D-printed microscopy platform (Brick-MIC). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.29.573596. [PMID: 38234760 PMCID: PMC10793419 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.29.573596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, single-molecule and super-resolution microscopy have advanced and represent essential tools for life science research. There is,however, a growing gap between the state-of-the-art and what is accessible to biologists, biochemists, medical researchers or labs with financial constraints. To bridge this gap, we introduce Brick-MIC, a versatile and affordable open-source 3D-printed micro-spectroscopy and imaging platform. Brick-MIC enables the integration of various fluorescence imaging techniques with single-molecule resolution within a single platform and exchange between different modalities within minutes. We here present variants of Brick-MIC that facilitate single-molecule fluorescence detection, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and super-resolution imaging (STORM and PAINT). Detailed descriptions of the hardware and software components, as well as data analysis routines are provided, to allow non-optics specialist to operate their own Brick-MIC with minimal effort and investments. We foresee that our affordable, flexible, and opensource Brick-MIC platform will be a valuable tool for many laboratories worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel G. Moya Muñoz
- Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Oliver Brix
- Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Philipp Klocke
- Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Paul D. Harris
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics Science, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Jorge R. Luna Piedra
- Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nicolas D. Wendler
- Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Eitan Lerner
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics Science, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Niels Zijlstra
- Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thorben Cordes
- Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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3
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Sudnitsyna J, Ruzhnikova TO, Panteleev MA, Kharazova A, Gambaryan S, Mindukshev IV. Chloride Gradient Is Involved in Ammonium Influx in Human Erythrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7390. [PMID: 39000500 PMCID: PMC11242273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+, AM) concentration in human erythrocytes (RBCs) is significantly higher than in plasma. Two main possible mechanisms for AM transport, including simple and facilitated diffusion, are described; however, the driving force for AM transport is not yet fully characterized. Since the erythroid ammonium channel RhAG forms a structural unit with anion exchanger 1 (eAE1) within the ankyrin core complex, we hypothesized the involvement of eAE1 in AM transport. To evaluate the functional interaction between eAE1 and RhAG, we used a unique feature of RBCs to swell and lyse in isotonic NH4+ buffer. The kinetics of cell swelling and lysis were analyzed by flow cytometry and an original laser diffraction method, adapted for accurate volume sensing. The eAE1 role was revealed according to (i) the changes in cell swelling and lysis kinetics, and (ii) changes in intracellular pH, triggered by eAE1 inhibition or the modulation of eAE1 main ligand concentrations (Cl- and HCO3-). Additionally, the AM import kinetics was analyzed enzymatically and colorimetrically. In NH4+ buffer, RBCs concentration-dependently swelled and lysed when [NH4+] exceeded 100 mM. Cell swelling and hemolysis were tightly regulated by chloride concentration. The complete substitution of chloride with glutamate prevented NH4+-induced cell swelling and hemolysis, and the restoration of [Cl-] dose-dependently amplified the rates of RBC swelling and lysis and the percentage of hemolyzed cells. Similarly, eAE1 inhibition impeded cell swelling and completely prevented hemolysis. Accordingly, eAE1 inhibition, or a lack of chloride anions in the buffer, significantly decreased NH4+ import. Our data indicate that the eAE1-mediated chloride gradient is required for AM transport. Taken together, our data reveal a new player in AM transport in RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sudnitsyna
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 30 Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya St., 109029 Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Ave., 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tamara O Ruzhnikova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Ave., 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Panteleev
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 30 Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya St., 109029 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Kharazova
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Ave., 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor V Mindukshev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Ave., 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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4
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Larbi A. From Genesis to Old Age: Exploring the Immune System One Cell at a Time with Flow Cytometry. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1469. [PMID: 39062042 PMCID: PMC11275137 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a highly complex and tightly regulated system that plays a crucial role in protecting the body against external threats, such as pathogens, and internal abnormalities, like cancer cells. It undergoes development during fetal stages and continuously learns from each encounter with pathogens, allowing it to develop immunological memory and provide a wide range of immune protection. Over time, after numerous encounters and years of functioning, the immune system can begin to show signs of erosion, which is commonly named immunosenescence. In this review, we aim to explore how the immune system responds to initial encounters with antigens and how it handles persistent stimulations throughout a person's lifetime. Our understanding of the immune system has greatly benefited from advanced technologies like flow cytometry. In this context, we will discuss the valuable contribution of flow cytometry in enhancing our knowledge of the immune system behavior in aging, with a specific focus on T-cells. Moreover, we will expand our discussion to the flow cytometry-based assessment of extracellular vesicles, a recently discovered communication channel in biology, and their implications for immune system functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Larbi
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, 22 Avenue des Nations, 93420 Villepinte, France;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
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5
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Villa N, Tartari E, Glicenstein S, de Villiers de la Noue H, Picard E, Marcoux PR, Zelsmann M, Resch G, Hadji E, Houdré R. Optical Trapping and Fast Discrimination of Label-Free Bacteriophages at the Single Virion Level. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308814. [PMID: 38282203 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
There is a recent resurgence of interest in phage therapy (the therapeutic use of bacterial viruses) as an approach to eliminating difficult-to-treat infections. However, existing approaches for therapeutic phage selection and virulence testing are time-consuming, host-dependent, and facing reproducibility issues. Here, this study presents an innovative approach wherein integrated resonant photonic crystal (PhC) cavities in silicon are used as optical nanotweezers for probing and manipulating single bacteria and single virions with low optical power. This study demonstrates that these nanocavities differentiate between a bacterium and a phage without labeling or specific surface bioreceptors. Furthermore, by tailoring the spatial extent of the resonant optical mode in the low-index medium, phage distinction across phenotypically distinct phage families is demonstrated. The work paves the road to the implementation of optical nanotweezers in phage therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Villa
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Tartari
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Simon Glicenstein
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Hugues de Villiers de la Noue
- Laboratory of Bacteriophages and Phage Therapy, Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences (CRISP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Picard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Pierre R Marcoux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTIS, L4IV, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Marc Zelsmann
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, LTM, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Grégory Resch
- Laboratory of Bacteriophages and Phage Therapy, Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences (CRISP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Hadji
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Romuald Houdré
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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6
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Sripada SA, Barbieri E, Shastry S, Wuestenhagen E, Aldinger A, Rammo O, Schulte MM, Daniele M, Menegatti S. Multiangle Light Scattering as a Lentivirus Purification Process Analytical Technology. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9593-9600. [PMID: 38804040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The limited biomolecular and functional stability of lentiviral vectors (LVVs) for cell therapy poses the need for analytical tools that can monitor their titers and activity throughout the various steps of expression and purification. In this study, we describe a rapid (25 min) and reproducible (coefficient of variance ∼0.5-2%) method that leverages size exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle light scattering detection (SEC-MALS) to determine size, purity, and particle count of LVVs purified from bioreactor harvests. The SEC-MALS data were corroborated by orthogonal methods, namely, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy. The method was also evaluated for robustness in the range of 2.78 × 105-2.67 × 107 particles per sample. Notably, MALS-based particle counts correlated with the titer of infectious LVVs measured via transduction assays (R2 = 0.77). Using a combination of SEC-MALS and DLS, we discerned the effects of purification parameters on LVV quality, such as the separation between heterogeneous LV, which can facilitate critical decision-making in the biomanufacturing of gene and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhana A Sripada
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- NC-VVIRAL, NC State University, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Eduardo Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- LigaTrap Technologies LLC, 1791 Varsity Drive, Suite #150, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Shriarjun Shastry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, NC State University, 850 Oval Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- NC-VVIRAL, NC State University, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Daniele
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, 890 Oval Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, NC State University and UNC Chapel Hill, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- NC-VVIRAL, NC State University, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- LigaTrap Technologies LLC, 1791 Varsity Drive, Suite #150, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, NC State University, 850 Oval Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- NC-VVIRAL, NC State University, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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7
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Burnie J, Fernandes C, Patel A, Persaud AT, Chaphekar D, Wei D, Lee TKH, Tang VA, Cicala C, Arthos J, Guzzo C. Applying Flow Virometry to Study the HIV Envelope Glycoprotein and Differences Across HIV Model Systems. Viruses 2024; 16:935. [PMID: 38932227 PMCID: PMC11209363 DOI: 10.3390/v16060935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) is a trimeric protein that facilitates viral binding and fusion with target cells. As the sole viral protein on the HIV surface, Env is important both for immune responses to HIV and in vaccine designs. Targeting Env in clinical applications is challenging due to its heavy glycosylation, high genetic variability, conformational camouflage, and its low abundance on virions. Thus, there is a critical need to better understand this protein. Flow virometry (FV) is a useful methodology for phenotyping the virion surface in a high-throughput, single virion manner. To demonstrate the utility of FV to characterize Env, we stained HIV virions with a panel of 85 monoclonal antibodies targeting different regions of Env. A broad range of antibodies yielded robust staining of Env, with V3 antibodies showing the highest quantitative staining. A subset of antibodies tested in parallel on viruses produced in CD4+ T cell lines, HEK293T cells, and primary cells showed that the cellular model of virus production can impact Env detection. Finally, in addition to being able to highlight Env heterogeneity on virions, we show FV can sensitively detect differences in Env conformation when soluble CD4 is added to virions before staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Burnie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (C.F.); (A.P.); (A.T.P.); (D.C.); (T.K.H.L.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Claire Fernandes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (C.F.); (A.P.); (A.T.P.); (D.C.); (T.K.H.L.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Ayushi Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (C.F.); (A.P.); (A.T.P.); (D.C.); (T.K.H.L.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Arvin Tejnarine Persaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (C.F.); (A.P.); (A.T.P.); (D.C.); (T.K.H.L.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Deepa Chaphekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (C.F.); (A.P.); (A.T.P.); (D.C.); (T.K.H.L.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Danlan Wei
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (D.W.); (C.C.); (J.A.)
| | - Timothy Kit Hin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (C.F.); (A.P.); (A.T.P.); (D.C.); (T.K.H.L.)
| | - Vera A. Tang
- Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (D.W.); (C.C.); (J.A.)
