1
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Liu W, Wang X, Dong B, Liu Y, Wei D. Enzymatic cascade reactors on carbon nanotube transistor detecting trace prostate cancer biomarker. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 263:116603. [PMID: 39067414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Biosensors based on carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT-FETs) have shown great potential in biomarker detection due to their high sensitivity because of appreciable semiconducting electrical properties. However, background signal interferences in complex mediums may results in low signal-to-noise ratio, which may impose challenges for precise biomarker detection in physiological fluids. In this work, we develop an enzymatic CNT-FET, with scalable production at wafer scale, for detection of trace sarcosine that is a biopsy-correlated biomarker of prostate cancer. Enzymatic cascade rectors are constructed on the CNT to improve the reaction efficiency, thereby, enhancing the signal transduction. As such, a limit of detection as low as 105 zM is achieved in buffer solution. Owing to the enhanced reaction efficiency, the testing of clinical serum samples yields significant signal difference to discriminate the prostate cancer (PCa) samples from the benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) samples (P = 1.07 × 10-5), demonstrating immense potential in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, PR China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China.
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2
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Zhang W, Shao ZQ, Wang ZX, Ye YF, Li SF, Wang YJ. Advances in aldo-keto reductases immobilization for biocatalytic synthesis of chiral alcohols. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133264. [PMID: 38901517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Chiral alcohols are essential building blocks of numerous pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) constitute a superfamily of oxidoreductases that catalyze the reduction of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols using NAD(P)H as a coenzyme. Knowledge about the crucial roles of AKRs immobilization in the biocatalytic synthesis of chiral alcohols is expanding. Herein, we reviewed the characteristics of various AKRs immobilization approaches, the applications of different immobilization materials, and the prospects of continuous flow bioreactor construction by employing these immobilized biocatalysts for synthesizing chiral alcohols. Finally, the opportunities and ongoing challenges for AKR immobilization are discussed and the outlook for this emerging area is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zi-Qing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yuan-Fan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Shu-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Ya-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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3
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Šketa B, Galman JL, Turner NJ, Žnidaršič-Plazl P. Immobilization of His 6-tagged amine transaminases in microreactors using functionalized nonwoven nanofiber membranes. N Biotechnol 2024; 83:46-55. [PMID: 38960020 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Process intensification is crucial for industrial implementation of biocatalysis and can be achieved by continuous process operation in miniaturized reactors with efficiently immobilized biocatalysts, enabling their long-term use. Due to their extremely large surface-to-volume ratio, nanomaterials are promising supports for enzyme immobilization. In this work, different functionalized nanofibrous nonwoven membranes were embedded in a two-plate microreactor to enable immobilization of hexahistidine (His6)-tagged amine transaminases (ATAs) in flow. A membrane coated with Cu2+ ions gave the best results regarding His6-tagged ATAs immobilization among the membranes tested yielding an immobilization yield of up to 95.3 % for the purified N-His6-ATA-wt enzyme. Moreover, an efficient one-step enzyme immobilization process from overproduced enzyme in Escherichia coli cell lysate was developed and yielded enzyme loads up to 1088 U mL-1. High enzyme loads resulted in up to 80 % yields of acetophenone produced from 40 mM (S)-α-methylbenzylamine in less than 4 min using a continuously operated microreactor. Up to 81 % of the initial activity was maintained in a 5-day continuous microreactor operation with immobilized His6-tagged ATA constructs. The highest turnover number within the indicated time was 7.23·106, which indicates that this immobilization approach using advanced material and reactor system is highly relevant for industrial implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Šketa
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Chair of Micro Process Engineering and Technology - COMPETE, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - James L Galman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Polona Žnidaršič-Plazl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Chair of Micro Process Engineering and Technology - COMPETE, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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4
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Wang X, Xia B, Hao Z, Kang H, Liu W, Chen Y, Jiang Q, Liu J, Gou J, Dong B, Wee ATS, Liu Y, Wei D. A closed-loop catalytic nanoreactor system on a transistor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj0839. [PMID: 37729411 PMCID: PMC10511191 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Precision chemistry demands miniaturized catalytic systems for sophisticated reactions with well-defined pathways. An ideal solution is to construct a nanoreactor system functioning as a chemistry laboratory to execute a full chemical process with molecular precision. However, existing nanoscale catalytic systems fail to in situ control reaction kinetics in a closed-loop manner, lacking the precision toward ultimate reaction efficiency. We find an inter-electrochemical gating effect when operating DNA framework-constructed enzyme cascade nanoreactors on a transistor, enabling in situ closed-loop reaction monitoring and modulation electrically. Therefore, a comprehensive system is developed, encapsulating nanoreactors, analyzers, and modulators, where the gate potential modulates enzyme activity and switches cascade reaction "ON" or "OFF." Such electric field-effect property enhances catalytic efficiency of enzyme by 343.4-fold and enables sensitive sarcosine assay for prostate cancer diagnoses, with a limit of detection five orders of magnitude lower than methodologies in clinical laboratory. By coupling with solid-state electronics, this work provides a perspective to construct intelligent nano-systems for precision chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Binbin Xia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zhuang Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hua Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yiheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qunfeng Jiang
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Global Clinical Operation, Johnson & Johnson, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jian Gou
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Baijun Dong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Andrew Thye Shen Wee
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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5
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Hao R, Zhang M, Tian D, Lei F, Qin Z, Wu T, Yang H. Bottom-Up Synthesis of Multicompartmentalized Microreactors for Continuous Flow Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20319-20327. [PMID: 37676729 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up assembly of biomimetic multicompartmentalized microreactors for use in continuous flow catalysis remains a grand challenge because of the structural instability or the absence of liquid microenvironments to host biocatalysts in the existing systems. Here, we address this challenge using a strategy that combines stepwise Pickering emulsification with interface-confined cross-linking. Our strategy allows for the fabrication of robust multicompartmentalized liquid-containing microreactors (MLMs), whose interior architectures can be exquisitely tuned in a bottom-up fashion. With this strategy, enzymes and metal catalysts can be separately confined in distinct subcompartments of MLMs for processing biocatalysis or chemo-enzymatic cascade reactions. As exemplified by the enzyme-catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemic alcohols, our systems exhibit a durability of 2000 h with 99% enantioselectivity. Another Pd-enzyme-cocatalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution of amines further demonstrates the versatility and long-term operational stability of our MLMs in continuous flow cascade catalysis. This study opens up a new way to design efficient biomimetic multicompartmental microreactors for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Hao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Coal-based Value-added Chemicals Green Catalysis Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Coal-based Value-added Chemicals Green Catalysis Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Danping Tian
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Coal-based Value-added Chemicals Green Catalysis Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Fu Lei
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Coal-based Value-added Chemicals Green Catalysis Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhiqin Qin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Coal-based Value-added Chemicals Green Catalysis Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hengquan Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Coal-based Value-added Chemicals Green Catalysis Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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6
