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Margutti P, D’Ambrosio A, Zamboni S. Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicle as Emerging Actors in Host Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8722. [PMID: 39201409 PMCID: PMC11354844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota is an intricate micro-ecosystem comprising a diverse range of dynamic microbial populations mainly consisting of bacteria, whose interactions with hosts strongly affect several physiological and pathological processes. The gut microbiota is being increasingly recognized as a critical player in maintaining homeostasis, contributing to the main functions of the intestine and distal organs such as the brain. However, gut dysbiosis, characterized by composition and function alterations of microbiota with intestinal barrier dysfunction has been linked to the development and progression of several pathologies, including intestinal inflammatory diseases, systemic autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatic arthritis, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, oral microbiota research has gained significant interest in recent years due to its potential impact on overall health. Emerging evidence on the role of microbiota-host interactions in health and disease has triggered a marked interest on the functional role of bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) as mediators of inter-kingdom communication. Accumulating evidence reveals that BEVs mediate host interactions by transporting and delivering into host cells effector molecules that modulate host signaling pathways and cell processes, influencing health and disease. This review discusses the critical role of BEVs from the gut, lung, skin and oral cavity in the epithelium, immune system, and CNS interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Margutti
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (S.Z.)
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2
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Oluwole SA, Weldu WD, Jayaraman K, Barnard KA, Agatemor C. Design Principles for Immunomodulatory Biomaterials. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38922334 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The immune system is imperative to the survival of all biological organisms. A functional immune system protects the organism by detecting and eliminating foreign and host aberrant molecules. Conversely, a dysfunctional immune system characterized by an overactive or weakened immune system causes life-threatening autoimmune or immunodeficiency diseases. Therefore, a critical need exists to develop technologies that regulate the immune system to ensure homeostasis or treat several diseases. Accumulating evidence shows that biomaterials─artificial materials (polymers, metals, ceramics, or engineered cells and tissues) that interact with biological systems─can trigger immune responses, offering a materials science-based strategy to modulate the immune system. This Review discusses the expanding frontiers of biomaterial-based immunomodulation, focusing on principles for designing these materials. This Review also presents examples of immunomodulatory biomaterials, which include polymers and metal- and carbon-based nanomaterials, capable of regulating the innate and adaptive immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Abidemi Oluwole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States
| | - Welday Desta Weldu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States
| | - Keerthana Jayaraman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States
| | - Kelsie Amanda Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States
| | - Christian Agatemor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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3
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Kwaku GN, Ward RA, Vyas JM, Harding HB. Host innate immune systems gather intel on invading microbes via pathogen-derived extracellular vesicles. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE 2024; 3:100043. [PMID: 38939756 PMCID: PMC11209872 DOI: 10.1016/j.vesic.2024.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles released into the extracellular milieu from various cell types including host cells and pathogens that infect them. As carriers of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, metabolites, and virulence factors, EVs act as delivery vehicles for intercellular communication and quorum sensing. Innate immune cells have the capacity to intercept, internalize, and interpret 'messages' contained within these EVs. This review categorizes the ability of EVs secreted by bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens to trigger both pro- and anti-inflammatory innate immune responses in the host. Understanding molecular pathways and inflammatory responses activated in innate immune cells upon pathogen-derived EV stimulation is critical to gain insight into potential therapeutics and combat these infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneva N. Kwaku
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jatin M. Vyas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Brown Harding
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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4
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Salgueiro VC, Passemar C, Vázquez-Iniesta L, Lerma L, Floto A, Prados-Rosales R. Extracellular vesicles in mycobacteria: new findings in biogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, and diagnostics. mBio 2024; 15:e0255223. [PMID: 38567992 PMCID: PMC11077946 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02552-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in mycobacterial species 15 years back, we have learned that this phenomenon is conserved in the Mycobacterium genus and has critical roles in bacterial physiology and host-pathogen interactions. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the tuberculosis (TB) causative agent, produces EVs both in vitro and in vivo including a diverse set of biomolecules with demonstrated immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, Mtb EVs (MEVs) have been shown to possess vaccine properties and carry biomarkers with diagnostic capacity. Although information on MEV biogenesis relative to other bacterial species is scarce, recent studies have shed light on how MEVs originate and are released to the extracellular space. In this minireview, we discuss past and new information about the vesiculogenesis phenomenon in Mtb, including biogenesis, MEV cargo, aspects in the context of host-pathogen interactions, and applications that could help to develop effective tools to tackle the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian C. Salgueiro
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, and Microbiology. School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charlotte Passemar
- Cambridge Center for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lucía Vázquez-Iniesta
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, and Microbiology. School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Lerma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, and Microbiology. School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Floto
- Cambridge Center for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, and Microbiology. School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Wang X, Lee JC. Staphylococcus aureus membrane vesicles: an evolving story. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00088-X. [PMID: 38677977 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterial pathogen that causes a wide variety of human diseases in community and hospital settings. S. aureus employs a diverse array of virulence factors, both surface-associated and secreted, to promote colonization, infection, and immune evasion. Over the past decade, a growing body of research has shown that S. aureus generates extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) that package a variety of bacterial components, many of which are virulence factors. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of S. aureus MVs and highlight their biogenesis, cargo, and potential role in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections. Lastly, we present some emerging questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jean C Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Bitzenhofer NL, Höfel C, Thies S, Weiler AJ, Eberlein C, Heipieper HJ, Batra‐Safferling R, Sundermeyer P, Heidler T, Sachse C, Busche T, Kalinowski J, Belthle T, Drepper T, Jaeger K, Loeschcke A. Exploring engineered vesiculation by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for natural product biosynthesis. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14312. [PMID: 37435812 PMCID: PMC10832525 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas species have become promising cell factories for the production of natural products due to their inherent robustness. Although these bacteria have naturally evolved strategies to cope with different kinds of stress, many biotechnological applications benefit from engineering of optimised chassis strains with specially adapted tolerance traits. Here, we explored the formation of outer membrane vesicles (OMV) of Pseudomonas putida KT2440. We found OMV production to correlate with the recombinant production of a natural compound with versatile beneficial properties, the tripyrrole prodigiosin. Further, several P. putida genes were identified, whose up- or down-regulated expression allowed controlling OMV formation. Finally, genetically triggering vesiculation in production strains of the different alkaloids prodigiosin, violacein, and phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, as well as the carotenoid zeaxanthin, resulted in up to three-fold increased product yields. Consequently, our findings suggest that the construction of robust strains by genetic manipulation of OMV formation might be developed into a useful tool which may contribute to improving limited biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lisa Bitzenhofer
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET)Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Carolin Höfel
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET)Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Stephan Thies
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET)Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Andrea Jeanette Weiler
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET)Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Christian Eberlein
- Department of Environmental BiotechnologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)LeipzigGermany
| | - Hermann J. Heipieper
- Department of Environmental BiotechnologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)LeipzigGermany
| | - Renu Batra‐Safferling
- Institute of Biological Information Processing – Structural Biochemistry (IBI‐7: Structural Biochemistry)Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Pia Sundermeyer
- Ernst‐Ruska Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER‐C‐3/Structural Biology)Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
- Institute for Biological Information Processing 6 (IBI‐6/ Structural Cellular Biology)Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Thomas Heidler
- Ernst‐Ruska Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER‐C‐3/Structural Biology)Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
- Institute for Biological Information Processing 6 (IBI‐6/ Structural Cellular Biology)Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Carsten Sachse
- Ernst‐Ruska Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER‐C‐3/Structural Biology)Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
- Institute for Biological Information Processing 6 (IBI‐6/ Structural Cellular Biology)Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
- Department of BiologyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec)Bielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
- Bielefeld University, Medical School East Westphalia‐LippeBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec)Bielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Thomke Belthle
- DWI─Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive MaterialsAachenGermany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Thomas Drepper
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET)Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Karl‐Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET)Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences IBG‐1: BiotechnologyForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Anita Loeschcke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET)Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
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7
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Kovács M, Wojnárovits L, Homlok R, Tegze A, Mohácsi-Farkas C, Takács E, Belák Á. Changes in the behavior of Staphylococcus aureus strains in the presence of oxacillin under the effect of gamma radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122843. [PMID: 37918768 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as a major pathogen is implicated in a wide range of foodborne and hospital-acquired infections, its methicillin resistant variants contribute to the spread of β-lactam antibiotic resistance. It is essentially important to destroy these pathogens, their resistance genes and the antibiotics in wastewaters. For this purpose reactions of reactive radicals (advanced oxidation processes), first of all hydroxyl radicals (•OH), are suggested. Here the radiolysis of water supplied these radicals. In the experiments B.01755 oxacillin sensitive and B.02174 resistant S. aureus strains were used to study their behaviorr in suspensions under the effect of irradiation in presence and absence of oxacillin. Oxacillin inactivation depended on concentration of the antibiotic used (0.042 and 1 g dm-3), higher concentration required a higher dose. When 106-109 CFU cm-3 S. aureus suspensions were irradiated with γ-radiation the bacteria were inactivated at low absorbed doses: 4 orders of magnitude decrease ocurred in the number of culturable cells at ∼0.6 kGy dose. Both cell membrane and DNA suffered considerable damages during irradiation. Due to the membrane damage the cells could not be stained, and the DNA content of cells in several days period was released into the solution. In DNA damage the oxacillin resistance mecA gene was also modified, it did not multiply in PCR test. These findings are important from the point of view of applying irradiation technology to stop the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Kovács
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Budapest, Somlói út 14-16, Hungary.
| | - László Wojnárovits
- Radiation Chemistry Department, Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121, Budapest, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary.
| | - Renáta Homlok
- Radiation Chemistry Department, Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121, Budapest, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary.
| | - Anna Tegze
- Radiation Chemistry Department, Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121, Budapest, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary.
| | - Csilla Mohácsi-Farkas
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Budapest, Somlói út 14-16, Hungary.
| | - Erzsébet Takács
- Radiation Chemistry Department, Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121, Budapest, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Belák
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Budapest, Somlói út 14-16, Hungary.
