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Kaur N, Mathew JL, Gupta M, John J, Prinja S. Do current economic evaluations fully capture vaccine value: a review of evidence from India. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2024. [PMID: 39412951 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2024.2417767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2024] [Revised: 10/05/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traditional economic evaluations typically focus on direct health effects and costs offset to the healthcare system. However, vaccines offer significant indirect benefits beyond direct health effects, such as herd immunity, reduced force of infection, reduction in antimicrobial resistance, and others. Failure to consider these benefits while evaluating vaccines may undervalue vaccines. Therefore, it is argued that the full value of vaccines should be estimated by incorporating these broader benefits. AREAS COVERED This review presents the broader value domains proposed in literature by various frameworks, and their definitions. The review of economic evidence of vaccine use in India to discuss to what extent these broader value domains have been considered in economic evaluations in India has been presented. We also discuss specific considerations that need to be taken care of while developing value frameworks or guidelines for the economic evaluation of vaccines. EXPERT OPINION To develop a comprehensive framework tailored to the country needs, prioritize relevant value domains and optimal methodologies based on the country's healthcare context, and data availability. These value domains must align with people's as well as decision-makers preferences to ensure economic assessments are relevant and actionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Joseph L Mathew
- Advanced Pediatric Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhu Gupta
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jacob John
- Christian Medical College (CMC) Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shankar Prinja
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Rasmussen PW, Hoffman RM, Phiri S, Makwaya A, Kominski GF, Bastani R, Moses A, Moucheraud C. Cost-effectiveness of approaches to cervical cancer screening in Malawi: comparison of frequencies, lesion treatment techniques, and risk-stratified approaches. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:792. [PMID: 38982430 PMCID: PMC11234730 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-11226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently-updated global guidelines for cervical cancer screening incorporated new technologies-most significantly, the inclusion of HPV DNA detection as a primary screening test-but leave many implementation decisions at countries' discretion. We sought to develop recommendations for Malawi as a test case since it has the second-highest cervical cancer burden globally and high HIV prevalence. We incorporated updated epidemiologic data, the full range of ablation methods recommended, and a more nuanced representation of how HIV status intersects with cervical cancer risk and exposure to screening to model outcomes of different approaches to screening. METHODS Using a Markov model, we estimate the relative health outcomes and costs of different approaches to cervical cancer screening among Malawian women. The model was parameterized using published data, and focused on comparing "triage" approaches-i.e., lesion treatment (cryotherapy or thermocoagulation) at differing frequencies and varying by HIV status. Health outcomes were quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and deaths averted. The model was built using TreeAge Pro software. RESULTS Thermocoagulation was more cost-effective than cryotherapy at all screening frequencies. Screening women once per decade would avert substantially more deaths than screening only once per lifetime, at relatively little additional cost. Moreover, at this frequency, it would be advisable to ensure that all women who screen positive receive treatment (rather than investing in further increases in screening frequency): for a similar gain in QALYs, it would cost more than four times as much to implement once-per-5 years screening with only 50% of women treated versus once-per-decade screening with 100% of women treated. Stratified screening schedules by HIV status was found to be an optimal approach. CONCLUSIONS These results add new evidence about cost-effective approaches to cervical cancer screening in low-income countries. At relatively infrequent screening intervals, if resources are limited, it would be more cost-effective to invest in scaling up thermocoagulation for treatment before increasing the recommended screening frequency. In Malawi or countries in a similar stage of the HIV epidemic, a stratified approach that prioritizes more frequent screening for women living with HIV may be more cost-effective than population-wide recommendations that are HIV status neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Risa M Hoffman
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California Los Angeles, 885 Tiverton Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sam Phiri
- Partners in Hope, Area 36 Plot 8, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Amos Makwaya
- Partners in Hope, Area 36 Plot 8, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Gerald F Kominski
- Fielding School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Roshan Bastani
- Fielding School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Agnes Moses
- Partners in Hope, Area 36 Plot 8, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Corrina Moucheraud
- School of Global Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy and Management, New York University, 708 Broadway, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