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Sahlin J, Wu C, Buscemi A, Schärer C, Nazemi SA, S K R, Herrera-Reinoza N, Jung TA, Shahgaldian P. Nanobiocatalysts with inbuilt cofactor recycling for oxidoreductase catalysis in organic solvents. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:5036-5044. [PMID: 37705789 PMCID: PMC10496889 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The major stumbling block in the implementation of oxidoreductase enzymes in continuous processes is their stark dependence on costly cofactors that are insoluble in organic solvents. We describe a chemical strategy that allows producing nanobiocatalysts, based on an oxidoreductase enzyme, that performs biocatalytic reactions in hydrophobic organic solvents without external cofactors. The chemical design relies on the use of a silica-based carrier nanoparticle, of which the porosity can be exploited to create an aqueous reservoir containing the cofactor. The nanoparticle core, possessing radial-centred pore channels, serves as a cofactor reservoir. It is further covered with a layer of reduced porosity. This layer serves as a support for the immobilisation of the selected enzyme yet allowing the diffusion of the cofactor from the nanoparticle core. The immobilised enzyme is, in turn, shielded by an organosilica layer of controlled thickness fully covering the enzyme. Such produced nanobiocatalysts are shown to catalyse the reduction of a series of relevant ketones into the corresponding secondary alcohols, also in a continuous flow fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sahlin
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Congyu Wu
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Andrea Buscemi
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Claude Schärer
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Seyed Amirabbas Nazemi
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Rejaul S K
- Institute of Physics, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 Basel CH-4056 Switzerland
| | - Nataly Herrera-Reinoza
- Laboratory for X-ray Nanoscience and Technologies, Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 Villigen CH-5232 Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Jung
- Institute of Physics, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 Basel CH-4056 Switzerland
- Laboratory for X-ray Nanoscience and Technologies, Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 Villigen CH-5232 Switzerland
| | - Patrick Shahgaldian
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute Klingelbergstrasse 82 Basel CH-4056 Switzerland
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7
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Benítez-Mateos AI, Paradisi F. Halomonas elongata: a microbial source of highly stable enzymes for applied biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3183-3190. [PMID: 37052635 PMCID: PMC10160191 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Extremophilic microorganisms, which are resistant to extreme levels of temperature, salinity, pH, etc., have become popular tools for biotechnological applications. Due to their availability and cost-efficacy, enzymes from extremophiles are getting the attention of researchers and industries in the field of biocatalysis to catalyze diverse chemical reactions in a selective and sustainable manner. In this mini-review, we discuss the advantages of Halomonas elongata as moderate halophilic bacteria to provide suitable enzymes for biotechnology. While enzymes from H. elongata are more resistant to the presence of salt compared to their mesophilic counterparts, they are also easier to produce in heterologous hosts compared with more extremophilic microorganisms. Herein, a set of different enzymes (hydrolases, transferases, and oxidoreductases) from H. elongata are showcased, highlighting their interesting properties as more efficient and sustainable biocatalysts. With this, we aim to improve the visibility of halotolerant enzymes and their uncommon properties to integrate biocatalysis in industrial set-ups. KEYPOINTS: • Production and use of halotolerant enzymes can be easier than strong halophilic ones. • Enzymes from halotolerant organisms are robust catalysts under harsh conditions. • Halomonas elongata has shown a broad enzyme toolbox with biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Benítez-Mateos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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8
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Zhao H, Li M, Lu S, Cao N, Zuo X, Wang S, Li M. The enhancement of enzyme cascading via tetrahedral DNA framework modification. Analyst 2023; 148:906-911. [PMID: 36692072 DOI: 10.1039/d2an02097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme clustering is widely used in many organisms to increase the catalytic efficiency of cascade reactions. Inspired by nature, organizing enzymes within a cascade reaction also draws much attention in both basic research and industrial processes. An important step for organizing enzymes precisely in vitro is enzyme modification. However, modifying enzymes without sacrificing their activity remains challenging until now. For example, labeling enzymes with DNA, one of the well-established enzyme modification methods, has been shown to significantly reduce the enzymatic activity. Herein we report an enzyme conjugation method that can rescue the reduction of enzymatic activity caused by DNA labeling. We demonstrate that immobilizing DNA-modified enzymes on the vertex of TDNs (tetrahedral DNA nanostructures) enhances the enzymatic activity compared with their unmodified counterparts. Using this strategy, we have further developed an ultra-sensitive and high-throughput electrochemical biosensor for sarcosine detection, which holds great promise for prostate cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipei Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shasha Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Nan Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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9
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Martina Letizia Contente. Helv Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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10
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Dong Z, Sun Q, Xu GR, Wu Z, Li Y, Lai J, Li G, Wang L. Universal Synthesized Strategy for Amorphous Pd-Based Nanosheets Boosting Ambient Ammonia Electrosynthesis. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201225. [PMID: 36549895 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is emerging as a great promise for ambient and sustainable NH3 production while it still suffers from the high adsorption energy of N2 , the difficulty of *NN protonation, and inevitable hydrogen evolution, leading to a great challenge for efficient NRR. Herein, we synthesized a series of amorphous trimetal Pd-based (PdCoM (M = Cu, Ag, Fe, Mo)) nanosheets (NSs) with an ultrathin 2D structure, which shows high efficiency and robust electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation. Among them, amorphous PdCoCu NSs exhibit excellent NRR activity at low overpotentials with an NH3 yield of 60.68 µg h-1 mgcat -1 and a corresponding Faraday efficiency of 42.93% at -0.05 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode as well as outstanding stability with only 5% decrease after a long test period of 40 h at room temperature. The superior NRR activity and robust stability should be attributed to the large specific surface area, abundant active sites as well as structural engineering and electronic effect that boosts up the Pd 4d band center, which further efficiently restrains the hydrogen evolution. This work offers an opportunity for more energy conversion devices through the novel strategy for designing active and stable catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemeng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Qiyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Rui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Zexing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Lai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Guangjiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
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11
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Donzella S, Colacicco A, Nespoli L, Contente ML. Mimicking Natural Metabolisms: Cell-Free Flow Preparation of Dopamine. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200462. [PMID: 36315165 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of dopamine (DA) from L-tyrosine as starting material is an excellent yet challenging strategy. Here we developed a versatile, multi-enzymatic platform for the biocatalytic preparation of DA in a continuous mode with excellent conversion (90 %) and reaction time (45 min). The system exploits the immobilization of a decarboxylase from Bacillus pumilis (Fdc) and a tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus (Tyr), which were combined to mimic the in-vivo synthesis of DA (both primary and secondary metabolisms) giving rise to an efficient strategy with a considerable reduction of process associated costs and environmental impact. To enhance the system automation, an in-line purification via catch-and-release procedure was added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Donzella
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Agostina Colacicco
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Nespoli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina L Contente
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
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12
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García-Lacuna J, Baumann M. Inline purification in continuous flow synthesis – opportunities and challenges. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow technology has become the method of choice for many academic and industrial researchers when developing new routes to chemical compounds of interest. With this technology maturing over the last decades, robust and oftentimes automated processes are now commonly exploited to generate fine chemical building blocks. The integration of effective inline analysis and purification tools is thereby frequently exploited to achieve effective and reliable flow processes. This perspective article summarizes recent applications of different inline purification techniques such as chromatography, extractions, and crystallization from academic and industrial laboratories. A discussion of the advantages and drawbacks of these tools is provided as a guide to aid researchers in selecting the most appropriate approach for future applications. It is hoped that this perspective contributes to new developments in this field in the context of process and cost efficiency, sustainability and industrial uptake of new flow chemistry tools developed in academia.