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8
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Xiao Y, Wu M, Xue C, Wang Y. Recent Advances in the Development of Membrane-derived Vesicles for Cancer Immunotherapy. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:403-420. [PMID: 37143265 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230504120841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The surface proteins on cell membranes enable the cells to have different properties, such as high biocompatibility, surface modifiability, and homologous targeting ability. Cell-membrane-derived vesicles have features identical to those of their parental cells, which makes them one of the most promising materials for drug delivery. Recently, as a result of the impressive effects of immunotherapy in cancer treatment, an increasing number of researchers have used cell-membrane-derived vesicles to enhance immune responses. To be more specific, the membrane vesicles derived from immune cells, tumor cells, bacteria, or engineered cells have the antigen presentation capacity and can trigger strong anti-tumor effects of the immune system. In this review, we first indicated a brief description of the vesicles and then introduced the detection technology and drug-loading methods for them. Secondly, we concluded the characteristics and applications of vesicles derived from different sources in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuai Xiao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Minliang Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chunyu Xue
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuchong Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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9
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Hicks E, Rogers NMK, Hendren CO, Kuehn MJ, Wiesner MR. Extracellular Vesicles and Bacteriophages: New Directions in Environmental Biocolloid Research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:16728-16742. [PMID: 37898880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
There is a long-standing appreciation among environmental engineers and scientists regarding the importance of biologically derived colloidal particles and their environmental fate. This interest has been recently renewed in considering bacteriophages and extracellular vesicles, which are each poised to offer engineers unique insights into fundamental aspects of environmental microbiology and novel approaches for engineering applications, including advances in wastewater treatment and sustainable agricultural practices. Challenges persist due to our limited understanding of interactions between these nanoscale particles with unique surface properties and their local environments. This review considers these biological particles through the lens of colloid science with attention given to their environmental impact and surface properties. We discuss methods developed for the study of inert (nonbiological) particle-particle interactions and the potential to use these to advance our understanding of the environmental fate and transport of extracellular vesicles and bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Hicks
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nicholas M K Rogers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Porter School of Earth and Environmental Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Christine Ogilvie Hendren
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Research Institute for Environment, Energy and Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608, United States
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Mark R Wiesner
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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10
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Fan Y, Guan B, Xu J, Zhang H, Yi L, Yang Z. Role of toll-like receptor-mediated pyroptosis in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115493. [PMID: 37734261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a life-threatening dysregulated status of the host response to infection, can cause multiorgan dysfunction and mortality. Sepsis places a heavy burden on the cardiovascular system due to the pathological imbalance of hyperinflammation and immune suppression. Myocardial injury and cardiac dysfunction caused by the aberrant host responses to pathogens can lead to cardiomyopathy, one of the most critical complications of sepsis. However, many questions about the specific mechanisms and characteristics of this complication remain to be answered. The causes of sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction include abnormal cardiac perfusion, myocardial inhibitory substances, autonomic dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and calcium homeostasis dysregulation. The fight between the host and pathogens acts as the trigger for sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, plays a critical role in the progress of sepsis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as pattern recognition receptors and participate in innate immune pathways that recognize damage-associated molecular patterns as well as pathogen-associated molecular patterns to mediate pyroptosis. Notably, pyroptosis is tightly associated with cardiac dysfunction in sepsis and septic shock. In line with these observations, induction of TLR-mediated pyroptosis may be a promising therapeutic approach to treat sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. This review focuses on the potential roles of TLR-mediated pyroptosis in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, to shed light on this promising therapeutic approach, thus helping to prevent and control septic shock caused by cardiovascular disorders and improve the prognosis of sepsis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Fan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Intensive Care Unit, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyi Guan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jianxing Xu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Intensive Care Unit, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Yi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Intensive Care Unit, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhixu Yang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Intensive Care Unit, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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11
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Wang X, Uppu DSSM, Dickey SW, Burgin DJ, Otto M, Lee JC. Staphylococcus aureus delta toxin modulates both extracellular membrane vesicle biogenesis and amyloid formation. mBio 2023; 14:e0174823. [PMID: 37795985 PMCID: PMC10653798 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01748-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus in planktonic cultures encapsulate a diverse cargo of bacterial proteins, nucleic acids, and glycopolymers that are protected from destruction by external factors. δ-toxin, a member of the phenol soluble modulin family, was shown to be critical for MV biogenesis. Amyloid fibrils co-purified with MVs generated by virulent, community-acquired S. aureus strains, and fibril formation was dependent on expression of the S. aureus δ-toxin gene (hld). Mass spectrometry data confirmed that the amyloid fibrils were comprised of δ-toxin. Although S. aureus MVs were produced in vivo in a localized murine infection model, amyloid fibrils were not observed in the in vivo setting. Our findings provide critical insights into staphylococcal factors involved in MV biogenesis and amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Divakara SSM Uppu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seth W. Dickey
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine,University of Maryland, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dylan J. Burgin
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jean C. Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Rogers NMK, Hicks E, Kan C, Martin E, Gao L, Limso C, Hendren CO, Kuehn M, Wiesner MR. Characterizing the Transport and Surface Affinity of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Yeast and Bacteria in Well-Characterized Porous Media. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13182-13192. [PMID: 37606695 PMCID: PMC10483924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bounded, nanosized particles, produced and secreted by all biological cell types. EVs are ubiquitous in the environment, operating in various roles including intercellular communication and plant immune modulation. Despite their ubiquity, the role of EV surface chemistry in determining transport has been minimally investigated. Using the zeta (ζ)-potential as a surrogate for surface charge, this work considers the deposition of EVs from the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and two bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescens, in well-characterized porous medium under various background conditions shown to influence the transport of other environmental colloidal particles: ionic strength and humic acid concentration. The affinity of S. cerevisiae EVs for the porous medium (glass beads) appeared to be sensitive to changes in ionic strength, as predicted by colloid stability (Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek or DLVO) theory, and humic acid concentration, while P. fluorescens EVs deviated from DLVO predictions, suggesting that mechanisms other than charge stabilization may control the deposition of P. fluorescens. Calculations of attachment efficiency from these deposition studies were used to estimate EV transport using a clean-bed filtration model. Based on these calculations, EVs could be transported through such homogeneous porous media up to 15 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. K. Rogers
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Porter School of Earth and Environmental
Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ethan Hicks
- Center
for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Department of
Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke
University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Christopher Kan
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ethan Martin
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Lijia Gao
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Clariss Limso
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Christine Ogilvie Hendren
- Department
of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Research Institute for Environment,
Energy and Economics, Appalachian State
University, Boone, North Carolina 28608, United States
| | - Meta Kuehn
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Mark R. Wiesner
- Center
for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Department of
Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke
University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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13
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Siddiq A, Dong G, Balan B, Harrison LG, Jex A, Olivier M, Allain T, Buret AG. A thermo-resistant and RNase-sensitive cargo from Giardia duodenalis extracellular vesicles modifies the behaviour of enterobacteria. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e109. [PMID: 38938375 PMCID: PMC11080815 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) recently emerged as important players in the pathophysiology of parasitic infections. While the protist parasite Giardia duodenalis can produce EVs, their role in giardiasis remains obscure. Giardia can disrupt gut microbiota biofilms and transform commensal bacteria into invasive pathobionts at sites devoid of colonizing trophozoites via unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that Giardia EVs could modify gut bacterial behaviour via a novel mode of trans-kingdom communication. Our findings indicate that Giardia EVs exert bacteriostatic effects on Escherichia coli HB101 and Enterobacter cloacae TW1, increasing their swimming motility. Giardia EVs also decreased the biofilm-forming ability of E. coli HB101 but not by E. cloacae TW1, supporting the hypothesis that these effects are, at least in part, bacteria-selective. E. coli HB101 and E. cloacae TW1 exhibited increased adhesion/invasion onto small intestine epithelial cells when exposed to Giardia EVs. EVs labelled with PKH67 revealed colocalization with E. coli HB101 and E. cloacae TW1 bacterial cells. Small RNA sequencing revealed a high abundance of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- and transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs, short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and micro-RNAs (miRNAs) within Giardia EVs. Proteomic analysis of EVs uncovered the presence of RNA chaperones and heat shock proteins that can facilitate the thermal stability of EVs and its sRNA cargo, as well as protein-modifying enzymes. In vitro, RNase heat-treatment assays showed that total RNAs in EVs, but not proteins, are responsible for modulating bacterial swimming motility and biofilm formation. G. duodenalis small RNAs of EVs, but not proteins, were responsible for the increased bacterial adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells induced upon exposure to Giardia EVs. Together, the findings indicate that Giardia EVs contain a heat-stable, RNase-sensitive cargo that can trigger the development of pathobiont characteristics in Enterobacteria, depicting a novel trans-kingdom cross-talk in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Affan Siddiq
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Inflammation Research NetworkUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Host‐Parasite InteractionsUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - George Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global HeathMontréalQCCanada
| | - Balu Balan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneAustralia
- The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Luke G. Harrison
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Inflammation Research NetworkUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Host‐Parasite InteractionsUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Aaron Jex
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneAustralia
- The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global HeathMontréalQCCanada
| | - Thibault Allain
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Inflammation Research NetworkUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Host‐Parasite InteractionsUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Andre G. Buret
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Inflammation Research NetworkUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Host‐Parasite InteractionsUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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14