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (D.W.); (C.C.); (J.A.)
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (C.F.); (A.P.); (A.T.P.); (D.C.); (T.K.H.L.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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8
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Jooken S, Zinoviev K, Yurtsever G, De Proft A, de Wijs K, Jafari Z, Lebanov A, Jeevanandam G, Kotyrba M, Gorjup E, Fondu J, Lagae L, Libbrecht S, Van Dorpe P, Verellen N. On-chip flow cytometer using integrated photonics for the detection of human leukocytes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10921. [PMID: 38769346 PMCID: PMC11106258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60708-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Differentiation between leukocyte subtypes like monocytes and lymphocytes is essential for cell therapy and research applications. To guarantee the cost-effective delivery of functional cells in cell therapies, billions of cells must be processed in a limited time. Yet, the sorting rates of commercial cell sorters are not high enough to reach the required yield. Process parallelization by using multiple instruments increases variability and production cost. A compact solution with higher throughput can be provided by multichannel flow cytometers combining fluidics and optics on-chip. In this work, we present a micro-flow cytometer with monolithically integrated photonics and fluidics and demonstrate that both the illumination of cells, as well as the collection of scattered light, can be realized using photonic integrated circuits. Our device is the first with sufficient resolution for the discrimination of lymphocytes and monocytes. Innovations in microfabrication have enabled complete integration of miniaturized photonic components and fluidics in a CMOS-compatible wafer stack. In combination with external optics, the device is ready for the collection of fluorescence using the on-chip excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Erwin Gorjup
- Sarcura GmbH, Plöcking 2, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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9
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Felipo-Benavent M, Valls M, Monteiro MC, Jávega B, García-Párraga D, Rubio-Guerri C, Martínez-Romero A, O’Connor JE. Platelet phosphatidylserine exposure and microparticle production as health bioindicators in marine mammals. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1393977. [PMID: 38799726 PMCID: PMC11117335 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1393977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In human medicine, various pathologies, including decompression sickness, thrombocytopenia, and rheumatoid arthritis, have been linked to changes in cellular microparticles (MP) formation, particularly platelet microparticles (PMP). Similar disorders in marine mammals might be attributed to anthropogenic threats or illnesses, potentially impacting blood PMP levels. Thus, detecting platelet phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and PMP formation could serve as a crucial diagnostic and monitoring approach for these conditions in marine mammals. Our group has developed a methodology to assess real-time PS exposure and PMP formation specifically tailored for marine mammals. This method, pioneered in species such as bottlenose dolphins, beluga whales, walruses, and California sea lions, represents a novel approach with significant implications for both clinical assessment and further research into platelet function in these animals. The adapted methodology for evaluating PS exposure and PMP formation in marine mammals has yielded promising results. By applying this approach, we have observed significant correlations between alterations in PMP levels and specific pathologies or environmental factors. These findings underscore the potential of platelet function assessment as a diagnostic and monitoring tool in marine mammal health. The successful adaptation and application of this methodology in marine mammals highlight its utility for understanding and managing health concerns in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Felipo-Benavent
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Valls
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Céu Monteiro
- 1H-TOXRUN—One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Jávega
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain
- Research Department, Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Rubio-Guerri
- Research Department, Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - José-Enrique O’Connor
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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10
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Shahsavari M, Nieuwland R, van Leeuwen TG, van der Pol E. Poloxamer-188 as a wetting agent for microfluidic resistive pulse sensing measurements of extracellular vesicles. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295849. [PMID: 38696491 PMCID: PMC11065227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microfluidic resistive pulse sensing (MRPS) can determine the concentration and size distribution of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by measuring the electrical resistance of single EVs passing through a pore. To ensure that the sample flows through the pore, the sample needs to contain a wetting agent, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA). BSA leaves EVs intact but occasionally results in unstable MRPS measurements. Here, we aim to find a new wetting agent by evaluating Poloxamer-188 and Tween-20. METHODS An EV test sample was prepared using an outdated erythrocyte blood bank concentrate. The EV test sample was diluted in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) or DPBS containing 0.10% BSA (w/v), 0.050% Poloxamer-188 (v/v) or 1.00% Tween-20 (v/v). The effect of the wetting agents on the concentration and size distribution of EVs was determined by flow cytometry. To evaluate the precision of sample volume determination with MRPS, the interquartile range (IQR) of the particles transit time through the pore was examined. To validate that DPBS containing Poloxamer-188 yields reliable MRPS measurements, the repeatability of MRPS in measuring blood plasma samples was examined. RESULTS Flow cytometry results show that the size distribution of EVs in Tween 20, in contrast to Poloxamer-188, differs from the control measurements (DPBS and DPBS containing BSA). MRPS results show that Poloxamer-188 improves the precision of sample volume determination compared to BSA and Tween-20, because the IQR of the transit time of EVs in the test sample is 11 μs, which is lower than 56 μs for BSA and 16 μs for Tween-20. Furthermore, the IQR of the transit time of particles in blood samples with Poloxamer-188 are 14, 16, and 14 μs, which confirms the reliability of MRPS measurements. CONCLUSION The solution of 0.050% Poloxamer-188 in DPBS does not lyse EVs and results in repeatable and unimpeded MRPS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Shahsavari
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Microcirculation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton G. van Leeuwen
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Goldbloom-Helzner L, Bains H, Wang A. Approaches to Characterize and Quantify Extracellular Vesicle Surface Conjugation Efficiency. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:511. [PMID: 38672781 PMCID: PMC11051464 DOI: 10.3390/life14040511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-secreted nanovesicles that play an important role in long-range cell-cell communication. Although EVs pose a promising alternative to cell-based therapy, targeted in vivo delivery still falls short. Many studies have explored the surface modification of EVs to enhance their targeting capabilities. However, to our knowledge, there are no standardized practices to confirm the successful surface modification of EVs or calculate the degree of conjugation on EV surfaces (conjugation efficiency). These pieces of information are essential in the reproducibility of targeted EV therapeutics and the determination of optimized conjugation conditions for EVs to see significant therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo. This review will discuss the vast array of techniques adopted, technologies developed, and efficiency definitions made by studies that have calculated EV/nanoparticle surface conjugation efficiency and how differences between studies may contribute to differently reported conjugation efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora Goldbloom-Helzner
- Center for Surgical Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Harjn Bains
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aijun Wang
- Center for Surgical Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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12
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Pei X, Liu L, Wang J, Guo C, Li Q, Li J, Ren Q, Ma R, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Zheng D, Wang P, Jiang P, Feng X, Jiang E, Wang Y, Feng S. Exosomal secreted SCIMP regulates communication between macrophages and neutrophils in pneumonia. Nat Commun 2024; 15:691. [PMID: 38263143 PMCID: PMC10805922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In pneumonia, the deficient or delayed pathogen clearance can lead to pathogen proliferation and subsequent overactive immune responses, inducing acute lung injury (ALI). While screening human genome coding genes using our peripheral blood cell chemotactic platform, we unexpectedly find SLP adaptor and CSK interacting membrane protein (SCIMP), a protein with neutrophil chemotactic activity secreted during ALI. However, the specific role of SCIMP in ALI remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the secretion of SCIMP in exosomes (SCIMPexo) by macrophages after bacterial stimulation, both in vitro and in vivo. We observe a significant increase in the levels of SCIMPexo in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum of pneumonia patients. We also find that bronchial perfusion with SCIMPexo or SCIMP N-terminal peptides increases the survival rate of the ALI model. This occurs due to the chemoattraction and activation of peripheral neutrophils dependent on formyl peptide receptor 1/2 (FPR1/2). Conversely, exosome suppressors and FPR1/2 antagonists decrease the survival rate in the lethal ALI model. Scimp-deficient and Fpr1/2-deficient mice also have lower survival rates and shorter survival times than wild-type mice. However, bronchial perfusion of SCIMP rescues Scimp-deficient mice but not Fpr1/2-deficient mice. Collectively, our findings suggest that the macrophage-SCIMP-FPRs-neutrophil axis plays a vital role in the innate immune process underlying ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, P. R. China.
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, P. R. China.
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, P. R. China
| | - Jieru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, P. R. China
| | - Changyuan Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, P. R. China
| | - Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, P. R. China
| | - Runzhi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
| | - Danfeng Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Pingzhang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, P. R. China
| | - Erlie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
| | - Sizhou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, P. R. China.