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13
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Meyer LE, Hobisch M, Kara S. Process intensification in continuous flow biocatalysis by up and downstream processing strategies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102835. [PMID: 36332339 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the holistic continuous enzymatic production and put special emphasis on process intensification by up- and downstream processing in continuous flow biocatalysis. After a brief introduction, we provide an overview of current examples of enzyme immobilization as an upstream process for flow biocatalysis. Thereafter, we provide an overview of unit operations as downstream processing strategies, namely continuous (i) liquid-liquid extraction, (ii) adsorptive downstream processing, and (iii) crystallization and precipitation. Eventually, we present our perspectives on future trends in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Erik Meyer
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Markus Hobisch
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Selin Kara
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Liu J, Wang M, Liang C, Deng H, Yu X. Redox cascade reaction for kinetic resolution of racemic α-methylbenzylamine and biosynthesis of α-phenylethanol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 107:125-135. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Cofactor and Process Engineering for Nicotinamide Recycling and Retention in Intensified Biocatalysis. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12111454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently considerable interest in the intensification of biocatalytic processes to reduce the cost of goods for biocatalytically produced chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and advanced pharmaceutical intermediates. Continuous-flow biocatalysis shows considerable promise as a method for process intensification; however, the reliance of some reactions on the use of diffusible cofactors (such as the nicotinamide cofactors) has proven to be a technical barrier for key enzyme classes. This minireview covers attempts to overcome this limitation, including the cofactor recapture and recycling retention of chemically modified cofactors. For the latter, we also consider the state of science for cofactor modification, a field reinvigorated by the current interest in continuous-flow biocatalysis.
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16
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Spheroplasts preparation boosts the catalytic potential of a squalene-hopene cyclase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6269. [PMID: 36271006 PMCID: PMC9586974 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalene-hopene cyclases are a highly valuable and attractive class of membrane-bound enzymes as sustainable biotechnological tools to produce aromas and bioactive compounds at industrial scale. However, their application as whole-cell biocatalysts suffer from the outer cell membrane acting as a diffusion barrier for the highly hydrophobic substrate/product, while the use of purified enzymes leads to dramatic loss of stability. Here we present an unexplored strategy for biocatalysis: the application of squalene-hopene-cyclase spheroplasts. By removing the outer cell membrane, we produce stable and substrate-accessible biocatalysts. These spheroplasts exhibit up to 100-fold higher activity than their whole-cell counterparts for the biotransformations of squalene, geranyl acetone, farnesol, and farnesyl acetone. Their catalytic ability is also higher than the purified enzyme for all high molecular weight terpenes. In addition, we introduce a concept for the carrier-free immobilization of spheroplasts via crosslinking, crosslinked spheroplasts. The crosslinked spheroplasts maintain the same catalytic activity of the spheroplasts, offering additional advantages such as recycling and reuse. These timely solutions contribute not only to harness the catalytic potential of the squalene-hopene cyclases, but also to make biocatalytic processes even greener and more cost-efficient.
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17
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Rapamycin enhanced the production of 2-phenylethanol during whole-cell bioconversion by yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6471-6481. [PMID: 36098787 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE), a higher alcohol with a rose-like odor, has been widely utilized in food, perfume, and beverages. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the most promising microorganisms for the biosynthesis of natural 2-PE. However, the growth of S. cerevisiae is generally inhibited by 2-PE, which makes its production in yeast cell factories challenging. Here, the whole-cell bioconversion was used to avert growth inhibition, leading to an increase in the concentration and productivity of 2-PE. Moreover, rapamycin (Rap) addition further improved the efficiency of 2-PE synthesis. The concentration of 2-PE (2.20 g/L) was 1.68-fold higher than that in the absence of Rap during the whole-cell bioconversion by S. cerevisiae BY4741. RT-qPCR results showed that Rap addition increased the transcription of ARO9, ARO10, ADH2, GAP1, ARO80, GLN3, and GDH2. When the GLN3 was knocked out, the transcriptional levels of the genes were dramatically decreased, and the concentration of 2-PE significantly decreased to 0.21 g/L. The results indicated that Rap enhanced the flux of the Ehrlich pathway, and Gln3 exerted a central role in the regulation of Rap. Furthermore, commercial yeast (S. cerevisiae FY202001) was selected to verify the applicability of Rap. In the presence of Rap, 3.67 g/L 2-PE was obtained by whole-cell bioconversion in flask, which was increased by 9% than that in the absence of Rap. Finally, the 2-PE titer reached 4.93 g/L by whole-cell bioconversion in a 5 L bioreactor, with a yield of 84 mol% from L-phenylalanine and a productivity of 0.103 g/L h, which was far higher than that of the currently reported in S. cerevisiae. These findings provided a new idea for the efficient synthesis of 2-PE. KEY POINTS: • Whole-cell bioconversion was used to produce 2-PE. • The regulation of the Ehrlich pathway by Rap provides a theoretical basis for developing an effective yeast cell factory to produce 2-PE. • The 2-PE productivity of 0.103 g/L h is far higher than that of the currently reported in S. cerevisiae .