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Gan Y, Zhao G, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wu MX, Lu M. Bacterial Membrane Vesicles: Physiological Roles, Infection Immunology, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301357. [PMID: 37357142 PMCID: PMC10477901 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial or fungal membrane vesicles, traditionally considered as microbial metabolic wastes, are secreted mainly from the outer membrane or cell membrane of microorganisms. However, recent studies have shown that these vesicles play essential roles in direct or indirect communications among microorganisms and between microorganisms and hosts. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of the physiological functions and emerging applications of bacterial membrane vesicles, with a focus on their biogenesis, mechanisms of adsorption and invasion into host cells, immune stimulatory effects, and roles in the much-concerned problem of bacterial resistance. Additionally, the potential applications of these vesicles as biomarkers, vaccine candidates, and drug delivery platforms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Gan
- Department of Transfusion MedicineHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Department of Transfusion MedicineHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040P. R. China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
| | - Mei X. Wu
- Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General HospitalDepartment of DermatologyHarvard Medical School, 50 Blossom StreetBostonMA02114USA
| | - Min Lu
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200240P. R. China
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15
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Seeger C, Dyrhage K, Näslund K, Andersson SGE. Apilactobacillus kunkeei releases RNA-associated membrane vesicles and proteinaceous nanoparticles. MICROLIFE 2023; 4:uqad037. [PMID: 37705871 PMCID: PMC10496945 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellularly released particles, including membrane vesicles, have increasingly been recognized as important for bacterial community functions and host-interaction processes, but their compositions and functional roles differ between species and also between strains of the same species. In this study, we have determined the composition of membrane vesicles and protein particles identified in the cell-free pellets of two strains of Apilactobacillus kunkeei, a defensive symbiont of honeybees. The membrane vesicles were separated from the extracellular particles using density gradient ultracentrifugation. The peaks of the RNA and protein distributions were separated from each other and the highest concentration of RNA was observed in the fractions that contained the membrane vesicles while the highest protein concentration coincided with the fractions that contained extracellular particles. A comparative proteomics analysis by LC-MS/MS showed that 37 proteins with type-I signal peptides were consistently identified across the fractionated samples obtained from the cell-free pellets, of which 29 were orthologs detected in both strains. Functional predictions of the extracellular proteins revealed the presence of glycoside hydrolases, glycosyltransferases, giant proteins and peptidases. The extracellular transcriptomes mapped to a broad set of genes with a similar functional profile as the whole cell transcriptome. This study provides insights into the composition of membrane vesicles and extracellular proteins of a bee-associated symbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Seeger
- Molecular Evolution, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Dyrhage
- Molecular Evolution, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Näslund
- Molecular Evolution, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siv G E Andersson
- Molecular Evolution, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Charpentier LA, Dolben EF, Hendricks MR, Hogan DA, Bomberger JM, Stanton BA. Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles and Immune Modulation of the Host. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:752. [PMID: 37755174 PMCID: PMC10536716 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the role of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in mediating the interaction between Gram-negative bacteria and their human hosts. OMVs are produced by a diverse range of Gram-negative bacteria during infection and play a critical role in facilitating host-pathogen interactions without requiring direct cell-to-cell contact. This article describes the mechanisms by which OMVs are formed and subsequently interact with host cells, leading to the transport of microbial protein virulence factors and short interfering RNAs (sRNA) to their host targets, exerting their immunomodulatory effects by targeting specific host signaling pathways. Specifically, this review highlights mechanisms by which OMVs facilitate chronic infection through epigenetic modification of the host immune response. Finally, this review identifies critical knowledge gaps in the field and offers potential avenues for future OMV research, specifically regarding rigor and reproducibility in OMV isolation and characterization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily A. Charpentier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (L.A.C.); (E.F.D.); (D.A.H.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Emily F. Dolben
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (L.A.C.); (E.F.D.); (D.A.H.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Matthew R. Hendricks
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA;
| | - Deborah A. Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (L.A.C.); (E.F.D.); (D.A.H.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Jennifer M. Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (L.A.C.); (E.F.D.); (D.A.H.); (J.M.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA;
| | - Bruce A. Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (L.A.C.); (E.F.D.); (D.A.H.); (J.M.B.)
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17
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Taitz JJ, Tan JK, Potier-Villette C, Ni D, King NJ, Nanan R, Macia L. Diet, commensal microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles, and host immunity. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250163. [PMID: 37137164 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has co-evolved with its host, and commensal bacteria can influence both the host's immune development and function. Recently, a role has emerged for bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) as potent immune modulators. BEVs are nanosized membrane vesicles produced by all bacteria, possessing the membrane characteristics of the originating bacterium and carrying an internal cargo that may include nucleic acid, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. Thus, BEVs possess multiple avenues for regulating immune processes, and have been implicated in allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. BEVs are biodistributed locally in the gut, and also systemically, and thus have the potential to affect both the local and systemic immune responses. The production of gut microbiota-derived BEVs is regulated by host factors such as diet and antibiotic usage. Specifically, all aspects of nutrition, including macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, and fat), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and food additives (the antimicrobial sodium benzoate), can regulate BEV production. This review summarizes current knowledge of the powerful links between nutrition, antibiotics, gut microbiota-derived BEV, and their effects on immunity and disease development. It highlights the potential of targeting or utilizing gut microbiota-derived BEV as a therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma J Taitz
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jian K Tan
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Camille Potier-Villette
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Duan Ni
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Jc King
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Doré E, Boilard E. Bacterial extracellular vesicles and their interplay with the immune system. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 247:108443. [PMID: 37210006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian intestinal tract harbors trillions of microorganisms confined within this space by mucosal barriers. Despite these barriers, bacterial components may still be found elsewhere in the body, even in healthy subjects. Bacteria can release small lipid-bound particles, also named bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEV). While bacteria themselves cannot normally penetrate the mucosal defense, bEVs may infiltrate the barrier and disseminate throughout the body. The extremely diverse cargo that bEVs can carry, depending on their parent species, strain, and growth conditions, grant them an equally broad potential to interact with host cells and influence immune functions. Herein, we review the current knowledge of processes underlying the uptake of bEVs by mammalian cells, and their effect on the immune system. Furthermore, we discuss how bEVs could be targeted and manipulated for diverse therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Doré
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche ARThrite - Arthrite, Recherche, Traitements, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche ARThrite - Arthrite, Recherche, Traitements, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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19
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Rogers NMK, McCumber AW, McMillan HM, McNamara RP, Dittmer DP, Kuehn MJ, Hendren CO, Wiesner MR. Comparative electrokinetic properties of extracellular vesicles produced by yeast and bacteria. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 225:113249. [PMID: 36905832 PMCID: PMC10085849 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, biocolloidal proteoliposomes that have been shown to be produced by all cell types studied to date and are ubiquitous in the environment. Extensive literature on colloidal particles has demonstrated the implications of surface chemistry on transport behavior. Hence, one may anticipate that physicochemical properties of EVs, particularly surface charge-associated properties, may influence EV transport and specificity of interactions with surfaces. Here we compare the surface chemistry of EVs as expressed by zeta potential (calculated from electrophoretic mobility measurements). The zeta potentials of EVs produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were largely unaffected by changes in ionic strength and electrolyte type, but were affected by changes in pH. The addition of humic acid altered the calculated zeta potential of the EVs, especially for those from S. cerevisiae. Differences in zeta potential were compared between EVs and their respective parent cell with no consistent trend emerging; however, significant differences were discovered between the different cell types and their EVs. These findings imply that, while EV surface charge (as estimated from zeta potential) is relatively insensitive to the evaluated environmental conditions, EVs from different organisms can differ regarding which conditions will cause colloidal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M K Rogers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Porter School of Earth and Environmental Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Alexander W McCumber
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hannah M McMillan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ryan P McNamara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christine Ogilvie Hendren
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA; Research Institute for Environment, Energy and Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Mark R Wiesner
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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20
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Wang X, Uppu DS, Dickey SW, Burgin DJ, Otto M, Lee JC. Staphylococcus aureus Delta Toxin Modulates both Extracellular Membrane Vesicle Biogenesis and Amyloid Formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.23.533957. [PMID: 36993475 PMCID: PMC10055364 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.533957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus secretes phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), a family of small, amphipathic, secreted peptides with multiple biologic activities. Community-acquired S. aureus strains produce high levels of PSMs in planktonic cultures, and PSM alpha peptides have been shown to augment the release of extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs). We observed that amyloids, aggregates of proteins characterized by a fibrillar morphology and stained with specific dyes, co-purified with MVs harvested from cell-free culture supernatants of community-acquired S. aureus strains. δ-toxin was a major component of amyloid fibrils that co-purified with strain LAC MVs, and δ-toxin promoted the production of MVs and amyloid fibrils in a dose-dependent manner. To determine whether MVs and amyloid fibrils were generated under in vivo conditions, we inoculated mice with S. aureus harvested from planktonic cultures. Bacterial MVs could be isolated and purified from lavage fluids recovered from infected animals. Although δ-toxin was the most abundant PSM in lavage fluids, amyloid fibrils could not be detected in these samples. Our findings expand our understanding of amyloid fibril formation in S. aureus cultures, reveal important roles of δ-toxin in amyloid fibril formation and MV biogenesis, and demonstrate that MVs are generated in vivo in a staphylococcal infection model. Importance Extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus in planktonic cultures encapsulate a diverse cargo of bacterial proteins, nucleic acids, and glycopolymers that are protected from destruction by external factors. δ-toxin, a member of the phenol soluble modulin family, was shown to be critical for MV biogenesis. Amyloid fibrils co-purified with MVs generated by virulent, community-acquired S. aureus strains, and fibril formation was dependent on expression of the S. aureus δ-toxin gene ( hld ). Mass spectrometry data confirmed that the amyloid fibrils were comprised of δ-toxin. Although S. aureus MVs were produced in vivo in a localized murine infection model, amyloid fibrils were not observed in the in vivo setting. Our findings provide critical insights into staphylococcal factors involved in MV biogenesis and amyloid formation.