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, P. R. China.
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13
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Barranco I, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Parra A, Martínez-Díaz P, Lucas X, Roca J. Immunophenotype profile by flow cytometry reveals different subtypes of extracellular vesicles in porcine seminal plasma. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:63. [PMID: 38263049 PMCID: PMC10807091 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine seminal plasma (SP) is endowed with a heterogeneous population of extracellular vesicles (sEVs). This study evaluated the immunophenotypic profile by high-sensitivity flow cytometry of eight sEV subpopulations isolated according to their size (small [S-sEVs] and large [L-sEVs]) from four different SP sources, namely three ejaculate fractions (the first 10 mL of the sperm rich fraction [SRF-P1], the remaining SRF [SRF-P2], and the post-SRF [PSRF]) and entire ejaculate (EE). METHODS Seminal EVs were isolated using a size exclusion chromatography-based protocol from six SP pools (five ejaculates/pool) of each SP source and characterized using complementary approaches including total protein (BCA™assay), particle size distribution (dynamic light scattering), morphology (transmission electron microscopy), and purity (albumin by Western blot). Expression of CD9, CD63, CD81, CD44 and HSP90β was analyzed in all sEV subpopulations by high-sensitivity flow cytometry according to MIFlowCyt-EV guidelines, including an accurate calibration, controls, and discrimination by CFSE-labelling. RESULTS Each sEV subpopulation exhibited a specific immunophenotypic profile. The percentage of sEVs positive for CD9, CD63, CD81 and HSP90β differed between S- and L-sEVs (P < 0.0001). Specifically, the percentage of sEVs positive for CD9 and CD63 was higher and that for CD81 was lower in S- than L-sEVs in the four SP sources. However, the percentage of HSP90β-positive sEVs was lower in S-sEVs than L-sEVs in the SRF-P1 and EE samples. The percentage of sEVs positive for CD9, CD63, and CD44 also differed among the four SP sources (P < 0.0001), being highest in PSRF samples. Notably, virtually all sEV subpopulations expressed CD44 (range: 88.04-98.50%). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the utility of high-sensitivity flow cytometry for sEV immunophenotyping, allowing the identification of distinct sEV subpopulations that may have different cellular origin, cargo, functions, and target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Barranco
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | | | - Ana Parra
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Xiomara Lucas
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jordi Roca
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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14
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Voigt FF, Reuss AM, Naert T, Hildebrand S, Schaettin M, Hotz AL, Whitehead L, Bahl A, Neuhauss SCF, Roebroeck A, Stoeckli ET, Lienkamp SS, Aguzzi A, Helmchen F. Reflective multi-immersion microscope objectives inspired by the Schmidt telescope. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:65-71. [PMID: 36997681 PMCID: PMC10791577 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Imaging large, cleared samples requires microscope objectives that combine a large field of view (FOV) with a long working distance (WD) and a high numerical aperture (NA). Ideally, such objectives should be compatible with a wide range of immersion media, which is challenging to achieve with conventional lens-based objective designs. Here we introduce the multi-immersion 'Schmidt objective' consisting of a spherical mirror and an aspherical correction plate as a solution to this problem. We demonstrate that a multi-photon variant of the Schmidt objective is compatible with all homogeneous immersion media and achieves an NA of 1.08 at a refractive index of 1.56, 1.1-mm FOV and 11-mm WD. We highlight its versatility by imaging cleared samples in various media ranging from air and water to benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate, dibenzyl ether and ethyl cinnamate and by imaging of neuronal activity in larval zebrafish in vivo. In principle, the concept can be extended to any imaging modality, including wide-field, confocal and light-sheet microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian F Voigt
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Anna Maria Reuss
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Naert
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Hildebrand
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martina Schaettin
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriana L Hotz
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lachlan Whitehead
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Armin Bahl
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stephan C F Neuhauss
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alard Roebroeck
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther T Stoeckli
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP), Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning (AdaBD), University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fritjof Helmchen
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP), Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning (AdaBD), University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Lee YJ, Chae S, Choi D. Monitoring of single extracellular vesicle heterogeneity in cancer progression and therapy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1256585. [PMID: 37823055 PMCID: PMC10562638 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1256585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells actively release lipid bilayer extracellular vesicles (EVs) that affect their microenvironment, favoring their progression and response to extracellular stress. These EVs contain dynamically regulating molecular cargos (proteins and nucleic acids) selected from their parental cells, representing the active biological functionality for cancer progression. These EVs are heterogeneous according to their size and molecular composition and are usually defined based on their biogenetic mechanisms, such as exosomes and ectosomes. Recent single EV detection technologies, such as nano-flow cytometry, have revealed the dynamically regulated molecular diversity within bulk EVs, indicating complex EV heterogeneity beyond classical biogenetic-based EV subtypes. EVs can be changed by internal oncogenic transformation or external stress such as chemotherapy. Among the altered combinations of EV subtypes, only a specific set of EVs represents functional molecular cargo, enabling cancer progression and immune modulation in the tumor microenvironment through their altered targeting efficiency and specificity. This review covers the heterogeneity of EVs discovered by emerging single EV analysis technologies, which reveal the complex distribution of EVs affected by oncogenic transformation and chemotherapy. Encouragingly, these unique molecular signatures in individual EVs indicate the status of their parental cancer cells. Thus, precise molecular profiling of circulating single EVs would open new areas for in-depth monitoring of the cancer microenvironment and shed new light on non-invasive diagnostic approaches using liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dongsic Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam, Republic of Korea
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16
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Chen C, Chen C, Li Y, Gu R, Yan X. Characterization of lipid-based nanomedicines at the single-particle level. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 3:488-504. [PMID: 38933557 PMCID: PMC11197724 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based nanomedicines (LBNMs), including liposomes, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs), are recognized as one of the most clinically acceptable nano-formulations. However, the bench-to-bedside translation efficiency is far from satisfactory, mainly due to the lack of in-depth understanding of their physical and biochemical attributes at the single-particle level. In this review, we first give a brief introduction of LBNMs, highlighting some milestones and related scientific and clinical achievements in the past several decades, as well as the grand challenges in the characterization of LBNMs. Next, we present an overview of each category of LBNMs as well as the core properties that largely dictate their biological characteristics and clinical performance, such as size distribution, particle concentration, morphology, drug encapsulation and surface properties. Then, the recent applications of several analytical techniques including electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, Raman microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, tunable resistive pulse sensing and flow cytometry on the single-particle characterization of LBNMs are thoroughly discussed. Particularly, the comparative advantages of the newly developed nano-flow cytometry that enables quantitative analysis of both the physical and biochemical characteristics of LBNMs smaller than 40 nm with high throughput and statistical robustness are emphasized. The overall aim of this review article is to illustrate the importance, challenges and achievements associated with single-particle characterization of LBNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiang Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yurou Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Ruilan Gu
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- Department of Chemical Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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17
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Deng D, Li X, Zhang JJ, Yin Y, Tian Y, Gan D, Wu R, Wang J, Tian BM, Chen FM, He XT. Biotin-Avidin System-Based Delivery Enhances the Therapeutic Performance of MSC-Derived Exosomes. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8530-8550. [PMID: 37115712 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes (EXs) shed by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potent therapeutic agents that promote wound healing and regeneration, but when used alone in vivo, their therapeutic potency is diminished by rapid clearance and bioactivity loss. Inspired by the biotin-avidin interaction, we developed a simple yet versatile method for the immobilization of MSC-derived EXs (MSC-EXs) into hydrogels and achieved sustained release for regenerative purposes. First, biotin-modified gelatin methacryloyl (Bio-GelMA) was fabricated by grafting NHS-PEG12-biotin onto the amino groups of GelMA. Biotin-modified MSC-EXs (Bio-EXs) were then synthesized using an in situ self-assembling biotinylation strategy, which provided sufficient binding sites for MSC-EX delivery with little effect on their cargo composition. Thereafter, Bio-EXs were immobilized in Bio-GelMA via streptavidin to generate Bio-GelMA@Bio-EX hydrogels. An in vitro analysis demonstrated that Bio-EXs could be taken up by macrophages and exerted immunomodulatory effects similar to those of MSC-EXs, and Bio-GelMA@Bio-EX hydrogels provided sustained release of MSC-EXs for 7 days. After subcutaneous transplantation, a more constant retention of MSC-EXs in Bio-GelMA@Bio-EX hydrogels was observed for up to 28 days. When placed in an artificial periodontal multitissue defect, the functionalized hydrogels exhibited an optimized therapeutic performance to regrow complex periodontal tissues, including acellular cementum, periodontal ligaments (PDLs), and alveolar bone. In this context, Bio-GelMA@Bio-EX hydrogels exerted a robust immunomodulatory effect that promoted macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype. Our findings demonstrate that MSC-EXs delivered with the aid of the biotin-avidin system exhibit robust macrophage-modulating and repair-promoting functions and suggest a universal approach for the development of MSC-EX-functionalized biomaterials for advanced therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daokun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiu-Jiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei-Min Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Tao He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
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18
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Zhou C, Cox-Vázquez SJ, Chia GW, Vázquez RJ, Lai HY, Chan SJ, Limwongyut J, Bazan GC. Water-soluble extracellular vesicle probes based on conjugated oligoelectrolytes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade2996. [PMID: 36630497 PMCID: PMC9833659 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We developed a series of transmembrane conjugated oligoelectrolytes (COEs) with tunable optical emissions from the UV to the near IR to address the false-positive problem when detecting nanometer-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs) by flow cytometry. The amphiphilic molecular framework of COEs is defined by a linear conjugated structure and cationic charged groups at each terminal site. Consequently, COEs have excellent water solubility and the absence of nanoaggregates at concentrations up to 50 μM, and unbound COE dyes can be readily removed through ultrafiltration. These properties enable unambiguous and simple detection of COE-labeled small EVs using flow cytometry with negligible background signals. We also demonstrated the time-lapsed tracking of small EV uptake into mammalian cells and the endogenous small EV labeling using COEs. Briefly, COEs provide a class of membrane-targeting dyes that behave as biomimetics of the lipid bilayer and a general and practical labeling strategy for nanosized EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Sarah J. Cox-Vázquez
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - Geraldine W. N. Chia
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ricardo Javier Vázquez
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - Hui Ying Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Samuel J. W. Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jakkarin Limwongyut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117544, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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19
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Kim HR, Park JS, Kim NY, Jun CD. T Cell Immunological Synaptosomes: Definition and Isolation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2654:201-215. [PMID: 37106184 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3135-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
In addition to microvilli's role as structural scaffold for TCR clustering, we recently discovered a novel function as message senders. We found that microvilli are separated from the T cell body shortly upon TCR stimulation and vesiculated to form T cell microvilli particles (TMPs), a new type of membrane vesicles. TMPs and synaptic ectosomes, which bud from the synaptic cleft, constitute "T cell immunological synaptosomes (TISs)" and act as conveyors of T cell messages or traits to cognate antigen-presenting cells. In practice, it is almost impossible to distinguish between TMPs and synaptic ectosomes. Here, we describe a newly developed protocol to isolate TISs from activated T cells using antibody-immobilized agarose beads and density gradient ultracentrifugation. We further describe the methods for TIS quantification with flow cytometry and to evaluate TIS efficacy on dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Immuno-oncology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Su Park
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Na-Young Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea.