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Azangou-Khyavy M, Ghasemi E, Rezaei N, Khanali J, Kolahi AA, Malekpour MR, Heidari-Foroozan M, Nasserinejad M, Mohammadi E, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Ghamari SH, Ebrahimi N, Koolaji S, Khosravifar M, Fateh SM, Larijani B, Farzadfar F. Global, regional, and national quality of care index of cervical and ovarian cancer: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 1990-2019. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:69. [PMID: 38273304 PMCID: PMC10809627 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-02884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cervical cancer is the most preventable and ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer. However, in the world, there are disparities in health care performances resulting in differences in the burden of these cancers. The objective of this study was to compare the health-system quality of care and inequities for these cancers using the Quality of Care Index (QCI). MATERIAL AND METHODS The 1990-2019 data of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) was analyzed to extract rates of incidence, prevalence, mortality, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), Years of Life Lost (YLL), and Years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLD) of cervical and ovarian cancer. Four indices were developed as a proxy for the quality of care using the above-mentioned rates. Thereafter, a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was applied to construct the Quality of Care Index (QCI) as a summary measure of the developed indices. RESULTS The incidence of cervical cancer decreased from 1990 to 2019, whereas the incidence of ovarian cancer increased between these years. However, the mortality rate of both cancers decreased in this interval. The global age-standardized QCI for cervical cancer and ovarian cancer were 43.1 and 48.5 in 1990 and increased to 58.5 and 58.4 in 2019, respectively. QCI for cervical cancer and ovarian cancer generally decreased with aging, and different age groups had inequitable QCIs. Higher-income countries generally had higher QCIs for both cancers, but exceptions were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Uncovering disparities in cervical and ovarian cancer care across locations, Socio-Demographic Index levels, and age groups necessitate urgent improvements in healthcare systems for equitable care. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and prompt future research to explore root causes and effective strategies for narrowing these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Ghasemi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Rezaei
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Khanali
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Asghar Kolahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Malekpour
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nasserinejad
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Ebrahimi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sogol Koolaji
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Khosravifar
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Mohammadi Fateh
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-E-Ahmad and Chamran Highway Intersection, Tehran, Iran.
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kaur KN, Niazi F, Nandi D, Taneja N. Gender-Neutral HPV Vaccine in India; Requisite for a Healthy Community: A Review. Cancer Control 2024; 31:10732748241285184. [PMID: 39344048 PMCID: PMC11440547 DOI: 10.1177/10732748241285184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) affects approximately 80% of individuals, irrespective of gender, and is implicated in various cancers. Existing HPV vaccines, while safe and effective, do not sufficiently protect males when administered solely to females. This review, triggered by the urgent need to address this gap and reduce the associated stigma, aims to evaluate the introduction of a gender-neutral HPV vaccine, GARDASIL-9, in India. The primary objective is to assess the necessity and feasibility of incorporating the gender-neutral HPV vaccine into India's national immunization program. This integration is crucial to ensure equitable access for all children and to mitigate the substantial burden of HPV. A literature search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, government websites, and relevant publications. Keywords included "gender-neutral vaccine", "HPV vaccine", and "Indian population". The central research question guiding this review is: How necessary and feasible is the inclusion of a gender-neutral HPV vaccine in India's national immunization schedule to ensure equitable access for all children and reduce the HPV burden? The review inclusion criteria comprised studies addressing the prevalence of HPV infections, HPV vaccination awareness among both genders, the cost-effectiveness of gender-neutral vaccines, current HPV vaccination status, and future perspectives specific to India. Studies not meeting these criteria were excluded. The review highlights that introducing a gender-neutral HPV vaccine in India is imperative. Including males in vaccination efforts significantly reduces the overall disease burden and helps in reducing the stigma associated with HPV. A comprehensive vaccination program, bolstered by education and awareness campaigns, and its inclusion in the national immunization schedule is essential. This approach ensures equitable access to the vaccine for all children, fostering a healthier community, preventing HPV-related cancers, and enhancing public health outcomes in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Nidhi Kaur
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Farah Niazi
- Laboratory of Disease Dynamics & Molecular Epidemiology, Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Dhruva Nandi
- Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Neha Taneja
- Community Medicine, National level Faculty Community Medicine Prepladder, New Delhi, India
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M de Carvalho T, Man I, Georges D, Saraswati LR, Bhandari P, Kataria I, Siddiqui M, Muwonge R, Lucas E, Sankaranarayanan R, Basu P, Berkhof J, Bogaards JA, Baussano I. Health and economic effects of introducing single-dose or two-dose human papillomavirus vaccination in India. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e012580. [PMID: 37931940 PMCID: PMC10632817 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is a major public health problem in India, where access to prevention programmes is low. The WHO-Strategic Advisory Group of Experts recently updated their recommendation for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination to include a single-dose option in addition to the two-dose option, which could make HPV vaccination programmes easier to implement and more affordable. METHODS We combined projections from a type-specific HPV transmission model and a cancer progression model to assess the health and economic effects of HPV vaccination at national and state level in India. The models used national and state-specific Indian demographic, epidemiological and cost data, and single-dose vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer India vaccine trial with 10-year follow-up. We compared single-dose and two-dose HPV vaccination for a range of plausible scenarios regarding single-dose vaccine protection, coverage and catch-up. We used a healthcare sector payer perspective with a time horizon of 100 years. RESULTS Under the base-case scenario of lifelong protection of single-dose vaccination in 10-year-old girls with 90% coverage, the discounted incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of nationwide vaccination relative to no vaccination was US$406 (₹INR30 000) per DALY (disability-adjusted life-years) averted. This lay below an opportunity-cost-based threshold of 30% Indian gross domestic product per capita in each Indian state (state-specific ICER range: US$67-US$593 per DALY averted). The ICER of two-dose vaccination versus no vaccination vaccination was US$1404 (₹INR104 000). The ICER of two-dose vaccination versus single-dose vaccination, assuming lower initial efficacy and waning of single-dose vaccination, was at least US$2282 (₹INR169 000) per DALY averted. CONCLUSIONS Nationwide introduction of single-dose HPV vaccination at age 10 in India is highly likely to be cost-effective whereas extending the number of doses from one to two would have a less favourable profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M de Carvalho
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC VUMC Site, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Man
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Damien Georges
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Prince Bhandari
- Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International India, New Delhi, India
| | - Ishu Kataria
- Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International India, New Delhi, India
| | - Mariam Siddiqui
- Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International India, New Delhi, India
| | - Richard Muwonge
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Eric Lucas
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Partha Basu
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Johannes Berkhof
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC VUMC Site, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Bogaards
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC VUMC Site, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iacopo Baussano
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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Man I, Georges D, de Carvalho TM, Ray Saraswati L, Bhandari P, Kataria I, Siddiqui M, Muwonge R, Lucas E, Berkhof J, Sankaranarayanan R, Bogaards JA, Basu P, Baussano I. Evidence-based impact projections of single-dose human papillomavirus vaccination in India: a modelling study. Lancet Oncol 2022; 23:1419-1429. [PMID: 36174583 PMCID: PMC9622421 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high burden of cervical cancer, access to preventive measures remains low in India. A single-dose immunisation schedule could facilitate the scale-up of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, contributing to global elimination of cervical cancer. We projected the effect of single-dose quadrivalent HPV vaccination in India in comparison with no vaccination or to a two-dose schedule. METHODS In this modelling study, we adapted an HPV transmission model (EpiMetHeos) to Indian data on sexual behaviour (from the Demographic and Health Survey and the Indian National AIDS Control Organisation), HPV prevalence data (from two local surveys, from the states of Tamil Nadu and West Bengal), and cervical cancer incidence data (from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents for the period 2008-12 [volume XI], and the Indian National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research for the period 2012-16). Using the model, we projected the nationwide and state-specific effect of HPV vaccination on HPV prevalence and cervical cancer incidence, and lifetime risk of cervical cancer, for 100 years after the introduction of vaccination or in the first 50 vaccinated birth cohorts. Projections were derived under a two-dose vaccination scenario assuming life-long protection and under a single-dose vaccination scenario with protection duration assumptions derived from International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) India vaccine trial data, in combination with different vaccination coverages and catch-up vaccination age ranges. We used two thresholds to define cervical cancer elimination: an age-standardised incidence rate of less than 4 cases per 100 000 woman-years, and standardised lifetime risk of less than 250 cases per 100 000 women born. FINDINGS Assuming vaccination in girls aged 10 years, with 90% coverage, and life-long protection by two-dose or single-dose schedule, HPV vaccination could reduce the prevalence of HPV16 and HPV18 infection by 97% (80% UI 96-99) in 50 years, and the lifetime risk of cervical cancer by 71-78% from 1067 cases per 100 000 women born under a no vaccination scenario to 311 (80% UI 284-339) cases per 100 000 women born in the short term and 233 (219-252) cases per 100 000 women born in the long term in vaccinated cohorts. Under this scenario, we projected that the age-standardised incidence rate threshold for elimination could be met across India (range across Indian states: 1·6 cases [80% UI 1·5-1·7] to 4·0 cases [3·8-4·4] per 100 000 woman-years), while the complementary threshold based on standardised lifetime risk was attainable in 17 (68%) of 25 states, but not nationwide (range across Indian states: 207 cases [80% UI 194-223] to 477 cases [447-514] per 100 000 women born). Under the considered assumptions of waning vaccine protection, single-dose vaccination was projected to have a 21-100% higher per-dose efficiency than two-dose vaccination. Single-dose vaccination with catch-up for girls and women aged 11-20 years was more impactful than two-dose vaccination without catch-up, with reduction of 39-65% versus 38% in lifetime risk of cervical cancer across the ten catch-up birth cohorts and the first ten routine vaccination birth cohorts. INTERPRETATION Our evidence-based projections suggest that scaling up cervical cancer prevention through single-dose HPV vaccination could substantially reduce cervical cancer burden in India. FUNDING The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Man
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France.