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21
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Composition and functions of bacterial membrane vesicles. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023:10.1038/s41579-023-00875-5. [PMID: 36932221 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are produced by species across all domains of life, suggesting that vesiculation represents a fundamental principle of living matter. In Gram-negative bacteria, membrane vesicles (MVs) can originate either from blebs of the outer membrane or from endolysin-triggered explosive cell lysis, which is often induced by genotoxic stress. Although less is known about the mechanisms of vesiculation in Gram-positive and Gram-neutral bacteria, recent research has shown that both lysis and blebbing mechanisms also exist in these organisms. Evidence has accumulated over the past years that different biogenesis routes lead to distinct types of MV with varied structure and composition. In this Review, we discuss the different types of MV and their potential cargo packaging mechanisms. We summarize current knowledge regarding how MV composition determines their various functions including support of bacterial growth via the disposal of waste material, nutrient scavenging, export of bioactive molecules, DNA transfer, neutralization of phages, antibiotics and bactericidal functions, delivery of virulence factors and toxins to host cells and inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. We also discuss the advantages of MV-mediated secretion compared with classic bacterial secretion systems and we introduce the concept of quantal secretion.
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22
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Rodríguez-Díaz C, Martín-Reyes F, Taminiau B, Ho-Plágaro A, Camargo R, Fernandez-Garcia F, Pinazo-Bandera J, Toro-Ortiz JP, Gonzalo M, López-Gómez C, Rodríguez-Pacheco F, Rodríguez de los Ríos D, Daube G, Alcain-Martinez G, García-Fuentes E. The Metagenomic Composition and Effects of Fecal-Microbe-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Intestinal Permeability Depend on the Patient's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054971. [PMID: 36902401 PMCID: PMC10002483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition and impact of fecal-microbe-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) present in different diseases has not been analyzed. We determined the metagenomic profiling of feces and fecal-microbe-derived EVs from healthy subjects and patients with different diseases (diarrhea, morbid obesity and Crohn's disease (CD)) and the effect of these fecal EVs on the cellular permeability of Caco-2 cells. The control group presented higher proportions of Pseudomonas and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and lower proportions of Phascolarctobacterium, Veillonella and Veillonellaceae_ge in EVs when compared with the feces from which these EVs were isolated. In contrast, there were significant differences in 20 genera between the feces and EV compositions in the disease groups. Bacteroidales and Pseudomonas were increased, and Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Clostridium and Subdoligranum were decreased in EVs from control patients compared with the other three groups of patients. Tyzzerella, Verrucomicrobiaceae, Candidatus_Paracaedibacter and Akkermansia were increased in EVs from the CD group compared with the morbid obesity and diarrhea groups. Fecal EVs from the morbid obesity, CD and, mainly, diarrhea induced a significant increase in the permeability of Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, the metagenomic composition of fecal-microbe-derived EVs changes depending on the disease of the patients. The modification of the permeability of Caco-2 cells produced by fecal EVs depends on the disease of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Flores Martín-Reyes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Department of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Ailec Ho-Plágaro
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Camargo
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Felix Fernandez-Garcia
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - José Pinazo-Bandera
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Toro-Ortiz
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Montserrat Gonzalo
- UCG de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario, 29009 Malaga, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisca Rodríguez-Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Dámaris Rodríguez de los Ríos
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Georges Daube
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Department of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Guillermo Alcain-Martinez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.A.-M.); (E.G.-F.)
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.A.-M.); (E.G.-F.)
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Abstract
The microbial secretome modulates how the organism interacts with its environment. Included in the Staphylococcus aureus secretome are extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) that consist of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, as well as exoproteins, some cell wall-associated proteins, and glycopolymers. The extent to which MVs contribute to the diverse composition of the secretome is not understood. We performed a proteomic analysis of MVs purified from the S. aureus strain MRSA252 along with a similar analysis of the whole secretome (culture supernatant) before and after depletion of MVs. The MRSA252 secretome was comprised of 1,001 proteins, of which 667 were also present in MVs. Cell membrane-associated proteins and lipoteichoic acid in the culture supernatant were highly associated with MVs, followed by cytoplasmic and extracellular proteins. Few cell wall-associated proteins were contained in MVs, and capsular polysaccharides were found both in the secretome and MVs. When MVs were removed from the culture supernatant by ultracentrifugation, 54 of the secretome proteins were significantly depleted in abundance. Proteins packaged in MVs were characterized by an isoelectric point that was significantly higher than that of proteins excluded from MVs. Our data indicate that the generation of S. aureus MVs is a mechanism by which lipoteichoic acid, cytoplasmic, and cell membrane-associated proteins are released into the secretome. IMPORTANCE The secretome of Staphylococcus aureus includes soluble molecules and nano-sized extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs). The protein composition of both the secretome and MVs includes cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, as well as exoproteins, some cell wall-associated proteins, and glycopolymers. How the MV cargo differs from the protein composition of the secretome has not yet been addressed. Although the compositions of the secretome and MVs were strikingly similar, we identified 54 proteins that were specifically packaged in MVs. Proteins highly associated with MVs were characterized by their abundance in the secretome, an association with the bacterial membrane, and a basic isoelectric point. This study deepens our limited understanding about the contribution of MVs to the secretome of S. aureus.
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24
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Kengmo Tchoupa A, Kretschmer D, Schittek B, Peschel A. The epidermal lipid barrier in microbiome-skin interaction. Trends Microbiol 2023:S0966-842X(23)00027-6. [PMID: 36822953 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The corneocyte layers forming the upper surface of mammalian skin are embedded in a lamellar-membrane matrix which repels harmful molecules while retaining solutes from subcutaneous tissues. Only certain bacterial and fungal taxa colonize skin surfaces. They have ways to use epidermal lipids as nutrients while resisting antimicrobial fatty acids. Skin microorganisms release lipophilic microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) molecules which are largely retained by the epidermal lipid barrier. Skin barrier defects, as in atopic dermatitis, impair lamellar-membrane integrity, resulting in altered skin microbiomes, which then include the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. The resulting increased penetration of MAMPs and toxins promotes skin inflammation. Elucidating how microorganisms manipulate the epidermal lipid barrier will be key for better ways of preventing inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Kengmo Tchoupa
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology Section, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Kretschmer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology Section, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Dermatology Department, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology Section, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Germany.
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25
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Proteomic Profiling Reveals Distinct Bacterial Extracellular Vesicle Subpopulations with Possibly Unique Functionality. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0168622. [PMID: 36533919 PMCID: PMC9888257 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01686-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are 20- to 200-nm secreted packages of lipids, small molecules, and proteins that contribute to diverse bacterial processes. In plant systems, OMVs from pathogenic and beneficial strains elicit plant immune responses that inhibit seedling growth and protect against future pathogen challenge. Previous studies of OMV-plant interactions suggest functionally important differences in the protein composition of Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas fluorescens OMVs, and that their composition and activity differ as a result of medium culture conditions. Here, we show that plant apoplast-mimicking minimal medium conditions impact OMV protein content dramatically in P. syringae but not in P. fluorescens relative to complete medium conditions. Comparative, 2-way analysis of the four conditions reveals subsets of proteins that may contribute to OMV-mediated bacterial virulence and plant immune activation as well as those involved in bacterial stress tolerance or adaptation to a beneficial relationship with plants. Additional localization enrichment analysis of these subsets suggests the presence of outer-inner membrane vesicles (OIMVs). Collectively, these results reveal distinct differences in bacterial extracellular vesicle cargo and biogenesis routes from pathogenic and beneficial plant bacteria in different medium conditions and point to distinct populations of vesicles with diverse functional roles. IMPORTANCE Recent publications have shown that bacterial vesicles play important roles in interkingdom communication between bacteria and plants. Indeed, our recently published data reveal that bacterial vesicles from pathogenic and beneficial strains elicit immune responses in plants that protect against future pathogen challenge. However, the molecules underlying these striking phenomena remain unknown. Our recent work indicated that proteins packaged in vesicles are critically important for vesicle-mediated seedling growth inhibition, often considered an indirect measure of plant immune activation. In this study, we characterize the protein cargo of vesicles from Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato DC3000 and Pseudomonas fluorescens from two different medium conditions and show that distinct subpopulations of vesicles contribute to bacterial virulence and stress tolerance. Furthermore, we reveal differences in how beneficial and pathogenic bacterial species respond to harsh environmental conditions through vesicle packaging. Importantly, we find that protein cargo implicates outer-inner membrane vesicles in bacterial stress responses, while outer membrane vesicles are packaged for virulence.