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20
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Lu J, Yu Z, Ngiam L, Guo J. Microplastics as potential carriers of viruses could prolong virus survival and infectivity. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119115. [PMID: 36137436 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are emerging contaminants in various aquatic environments, leading to human and environmental health concerns. Viruses have also been ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments, and there is an unknown risk of microplastics-mediated virus migration through adsorption. This study applied polystyrene microplastics as the carrier and the T4 bacteriophage (or phage) as the virus model, and a violet side scatter/green fluorescence double-gated flow cytometry approach to investigate the adsorption capacity of viruses on microplastics. Our results show that up to 98.6±0.2% of the dosed viruses can be adsorbed by microplastics, and such adsorptions are dependent on size and surface functional groups. Both Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence-labelled confocal microscopy confirmed that the virus can successfully adsorb onto microplastics. Zeta potential characterisation revealed that the electrostatic interaction is the primary adsorption mechanism associated with the adsorption of viruses. UV-aging was found to enhance the adsorption capacities of viruses on microplastics. Both pristine and UV-aged microplastics were found to significantly prolong the infectivity of the adsorbed viruses, even under elevated temperatures. Collectively, our findings highlight that microplastics are associated with the biological risks of water-borne viral transmission through virus adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Lu
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Zhigang Yu
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lyman Ngiam
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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21
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Eid J, Socol M, Naillon A, Feuillard J, Ciandrini L, Margeat E, Charlot B, Mougel M. Viro-fluidics: Real-time analysis of virus production kinetics at the single-cell level. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2022; 2:100068. [PMID: 36425325 PMCID: PMC9680794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2022.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Real-time visualization and quantification of viruses released by a cell are crucial to further decipher infection processes. Kinetics studies at the single-cell level will circumvent the limitations of bulk assays with asynchronous virus replication. We have implemented a "viro-fluidic" method, which combines microfluidics and virology at single-cell and single-virus resolutions. As an experimental model, we used standard cell lines producing fluorescent HIV-like particles (VLPs). First, to scale the strategy to the single-cell level, we validated a sensitive flow virometry system to detect VLPs in low concentration samples (≥104 VLPs/mL). Then, this system was coupled to a single-cell trapping device to monitor in real-time the VLPs released, one at a time, from single cells under cell culture conditions. Our results revealed an average production rate of 50 VLPs/h/cell similar to the rate estimated for the same cells grown in population. Thus, the virus-producing capacities of the trapped cells were preserved and its real-time monitoring was accurate. Moreover, single-cell analysis revealed a release of VLPs with stochastic bursts with typical time intervals of few minutes, revealing the existence of limiting step(s) in the virus biogenesis process. Our tools can be applied to other pathogens or to extracellular vesicles to elucidate the dissemination mechanisms of these biological nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Eid
- Team R2D2: Retroviral RNA Dynamics and Delivery, IRIM, UMR9004, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marius Socol
- Team R2D2: Retroviral RNA Dynamics and Delivery, IRIM, UMR9004, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Naillon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR, Grenoble, France
| | - Jérôme Feuillard
- Team R2D2: Retroviral RNA Dynamics and Delivery, IRIM, UMR9004, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Luca Ciandrini
- CBS, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Margeat
- CBS, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoit Charlot
- IES, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Marylène Mougel
- Team R2D2: Retroviral RNA Dynamics and Delivery, IRIM, UMR9004, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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22
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Gul B, Syed F, Khan S, Iqbal A, Ahmad I. Characterization of extracellular vesicles by flow cytometry: Challenges and promises. Micron 2022; 161:103341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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23
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Burnie J, Persaud AT, Thaya L, Liu Q, Miao H, Grabinsky S, Norouzi V, Lusso P, Tang VA, Guzzo C. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1/CD162) is incorporated into clinical HIV-1 isolates and can mediate virus capture and subsequent transfer to permissive cells. Retrovirology 2022; 19:9. [PMID: 35597982 PMCID: PMC9123692 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1/CD162) has been studied extensively for its role in mediating leukocyte rolling through interactions with its cognate receptor, P-selectin. Recently, PSGL-1 was identified as a novel HIV-1 host restriction factor, particularly when expressed at high levels in the HIV envelope. Importantly, while the potent antiviral activity of PSGL-1 has been clearly demonstrated in various complementary model systems, the breadth of PSGL-1 incorporation across genetically diverse viral isolates and clinical isolates has yet to be described. Additionally, the biological activity of virion-incorporated PSGL-1 has also yet to be shown. Results Herein we assessed the levels of PSGL-1 on viruses produced through transfection with various amounts of PSGL-1 plasmid DNA (0–250 ng), compared to levels of PSGL-1 on viruses produced through infection of T cell lines and primary PBMC. We found that very low levels of PSGL-1 plasmid DNA (< 2.5 ng/well) were necessary to generate virus models that could closely mirror the phenotype of viruses produced via infection of T cells and PBMC. Unique to this study, we show that PSGL-1 is incorporated in a broad range of HIV-1 and SIV isolates and that virions with incorporated PSGL-1 are detectable in plasma from viremic HIV-1-infected individuals, corroborating the relevance of PSGL-1 in natural infection. Additionally, we show that PSGL-1 on viruses can bind its cognate selectin receptors, P-, E-, and L-selectins. Finally, we show viruses with endogenous levels of PSGL-1 can be captured by P-selectin and transferred to HIV-permissive bystander cells, highlighting a novel role for PSGL-1 in HIV-1 infection. Notably, viruses which contained high levels of PSGL-1 were noninfectious in our hands, in line with previous findings reporting the potent antiviral activity of PSGL-1. Conclusions Our results indicate that levels of PSGL-1 incorporation into virions can vary widely among model systems tested, and that careful tailoring of plasmid levels is required to recapitulate physiological systems when using pseudovirus models. Taken together, our data suggest that PSGL-1 may play diverse roles in the physiology of HIV-1 infection, particularly due to the functionally active state of PSGL-1 on virion surfaces and the breadth of PSGL-1 incorporation among a wide range of viral isolates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-022-00593-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Burnie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arvin Tejnarine Persaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laxshaginee Thaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huiyi Miao
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Grabinsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa Norouzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vera A Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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24
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Blandford SN, Fudge NJ, Corkum CP, Moore CS. Analysis of Plasma Using Flow Cytometry Reveals Increased Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Untreated Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:803921. [PMID: 35392085 PMCID: PMC8980610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.803921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from cells under physiological and pathological conditions, and are found in biological fluids while displaying specific surface markers that are indicative of their cell of origin. EVs have emerged as important signaling entities that may serve as putative biomarkers for various neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of this study was to measure and compare immune cell-derived EVs within human plasma between untreated RRMS patients and healthy controls. Using blood plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from RRMS patients and controls, PBMCs and EVs were stained and quantified by flow cytometry using antibodies against CD9, CD61, CD45, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, and CD19. While several immune cell-derived EVs, including CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, and CD19+ were significantly increased in RRMS vs. controls, no differences in immune cell subsets were observed with the exception of increased circulating CD19+ cells in RRMS patients. Our study demonstrated that plasma-derived EVs secreted from T cells, B cells, and monocytes were elevated in untreated RRMS cases with low disability, despite very limited changes in circulating immune cells, and suggest the utility of circulating EVs as biomarkers in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Blandford
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Neva J Fudge
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Chris P Corkum
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Craig S Moore
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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25
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Selnihhin D, Mortensen KI, Larsen JB, Simonsen JB, Pedersen FS. DNA Origami Calibrators for Counting Fluorophores on Single Particles by Flow Cytometry. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101364. [PMID: 34994103 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a high-throughput fluorescence-based technique for multiparameter analysis of individual particles, including cells and nanoparticles. Currently, however, FCM does in many cases not permit proper counting of fluorophore-tagged markers on individual particles, due to a lack of tools for translating FCM output intensities into accurate numbers of fluorophores. This lack hinders derivation of detailed biologic information and comparison of data between experiments with FCM. To address this technological void, the authors here use DNA nanotechnology to design and construct barrel-shaped DNA-origami nanobeads for fluorescence/antigen quantification in FCM. Each bead contains a specific number of calibrator fluorophores and a fluorescent trigger domain with an alternative fluorophore for proper detection in FCM. Using electron microscopy, single-particle fluorescence microscopy, and FCM, the design of each particle is verified. To validate that the DNA bead-based FCM calibration enabled the authors to determine the number of antigens on a biological particle, the uniform and well-characterized murine leukemia virus (MLV) is studied. 48 ± 11 envelope surface protein (Env) trimers per MLV is obtained, which is consistent with reported numbers that relied on low-throughput imaging. Thus, the authors' DNA-beads should accelerate quantitative studies of the biology of individual particles with FCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Selnihhin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Kim I Mortensen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Jannik B Larsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Jens B Simonsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Finn Skou Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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26