| | - Damien Georges
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Tiago M de Carvalho
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ishu Kataria
- Center for Global Noncommunicable Diseases, RTI International, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Richard Muwonge
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Eric Lucas
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Johannes Berkhof
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes A Bogaards
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Partha Basu
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Iacopo Baussano
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
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Portnoy A, Abbas K, Sweet S, Kim JJ, Jit M. Projections of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination impact in Ethiopia, India, Nigeria and Pakistan: a comparative modelling study. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-006940. [PMID: 34725040 PMCID: PMC8562528 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in Ethiopia, India, Nigeria and Pakistan. Our study objective was to assess similarities and differences in vaccine-impact projections through comparative modelling analysis by independently estimating the potential health impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. Methods Using two widely published models (Harvard and Papillomavirus Rapid Interface for Modelling and Economics (PRIME)) to estimate HPV vaccination impact, we simulated a vaccination scenario of 90% annual coverage among 10 cohorts of 9-year-old girls from 2021 to 2030 in Ethiopia, India, Nigeria and Pakistan. We estimated potential health impact in terms of cervical cancer cases, deaths and disability-adjusted life years averted among vaccinated cohorts from the time of vaccination until 2100. We harmonised the two models by standardising input data to comparatively estimate HPV vaccination impact. Results Prior to harmonising model assumptions, the range between PRIME and Harvard models for number of cervical cancer cases averted by HPV vaccination was: 262 000 to 2 70 000 in Ethiopia; 1 640 000 to 1 970 000 in India; 330 000 to 3 36 000 in Nigeria and 111 000 to 1 33 000 in Pakistan. When harmonising model assumptions, alignment on HPV type distribution significantly narrowed differences in vaccine-impact estimates. Conclusion Despite model differences, the Harvard and PRIME models yielded similar vaccine-impact estimates. The main differences in estimates are due to variation in interpretation around data on cervical cancer attribution to HPV-16/18. As countries make progress towards WHO targets for cervical cancer elimination, continued explorations of underlying differences in model inputs, assumptions and results when examining cervical cancer prevention policy will be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Portnoy
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaja Abbas
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Steven Sweet
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jane J Kim
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Jit
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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The confounding effect of multi-type human papillomavirus infections on type-specific natural history parameter identification. Epidemics 2021; 36:100468. [PMID: 34217104 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2021.100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) from infection to cervical cancer differs between HPV types. Accordingly, type-specific natural history parameters are crucial for the mathematical models used to optimize the nearly life-long series of disease prevention measures. These parameters are estimated from genotyped data from trials and population level screening programs, typically one type at a time, which requires projecting the multiple-type data to the single type. To analyze impacts of such projection methods on the estimates, we compared estimating one type at a time using different projection methods with estimating all types together. We simulated genotyped data with chosen parameter values for two HPV types and analyzed the identifiability of the chosen values using the different estimation methods. We found the success of estimating one type at a time to be excessively sensitive to the data projection method, with potential to falsely identify the parameters at wrong values. Estimating all types together identified the parameters well. Our results were consistent both when trial and population level data were used. In conclusion, the potential confounding by multi-type infections has to be considered when choosing an estimation method for type-specific natural history parameters.
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Radhakrishnan V, Lam CG, Howard SC. Vaccination Against Cervical Cancer in India: Our Children Deserve a Healthier Future. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatraman Radhakrishnan
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Catherine G Lam
- Director of Health Systems and Asia Pacific Regional Programs, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Scott C Howard
- Professor and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Nursing University of Tennessee College of Health Sciences, Memphis, TN, USA
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Frio GS, França MTA. Human papillomavirus vaccine and risky sexual behavior: Regression discontinuity design evidence from Brazil. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2021; 40:100946. [PMID: 33264703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the hypothesis of moral hazard caused by vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV), regarding girls' beginning of sex life and, once they have begun their sex life, to understand whether it reduces the probability of girls using a condom in their first sexual intercourse. The data are from the 2015 National Survey of School Health (PeNSE). The model used is the regression discontinuity, with the discontinuity in the age of the girls who were able to participate in the public vaccination campaign. The results of the so-called Fuzzy-RDD show that the campaign was effective in increasing the likelihood of vaccination by 26.7-27.6 percentage points. There is no observable effect on young women initiating their sex lives or refraining from using condoms. The results are tested by several robustness methods. This is the first work to use quasi-experimental models in a developing country with low vaccination coverage in Latin America and show that it is necessary to increase awareness campaigns with parents, so they will know that there is no effect of vaccination on the beginning of sex life and condom use.