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26
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Manukyan G, Gallo J, Mikulkova Z, Trajerova M, Savara J, Slobodova Z, Fidler E, Shrestha B, Kriegova E. Phenotypic and functional characterisation of synovial fluid-derived neutrophils in knee osteoarthritis and knee infection. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:72-82. [PMID: 36216277 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An increase in the number of neutrophils (NEUs) has long been associated with infections in the knee joints; however, their impact on knee osteoarthritis (KOA) pathophysiology remains largely unexplored. DESIGN This study compared the phenotypic and functional characteristics of synovial fluid (SF)-derived NEUs in KOA and knee infection (INF). RESULTS KOA NEUs were characterised by a lower expression of CD11b, CD54, and CD64 and higher expression of CD62L, TLR2, and TLR4 compared with INF NEUs. Except for CCL2, lower levels of inflammatory mediators and proteases were detected in KOA SF than in INF SF. Functionally, KOA NEUs displayed increased reactive oxygen species production and phagocytic activity compared with INF NEUs. Moreover, KOA and INF NEUs differed in cell sizes, histological characteristics of the surrounding synovial tissues, and their effects on the endothelial cells assessed by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. When KOA patients were subdivided based on the SF NEU abundance, patients with high NEUs (10%-60%) were characterised by i) elevated SF protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1RA, MMP-9, sTREM-1, VILIP-1 and ii) lower CD54, CD64, TLR2 and TLR4 expression compared to patients with low NEUs (<10%). Analysis of paired SF samples suggests that low or high NEU percentages, respectively, persist throughout the course of disease. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that NEU may play a significant role in KOA pathophysiology. Further studies should explore the mechanisms that contribute to the increased number of NEUs in SF and the clinical consequences of neutrophilic phenotype in KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Manukyan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - J Gallo
- Department of Orthopedics, Palacký University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Z Mikulkova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - M Trajerova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - J Savara
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Z Slobodova
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Palacký University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - E Fidler
- Department of Orthopedics, Palacký University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - B Shrestha
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - E Kriegova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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27
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Liu ZH, Wu QY, Xu F, Zhang X, Liao XB. Biofunction and clinical potential of extracellular vesicles from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Res 2023; 266:127238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Pang Y, Ermann Lundberg L, Mata Forsberg M, Ahl D, Bysell H, Pallin A, Sverremark-Ekström E, Karlsson R, Jonsson H, Roos S. Extracellular membrane vesicles from Limosilactobacillus reuteri strengthen the intestinal epithelial integrity, modulate cytokine responses and antagonize activation of TRPV1. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1032202. [PMID: 36466671 PMCID: PMC9712456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1032202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular membrane vesicles (MV) are potent mediators of microbe-host signals, and they are not only important in host-pathogen interactions but also for the interactions between mutualistic bacteria and their hosts. Studies of MV derived from probiotics could enhance the understanding of these universal signal entities, and here we have studied MV derived from Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and BG-R46. The production of MV increased with cultivation time and after oxygen stress. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics analyses revealed that the MV carried a large number of bacterial cell surface proteins, several predicted to be involved in host-bacteria interactions. A 5'-nucleotidase, which catalyze the conversion of AMP into the signal molecule adenosine, was one of these and analysis of enzymatic activity showed that L. reuteri BG-R46 derived MV exhibited the highest activity. We also detected the TLR2 activator lipoteichoic acid on the MV. In models for host interactions, we first observed that L. reuteri MV were internalized by Caco-2/HT29-MTX epithelial cells, and in a dose-dependent manner decreased the leakage caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by up to 65%. Furthermore, the MV upregulated IL-1β and IL-6 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), but also dampened IFN-γ and TNF-α responses in PBMC challenged with Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, we showed that MV from the L. reuteri strains have an antagonistic effect on the pain receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in a model with primary dorsal root ganglion cells from rats. In summary, we have shown that these mobile nanometer scale MV reproduce several biological effects of L. reuteri cells and that the production parameters and selection of strain have an impact on the activity of the MV. This could potentially provide key information for development of innovative and more efficient probiotic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Pang
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ludwig Ermann Lundberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- BioGaia AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Mata Forsberg
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Ahl
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anton Pallin
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Nanoxis Consulting AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Jonsson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Roos
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- BioGaia AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Gilmore WJ, Johnston EL, Bitto NJ, Zavan L, O'Brien-Simpson N, Hill AF, Kaparakis-Liaskos M. Bacteroides fragilis outer membrane vesicles preferentially activate innate immune receptors compared to their parent bacteria. Front Immunol 2022; 13:970725. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.970725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) has become recognized as a key mechanism used by both pathogenic and commensal bacteria to activate innate immune responses in the host and mediate immunity. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Gram-negative bacteria can harbor various immunogenic cargo that includes proteins, nucleic acids and peptidoglycan, and the composition of OMVs strongly influences their ability to activate host innate immune receptors. Although various Gram-negative pathogens can produce OMVs that are enriched in immunogenic cargo compared to their parent bacteria, the ability of OMVs produced by commensal organisms to be enriched with immunostimulatory contents is only recently becoming known. In this study, we investigated the cargo associated with OMVs produced by the intestinal commensal Bacteroides fragilis and determined their ability to activate host innate immune receptors. Analysis of B. fragilis OMVs revealed that they packaged various biological cargo including proteins, DNA, RNA, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and peptidoglycan, and that this cargo could be enriched in OMVs compared to their parent bacteria. We visualized the entry of B. fragilis OMVs into intestinal epithelial cells, in addition to the ability of B. fragilis OMVs to transport bacterial RNA and peptidoglycan cargo into Caco-2 epithelial cells. Using HEK-Blue reporter cell lines, we identified that B. fragilis OMVs could activate host Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2, TLR4, TLR7 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1), whereas B. fragilis bacteria could only induce the activation of TLR2. Overall, our data demonstrates that B. fragilis OMVs activate a broader range of host innate immune receptors compared to their parent bacteria due to their enrichment of biological cargo and their ability to transport this cargo directly into host epithelial cells. These findings indicate that the secretion of OMVs by B. fragilis may facilitate immune crosstalk with host epithelial cells at the gastrointestinal surface and suggests that OMVs produced by commensal bacteria may preferentially activate host innate immune receptors at the mucosal gastrointestinal tract.
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30
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Characterization of extracellular vesicles from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13330. [PMID: 35941134 PMCID: PMC9360025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the characteristics and functionalities of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (previously Lactobacillus plantarum) towards host immune cells. L. plantarum produces EVs that have a cytoplasmic membrane and contain cytoplasmic metabolites, membrane and cytoplasmic proteins, and small RNAs, but not bacterial cell wall components, namely, lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan. In the presence of L. plantarum EVs, Raw264 cells inducibly produced the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and IF-γ and IL-12, which are involved in the differentiation of naive T-helper cells into T-helper type 1 cells. IgA was produced by PP cells following the addition of EVs. Therefore, L. plantarum EVs activated innate and acquired immune responses. L. plantarum EVs are recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which activates NF-κB, but not by other TLRs or NOD-like receptors. N-acylated peptides from lipoprotein19180 (Lp19180) in L. plantarum EVs were identified as novel TLR2 ligands. Therefore, L. plantarum induces an immunostimulation though the TLR2 recognition of the N-acylated amino acid moiety of Lp19180 in EVs. Additionally, we detected a large amount of EVs in the rat gastrointestinal tract for the first time, suggesting that EVs released by probiotics function as a modulator of intestinal immunity.
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31
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Liu Y, Xie YZ, Shi YH, Yang L, Chen XY, Wang LW, Qu JM, Weng D, Wang XJ, Liu HP, Ge BX, Xu JF. Airway acidification impaired host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection by promoting type 1 interferon β response. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2132-2146. [PMID: 35930458 PMCID: PMC9487950 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2110524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Airway microenvironment played an important role in the progression of chronic respiratory disease. Here we showed that standardized pondus hydrogenii (pH) of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of bronchiectasis patients was significantly lower than that of controls and was significantly correlated with bronchiectasis severity index (BSI) scores and disease prognosis. EBC pH was lower in severe patients than that in mild and moderate patients. Besides, acidic microenvironment deteriorated Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) pulmonary infection in mice models. Mechanistically, acidic microenvironment increased P. aeruginosa outer membrane vesicles (PA_OMVs) released and boosted it induced the activation of interferon regulatory factor3 (IRF3)-interferonβ (IFN-β) signalling pathway, ultimately compromised the anti-bacteria immunity. Targeted knockout of IRF3 or type 1 interferon receptor (IFNAR1) alleviated lung damage and lethality of mice after P. aeruginosa infection that aggravated by acidic microenvironment. Together, these findings identified airway acidification impaired host resistance to P. aeruginosa infection by enhancing it induced the activation of IRF3-IFN-β signalling pathway. Standardized EBC pH may be a useful biomarker of disease severity and a potential therapeutic target for the refractory P. aeruginosa infection. The study also provided one more reference parameter for drug selection and new drug discovery for bronchiectasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying-Zhou Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi-Han Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospitial of Fujian Medical University, Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Fujian 362000, China
| | - Ling-Wei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jie-Ming Qu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Dong Weng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Hai-Peng Liu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bao-Xue Ge
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jin-Fu Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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32
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Liu C, Wang Y, Li L, He D, Chi J, Li Q, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Wang L, Fan Z, Liao Y. Engineered extracellular vesicles and their mimetics for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2022; 349:679-698. [PMID: 35878728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous membranous vesicles secreted by living cells that are involved in many physiological and pathological processes as intermediaries for intercellular communication and molecular transfer. Recent studies have shown that EVs can regulate the occurrence and development of tumors by transferring proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to immune cells as signaling molecules. As a new diagnostic biomarker and drug delivery system, EVs have broad application prospects in immunotherapy. In addition, the breakthrough of nanotechnology has promoted the development and exploration of engineered EVs for immune-targeted therapy. Herein, we review the uniqueness of EVs in immune regulation and the engineering strategies used for immunotherapy and highlight the logic of their design through typical examples. The present situation and challenges of clinical transformation are discussed, and the development prospects of EVs in immunotherapy are proposed. The goal of this review is to provide new insights into the design of immune-regulatory EVs and expand their application in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, China
| | - Yichao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Tai Zhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), No.999 Donghai Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Longmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dongyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiaxin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yixiao Wu
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Yunxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Zhijin Fan
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuhui Liao
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China.