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18
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Rajendran K, Dey R, Ghosh A, Das D. In search of biocatalytic remedy for organotin compounds- the recalcitrant eco-toxicants. Biophys Chem 2022; 290:106888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Romero‐Fernandez M, Heckmann CM, Paradisi F. Biocatalytic Production of a Nylon 6 Precursor from Caprolactone in Continuous Flow. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200811. [PMID: 35671069 PMCID: PMC9546309 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
6-Aminocaproic acid (6ACA) is a key building block and an attractive precursor of caprolactam, which is used to synthesize nylon 6, one of the most common polymers manufactured nowadays. (Bio)-production of platform chemicals from renewable feedstocks is instrumental to tackle climate change and decrease fossil fuel dependence. Here, the cell-free biosynthesis of 6ACA from 6-hydroxycaproic acid was achieved using a co-immobilized multienzyme system based on horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, Halomonas elongata transaminase, and Lactobacillus pentosus NADH oxidase for in-situ cofactor recycling, with >90 % molar conversion (m.c.) The integration of a step to synthesize hydroxy-acid from lactone by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B resulted in >80 % m.c. of ϵ-caprolactone to 6ACA, >20 % of δ-valerolactone to 5-aminovaleric acid, and 30 % of γ-butyrolactone to γ-aminobutyric acid in one-pot batch reactions. Two serial packed-bed reactors were set up using these biocatalysts and applied to the continuous-flow synthesis of 6ACA from ϵ-caprolactone, achieving a space-time yield of up to 3.31 g6ACA h-1 L-1 with a segmented liquid/air flow for constant oxygen supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Romero‐Fernandez
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNG7 2RDNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Christian M. Heckmann
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNG7 2RDNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNG7 2RDNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
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20
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Pei X, Luo Z, Qiao L, Xiao Q, Zhang P, Wang A, Sheldon RA. Putting precision and elegance in enzyme immobilisation with bio-orthogonal chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7281-7304. [PMID: 35920313 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01004b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The covalent immobilisation of enzymes generally involves the use of highly reactive crosslinkers, such as glutaraldehyde, to couple enzyme molecules to each other or to carriers through, for example, the free amino groups of lysine residues, on the enzyme surface. Unfortunately, such methods suffer from a lack of precision. Random formation of covalent linkages with reactive functional groups in the enzyme leads to disruption of the three dimensional structure and accompanying activity losses. This review focuses on recent advances in the use of bio-orthogonal chemistry in conjunction with rec-DNA to affect highly precise immobilisation of enzymes. In this way, cost-effective combination of production, purification and immobilisation of an enzyme is achieved, in a single unit operation with a high degree of precision. Various bio-orthogonal techniques for putting this precision and elegance into enzyme immobilisation are elaborated. These include, for example, fusing (grafting) peptide or protein tags to the target enzyme that enable its immobilisation in cell lysate or incorporating non-standard amino acids that enable the application of bio-orthogonal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Pei
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Luo
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Li Qiao
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qinjie Xiao
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Anming Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Department of Biotechnology, Section BOC, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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21
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Li T, Deng Y, Rong X, He C, Zhou M, Tang Y, Zhou H, Cheng C, Zhao C. Nanostructures and catalytic atoms engineering of tellurium‐based materials and their roles in electrochemical energy conversion. SMARTMAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smm2.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yuting Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xiao Rong
- Department of Nephrology, Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Chao He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS) University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yuanjiao Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Hongju Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Chong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Med‐X Center for Materials Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Med‐X Center for Materials Sichuan University Chengdu China
- College of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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22
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Ma T, Kong W, Liu Y, Zhao H, Ouyang Y, Gao J, Zhou L, Jiang Y. Asymmetric Hydrogenation of C = C Bonds in a SpinChem Reactor by Immobilized Old Yellow Enzyme and Glucose Dehydrogenase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4999-5016. [PMID: 35687305 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03991-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The application of immobilized enzymes in pharmaceutical and bulk chemical production has been shown to be economically viable. We demonstrate the exceptional performance of a method that immobilizes the old yellow enzyme YqjM and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) on resin for the asymmetric hydrogenation (AH) of C = C bonds in a SpinChem reactor. When immobilized YqjM and GDH are reused 10 times, the conversion of 2-methylcyclopentenone could reach 78%. Which is because the rotor of the SpinChem reactor effectively reduces catalyst damage caused by shear force in the reaction system. When the substrate concentration is 175 mM, an 87% conversion of 2-methylcyclopentenone is obtained. The method is also observed to perform well for the AH of C = C bonds in other unsaturated carbonyl compounds with the SpinChem reactor. Thus, this method has great potential for application in the enzymatic production of chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixi Kong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunting Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Ouyang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Liya Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanjun Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Benítez-Mateos AI, Roura Padrosa D, Paradisi F. Multistep enzyme cascades as a route towards green and sustainable pharmaceutical syntheses. Nat Chem 2022; 14:489-499. [PMID: 35513571 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme cascades are a powerful technology to develop environmentally friendly and cost-effective synthetic processes to manufacture drugs, as they couple different biotransformations in sequential reactions to synthesize the product. These biocatalytic tools can address two key parameters for the pharmaceutical industry: an improved selectivity of synthetic reactions and a reduction of potential hazards by using biocompatible catalysts, which can be produced from sustainable sources, which are biodegradable and, generally, non-toxic. Here we outline a broad variety of enzyme cascades used either in vivo (whole cells) or in vitro (purified enzymes) to specifically target pharmaceutically relevant molecules, from simple building blocks to complex drugs. We also discuss the advantages and requirements of multistep enzyme cascades and their combination with chemical catalysts through a series of reported examples. Finally, we examine the efficiency of enzyme cascades and how they can be further improved by enzyme engineering, process intensification in flow reactors and/or enzyme immobilization to meet all the industrial requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Benítez-Mateos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Roura Padrosa
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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24