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Krishnamurthy A, Ramshankar V. Current Status and Future Perspectives of Molecular Prevention Strategies for Cervical Cancers. Indian J Surg Oncol 2020; 11:752-761. [PMID: 33299288 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-019-00910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer continues to be a global health problem; despite the potential for prevention through organised screening programmes that can detect and treat pre-cancerous lesions and also more recently, the availability of HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) vaccines. While routine screening with Pap smear testing has reduced the burden of cervical cancer in the high-income countries, the implementation of organised Pap-based screening programmes has not been found feasible in low-resource settings due to a lack of health care delivery infrastructure and limited health budgets. The well-established causal relationship between cervical cancer development and high-risk-HPV (HR-HPV) infection and the subsequent appreciation of the greater sensitivity of HPV testing over Pap smear cytology eventually lead to HPV testing being incorporated in the primary cervical cancer prevention programmes. An organised cervical cancer screening programme incorporating HR-HPV testing and HPV vaccine administration are currently considered to be the two major interventions for a comprehensive cervical cancer control programme worldwide. However, there are concerns that the requirement of a sophisticated infrastructure with its associated costs may make cervical cancer screening using molecular prevention by HPV testing impracticable to be implemented, especially in resource-poor, low-income countries. Visual Inspection with Acetic acid (VIA) represents one of the alternative methods for cervical cancer screening proposed for the countries with low- to middle-income resources and has gained popularity in India following the successful completion of two randomised controlled trials, but this method but has low sensitivity to detect cervical pre-cancers. More recently, the cost-effectiveness analysis of many studies including randomised controlled trials, even from the low-resource settings, has found that HPV testing is followed by treatment for HPV-positive women to be an effective and cost-effective screening strategy as compared to other screening methods including VIA. The incorporation of self-sampling and HPV testing by partial genotyping has the potential to significantly add to the effectiveness and the cost-effectiveness. The current status and future perspectives of molecular prevention strategies for cervical cancer prevention is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Krishnamurthy
- Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Rd, Adyar, Chennai, 600036 India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Ramshankar
- Department of Preventive Oncology (Research), Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Rd, Adyar, Chennai, 600036 India
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Chauhan AS, Prinja S, Srinivasan R, Rai B, Malliga JS, Jyani G, Gupta N, Ghoshal S. Cost effectiveness of strategies for cervical cancer prevention in India. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238291. [PMID: 32870941 PMCID: PMC7462298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of link between high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and occurrence of cervical cancer has resulted in development of various HPV related control strategies for the prevention of cervical cancer. The objective of the present study was to assess the cost effectiveness of various screening strategies for cervical cancer and human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination in India. A Markov model based on societal perspective was designed to estimate the lifetime costs and consequences of screening (with either visual inspect with acetic acid (VIA), Papanicolaou test or HPV DNA test at various time intervals) in a hypothetical cohort of 30-65 years age women or vaccination among adolescent girls. Diagnostic accuracy of the screening strategies, efficacy of HPV vaccination and data on transition probabilities was based on the results of the existing meta-analyses. Primary data was collected for assessing per person cost of screening, cost of treating cervical cancer and quality of life. We found that introduction of different screening strategies leads to reduction in lifetime occurrence of cervical cancer cases caused by HPV 16/18 from 20% to 61%, and cervical cancer deaths from 28% to 70%, as compared to no screening. Among various screening strategies, screening with both VIA 5 yearly and VIA 10 yearly came out to be cost effective at 1-time per capita GDP, with VIA every 5 years providing greater health benefits as compared to VIA 10 years. Hence, screening with VIA 5 years at an incremental cost of US$ 829 (INR 54,881) per QALY gained is the recommended strategy for India. Further, with regards to HPV vaccination, it leads to 60% reduction in cancer cases and mortality caused by HPV 16/18 as compared to no vaccination. Moreover, when this vaccinated cohort of adolescent girls is also screened later in their life (with VIA every 10 years and VIA 5 years), it leads to 69%-76% reduction in cancer cases and 71%-81% reduction in cancer deaths. As compared to no vaccination and no screening, both HPV vaccination alone and vaccination plus screening (with VIA every 5 yearly and VIA 10 yearly) appears to be cost effective with ICERs in the range of US$ 86 (INR 5,693) to US$ 476 (INR 31,511) per QALY gained. In the long run, when the cohort of adolescent girls, who were immunized for HPV, reach the age of 30 years, the screening frequency using VIA should be determined based on the coverage of HPV vaccination in that cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akashdeep Singh Chauhan
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shankar Prinja
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Radhika Srinivasan
- Department of Cytology and Gynaecological Pathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bhavana Rai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - JS Malliga