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33
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The Influence of Antibiotic Resistance on Innate Immune Responses to Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050542. [PMID: 35625186 PMCID: PMC9138074 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes a broad range of infections and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. S. aureus produces a diverse range of cellular and extracellular factors responsible for its invasiveness and ability to resist immune attack. In recent years, increasing resistance to last-line anti-staphylococcal antibiotics daptomycin and vancomycin has been observed. Resistant strains of S. aureus are highly efficient in invading a variety of professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and are able to survive inside host cells. Eliciting immune protection against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infection is a global challenge, requiring both innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms. Dendritic cells (DC), which sit at the interface between innate and adaptive immune responses, are central to the induction of immune protection against S. aureus. However, it has been observed that S. aureus has the capacity to develop further antibiotic resistance and acquire increased resistance to immunological recognition by the innate immune system. In this article, we review the strategies utilised by S. aureus to circumvent antibiotic and innate immune responses, especially the interaction between S. aureus and DC, focusing on how this relationship is perturbed with the development of antibiotic resistance.
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34
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An J, Kwon H, Lim W, Moon BI. Staphylococcus aureus-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enhance the Efficacy of Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer Cells. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11072030. [PMID: 35407638 PMCID: PMC9000115 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11072030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiome involved in the human estrogen metabolism is known as the estrobolome. This study aimed to show that the estrobolome can be used in breast cancer treatment. We first analyzed the blood microbiome composition of healthy controls and patients with breast cancer. In particular, we investigated the bacteria producing β-glucuronidase and/or β-galactosidase, which are involved in estrogen metabolism in the human body. Staphylococcus species were more abundant in healthy controls than in breast cancer patients and therefore were selected for further analyses. The effect of Staphylococcus aureus on endocrine therapy was analyzed by a combination treatment with tamoxifen. Analysis of the microbiome of blood samples showed that species producing β-glucuronidase were more abundant in breast cancer patients than in healthy controls. Further experiments confirmed that the efficacy of tamoxifen increased when administered in conjugation with the extracellular vesicles (EVs) of S. aureus. Based on our results, we deduced that S. aureus EVs could potentially be used as adjuvants for breast cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongshin An
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Korea; (J.A.); (H.K.); (W.L.)
- Institute of Convergence Medicine Research, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Hyungju Kwon
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Korea; (J.A.); (H.K.); (W.L.)
| | - Woosung Lim
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Korea; (J.A.); (H.K.); (W.L.)
| | - Byung-In Moon
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Korea; (J.A.); (H.K.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2650-5584; Fax: +82-2-2644-7984
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35
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Liu Y, Tempelaars MH, Boeren S, Alexeeva S, Smid EJ, Abee T. Extracellular vesicle formation in Lactococcus lactis is stimulated by prophage-encoded holin-lysin system. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1281-1295. [PMID: 35229476 PMCID: PMC8966010 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive bacterial extracellular membrane vesicles (EVs) have been drawing more attention in recent years. However, mechanistic insights are still lacking on how EVs are released through the cell walls in Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, we characterized underlying mechanisms of EV production and provide evidence for a role of prophage activation in EV release using the Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis as a model. By applying a standard EV isolation procedure, we observed the presence of EVs in the culture supernatant of a lysogenic L. lactis strain FM-YL11, for which the prophage-inducing condition led to an over 10-fold increase in EV production in comparison with the non-inducing condition. In contrast, the prophage-encoded holin-lysin knockout mutant YL11ΔHLH and the prophage-cured mutant FM-YL12 produced constantly low levels of EVs. Under the prophage-inducing condition, FM-YL11 did not show massive cell lysis. Defective phage particles were found to be released in and associated with holin-lysin-induced EVs from FM-YL11, as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopic images, flow cytometry and proteomics analysis. Findings from this study further generalized the EV-producing phenotype to Gram-positive L. lactis, and provide additional insights into the EV production mechanism involving prophage-encoded holin-lysin system. The knowledge on bacterial EV production can be applied to all Gram-positive bacteria and other lactic acid bacteria with important roles in fermentations and probiotic formulations, to enable desired release and delivery of cellular components with nutritional values or probiotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Food MicrobiologyWageningen University and ResearchP.O. Box 17Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
| | - Marcel H. Tempelaars
- Food MicrobiologyWageningen University and ResearchP.O. Box 17Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen University and ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Svetlana Alexeeva
- Food MicrobiologyWageningen University and ResearchP.O. Box 17Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
| | - Eddy J. Smid
- Food MicrobiologyWageningen University and ResearchP.O. Box 17Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Food MicrobiologyWageningen University and ResearchP.O. Box 17Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
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36
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Ghanam J, Chetty VK, Barthel L, Reinhardt D, Hoyer PF, Thakur BK. DNA in extracellular vesicles: from evolution to its current application in health and disease. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:37. [PMID: 35346363 PMCID: PMC8961894 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion is a highly conserved evolutionary trait in all organisms in the three domains of life. The packaging and release of EVs appears to be a bulk-flow process which takes place mainly under extreme conditions. EVs participate in horizontal gene transfer, which supports the survival of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. In higher eukaryotes, almost all cells secrete a heterogeneous population of EVs loaded with various biomolecules. EV secretion is typically higher in cancer microenvironments, promoting tumor progression and metastasis. EVs are now recognized as additional mediators of autocrine and paracrine communication in health and disease. In this context, proteins and RNAs have been studied the most, but extracellular vesicle DNA (EV-DNA) has started to gain in importance in the last few years. In this review, we summarize new findings related to the loading mechanism(s), localization, and post-shedding function of EV-DNA. We also discuss the feasibility of using EV-DNA as a biomarker when performing a liquid biopsy, at the same time emphasizing the lack of data from clinical trials in this regard. Finally, we outline the potential of EV-DNA uptake and its interaction with the host genome as a promising tool for understanding the mechanisms of cancer evolution. Protecting DNA in membrane vesicles seems to be a conserved phenomenon for the horizontal genetic flux between prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes. Capturing and analyzing this vesicular DNA enables quick and non-invasive monitoring of natural ecosystems. Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles containing DNA open up novel directions in cell-to-cell communication and therefore disease monitoring. Complex and fluctuating conditions of the tumor microenvironment, mimicking natural ecosystems, could favor EV-DNA release, mediating tumor multi-clonal evolution and providing survival benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Ghanam
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Venkatesh Kumar Chetty
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Lennart Barthel
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter-Friedrich Hoyer
- Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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Considerations for the Analysis of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles: Methods of Vesicle Production and Quantification Can Influence Biological and Experimental Outcomes. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0127321. [PMID: 34937167 PMCID: PMC8694105 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01273-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are produced by all bacteria and facilitate a range of functions in host-microbe interactions and pathogenesis. Quantification of BMVs is a critical first step in the analysis of their biological and immunological functions. Historically, BMVs have been quantified by protein assay, which remains the preferred method of BMV quantification. However, recent studies have shown that BMV protein content can vary significantly between bacterial strains, growth conditions, and stages of bacterial growth, suggesting that protein concentration may not correlate directly with BMV quantity. Here, we show that the method used to quantify BMVs can alter experimental outcomes. We compared the enumeration of BMVs using different protein assays and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). We show that different protein assays vary significantly in their quantification of BMVs and that their sensitivity varies when quantifying BMVs produced by different species. Moreover, stimulation of epithelial cells with an equivalent amount of BMV protein quantified using different protein assays resulted in significant differences in interleukin 8 (IL-8) responses. Quantification of Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus BMVs by NTA and normalization of BMV cargo to particle number revealed that BMV protein, DNA, and RNA contents were variable between strains and species and throughout bacterial growth. Differences in BMV-mediated activation of Toll-like receptors, NF-κB, and IL-8 responses were observed when stimulations were performed with equivalent BMV particle number but not equivalent protein amount. These findings reveal that the method of BMV quantification can significantly affect experimental outcomes, thereby potentially altering the observed biological functions of BMVs. IMPORTANCE Recent years have seen a surge in interest in the roles of BMVs in host-microbe interactions and interbacterial communication. As a result of such rapid growth in the field, there is a lack of uniformity in BMV enumeration. Here, we reveal that the method used to enumerate BMVs can significantly alter experimental outcomes. Specifically, standardization of BMVs by protein amount reduced the ability to distinguish strain differences in the immunological functions of BMVs. In contrast, species-, strain-, and growth stage-dependent differences in BMV cargo content were evident when BMVs were enumerated by particle number, and this was reflected in differences in their ability to induce immune responses. These findings indicate that parameters critical to BMV function, including bacterial species, strain, growth conditions, and sample purity, should form the basis of standard reporting in BMV studies. This will ultimately bring uniformity to the field to advance our understanding of BMV functions.