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Maltseva M, Langlois MA. Flow Virometry for Characterizing the Size, Concentration, and Surface Antigens of Viruses. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e368. [PMID: 35201679 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Application of flow cytometry principles for the analysis of viruses has been referred to as flow virometry (FVM). FVM is a multiparametric, high-throughput, and sensitive technique that allows viral particles to be detected, quantified, and characterized based on the biophysical properties of the virus and the expression of proteins on their surface. More specifically, by calibrating the flow cytometer with reference materials, it is possible to measure the concentration of intact viral particles in a sample, the abundance of a target antigen on the surface of the virus, and the relative diameter of the virus. Here, we describe a comprehensive overview of procedures used to stain, detect, and quantify viral and host-derived proteins located on the surface of retroviruses. These outlined techniques can be applied for the rapid phenotypic characterization of retroviruses, other enveloped viruses, and generally most viruses at the single-particle level through the direct staining of viruses collected from the supernatant of infected cells, without the need for enrichment or purification. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Virus production Basic Protocol 2: Instrument setup, standardization, and quality control for fluorescence quantification Basic Protocol 3: Flow virometry analysis Basic Protocol 4: Viral surface antigen staining and fluorescence quantification Support Protocol: Determination of the optimal antibody concentration for virus staining Basic Protocol 5: Gain configuration optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Maltseva
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,uOttawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Wong J, Gu BJ, Teoh H, Krupa M, Monif M, Slee M, Wiley JS. Flow Cytometry Identifies an Early Stage of Platelet Apoptosis Produced by Agonists of the P2X1 and P2X7 Receptors. Platelets 2022; 33:621-631. [PMID: 35042433 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1981844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Platelets express P2X1 receptors and our data also show the expression of P2X7 receptors. We studied the role of both receptors in platelet apoptosis by incubation of PRP with P2X agonists, then centrifuged to remove viable platelets, and analyzed the supernatant by flow cytometry to identify a sparse platelet-derived population that stained with MitoTracker dyes and CD41. BzATP, a potent agonist of P2X receptors, and ABT737, an activator of intrinsic apoptosis, produced altered platelets that stained moderately for annexin V and corresponded to an early stage apoptotic platelet (ESAP). Over a range of BzATP concentrations, we observed a dose-dependent formation of ESAPs between 5 and 500 uM BzATP, together with a variable formation of ESAPs at nanomolar ATP or BzATP (50-200 nM). Production of ESAPs occurred with αβ-meATP, while responses with either BzATP or αβ-meATP showed desensitization at a higher agonist concentration. Formation of ESAPs by either 100 nM or 0.5 mM BzATP was inhibited by preincubation of platelets with latrunculin A, an inhibitor of the actin cytoskeleton that prevents apoptosis. ESAP production was totally inhibited by preincubation of platelets with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, which removes cholesterol from lipid rafts. Our data show that both P2X1 and P2X7 receptors are localized in platelet lipid rafts where P2X-agonists act to produce early stage apoptotic platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelyn Wong
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben J Gu
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harry Teoh
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Krupa
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mark Slee
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - James S Wiley
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Haematology Department, Box Hill Hospital, Australia
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Misinterpretation of solid sphere equivalent refractive index measurements and smallest detectable diameters of extracellular vesicles by flow cytometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24151. [PMID: 34921157 PMCID: PMC8683472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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29
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Brittain GC, Langlois MA, Gulnik S. Reply to: Misinterpretation of solid sphere equivalent refractive index measurements and smallest detectable diameters of extracellular vesicles by flow cytometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24170. [PMID: 34921153 PMCID: PMC8683426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George C Brittain
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Life Science Research, Miami, FL, USA. .,Genotix Biotechnologies, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA.
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- University of Ottawa Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,uOttawa Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sergei Gulnik
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Life Science Research, Miami, FL, USA
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30
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Exosomes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:355-364. [PMID: 34666030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial tumor with a unique geographical distribution, primarily prevalent in East Africa and Asia. Although there is an increased understanding of the pathogenesis and risk factors of NPC, prevention and treatment efforts remain limited. Various studies have indicated that exosomes are actively involved in NPC by delivering biomolecules such as non-coding RNAs and proteins to target cells. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of exosomes in NPC and highlight their prospects as diagnostic biomarkers. In NPC, exosomes can manipulate the tumor microenvironment, participate in chemotherapy and radiation resistance, induce immune suppression, promote pathological angiogenesis, and support metastasis, and thus they could also be promising biomarkers. Because exosomes have essential effects and unusual biological properties, they have a promising future in diagnostic monitoring and prognostic evaluation. Although there are technical issues associated with using exosomes in large-scale applications, they have unparalleled advantages in assisting the clinical management of NPC.
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31
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane particles released by most cell types in response to different stimuli. They are composed of a lipid bilayer that encloses a wide range of bioactive material, including proteins and nucleic acids. EVs have garnered increasing attention over recent years, as their role in intercellular communication has been brought to light. As such, they have been found to regulate pathophysiologic pathways like inflammation, angiogenesis, or senescence, and are therefore implicated in key aspects atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Interestingly, EVs appear to have a multifaceted role; depending on their cargo, they can either facilitate or hamper the development of atherosclerotic lesions. In this review, we examine how EVs of varying origins may be implicated in the different phases of atherosclerotic lesion development. We also discuss the need to standardize isolation and analysis procedures to fully fulfil their potential as biomarkers and therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases.
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32
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Khanna K, Salmond N, Lynn KS, Leong HS, Williams KC. Clinical significance of STEAP1 extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:802-811. [PMID: 33589770 PMCID: PMC8384631 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived lipid bilayer enclosed structures shed from the plasma membrane by all cell types. Evidence of EV presence in biological fluids has led to considerable efforts focused on identifying their cargo and determining their utility as a non-invasive diagnostic platform for cancer. In this study, we identify circulating STEAP1 (six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1)-positive EVs in the plasma of healthy males and prostate cancer patients and evaluate its diagnostic and prognostic significance. METHODS STEAP1 was identified on EVs in prostate cancer patient plasma. EVs were validated using electron microscopy, Western blot, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and nanoscale flow cytometry. STEAP1-positive EVs were quantified for 121 males with prostate cancer and 55 healthy age-matched control males. An evaluation of STEAP1 in prostate cancer tissue was also performed using established prostate cancer cohort data (TCGA, MSKCC, and SU2C/PCF Dream Team). RESULTS Evaluation of STEAP1-positive EVs by nanoscale flow cytometry identified a significant increase in prostate cancer patient plasma compared to healthy males. However, no association was found between total STEAP1 EV levels and disease recurrence or overall survival. Cohort data from prostate cancer tissue also found STEAP1 to be elevated in prostate cancer while no significant association with recurrence or overall survival was identified. CONCLUSIONS STEAP1 is known to be enriched on the cells of the prostate with potential clinical significance in prostate cancer. Our results identify and quantitate STEAP1-positive EVs in plasma and provide rationale for a STEAP1 EV-based liquid biopsy as a diagnostic strategy in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Khanna
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nikki Salmond
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kalan S Lynn
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hon S Leong
- Translational Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Karla C Williams
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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33
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Nanoparticle shell structural cues drive in vitro transport properties, tissue distribution and brain accessibility in zebrafish. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121085. [PMID: 34461457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterion polymers with strong antifouling properties have been suggested as the prime alternative to polyethylene glycol (PEG) for drug nanocarriers surface coating. It is believed that PEG coating shortcomings, such as immune responses and incomplete protein repellency, could be overcome by zwitterionic polymers. However, no systematic study has been conducted so far to complete a comparative appraisal of PEG and zwitterionic-coating effects on nanoparticles (NPs) stealthness, cell uptake, cell barrier translocation and biodistribution in the context of nanocarriers brain targeting. Core-shell polymeric particles with identical cores and a shell of either PEG or poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (PMPC) were prepared by impinging jet mixer nanoprecipitation. NPs with similar size and surface potential were systematically compared using in vitro and in vivo assays. NPs behavior differences were rationalized based on their protein-particles interactions. PMPC-coated NPs were significantly more endocytosed by mouse macrophages or brain resident macrophages compared to PEGylated NPs but exhibited the remarkable ability to cross the blood-brain barrier in in vitro models. Nanoscale flow cytometry assays showed significantly more adsorbed proteins on PMPC-coated NPs than PEG-coated NPs. In vivo, distribution in zebrafish larvae, showed a strong propensity for PMPC-coated NPs to adhere to the vascular endothelium, while PEG-coated NPs were able to circulate for a longer time and escape the bloodstream to penetrate deep into the cerebral tissue. The stark differences between these two types of particles, besides their similarities in size and surface potential, points towards the paramount role of surface chemistry in controlling NPs fate likely via the formation of distinct protein corona for each coating.