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai, India
| | - Gaurav Jyani
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sushmita Ghoshal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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MacCosham A, El-Zein M, Burchell AN, Tellier PP, Coutlée F, Franco EL. Transmission reduction and prevention with HPV vaccination (TRAP-HPV) study protocol: a randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of HPV vaccination in preventing transmission of HPV infection in heterosexual couples. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039383. [PMID: 32788190 PMCID: PMC7422656 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a causal agent of malignancies including cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal and oropharyngeal cancer, as well as benign conditions such as anogenital warts. HPV vaccination protects individuals against infections with the target HPV types and their clinical outcomes. However, little is known about the protection an immunised individual confers to their sexual partner or its impact on HPV transmission dynamics. In this context, the Transmission Reduction and Prevention with HPV vaccination (TRAP-HPV) study was designed to determine the efficacy of an HPV vaccine in reducing transmission of genital and oral HPV infection in sexual partners of vaccinated individuals. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The TRAP-HPV study is an ongoing randomised controlled trial among heterosexual couples living in Montreal, Canada. Sexually active couples, aged between 18 and 45 years, who have been in a relationship no longer than 6 months are considered eligible. Participants are independently randomised to receive either the intervention HPV vaccine, Gardasil 9, or a placebo hepatitis A vaccine, Avaxim, creating four vaccination groups among couples: intervention-intervention, intervention-placebo, placebo-intervention and the placebo-placebo. Participants provide genital (vaginal/penile) and oral samples at baseline and five follow-up visits over a 1-year duration. Linear Array HPV genotyping is used to detect 36 HPV types. Cox proportional hazard regression models will be used to estimate the effect of vaccination on HPV transmission. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The TRAP-HPV study received ethical approval by institutional review boards McGill University, Concordia University and Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal. Before enrolment, all participants provide informed written consent. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international conferences. The generated empirical evidence could be used in mathematical models of vaccination to inform policymakers in Canada and elsewhere. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01824537.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron MacCosham
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariam El-Zein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ann N Burchell
- Department of Family and Community Medicine and Centre for Research on Inner City Health, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - François Coutlée
- Service de Microbiologie Médicale et Service d'Infectiologie, Départements de Médecine et de Médecine de Laboratoire, Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eduardo L Franco
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Canfell K, Kim JJ, Kulasingam S, Berkhof J, Barnabas R, Bogaards JA, Campos N, Jennett C, Sharma M, Simms KT, Smith MA, Velentzis LS, Brisson M, Jit M. HPV-FRAME: A consensus statement and quality framework for modelled evaluations of HPV-related cancer control. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 8:100184. [PMID: 31505258 PMCID: PMC6804684 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2019.100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intense research activity in HPV modelling over this decade has prompted the development of additional guidelines to those for general modelling. A specific framework is required to address different policy questions and unique complexities of HPV modelling. HPV-FRAME is an initiative to develop a consensus statement and quality-based framework for epidemiologic and economic HPV models. Its development involved an established process. Reporting standards have been structured according to seven domains reflecting distinct policy questions in HPV and cancer prevention and categorised by relevance to a population or evaluation. Population-relevant domains are: 1) HPV vaccination in pre-adolescent and young adolescent individuals; 2) HPV vaccination in older individuals; 3) targeted vaccination in men who have sex with men; 4) considerations for individuals living with HIV and 5) considerations for low- and middle-income countries. Additional considerations applicable to specific evaluations are: 6) cervical screening or integrated cervical screening and HPV vaccination approaches and 7) alternative vaccine types and alternative dosing schedules. HPV-FRAME aims to promote the development of models in accordance with an explicit framework, to better enable target audiences to understand a model's strength and weaknesses in relation to a specific policy question and ultimately improve the model's contribution to informed decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Canfell
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, 2011, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Jane J Kim
- Department of Health Policy and Management and Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Johannes Berkhof
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruanne Barnabas
- Department of Global Health, Medicine, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Johannes A Bogaards
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Nicole Campos
- Department of Health Policy and Management and Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chloe Jennett
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, 2011, NSW, Australia
| | - Monisha Sharma
- Department of Global Health, Medicine, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kate T Simms
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, 2011, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan A Smith