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38
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McMillan HM, Kuehn MJ. The extracellular vesicle generation paradox: a bacterial point of view. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108174. [PMID: 34636061 PMCID: PMC8561641 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
All bacteria produce secreted vesicles that carry out a variety of important biological functions. These extracellular vesicles can improve adaptation and survival by relieving bacterial stress and eliminating toxic compounds, as well as by facilitating membrane remodeling and ameliorating inhospitable environments. However, vesicle production comes with a price. It is energetically costly and, in the case of colonizing pathogens, it elicits host immune responses, which reduce bacterial viability. This raises an interesting paradox regarding why bacteria produce vesicles and begs the question as to whether the benefits of producing vesicles outweigh their costs. In this review, we discuss the various advantages and disadvantages associated with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial vesicle production and offer perspective on the ultimate score. We also highlight questions needed to advance the field in determining the role for vesicles in bacterial survival, interkingdom communication, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M McMillan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of BiochemistryDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
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39
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Briaud P, Frey A, Marino EC, Bastock RA, Zielinski RE, Wiemels RE, Keogh RA, Murphy ER, Shaw LN, Carroll RK. Temperature Influences the Composition and Cytotoxicity of Extracellular Vesicles in Staphylococcus aureus. mSphere 2021; 6:e0067621. [PMID: 34612674 PMCID: PMC8510519 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00676-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium but also a commensal of skin and anterior nares in humans. As S. aureus transits from skins/nares to inside the human body, it experiences changes in temperature. The production and content of S. aureus extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been increasingly studied over the past few years, and EVs are increasingly being recognized as important to the infectious process. Nonetheless, the impact of temperature variation on S. aureus EVs has not been studied in detail, as most reports that investigate EV cargoes and host cell interactions are performed using vesicles produced at 37°C. Here, we report that EVs in S. aureus differ in size and protein/RNA cargo depending on the growth temperature used. We demonstrate that the temperature-dependent regulation of vesicle production in S. aureus is mediated by the alpha phenol-soluble modulin peptides (αPSMs). Through proteomic analysis, we observed increased packaging of virulence factors at 40°C, whereas the EV proteome has greater diversity at 34°C. Similar to the protein content, we perform transcriptomic analysis and demonstrate that the RNA cargo also is impacted by temperature. Finally, we demonstrate greater αPSM- and alpha-toxin-mediated erythrocyte lysis with 40°C EVs, but 34°C EVs are more cytotoxic toward THP-1 cells. Together, our study demonstrates that small temperature variations have great impact on EV biogenesis and shape the interaction with host cells. IMPORTANCE Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer spheres that contain proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids secreted by bacteria. They are involved in Staphylococcus aureus infections, as they package virulence factors and deliver their contents inside host cells. The impact of temperature variations experienced by S. aureus during the infectious process on EVs is unknown. Here, we demonstrate the importance of temperature in vesicle production and packaging. High temperatures promote packaging of virulence factors and increase the protein and lipid concentration but reduce the overall RNA abundance and protein diversity in EVs. The importance of temperature changes is highlighted by the fact that EVs produced at low temperature are more toxic toward macrophages, whereas EVs produced at high temperature display more hemolysis toward erythrocytes. Our research brings new insights into temperature-dependent vesiculation and interaction with the host during S. aureus transition from colonization to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Briaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Frey
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Emily C. Marino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Raeven A. Bastock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca A. Keogh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Erin R. Murphy
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Lindsey N. Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ronan K. Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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40
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Buvelot H, Roth M, Jaquet V, Lozkhin A, Renzoni A, Bonetti EJ, Gaia N, Laumay F, Mollin M, Stasia MJ, Schrenzel J, François P, Krause KH. Hydrogen Peroxide Affects Growth of S. aureus Through Downregulation of Genes Involved in Pyrimidine Biosynthesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:673985. [PMID: 34557184 PMCID: PMC8454235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in the cellular defense against S. aureus, as evidenced by the importance of this pathogen in patients lacking the ROS-generating phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2. ROS concentrations required to kill S. aureus in vitro are much higher than those found in the phagosome. We therefore hypothesized that sublethal ROS concentrations may play a role in S. aureus gene dysregulation and investigated the in vitro transcriptomic response of S. aureus to sublethal concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). A striking observation of these experiments was a coordinated and massive downregulation of genes involved in pyrimidine metabolism. Using transposon insertion mutants, we demonstrated that deletion of carA, a gene involved in pyrimidine synthesis, led to a significant growth defect and to an increased sensitivity of S. aureus to added H2O2. The phenotype of the carA mutant could be reversed through supplementation with the pyrimidine precursor uracil, or with a multicopy vector encoding carA. As opposed to the impact of ROS on extracellular survival, carA deletion did not affect the intracellular survival in neutrophils. Our results raise the possibility that ROS-dependent downregulation of pyrimidine metabolism might be a survival strategy of S. aureus, allowing colonization through intracellular survival, while decreasing the risk of killing the host through dampened extracellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Buvelot
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Roth
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrey Lozkhin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adriana Renzoni
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eve-Julie Bonetti
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Gaia
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Laumay
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michéle Mollin
- Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitaliser Universitaire (CHU) de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-José Stasia
- Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitaliser Universitaire (CHU) de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Comissariat à l'energie atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Genomic Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrice François
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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41
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Sheikh A, Taube J, Greathouse KL. Contribution of the Microbiota and their Secretory Products to Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis: The Role of Toll-like Receptors. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:1133-1142. [PMID: 34218275 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in diversity and function of the gut microbiome are associated with concomitant changes in immune response, including chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). An important component of the inflammatory response system are the toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are capable of sensing microbial components, including nucleic acids, lipopolysaccharides, and peptidoglycans, as well as bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV). OMVs can be decorated with or carry as cargo these TLR activating factors. These microbial factors can either promote tolerance or activate signaling pathways leading to chronic inflammation. Herein we discuss the role of the microbiome and the OMVs that originate from intestinal bacteria in promoting chronic inflammation and the development of colitis-associated CRC. We also discuss the contribution of TLRs in mediating the microbiome-inflammation axis and subsequent cancer development. Understanding the role of the microbiome and its secretory factors in TLR response may lead to the development of better cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Sheikh
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Baylor University
| | - Joseph Taube
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Baylor University
| | - K Leigh Greathouse
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Baylor University.,Human Science and Design, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University
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42
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Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Pathogen Interactions: A Review of Inter-Kingdom Signaling by Small Noncoding RNA. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071010. [PMID: 34208860 PMCID: PMC8303656 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of this brief review is to describe the role of noncoding regulatory RNAs, including short RNAs (sRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) fragments and microRNAs (miRNA) secreted in extracellular vesicles (EVs), in inter-kingdom communication between bacteria and mammalian (human) host cells. Bacteria secrete vesicles that contain noncoding regulatory RNAs, and recent studies have shown that the bacterial vesicles fuse with and deliver regulatory RNAs to host cells, and similar to eukaryotic miRNAs, regulatory RNAs modulate the host immune response to infection. Recent studies have also demonstrated that mammalian cells secrete EVs containing miRNAs that regulate the gut microbiome, biofilm formation and the bacterial response to antibiotics. Thus, as evidence accumulates it is becoming clear that the secretion of noncoding regulatory RNAs and miRNAs in extracellular vesicles is an important mechanism of bidirectional communication between bacteria and mammalian (human) host cells. However, additional research is necessary to elucidate how noncoding regulatory RNAs and miRNA secreted in extracellular vesicles mediate inter-kingdom communication.
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43
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Brown HL, Clayton A, Stephens P. The role of bacterial extracellular vesicles in chronic wound infections: Current knowledge and future challenges. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:864-880. [PMID: 34132443 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a significant global problem with an increasing economic and patient welfare impact. How wounds move from an acute to chronic, non-healing, state is not well understood although it is likely that it is driven by a poorly regulated local inflammatory state. Opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are well known to stimulate a pro-inflammatory response and so their presence may further drive chronicity. Studies have demonstrated that host cell extracellular vesicles (hEVs), in particular exosomes, have multiple roles in both increasing and decreasing chronicity within wounds; however, the role of bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) is still poorly understood. The aim of this review is to evaluate bEV biogenesis and function within chronic wound relevant bacterial species to determine what, if any, role bEVs may have in driving wound chronicity. We determine that bEVs drive chronicity by both increasing persistence of key pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and stimulating a pro-inflammatory response by the host. Data also suggest that both bEVs and hEVs show therapeutic promise, providing vaccine candidates, decoy targets for bacterial toxins or modulating the bacterial species within chronic wound biofilms. Caution should, however, be used when interpreting findings to date as the bEV field is still in its infancy and as such lacks consistency in bEV isolation and characterization. It is of primary importance that this is addressed, allowing meaningful conclusions to be drawn and increasing reproducibility within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Brown
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Phil Stephens
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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44
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Bacterial extracellular vesicles: Understanding biology promotes applications as nanopharmaceuticals. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:125-140. [PMID: 33774113 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated communication between proximal and distant cells is a highly conserved characteristic in all of the life domains, including bacteria. These vesicles that contain a variety of biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and small-molecule metabolites play a key role in the biology of bacteria. They are one of the key underlying mechanisms behind harmful or beneficial effects of many pathogenic, symbiont, and probiotic bacteria. These nanoscale EVs mediate extensive crosstalk with mammalian cells and deliver their cargos to the host. They are stable in physiological condition, can encapsulate diverse biomolecules and nanoparticles, and their surface could be engineered with available technologies. Based on favorable characteristics of bacterial vesicles, they can be harnessed for designing a diverse range of therapeutics and diagnostics for treatment of disorders including tumors and resistant infections. However, technical limitations for their production, purification, and characterization must be addressed in future studies.