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34
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Prostasin regulates PD-L1 expression in human lung cancer cells. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229226. [PMID: 34240739 PMCID: PMC8273379 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease prostasin is a negative regulator of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and has a role in the regulation of cellular immunity. Prostasin expression in cancer cells inhibits migration and metastasis, and reduces epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a negative regulator of the immune response and its expression in cancer cells interferes with immune surveillance. The aim of the present study was to investigate if prostasin regulates PD-L1 expression. We established sublines overexpressing various forms of prostasin as well as a subline deficient for the prostasin gene from the Calu-3 human lung cancer cells. We report here that PD-L1 expression induced by interferon-γ (IFNγ) is further enhanced in cells overexpressing the wildtype membrane-anchored prostasin. The PD-L1 protein was localized on the cell surface and released into the culture medium in extracellular vesicles (EVs) with the protease-active prostasin. The epidermal growth factor-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-EGFR), protein kinase C (PKC), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) participated in the prostasin-mediated up-regulation of PD-L1 expression. A Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of patient lung tumors in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed that prostasin and PD-L1 regulate common signaling pathways during tumorigenesis and tumor progression.
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35
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Detection of COVID-19 Virus on Surfaces Using Photonics: Challenges and Perspectives. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021. [PMID: 34205401 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061119.(] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The propagation of viruses has become a global threat as proven through the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Therefore, the quick detection of viral diseases and infections could be necessary. This study aims to develop a framework for virus diagnoses based on integrating photonics technology with artificial intelligence to enhance healthcare in public areas, marketplaces, hospitals, and airfields due to the distinct spectral signatures from lasers' effectiveness in the classification and monitoring of viruses. However, providing insights into the technical aspect also helps researchers identify the possibilities and difficulties in this field. The contents of this study were collected from six authoritative databases: Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar. This review includes an analysis and summary of laser techniques to diagnose COVID-19 such as fluorescence methods, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface plasmon resonance, and integration of Raman scattering with SPR techniques. Finally, we select the best strategies that could potentially be the most effective methods of reducing epidemic spreading and improving healthcare in the environment.
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36
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Taha BA, Al Mashhadany Y, Bachok NN, Ashrif A Bakar A, Hafiz Mokhtar MH, Dzulkefly Bin Zan MS, Arsad N. Detection of COVID-19 Virus on Surfaces Using Photonics: Challenges and Perspectives. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1119. [PMID: 34205401 PMCID: PMC8234865 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The propagation of viruses has become a global threat as proven through the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Therefore, the quick detection of viral diseases and infections could be necessary. This study aims to develop a framework for virus diagnoses based on integrating photonics technology with artificial intelligence to enhance healthcare in public areas, marketplaces, hospitals, and airfields due to the distinct spectral signatures from lasers' effectiveness in the classification and monitoring of viruses. However, providing insights into the technical aspect also helps researchers identify the possibilities and difficulties in this field. The contents of this study were collected from six authoritative databases: Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar. This review includes an analysis and summary of laser techniques to diagnose COVID-19 such as fluorescence methods, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface plasmon resonance, and integration of Raman scattering with SPR techniques. Finally, we select the best strategies that could potentially be the most effective methods of reducing epidemic spreading and improving healthcare in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakr Ahmed Taha
- UKM—Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (B.A.T.); (N.N.B.); (A.A.A.B.); (M.H.H.M.); (M.S.D.B.Z.)
| | - Yousif Al Mashhadany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Anbar, Anbar 00964, Iraq;
| | - Nur Nadia Bachok
- UKM—Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (B.A.T.); (N.N.B.); (A.A.A.B.); (M.H.H.M.); (M.S.D.B.Z.)
| | - Ahmad Ashrif A Bakar
- UKM—Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (B.A.T.); (N.N.B.); (A.A.A.B.); (M.H.H.M.); (M.S.D.B.Z.)
| | - Mohd Hadri Hafiz Mokhtar
- UKM—Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (B.A.T.); (N.N.B.); (A.A.A.B.); (M.H.H.M.); (M.S.D.B.Z.)
| | - Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Bin Zan
- UKM—Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (B.A.T.); (N.N.B.); (A.A.A.B.); (M.H.H.M.); (M.S.D.B.Z.)
| | - Norhana Arsad
- UKM—Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (B.A.T.); (N.N.B.); (A.A.A.B.); (M.H.H.M.); (M.S.D.B.Z.)
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37
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Sjöberg M, Mapar M, Armanious A, Zhdanov VP, Agnarsson B, Höök F. Time-Resolved and Label-Free Evanescent Light-Scattering Microscopy for Mass Quantification of Protein Binding to Single Lipid Vesicles. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4622-4628. [PMID: 34003003 PMCID: PMC8289281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In-depth understanding of the intricate interactions between biomolecules and nanoparticles is hampered by a lack of analytical methods providing quantitative information about binding kinetics. Herein, we demonstrate how label-free evanescent light-scattering microscopy can be used to temporally resolve specific protein binding to individual surface-bound (∼100 nm) lipid vesicles. A theoretical model is proposed that translates protein-induced changes in light-scattering intensity into bound mass. Since the analysis is centered on individual lipid vesicles, the signal from nonspecific protein binding to the surrounding surface is completely avoided, offering a key advantage over conventional surface-based techniques. Further, by averaging the intensities from less than 2000 lipid vesicles, the sensitivity is shown to increase by orders of magnitude. Taken together, these features provide a new avenue in studies of protein-nanoparticle interaction, in general, and specifically in the context of nanoparticles in medical diagnostics and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Sjöberg
- Division
of Nano and Biophysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Mokhtar Mapar
- Division
of Nano and Biophysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Antonius Armanious
- Division
of Nano and Biophysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Vladimir P. Zhdanov
- Division
of Nano and Biophysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- Boreskov
Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Björn Agnarsson
- Division
of Nano and Biophysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Division
of Nano and Biophysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
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38
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Bauer KM, Round JL, O'Connell RM. No small matter: emerging roles for exosomal miRNAs in the immune system. FEBS J 2021; 289:4021-4037. [PMID: 34087046 PMCID: PMC9545694 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular communication is critical to the function of an organism. Exosomes, small lipid extracellular vesicles, have been recently appreciated to participate in this vital function. Within these vesicles lie critical bioactive molecules including mRNAs, proteins, and a plethora of noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs). Exosomal miRNAs have been shown to be produced by, trafficked between, and function in many distinct donor and recipient cell types, including cells of the immune system. For instance, loss of these critical communicators can alter the cellular response to endotoxin, and when tumor cells lose the ability to secrete these vesicles, the immune system is able to effectively suppress tumor growth. This review will highlight key findings on the known communication to and from the immune system, highlighting exosomal miRNA research in macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, and T cells. Additionally, we will focus on three major areas of exosomal studies that involve immune responses including mucosal barriers, adipose tissue, and the tumor microenvironment. These environments are heterogeneous and dynamic, and rapidly respond to the microbiota, metabolic shifts, and immunotherapies, respectively. It is clear that exosomal miRNAs play pivotal roles in regulating cross‐talk between cells in these tissues, and this represents a novel layer of cellular communication proving critical in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylyn M Bauer
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - June L Round
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ryan M O'Connell
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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39
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Saenz-Pipaon G, Echeverria S, Orbe J, Roncal C. Urinary Extracellular Vesicles for Diabetic Kidney Disease Diagnosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10102046. [PMID: 34064661 PMCID: PMC8151759 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) in developed countries, affecting more than 40% of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. DKD pathogenesis is multifactorial leading to a clinical presentation characterized by proteinuria, hypertension, and a gradual reduction in kidney function, accompanied by a high incidence of cardiovascular (CV) events and mortality. Unlike other diabetes-related complications, DKD prevalence has failed to decline over the past 30 years, becoming a growing socioeconomic burden. Treatments controlling glucose levels, albuminuria and blood pressure may slow down DKD evolution and reduce CV events, but are not able to completely halt its progression. Moreover, one in five patients with diabetes develop DKD in the absence of albuminuria, and in others nephropathy goes unrecognized at the time of diagnosis, urging to find novel noninvasive and more precise early diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers and therapeutic targets for these patient subgroups. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially urinary (u)EVs, have emerged as an alternative for this purpose, as changes in their numbers and composition have been reported in clinical conditions involving DM and renal diseases. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the role of (u)EVs in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goren Saenz-Pipaon
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (G.S.-P.); (J.O.)