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, 2011, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Louiza S Velentzis
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, 2011, NSW, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc Brisson
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Axe santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en santé, Québec, Canada; Imperial College, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Mark Jit
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
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Messoudi W, Elmahi T, Nejjari C, Tachfouti N, Zidouh A, Saadani G, Moriña D, Diaz M. Cervical cancer prevention in Morocco: a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis. J Med Econ 2019; 22:1153-1159. [PMID: 31135231 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2019.1624556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Cervical cancer is a huge public health issue in Morocco which represents the second most frequent and fatal cancer among women. Countries that have not yet introduced the HPV vaccine could benefit greatly, but before implementation it is necessary to perform country-specific economic assessments that include current screening practices. Methods: A Markov model was developed to simulate the natural history of HPV and cervical cancer so as to calculate the long-term health benefits and costs of HPV vaccination and current screening by visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). Starting from a previous transition probability matrix used for a model from Spain, the present model was calibrated to cervical cancer incidence from Morocco. Cost survey data was used to estimate the cost of screening and clinical procedures from the public healthcare perspective. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated as 2018US$ per additional year of life saved (YLS) and both costs and health outcomes were discounted at 3%. Results: The expected reduction in lifetime risk of cervical cancer for current screening would be 14% at a cost of US$551/YLS compared with no intervention, assuming VIA every 3 years in women aged 30-49 at 10% coverage. HPV vaccination of pre-adolescent girls at 70% coverage would reduce the lifetime risk of cervical cancer by 62% at a cost of US$1,150/YLS, compared with no intervention. When implementing HPV vaccination in combination with current screening, vaccination would be dominated, and the combined strategy would provide a 69% reduction at a cost of US$2,843/YLS, compared with screening alone. Current screening would be dominated by vaccination when screening coverage is higher than 15%, whereas the combined strategy rapidly exceeds US$4,000/YLS. Conclusions: HPV vaccination could be highly effective and cost-effective in Morocco. Current screening would be good value for money compared with no intervention, but scaling-up screening coverage would make it inefficient compared with vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadie Messoudi
- Laboratory of Coordination of Studies and Research in Analysis and Economic Forecast, Faculty of Law, Economics and Social Sciences, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah , Fez , Morocco
| | - Toufik Elmahi
- Laboratory of Coordination of Studies and Research in Analysis and Economic Forecast, Faculty of Law, Economics and Social Sciences, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah , Fez , Morocco
| | - Chakib Nejjari
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah , Fez , Morocco
| | - Nabil Tachfouti
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah , Fez , Morocco
| | - Ahmed Zidouh
- Lalla Salma Foundation for Cancer Prevention and Treatment , Rabat , Morocco
| | - Ghali Saadani
- Laboratory of Coordination of Studies and Research in Analysis and Economic Forecast, Faculty of Law, Economics and Social Sciences, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah , Fez , Morocco
| | - David Moriña
- Barcelona Graduate School of Mathematics (BGSMath), Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) , Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona) , Spain
| | - Mireia Diaz
- Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC-I&I), Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO) - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERONC) , Madrid , Spain
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Sankaranarayanan R, Basu P, Kaur P, Bhaskar R, Singh GB, Denzongpa P, Grover RK, Sebastian P, Saikia T, Oswal K, Kanodia R, Dsouza A, Mehrotra R, Rath GK, Jaggi V, Kashyap S, Kataria I, Hariprasad R, Sasieni P, Bhatla N, Rajaraman P, Trimble EL, Swaminathan S, Purushotham A. Current status of human papillomavirus vaccination in India's cervical cancer prevention efforts. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20:e637-e644. [PMID: 31674322 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Efforts are being made to scale up human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for adolescent girls in India. Bivalent and quadrivalent HPV vaccines were licensed in the country in 2008, and a nonavalent vaccine was licensed in 2018. Demonstration projects initiated in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat in 2009 introduced HPV vaccination in public health services in India. Following a few deaths in these projects, although subsequently deemed unrelated to vaccination, HPV vaccination in research projects was suspended. This suspension by default resulted in some participants in a trial evaluating two versus three doses receiving only one dose. Since 2016, the successful introduction of HPV vaccination in immunisation programmes in Punjab and Sikkim (with high coverage and safety), government-sponsored opportunistic vaccination in Delhi, prospects of a single dose providing protection, and future availability of an affordable Indian vaccine shows promise for future widespread implementation and evaluation of HPV vaccination in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan
- RTI International India, New Delhi, India; International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Partha Basu
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France.