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Mycobacterium smegmatis acyltransferase: The big new player in biocatalysis. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Contente ML, Marzuoli I, Iding H, Wetzl D, Puentener K, Hanlon SP, Paradisi F. Screening methods for enzyme-mediated alcohol oxidation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3019. [PMID: 35194101 PMCID: PMC8864024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol oxidation for the generation of carbonyl groups, is an essential reaction for the preparation of fine chemicals. Although a number of chemical procedures have been reported, biocatalysis is a promising alternative for more sustainable and selective processes. To speed up the discovery of novel (bio)catalysts for industrial applications, efficient screening approaches need to be established. Here, we report on an enzyme-mediated alcohol oxidation screening platform to rapidly detect the activities and selectivities of three classes of biocatalysts; ketoreductases (KREDs), alcohol oxidases (AlcOXs) and laccase-mediator systems (LMSs) with diverse substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina L Contente
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freistrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Marzuoli
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Process Chemistry and Catalysis (PCC), Grenzacherstrasse, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Iding
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Process Chemistry and Catalysis (PCC), Grenzacherstrasse, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Wetzl
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Process Chemistry and Catalysis (PCC), Grenzacherstrasse, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Puentener
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Process Chemistry and Catalysis (PCC), Grenzacherstrasse, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven P Hanlon
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Process Chemistry and Catalysis (PCC), Grenzacherstrasse, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freistrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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26
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Romero‐Fernandez M, Paradisi F. Stereo-divergent enzyme cascades to convert racemic 4-phenyl-2-butanol into either (S)- or (R)- corresponding chiral amine. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200108. [PMID: 35189014 PMCID: PMC9313814 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of enantiopure chiral amines from racemic alcohols is a key transformation in the chemical industry, e.g., in the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, this reaction remains challenging. In this work, we propose a one-pot enzymatic cascade for the direct conversion of a racemic alcohol into either (S) - or (R) -enantiomers of the corresponding amine, with in-situ cofactor recycling. This enzymatic cascade consists of two enantio-complementary alcohol dehydrogenases, both NADH and NADPH oxidase for in-situ recycling of NAD(P) + cofactors, and either (S) - or (R) -enantioselective transaminase. This cell-free biocatalytic system has been successfully applied to the conversion of racemic 4-phenyl-2-butanol into the high value (S) - or (R) -enantiomers of the amine reaching good (73% (S) ) and excellent (>99% (R) ) enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNG7 2RDNottinghamUK
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
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27
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Fitzgerald S, O'Shea DF. Continuous Flow Bioconjugations of NIR‐AZA Fluorophores via Strained Alkyne Cycloadditions with Intra‐Chip Fluorogenic Monitoring**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104111. [PMID: 34979050 PMCID: PMC9305252 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The importance of bioconjugation reactions continues to grow for cell specific targeting and dual therapeutic plus diagnostic medical applications. This necessitates the development of new bioconjugation chemistries, in‐flow synthetic and analytical methods. With this goal, continuous flow bioconjugations were readily achieved with short residence times for strained alkyne substituted carbohydrate and therapeutic peptide biomolecules in reaction with azide and tetrazine substituted fluorophores. The strained alkyne substrates included substituted 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐glucopyranose, and the linear and cyclic peptide sequences QIRQQPRDPPTETLELEVSPDPAS‐OH and c(RGDfK) respectively. The catalyst and reagent‐free inverse electron demand tetrazine cycloadditions proved more favourable than the azide 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions. Reaction completion was achieved with residence times of 5 min at 40 °C for tetrazine versus 10 min at 80 °C for azide cycloadditions. The use of a fluorogenic tetrazine fluorophore, in a glass channelled reactor chip, allowed for intra‐chip reaction monitoring by recording fluorescence intensities at various positions throughout the chip. As the Diels‐Alder reactions proceeded through the chip, the fluorescence intensity increased accordingly in real‐time. The application of continuous flow fluorogenic bioconjugations could offer an efficient translational access to theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donal F. O'Shea
- Chemistry Department, RCSI 123 St. Stephen's Green Dublin 2 Ireland
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Rocha RA, Speight RE, Scott C. Engineering Enzyme Properties for Improved Biocatalytic Processes in Batch and Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A. Rocha
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robert E. Speight
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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29
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Tsubogo T. New Aspects of Immobilized Biocatalysis in Continuous-flow Syntheses. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Efficient 2-Step Enzymatic Cascade for the Bioconversion of Oleuropein into Hydroxytyrosol. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020260. [PMID: 35204142 PMCID: PMC8868057 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the plant bioactive components, oleuropein (OLE) is the most abundant phenolic compound in all parts of olive trees (Olea europaea L.), particularly concentrated in olive leaves. It has been shown to present various remarkable biological actions, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory ones. On the other hand, hydroxytyrosol (HT), the main degradation product of OLE, is considered one of the most powerful antioxidant agents, with higher beneficial properties than the OLE parent compound. In this work, oleuropein was efficiently transformed into hydroxytyrosol using a 2-step biotransformation involving a thermo-halophilic β-glucosidase from Alicyclobacillus herbarius (Ahe), which gave the corresponding aglycone with complete conversion (>99%) and rapid reaction times (30 min), and an acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsAcT), here employed for the first time for its hydrolytic activity. After cascade completion, hydroxytyrosol was obtained in excellent yield (>99% m.c., 96% isolated yield) in 24 h. Starting from a natural substrate and employing enzymatic approaches, the final hydroxytyrosol can be claimed and commercialized as natural too, thus increasing its market value.
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31
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Pickering emulsion droplet-based biomimetic microreactors for continuous flow cascade reactions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:475. [PMID: 35078989 PMCID: PMC8789915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous flow cascade of multi-step catalytic reactions is a cutting-edge concept to revolutionize stepwise catalytic synthesis yet is still challenging in practical applications. Herein, a method for practical one-pot cascade catalysis is developed by combining Pickering emulsions with continuous flow. Our method involves co-localization of different catalytically active sub-compartments within droplets of a Pickering emulsion yielding cell-like microreactors, which can be packed in a column reactor for continuous flow cascade catalysis. As exemplified by two chemo-enzymatic cascade reactions for the synthesis of chiral cyanohydrins and chiral ester, 5 − 420 fold enhancement in the catalysis efficiency and as high as 99% enantioselectivity were obtained even over a period of 80 − 240 h. The compartmentalization effect and enriching-reactant properties arising from the biomimetic microreactor are theoretically and experimentally identified as the key factors for boosting the catalysis efficiency and for regulating the kinetics of cascade catalysis. A continuous flow cascade of multi-step catalytic reactions would provide significant advantages in faster reaction times, waste reduction, and lowered step-count of syntheses, yet this ideal remains challenging in practical applications. Here the authors describe continuous flow cascade catalysis through co-localization of two catalytically active subcompartments within Pickering emulsion droplets.