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saioa Echeverria
- Endocrinology Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Josune Orbe
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (G.S.-P.); (J.O.)
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Roncal
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (G.S.-P.); (J.O.)
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948194700
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40
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Alzhrani GN, Alanazi ST, Alsharif SY, Albalawi AM, Alsharif AA, Abdel-Maksoud MS, Elsherbiny N. Exosomes: Isolation, characterization, and biomedical applications. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1807-1831. [PMID: 33913604 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized bioactive vesicles of 30-150 nm in diameter. They are secreted by exocytosis of nearly all type of cells in to the extracellular fluid. Thereby, they can be found in many biological fluids. Exosomes regulate intracellular communication between cells via delivery of their cargo which include lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid. Many desirable features of exosomes made them promising candidates in several therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss the use of exosomes as diagnostic tools and their possible biomedical applications. Additionally, current techniques used for isolation, purification, and characterization of exosomes from both biological fluids and in vitro cell cultures were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadi N Alzhrani
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah T Alanazi
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumayyah Y Alsharif
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani M Albalawi
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar A Alsharif
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Maksoud
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehal Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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41
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Pikula K, Kirichenko K, Vakhniuk I, Kalantzi OI, Kholodov A, Orlova T, Markina Z, Tsatsakis A, Golokhvast K. Aquatic toxicity of particulate matter emitted by five electroplating processes in two marine microalgae species. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:880-887. [PMID: 33981588 PMCID: PMC8085665 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroplating is a widely used group of industrial processes that make a metal coating on a solid substrate. Our previous research studied the concentrations, characteristics, and chemical composition of nano- and microparticles emitted during different electroplating processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental toxicity of particulate matter obtained from five different electrochemical processes. We collected airborne particle samples formed during aluminum cleaning, aluminum etching, chemical degreasing, nonferrous metals etching, and nickel plating. The toxicity of the particles was evaluated by the standard microalgae growth rate inhibition test. Additionally, we evaluated membrane potential and cell size changes in the microalgae H. akashiwo and P. purpureum exposed to the obtained suspensions of electroplating particles. The findings of this research demonstrate that the aquatic toxicity of electroplating emissions significantly varies between different industrial processes and mostly depends on particle chemical composition and solubility rather than the number of insoluble particles. The sample from an aluminum cleaning workshop was significantly more toxic for both microalgae species compared to the other samples and demonstrated dose and time-dependent toxicity. The samples obtained during chemical degreasing and nonferrous metals etching processes induced depolarization of microalgal cell membranes, demonstrated the potential of chronic toxicity, and stimulated the growth rate of microalgae after 72 h of exposure. Moreover, the sample from a nonferrous metals etching workshop revealed hormetic dose-response toxicity in H. akashiwo, which can lead to harmful algal blooms in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Pikula
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint-Petersburg, 190000, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
| | - Konstantin Kirichenko
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SFSCA RAS, 630501, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - Igor Vakhniuk
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SFSCA RAS, 630501, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | | | - Aleksei Kholodov
- Far East Geological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - Tatiana Orlova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Zhanna Markina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint-Petersburg, 190000, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SFSCA RAS, 630501, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk region, Russia
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russia
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42
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Salmond N, Williams KC. Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles for clinical applications in cancer - time for standardization? NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1830-1852. [PMID: 36133088 PMCID: PMC9419267 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00676a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometer sized lipid enclosed particles released by all cell types into the extracellular space and biological fluids in vivo, and into cell culture media in vitro. An important physiological role of EVs is cell-cell communication. EVs interact with, and deliver, their contents to recipient cells in a functional capacity; this makes EVs desirable vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic cargoes. In addition, as EVs contain proteins, lipids, glycans, and nucleic acids that reflect their cell of origin, their potential utility in disease diagnosis and prognostication is of great interest. The number of published studies analyzing EVs and their contents in the pre-clinical and clinical setting is rapidly expanding. However, there is little standardization as to what techniques should be used to isolate, purify and characterize EVs. Here we provide a comprehensive literature review encompassing the use of EVs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer. We also detail their use as therapeutic delivery vehicles to treat cancer in pre-clinical and clinical settings and assess the EV isolation and characterization strategies currently being employed. Our report details diverse isolation strategies which are often dependent upon multiple factors such as biofluid type, sample volume, and desired purity of EVs. As isolation strategies vary greatly between studies, thorough EV characterization would be of great importance. However, to date, EV characterization in pre-clinical and clinical studies is not consistently or routinely adhered to. Standardization of EV characterization so that all studies image EVs, quantitate protein concentration, identify the presence of EV protein markers and contaminants, and measure EV particle size and concentration is suggested. Additionally, the use of RNase, DNase and protease EV membrane protection control experiments is recommended to ensure that the cargo being investigated is truly EV associated. Overall, diverse methodology for EV isolation is advantageous as it can support different sample types and volumes. Nevertheless, EV characterization is crucial and should be performed in a rigorous manor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Salmond
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vancouver V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Karla C Williams
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vancouver V6T 1Z3 Canada
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Salmond N, Khanna K, Owen GR, Williams KC. Nanoscale flow cytometry for immunophenotyping and quantitating extracellular vesicles in blood plasma. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2012-2025. [PMID: 33449064 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05525e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane enclosed nano-sized structures released into the extracellular environment by all cell types. EV constituents include proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that reflect the cell from which they originated. The molecular profile of cancer cells is distinct as compared to healthy cells of the same tissue type, and this distinct profile should be reflected by the EVs they release. This makes EVs desirable candidates for blood-based biopsy diagnosis of cancer. EVs can be time consuming to isolate therefore, a technology that can analyze EVs in complex biological samples in a high throughput manner is in demand. Here nanoscale flow cytometry is used to analyze EVs in whole, unpurified, plasma samples from healthy individuals and breast cancer patients. A known breast cancer marker, mammaglobin-a, was evaluated as a potential candidate for expression on EVs and increased levels in breast cancer. Mammaglobin-a particles were abundantly detected in plasma by nanoscale flow cytometry but only a portion of these particles were validated as bona fide EVs. EVs could be distinguish and characterized from small protein clusters and platelets based on size, marker composition, and detergent treatment. Mammaglobin-a positive EVs were characterized and found to be CD42a/CD41-positive platelet EVs, and the number of these EVs present was dependent upon plasma preparation protocol. Different plasma preparation protocols influenced the total number of platelet EVs and mammaglobin-a was found to associate with lipid membranes in plasma. When comparing plasma samples prepared by the same protocol, mammaglobin-a positive EVs were more abundant in estrogen receptor (ER) positive as compared to ER negative breast cancer patient plasma samples. This study demonstrates the capabilities of nanoscale flow cytometry for EV and small particle analysis in whole, unpurified, plasma samples, and highlights important technical challenges that need to be addressed when developing this technology as a liquid biopsy platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Salmond
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z3, Canada.