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45
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Li Z, Stanton BA. Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments, the Underappreciated Regulatory Small RNAs in Microbial Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:687632. [PMID: 34079534 PMCID: PMC8166272 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.687632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic organisms, transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived fragments have diverse biological functions. Considering the conserved sequences of tRNAs, it is not surprising that endogenous tRNA fragments in bacteria also play important regulatory roles. Recent studies have shown that microbes secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing tRNA fragments and that the EVs deliver tRNA fragments to eukaryotic hosts where they regulate gene expression. Here, we review the literature describing microbial tRNA fragment biogenesis and how the fragments secreted in microbial EVs suppress the host immune response, thereby facilitating chronic infection. Also, we discuss knowledge gaps and research challenges for understanding the pathogenic roles of microbial tRNA fragments in regulating the host response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyou Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
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46
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Liu H, Sarkar S, Azzopardi K, Day S, Yeow S, Ranganathan S, Sutton P. A bacterial stimulation assay for bronchoalveolar lavage immune cells from young children with cystic fibrosis. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13040. [PMID: 33759233 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is primarily a progressive lung disease, characterized by chronic pulmonary infections with opportunistic pathogens. Such infections typically commence early in life, producing an inflammatory response marked by IL-8 chemokine production and neutrophilic infiltration, major contributory factors in CF progression. Studying this inflammation, especially early in life, is critical for developing new strategies for preventing or slowing disruption to the structural integrity of the CF airways. However, evaluating the immune responses of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from children with CF faces technical challenges, including contamination carried from the lung due to pre-existing infections and low cell number availability. Here, we describe a technique for preparing BAL cells from young children with CF and using those cells in a bacterial stimulation assay. Initial antibiotic treatment proved essential for preventing resident bacteria from overgrowing BAL cell cultures, or non-specifically activating the cells. ACTB, identified as an optimal reference gene, was validated for accurate analysis of gene expression in these cells. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were used as bacterial stimulants to evaluate the immune response of BAL cells from young children with CF. Addition of gentamicin prevented bacterial overgrowth, although if added after 3 hours of culture an extremely variable response resulted, with the bacteria causing a suppressive effect in some cultures. Addition of gentamicin after 1 hour of culture completely prevented this suppressive effect. This technique was then able to reproducibly measure the IL-8 response to stimulation with S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, including co-stimulation with both bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipei Liu
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sohinee Sarkar
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Kristy Azzopardi
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Sophie Day
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Serene Yeow
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Sarath Ranganathan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Philip Sutton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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47
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Bitto NJ, Cheng L, Johnston EL, Pathirana R, Phan TK, Poon IKH, O'Brien‐Simpson NM, Hill AF, Stinear TP, Kaparakis‐Liaskos M. Staphylococcus aureus membrane vesicles contain immunostimulatory DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan that activate innate immune receptors and induce autophagy. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12080. [PMID: 33815695 PMCID: PMC8015888 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria ubiquitously produce membrane vesicles (MVs), and although they contribute to biological functions, our knowledge regarding their composition and immunogenicity remains limited. Here we examine the morphology, contents and immunostimulatory functions of MVs produced by three Staphylococcus aureus strains; a methicillin resistant clinical isolate, a methicillin sensitive clinical isolate and a laboratory-adapted strain. We observed differences in the number and morphology of MVs produced by each strain and showed that they contain microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) including protein, nucleic acids and peptidoglycan. Analysis of MV-derived RNA indicated the presence of small RNA (sRNA). Furthermore, we detected variability in the amount and composition of protein, nucleic acid and peptidoglycan cargo carried by MVs from each S. aureus strain. S. aureus MVs activated Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, 7, 8, 9 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein 2 (NOD2) signalling and promoted cytokine and chemokine release by epithelial cells, thus identifying that MV-associated MAMPs including DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan are detected by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Moreover, S. aureus MVs induced the formation of and colocalized with autophagosomes in epithelial cells, while inhibition of lysosomal acidification using bafilomycin A1 resulted in accumulation of autophagosomal puncta that colocalized with MVs, revealing the ability of the host to degrade MVs via autophagy. This study reveals the ability of DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan associated with MVs to activate PRRs in host epithelial cells, and their intracellular degradation via autophagy. These findings advance our understanding of the immunostimulatory roles of Gram-positive bacterial MVs in mediating pathogenesis, and their intracellular fate within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Bitto
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and MicrobiologyLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Ella L. Johnston
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and MicrobiologyLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Rishi Pathirana
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and MicrobiologyLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Thanh Kha Phan
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Ivan K. H. Poon
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Neil M. O'Brien‐Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health ResearchMelbourne Dental SchoolBio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyDoherty InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Maria Kaparakis‐Liaskos
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and MicrobiologyLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
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48
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Luz BSRD, Nicolas A, Chabelskaya S, Rodovalho VDR, Le Loir Y, Azevedo VADC, Felden B, Guédon E. Environmental Plasticity of the RNA Content of Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Vesicles. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:634226. [PMID: 33776967 PMCID: PMC7990786 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.634226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cell-to-cell signaling are progressively being unraveled. These membranous spheres released by many living cells carry various macromolecules, some of which influence host-pathogen interactions. Bacterial EVs contain RNA, which may serve in communicating with their infected hosts. Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic human and animal pathogen, produces EVs whose RNA content is still poorly characterized. Here, we investigated in depth the RNA content of S. aureus EVs. A high-throughput RNA sequencing approach identified RNAs in EVs produced by the clinical S. aureus strain HG003 under different environmental conditions: early- and late-stationary growth phases, and presence or absence of a sublethal vancomycin concentration. On average, sequences corresponding to 78.0% of the annotated transcripts in HG003 genome were identified in HG003 EVs. However, only ~5% of them were highly covered by reads (≥90% coverage) indicating that a large fraction of EV RNAs, notably mRNAs and sRNAs, were fragmented in EVs. According to growth conditions, from 86 to 273 highly covered RNAs were identified into the EVs. They corresponded to 286 unique RNAs, including 220 mRNAs. They coded for numerous virulence-associated factors (hld encoded by the multifunctional sRNA RNAIII, agrBCD, psmβ1, sbi, spa, and isaB), ribosomal proteins, transcriptional regulators, and metabolic enzymes. Twenty-eight sRNAs were also detected, including bona fide RsaC. The presence of 22 RNAs within HG003 EVs was confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) experiments. Several of these 286 RNAs were shown to belong to the same transcriptional units in S. aureus. Both nature and abundance of the EV RNAs were dramatically affected depending on the growth phase and the presence of vancomycin, whereas much less variations were found in the pool of cellular RNAs of the parent cells. Moreover, the RNA abundance pattern differed between EVs and EV-producing cells according to the growth conditions. Altogether, our findings show that the environment shapes the RNA cargo of the S. aureus EVs. Although the composition of EVs is impacted by the physiological state of the producing cells, our findings suggest a selective packaging of RNAs into EVs, as proposed for EV protein cargo. Our study shedds light to the possible roles of potentially functional RNAs in S. aureus EVs, notably in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Silva Rosa Da Luz
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, Rennes, France.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Svetlana Chabelskaya
- BRM [Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine] UMR_S 1230, University of Rennes, Inserm, Rennes, France
| | - Vinícius de Rezende Rodovalho
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, Rennes, France.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Brice Felden
- BRM [Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine] UMR_S 1230, University of Rennes, Inserm, Rennes, France
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49
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Shkair L, Garanina EE, Stott RJ, Foster TL, Rizvanov AA, Khaiboullina SF. Membrane Microvesicles as Potential Vaccine Candidates. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1142. [PMID: 33498909 PMCID: PMC7865840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention and control of infectious diseases is crucial to the maintenance and protection of social and public healthcare. The global impact of SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated how outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging infections can lead to pandemics of significant public health and socio-economic burden. Vaccination is one of the most effective approaches to protect against infectious diseases, and to date, multiple vaccines have been successfully used to protect against and eradicate both viral and bacterial pathogens. The main criterion of vaccine efficacy is the induction of specific humoral and cellular immune responses, and it is well established that immunogenicity depends on the type of vaccine as well as the route of delivery. In addition, antigen delivery to immune organs and the site of injection can potentiate efficacy of the vaccine. In light of this, microvesicles have been suggested as potential vehicles for antigen delivery as they can carry various immunogenic molecules including proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides directly to target cells. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of microvesicle biogenesis and the role of microvesicles in infectious diseases. Further, we discuss the application of microvesicles as a novel and effective vaccine delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layaly Shkair
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (L.S.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Ekaterina E. Garanina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (L.S.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
- M.M. Shemyakin-Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Robert J. Stott
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (R.J.S.); (T.L.F.)
| | - Toshana L. Foster
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (R.J.S.); (T.L.F.)
| | - Albert A. Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (L.S.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Svetlana F. Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (L.S.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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50
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McMillan HM, Zebell SG, Ristaino JB, Dong X, Kuehn MJ. Protective plant immune responses are elicited by bacterial outer membrane vesicles. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108645. [PMID: 33472073 PMCID: PMC8158063 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) perform a variety of functions in bacterial survival and virulence. In mammalian systems, OMVs activate immune responses and are exploited as vaccines. However, little work has focused on the interactions of OMVs with plant hosts. Here, we report that OMVs from Pseudomonas syringae and P. fluorescens activate plant immune responses that protect against bacterial and oomycete pathogens. OMV-mediated immunomodulatory activity from these species displayed different sensitivity to biochemical stressors, reflecting differences in OMV content. Importantly, OMV-mediated plant responses are distinct from those triggered by conserved bacterial epitopes or effector molecules alone. Our study shows that OMV-induced protective immune responses are independent of the T3SS and protein, but that OMV-mediated seedling growth inhibition largely depends on proteinaceous components. OMVs provide a unique opportunity to understand the interplay between virulence and host response strategies and add a new dimension to consider in host-microbe interactions. The role that bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) play in plant-microbe interactions is poorly characterized. McMillan et al. show that OMVs elicit plant immune responses that protect against pathogens. This study also reveals a use for OMVs as tools to probe the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M McMillan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sophia G Zebell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jean B Ristaino
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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