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32
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Benítez‐Mateos AI, Paradisi F. Sustainable Flow-Synthesis of (Bulky) Nucleoside Drugs by a Novel and Highly Stable Nucleoside Phosphorylase Immobilized on Reusable Supports. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102030. [PMID: 34726353 PMCID: PMC9298701 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The continuous synthesis of valuable nucleoside drugs was achieved in up to 99 % conversion by using a novel halotolerant purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Halomonas elongata (HePNP). HePNP showed an unprecedented tolerance to DMSO, usually required for substrate solubility, and could be immobilized on agarose microbeads through disulfide bonds, via a genetically fused Cystag. This covalent yet reversible binding chemistry showcased the reusability of agarose microbeads in a second round of enzyme immobilization with high reproducibility, reducing waste and increasing the sustainability of the process. Finally, the flow synthesis of a Nelarabine analogue (6-O-methyl guanosine) was optimized to full conversion on a 10 mm scale within 2 min residence time, obtaining the highest space-time yield (89 g L-1 h-1 ) reported to date. The cost-efficiency of the system was further enhanced by a catch-and-release strategy that allowed to recover and recirculate the excess of sugar donor from the downstream water waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Benítez‐Mateos
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
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33
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Diamanti E, Santiago-Arcos J, Grajales-Hernández D, Czarnievicz N, Comino N, Llarena I, Di Silvio D, Cortajarena AL, López-Gallego F. Intraparticle Kinetics Unveil Crowding and Enzyme Distribution Effects on the Performance of Cofactor-Dependent Heterogeneous Biocatalysts. ACS Catal 2021; 11:15051-15067. [PMID: 34956691 PMCID: PMC8689653 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multidimensional kinetic analysis of immobilized enzymes is essential to understand the enzyme functionality at the interface with solid materials. However, spatiotemporal kinetic characterization of heterogeneous biocatalysts on a microscopic level and under operando conditions has been rarely approached. As a case study, we selected self-sufficient heterogeneous biocatalysts where His-tagged cofactor-dependent enzymes (dehydrogenases, transaminases, and oxidases) are co-immobilized with their corresponding phosphorylated cofactors [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H), pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)] on porous agarose microbeads coated with cationic polymers. These self-sufficient systems do not require the addition of exogenous cofactors to function, thus avoiding the extensive use of expensive cofactors. To comprehend the microscopic kinetics and thermodynamics of self-sufficient systems, we performed fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements, time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, and image analytics at both single-particle and intraparticle levels. These studies reveal a thermodynamic equilibrium that rules out the reversible interactions between the adsorbed phosphorylated cofactors and the polycations within the pores of the carriers, enabling the confined cofactors to access the active sites of the immobilized enzymes. Furthermore, this work unveils the relationship between the apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters and the enzyme density in the confined space, eliciting a negative effect of molecular crowding on the performance of some enzymes. Finally, we demonstrate that the intraparticle apparent enzyme kinetics are significantly affected by the enzyme spatial organization. Hence, multiscale characterization of immobilized enzymes serves as an instrumental tool to better understand the in operando functionality of enzymes within confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Diamanti
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)—Basque
Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Javier Santiago-Arcos
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)—Basque
Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniel Grajales-Hernández
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)—Basque
Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nicolette Czarnievicz
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)—Basque
Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Natalia Comino
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)—Basque
Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Irantzu Llarena
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)—Basque
Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Desiré Di Silvio
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)—Basque
Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aitziber L. Cortajarena
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)—Basque
Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)—Basque
Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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34
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Cosgrove S, Mattey A. Reaching new biocatalytic reactivity using continuous flow reactors. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103607. [PMID: 34882844 PMCID: PMC9303305 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The use of flow reactors in biocatalysis has increased significantly in recent years. Chemists have begun to design flow systems that even allow new biocatalytic reactions to take place. This concept article will focus on the design of flow systems that have allowed enzymes to go beyond their limits in batch. The case is made for moving towards fully continuous systems. With flow chemistry increasingly seen as an enabling technology for automated synthesis, and with advancements in AI‐assisted enzyme design, there is a real possibility to fully automate the development and implementation of a continuous biocatalytic processes. This will lead to significantly improved enzyme processes for synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Cosgrove
- Keele University, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Keele, UNITED KINGDOM
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35
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Padrosa DR, Contente ML. Multi-gram preparation of cinnamoyl tryptamines as skin whitening agents through a chemo-enzymatic flow process. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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36
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Contente ML, Annunziata F, Cannazza P, Donzella S, Pinna C, Romano D, Tamborini L, Barbosa FG, Molinari F, Pinto A. Biocatalytic Approaches for an Efficient and Sustainable Preparation of Polyphenols and Their Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13669-13681. [PMID: 34762407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many sectors of industry, such as food, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals, have increased their interest in polyphenols due to their beneficial properties. These molecules are widely found in Nature (plants) and can be obtained through direct extraction from vegetable matrices. Polyphenols introduced through the diet may be metabolized in the human body via different biotransformations leading to compounds having different bioactivities. In this context, enzyme-catalyzed reactions are the most suitable approach to produce modified polyphenols that not only can be studied for their bioactivity but also can be labeled as green, natural products. This review aims to give an overview of the potential of biocatalysis as a powerful tool for the modification of polyphenols to enhance their bioaccessibility, bioavailability, biological activity or modification of their physicochemical properties. The main polyphenol transformations occurring during their metabolism in the human body have been also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Letizia Contente
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Annunziata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Cannazza
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Donzella
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Pinna
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Romano
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francisco Geraldo Barbosa
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Sciences Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE 60455-970, Brazil
| | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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37
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Coloma J, Guiavarc'h Y, Hagedoorn PL, Hanefeld U. Immobilisation and flow chemistry: tools for implementing biocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11416-11428. [PMID: 34636371 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04315c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The merger of enzyme immobilisation and flow chemistry has attracted the attention of the scientific community during recent years. Immobilisation enhances enzyme stability and enables recycling, flow chemistry allows process intensification. Their combination is desirable for the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly biocatalytic processes. In this feature article, we aim to point out important metrics for successful enzyme immobilisation and for reporting flow biocatalytic processes. Relevant examples of immobilised enzymes used in flow systems in organic, biphasic and aqueous systems are discussed. Finally, we describe recent developments to address the cofactor recycling hurdle.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Coloma
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands. .,Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, Avenida Circunvalación s/n, P. O. Box 13-05-2732, Manta, Ecuador
| | - Yann Guiavarc'h
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory Reactions and Process Engineering, University of Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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38
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Chatterjee A, Rao DHS, Kumar Padhi S. One‐Pot Enzyme Cascade Catalyzed Asymmetrization of Primary Alcohols: Synthesis of Enantiocomplementary Chiral β‐Nitroalcohols. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayon Chatterjee
- Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Laboratory Department of Biochemistry School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad 500 046 Hyderabad India
| | - D. H. Sreenivasa Rao
- Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Laboratory Department of Biochemistry School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad 500 046 Hyderabad India
| | - Santosh Kumar Padhi
- Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Laboratory Department of Biochemistry School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad 500 046 Hyderabad India
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39
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Mattey AP, Ford GJ, Citoler J, Baldwin C, Marshall JR, Palmer RB, Thompson M, Turner NJ, Cosgrove SC, Flitsch SL. Development of Continuous Flow Systems to Access Secondary Amines Through Previously Incompatible Biocatalytic Cascades*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18660-18665. [PMID: 33856106 PMCID: PMC8453870 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A key aim of biocatalysis is to mimic the ability of eukaryotic cells to carry out multistep cascades in a controlled and selective way. As biocatalytic cascades get more complex, reactions become unattainable under typical batch conditions. Here a number of continuous flow systems were used to overcome batch incompatibility, thus allowing for successful biocatalytic cascades. As proof-of-principle, reactive carbonyl intermediates were generated in situ using alcohol oxidases, then passed directly to a series of packed-bed modules containing different aminating biocatalysts which accordingly produced a range of structurally distinct amines. The method was expanded to employ a batch incompatible sequential amination cascade via an oxidase/transaminase/imine reductase sequence, introducing different amine reagents at each step without cross-reactivity. The combined approaches allowed for the biocatalytic synthesis of the natural product 4O-methylnorbelladine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P. Mattey
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Grayson J. Ford
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Joan Citoler
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Christopher Baldwin
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - James R. Marshall
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Ryan B. Palmer
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | | | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Sebastian C. Cosgrove
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
- Lennard-Jones LaboratorySchool of Chemical and Physical SciencesKeele UniversityKeeleStaffordshireST5 5BGUK
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
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40
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Mattey AP, Ford GJ, Citoler J, Baldwin C, Marshall JR, Palmer RB, Thompson M, Turner NJ, Cosgrove SC, Flitsch SL. Development of Continuous Flow Systems to Access Secondary Amines Through Previously Incompatible Biocatalytic Cascades. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:18808-18813. [PMID: 38505092 PMCID: PMC10947180 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A key aim of biocatalysis is to mimic the ability of eukaryotic cells to carry out multistep cascades in a controlled and selective way. As biocatalytic cascades get more complex, reactions become unattainable under typical batch conditions. Here a number of continuous flow systems were used to overcome batch incompatibility, thus allowing for successful biocatalytic cascades. As proof-of-principle, reactive carbonyl intermediates were generated in situ using alcohol oxidases, then passed directly to a series of packed-bed modules containing different aminating biocatalysts which accordingly produced a range of structurally distinct amines. The method was expanded to employ a batch incompatible sequential amination cascade via an oxidase/transaminase/imine reductase sequence, introducing different amine reagents at each step without cross-reactivity. The combined approaches allowed for the biocatalytic synthesis of the natural product 4O-methylnorbelladine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P. Mattey
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Grayson J. Ford
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Joan Citoler
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Christopher Baldwin
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - James R. Marshall
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Ryan B. Palmer
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | | | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Sebastian C. Cosgrove
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
- Lennard-Jones LaboratorySchool of Chemical and Physical SciencesKeele UniversityKeeleStaffordshireST5 5BGUK
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
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41
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Benítez‐Mateos AI, Bertella S, Behaghel de Bueren J, Luterbacher JS, Paradisi F. Dual Valorization of Lignin as a Versatile and Renewable Matrix for Enzyme Immobilization and (Flow) Bioprocess Engineering. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3198-3207. [PMID: 34111325 PMCID: PMC8457236 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignin has emerged as an attractive alternative in the search for more eco-friendly and less costly materials for enzyme immobilization. In this work, the terephthalic aldehyde-stabilization of lignin is carried out during its extraction to develop a series of functionalized lignins with a range of reactive groups (epoxy, amine, aldehyde, metal chelates). This expands the immobilization to a pool of enzymes (carboxylase, dehydrogenase, transaminase) by different binding chemistries, affording immobilization yields of 64-100 %. As a proof of concept, a ω-transaminase reversibly immobilized on polyethyleneimine-lignin is integrated in a packed-bed reactor. The stability of the immobilized biocatalyst is tested in continuous-flow deamination reactions and maintains the same conversion for 100 cycles. These results outperform previous stability tests carried out with the enzyme covalently immobilized on methacrylic resins, with the advantage that the reversibility of the immobilized enzyme allows recycling and reuse of lignin beyond the enzyme inactivation. Additionally, an in-line system also based on lignin is added into the downstream process to separate the reaction products by catch-and-release. These results demonstrate a fully closed-loop sustainable flow-biocatalytic system based exclusively on lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Benítez‐Mateos
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| | - Stefania Bertella
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic ProcessingInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jean Behaghel de Bueren
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic ProcessingInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jeremy S. Luterbacher
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic ProcessingInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
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42
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Biocatalyzed Flow Oxidation of Tyrosol to Hydroxytyrosol and Efficient Production of Their Acetate Esters. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071142. [PMID: 34356374 PMCID: PMC8301122 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosol (Ty) and hydroxytyrosol (HTy) are valuable dietary phenolic compounds present in olive oil and wine, widely used for food, nutraceutical and cosmetic applications. Ty and HTy are endowed with a number of health-related biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. In this work, we developed a sustainable, biocatalyzed flow protocol for the chemo- and regio-selective oxidation of Ty into HTy catalyzed by free tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus in a gas/liquid biphasic system. The aqueous flow stream was then in-line extracted to recirculate the water medium containing the biocatalyst and the excess ascorbic acid, thus improving the cost-efficiency of the process and creating a self-sufficient closed-loop system. The organic layer was purified in-line through a catch-and-release procedure using supported boronic acid that was able to trap HTy and leave the unreacted Ty in solution. Moreover, the acetate derivatives (TyAc and HTyAc) were produced by exploiting a bioreactor packed with an immobilized acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsAcT), able to selectively act on the primary alcohol. Under optimized conditions, high-value HTy was obtained in 75% yield, whereas TyAc and HTyAc were isolated in yields of up to 80% in only 10 min of residence time.
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Valikhani D, Bolivar JM, Pelletier JN. An Overview of Cytochrome P450 Immobilization Strategies for Drug Metabolism Studies, Biosensing, and Biocatalytic Applications: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donya Valikhani
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal and Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), 1375 Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux Ave., Montréal, Quebec H2 V 0B3, Canada
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec City Quebec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Juan M. Bolivar
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Complutense Ave., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal and Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), 1375 Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux Ave., Montréal, Quebec H2 V 0B3, Canada
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec City Quebec G1 V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard-Montpetit ave, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
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Agarose vs. Methacrylate as Material Supports for Enzyme Immobilization and Continuous Processing. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11070814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization has become a key strategy to improve the stability and recycling of biocatalysts, resulting in greener and more cost-efficient processes. The design of the immobilized catalysts is often focused only on the immobilization strategy, the binding chemistry between the enzyme and the support, while less attention has been paid to the physico-chemical properties of material supports. Selecting the best carrier for a specific application may greatly influence the performance of the biocatalytic reaction. Herein, we present a comparative study between the two most used material supports for protein immobilization, agarose and methacrylate. Hydrophilic agarose microbeads ensure higher retained enzymatic activity and better catalyst performance when hydrophobic compounds are involved in the biotransformation. Due to the high stickiness, lipophilic molecules represent a major limitation for methacrylate carriers. O2-dependent reactions, in contrast, must be carried out by immobilized enzymes on methacrylate supports due to the low mechanical stability of agarose under dehydration conditions. All these parameters were tested with a special focus on continuous-flow applications.