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44
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Wei W, Ao Q, Wang X, Cao Y, Liu Y, Zheng SG, Tian X. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Promising Biological Tool in Nanomedicine. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:590470. [PMID: 33716723 PMCID: PMC7944140 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As nano-scale biological vesicles, extracellular vesicles (EVs)/exosomes, in particular, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-exosomes), have been studied in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of many diseases. In addition, through the combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology, exosomes have emerged as innovative tools for the development of nanomedicine. This review focuses on a profound summarization of MSC-exosomes as a powerful tool in bionanomedicine. It systemically summarizes the role of MSC-exosomes as a nanocarrier, drug loading and tissue engineering, and their potential contribution in a series of diseases as well as the advantages of exosomes over stem cells and synthetic nanoparticles and potential disadvantages. The in-depth understanding of the functions and mechanisms of exosomes provides insights into the basic research and clinical transformation in the field of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wumei Wei
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Ao
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Device, National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanying Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xiaohong Tian
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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45
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Yang HC, Rhee WJ. Single Step In Situ Detection of Surface Protein and MicroRNA in Clustered Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10020319. [PMID: 33477255 PMCID: PMC7831033 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Because cancers are heterogeneous, it is evident that multiplexed detection is required to achieve disease diagnosis with high accuracy and specificity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been a subject of great interest as sources of novel biomarkers for cancer liquid biopsy. However, EVs are nano-sized particles that are difficult to handle; thus, it is necessary to develop a method that enables efficient and straightforward EV biomarker detection. In the present study, we developed a method for single step in situ detection of EV surface proteins and inner miRNAs simultaneously using a flow cytometer. CD63 antibody and molecular beacon-21 were investigated for multiplexed biomarker detection in normal and cancer EVs. A phospholipid-polymer-phospholipid conjugate was introduced to induce clustering of the EVs analyzed using nanoparticle tracking analysis, which enhanced the detection signals. As a result, the method could detect and distinguish cancer cell-derived EVs using a flow cytometer. Thus, single step in situ detection of multiple EV biomarkers using a flow cytometer can be applied as a simple, labor- and time-saving, non-invasive liquid biopsy for the diagnosis of various diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Cheol Yang
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea;
| | - Won Jong Rhee
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea;
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-835-8299
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Tortolici F, Vumbaca S, Incocciati B, Dayal R, Aquilano K, Giovanetti A, Rufini S. Ionizing Radiation-Induced Extracellular Vesicle Release Promotes AKT-Associated Survival Response in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010107. [PMID: 33430027 PMCID: PMC7827279 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the most effective methods of tumor eradication; however, in some forms of neuroblastoma, radiation can increase the risk of secondary neoplasms, due to the ability of irradiated cells to transmit pro-survival signals to non-irradiated cells through vesicle secretion. The aims of this study were to characterize the vesicles released by the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y following X-ray radiations and their ability to increase invasiveness in non-irradiated SH-SY5Y cells. We first purified the extracellular vesicles released by the SH-SY5Y cells following X-rays, and then determined their total amount, dimensions, membrane protein composition, and cellular uptake. We also examined the effects of these extracellular vesicles on viability, migration, and DNA damage in recipient SH-SY5Y cells. We found that exposure to X-rays increased the release of extracellular vesicles and altered their protein composition. These vesicles were readily uptaken by non-irradiated cells, inducing an increase in viability, migration, and radio-resistance. The same results were obtained in an MYCN-amplified SK-N-BE cell line. Our study demonstrates that vesicles released from irradiated neuroblastoma cells stimulate proliferation and invasiveness that correlate with the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in non-irradiated cells. Moreover, our results suggest that, at least in neuroblastomas, targeting the extracellular vesicles may represent a novel therapeutic approach to counteract the side effects associated with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Tortolici
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (S.V.); (B.I.); (K.A.)
| | - Simone Vumbaca
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (S.V.); (B.I.); (K.A.)
| | - Bernadette Incocciati
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (S.V.); (B.I.); (K.A.)
| | - Renu Dayal
- Sanorva Biotech Private Limited, Mysuru 570008, India;
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (S.V.); (B.I.); (K.A.)
| | - Anna Giovanetti
- ENEA, Department of Energy and Sustainable Economic, 00123 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefano Rufini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (S.V.); (B.I.); (K.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Yang KS, Lin HY, Curley C, Welch MW, Wolpin B, Lee H, Weissleder R, Im H, Castro CM. Bead-Based Extracellular Vesicle Analysis Using Flow Cytometry. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2020; 4:e2000203. [PMID: 33103361 PMCID: PMC7718389 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent promising circulating biomarkers for cancers, but their high-throughput analyses in clinical settings prove challenging due to lack of simple, fast, and robust EV assays. Here, a bead-based EV assay detected by flow cytometry is described, which integrates EV capture using microbeads with EV protein analyses by flow cytometry. The assay is fast (<4 h for 48 samples), robust, and compatible with conventional flow cytometry instruments for high-throughput EV analysis. With the method, a panel of pancreatic cancer biomarkers in EVs from plasma samples of pancreatic cancer patients is successfully analyzed. The assay is readily translatable to other biomarkers or cancer types and can be run with standard materials on conventional flow cytometers, making it highly flexible and adaptable to diverse research and clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Yang
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hsing-Ying Lin
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Caleigh Curley
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hyungsoon Im
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Cesar M. Castro
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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48
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Burnie J, Tang VA, Welsh JA, Persaud AT, Thaya L, Jones JC, Guzzo C. Flow Virometry Quantification of Host Proteins on the Surface of HIV-1 Pseudovirus Particles. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111296. [PMID: 33198254 PMCID: PMC7697180 DOI: 10.3390/v12111296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 glycoprotein spike (gp120) is typically the first viral antigen that cells encounter before initiating immune responses, and is often the sole target in vaccine designs. Thus, characterizing the presence of cellular antigens on the surfaces of HIV particles may help identify new antiviral targets or impact targeting of gp120. Despite the importance of characterizing proteins on the virion surface, current techniques available for this purpose do not support high-throughput analysis of viruses, and typically only offer a semi-quantitative assessment of virus-associated proteins. Traditional bulk techniques often assess averages of viral preparations, which may mask subtle but important differences in viral subsets. On the other hand, microscopy techniques, which provide detail on individual virions, are difficult to use in a high-throughput manner and have low levels of sensitivity for antigen detection. Flow cytometry is a technique that traditionally has been used for rapid, high-sensitivity characterization of single cells, with limited use in detecting viruses, since the small size of viral particles hinders their detection. Herein, we report the detection and surface antigen characterization of HIV-1 pseudovirus particles by light scattering and fluorescence with flow cytometry, termed flow virometry for its specific application to viruses. We quantified three cellular proteins (integrin α4β7, CD14, and CD162/PSGL-1) in the viral envelope by directly staining virion-containing cell supernatants without the requirement of additional processing steps to distinguish virus particles or specific virus purification techniques. We also show that two antigens can be simultaneously detected on the surface of individual HIV virions, probing for the tetraspanin marker, CD81, in addition to α4β7, CD14, and CD162/PSGL-1. This study demonstrates new advances in calibrated flow virometry as a tool to provide sensitive, high-throughput characterization of the viral envelope in a more efficient, quantitative manner than previously reported techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Burnie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (A.T.P.); (L.T.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Vera A. Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Joshua A. Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.A.W.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Arvin T. Persaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (A.T.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Laxshaginee Thaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (A.T.P.); (L.T.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Jennifer C. Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.A.W.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (A.T.P.); (L.T.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(416)-287-7436
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Flow-Cytometric Method for Viability Analysis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Other Cell-Culture-Contaminant Mollicutes. Curr Microbiol 2020; 78:67-77. [PMID: 33159562 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma is the smallest self-replicating bacteria, figuring as common contaminant of eukaryotic cell cultures. Production inputs and operator's manipulation seem to be the main sources of such contamination. Many analytical approaches have been applied for mycoplasma detection in cell cultures and also in biological products. However, unless they were validated, only indicator cell culture and bacteriological culture are considered as compendial methods for quality control of biological products. Nano-flow cytometry has been pointed out as an alternative technique for addressing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell viability being a substantial tool for reference material production. In this study, a viability-flow-cytometry assay was standardized for M. gallisepticum and then applied to other cell-culture-contaminant mycoplasmas. For this, M. galliseticum's growth rate was observed and different treatments were evaluated to establish low viability cultures (cell death-induced control). Distinct viability markers and their ideal concentrations (titration) were appraised. Ethanol treatment showed to be the best death-inducing control. CFDA and TOPRO markers revealed to be the best choice for detecting live and dead mycoplasma frequencies, respectively. The standardized methodology was applied to Mycoplasma arginini, M. hyorhinis, M. orale, Spiroplasma citri and Acholeplasma laidlawii. Significant statistical difference was observed in the percentage of viable cells in comparison to ethanol treatment for A. laidlawii in CFDA and in both markers for M. gallisepticum, M. hyorhinis and S. citri. In summary, we standardized a flow cytometry assay for assessing M. gallisepticum - and potentially other species - viability and ultimately applied for reference material production improving the quality control of biological products.
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50
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Kis D, Persa E, Szatmári T, Antal L, Bóta A, Csordás IB, Hargitai R, Jezsó B, Kis E, Mihály J, Sáfrány G, Varga Z, Lumniczky K. The effect of ionising radiation on the phenotype of bone marrow-derived extracellular vesicles. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20200319. [PMID: 32997527 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20200319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ionising radiation-induced alterations affecting intercellular communication in the bone marrow (BM) contribute to the development of haematological pathologies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are membrane-coated particles released by cells, have important roles in intercellular signalling in the BM. Our objective was to investigate the effects of ionising radiation on the phenotype of BM-derived EVs of total-body irradiated mice. METHODS CBA mice were irradiated with 0.1 Gy or 3 Gy X-rays. BM was isolated from the femur and tibia 24 h after irradiation. EVs were isolated from the BM supernatant. The phenotype of BM cells and EVs was analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The mean size of BM-derived EVs was below 300 nm and was not altered by ionising radiation. Their phenotype was very heterogeneous with EVs carrying either CD29 or CD44 integrins representing the major fraction. High-dose ionising radiation induced a strong rearrangement in the pool of BM-derived EVs which were markedly different from BM cell pool changes. The proportion of CD29 and CD44 integrin-harbouring EVs significantly decreased and the relative proportion of EVs with haematopoietic stem cell or lymphoid progenitor markers increased. Low-dose irradiation had limited effect on EV secretion. CONCLUSIONS Ionising radiation induced selective changes in the secretion of EVs by the different BM cell subpopulations. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE The novelty of the paper consists of performing a detailed phenotyping of BM-derived EVs after in vivo irradiation of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Kis
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Persa
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tünde Szatmári
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Antal
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bóta
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Barbara Csordás
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Hargitai
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Jezsó
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kis
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judith Mihály
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Géza Sáfrány
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
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