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Corrado ML, Knaus T, Mutti FG. High Regio- and Stereoselective Multi-enzymatic Synthesis of All Phenylpropanolamine Stereoisomers from β-Methylstyrene. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2345-2350. [PMID: 33880862 PMCID: PMC8359840 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a one-pot cascade for the synthesis of phenylpropanolamines (PPAs) in high optical purities (er and dr up to >99.5 %) and analytical yields (up to 95 %) by using 1-phenylpropane-1,2-diols as key intermediates. This bioamination entails the combination of an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), an ω-transaminase (ωTA) and an alanine dehydrogenase to create a redox-neutral network, which harnesses the exquisite and complementary regio- and stereo-selectivities of the selected ADHs and ωTAs. The requisite 1-phenylpropane-1,2-diol intermediates were obtained from trans- or cis-β-methylstyrene by combining a styrene monooxygenase with epoxide hydrolases. Furthermore, in selected cases, the envisioned cascade enabled to obtain the structural isomer (1S,2R)-1-amino-1-phenylpropan-2-ol in high optical purity (er and dr >99.5 %). This is the first report on an enzymatic method that enables to obtain all of the four possible PPA stereoisomers in great enantio- and diastereo-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Corrado
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, HIMS-BiocatUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tanja Knaus
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, HIMS-BiocatUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Francesco G. Mutti
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, HIMS-BiocatUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Functionalisable Epoxy-rich Electrospun Fibres Based on Renewable Terpene for Multi-Purpose Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111804. [PMID: 34070820 PMCID: PMC8198691 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New bio-based polymers capable of either outperforming fossil-based alternatives or possessing new properties and functionalities are of relevant interest in the framework of the circular economy. In this work, a novel bio-based polycarvone acrylate di-epoxide (PCADE) was used as an additive in a one-step straightforward electrospinning process to endow the fibres with functionalisable epoxy groups at their surface. To demonstrate the feasibility of the approach, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) fibres loaded with different amounts of PCADE were prepared. A thorough characterisation by TGA, DSC, DMTA and XPS showed that the two polymers are immiscible and that PCADE preferentially segregates at the fibre surface, thus developing a very simple one-step approach to the preparation of ready-to-use surface functionalisable fibres. We demonstrated this by exploiting the epoxy groups at the PVDF fibre surface in two very different applications, namely in epoxy-based carbon fibre reinforced composites and membranes for ω-transaminase enzyme immobilisation for heterogeneous catalysis.
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Romero-Fernandez M, Paradisi F. Biocatalytic access to betazole using a one-pot multienzymatic system in continuous flow. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:4594-4603. [PMID: 34220333 PMCID: PMC8215649 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01095f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to classical synthetic approaches for the production of betazole drug, a one-pot biocatalytic system for this pharmaceutical molecule from its alcohol precursor has been developed. An ω-transaminase, an alcohol dehydrogenase and a water-forming NADH oxidase for in situ cofactor recycling have been combined to catalyse this reaction, yielding 75% molar conversion in batch reactions with soluble enzymes. This multienzyme system was then co-immobilised through a newly established protocol for sequential functionalization of a methacrylate-based porous carrier to enable tailored immobilisation chemistries for each enzyme. This pluri-catalytic system has been set up in a continuous flow packed-bed reactor, generating a space-time yield of up to 2.59 g L-1 h-1 with 15 min residence and a constant supply of oxygen for in situ cofactor recycling through a segmented air-liquid flow. The addition of an in-line catch-and-release column afforded >80% product recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 Bern Switzerland
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Jo S, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Enzyme-Loaded Nanoreactors Enable the Continuous Regeneration of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Artificial Metabolisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7728-7734. [PMID: 33427354 PMCID: PMC8048563 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential coenzyme for numerous biocatalytic pathways. While in nature, NAD+ is continuously regenerated from NADH by enzymes, all synthetic NAD+ regeneration strategies require a continuous supply of expensive reagents and generate byproducts, making these strategies unattractive. In contrast, we present an artificial enzyme combination that produces NAD+ from oxygen and water continuously; no additional organic substrates are required once a minimal amount pyruvate is supplied. Three enzymes, i.e., LDH, LOX, and CAT, are covalently encapsulated into a substrate-permeable silica nanoreactor by a mild fluoride-catalyzed sol-gel process. The enzymes retain their activity inside of the nanoreactors and are protected against proteolysis and heat. We successfully used NAD+ from the nanoreactors for the continuous production of NAD+ i) to sense glucose in artificial glucose metabolism, and ii) to reduce the non-oxygen binding methemoglobin to oxygen-binding hemoglobin. This latter conversion might be used for the treatment of Methemoglobinemia. We believe that this versatile tool will allow the design of artificial NAD+ -dependent metabolisms or NAD+ -mediated redox-reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong‐Min Jo
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry GroupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversiteit TwentePO Box 2177500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
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Jo S, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Enzyme‐Loaded Nanoreactors Enable the Continuous Regeneration of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Artificial Metabolisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong‐Min Jo
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Universiteit Twente PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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Katsimpouras C, Stephanopoulos G. Enzymes in biotechnology: Critical platform technologies for bioprocess development. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:91-102. [PMID: 33422914 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are core elements of biosynthetic pathways employed in the synthesis of numerous bioproducts. Here, we review enzyme promiscuity, enzyme engineering, enzyme immobilization, and cell-free systems as fundamental strategies of bioprocess development. Initially, promiscuous enzymes are the first candidates in the quest for new activities to power new, artificial, or bypass pathways that expand substrate range and catalyze the production of new products. If the activity or regulation of available enzymes is unsuitable for a process, protein engineering can be applied to improve them to the required level. When cell toxicity and low productivity cannot be engineered away, cell-free systems are an attractive option, especially in combination with enzyme immobilization that allows extended enzyme use. Overall, the above methods support powerful platforms for bioprocess development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Katsimpouras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA.
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