| | - Prabhdeep Kaur
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
| | - Rajesh Bhaskar
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Punjab, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurinder Bir Singh
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Punjab, Chandigarh, India
| | - Phumzay Denzongpa
- Human Services and Family Welfare Department, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ravi Mehrotra
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Noida, India
| | - Goura Kishor Rath
- National Cancer Institute, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jhajjar Campus, Badsa, Haryana, India; Dr B R Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Roopa Hariprasad
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Noida, India
| | - Peter Sasieni
- Kings Clinical Trials Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Neerja Bhatla
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Preetha Rajaraman
- Office of Global Affairs, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Edward L Trimble
- Global HPV and Cervical Cancer Research and Control, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Arnie Purushotham
- King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
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Ma L, Wang Y, Gao X, Dai Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wang X, Wang L, Jiang J, Jing X, Yang C, Zhao F, Lang J, Qiao Y. Economic evaluation of cervical cancer screening strategies in urban China. Chin J Cancer Res 2019; 31:974-983. [PMID: 31949399 PMCID: PMC6955165 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2019.06.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated the feasibility of different cervical cancer screening strategies in urban China. Methods A Markov model was constructed to simulate a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 females aged 30−59 years in a 20-year period. Screening strategies included liquid-based cytology (LBC) every three years, human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing every three and five years, respectively, and a combination of HPV DNA testing and LBC (HPV+LBC) every three and five years, respectively. Model outcomes included cumulative incidence over 20 years, cumulative risk of cervical cancer, costs, life year saved (LYS), quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and benefits. The cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs), incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), cost-utility ratios (CURs), and benefit-cost ratios (BCRs) were used as outcomes in the health economic evaluation analysis. Univariate sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the stability of the results. Results The cumulative incidence of the five screening strategies ranged from 833.02 to 1,158.07 cases per 100,000 females. HPV DNA testing was most effective in reducing the cumulative risk of cervical cancer, saving life years and QALYs and gaining benefits. The CERs of HPV DNA testing every three and five years, and LBC every three years were considered to be very cost-effective if they were below China’s GDP per capita. The CERs of HPV+LBC were considered to be cost-effective if they were below three times GDP per capita. The incremental cost-effectiveness analysis showed that HPV DNA testing every three and five years, LBC every three years and HPV+LBC every five years were dominant strategies. Conclusions The findings of this study indicated that HPV DNA testing every five years or LBC every three years should be recommended in urban China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaohong Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhaojing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wafangdian Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dalian 116300, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wafangdian Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dalian 116300, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wafangdian Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dalian 116300, China
| | - Xinhua Jing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wafangdian Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dalian 116300, China
| | - Chunxia Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fanghui Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jinghe Lang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Youlin Qiao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.,Department of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Gupta I, Roy A. Economic Studies on Non-Communicable Diseases and Injuries in India: A Systematic Review. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2018; 16:303-315. [PMID: 29611047 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-018-0370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden from non-communicable diseases and injuries (NCDI) in India is increasing rapidly. With low public sector investment in the health sector generally, and a high financial burden on households for treatment, it is important that economic evidence is used to set priorities in the context of NCDI. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to understand the extent to which economic analysis has been used in India to (1) analyze the impact of NCDI and (2) evaluate prevention and treatment interventions. Specifically, this analysis focused on the type of economic analysis used, disease categories, funding patterns, authorship, and author characteristics. METHODS We conducted a systematic review based on economic keywords to identify studies on NCDI in India published in English between January 2006 and November 2016. In all, 96 studies were included in the review. The analysis used descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages. RESULTS A majority of the studies were economic impact studies, followed by economic evaluation studies, especially cost-effectiveness analysis. In the costing/partial economic evaluation category, most were cost-description and cost-analysis studies. Under the economic impact/economic burden category, most studies investigated out-of-pocket spending. The studies were mostly on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neoplasms. Slightly over half of the studies were funded, with funding coming mainly from outside of India. Half of the studies were led by domestic authors. In most of the studies, the lead author was a clinician or a public health professional; however, most of the economist-led studies were by authors from outside India. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate the lack of engagement of economists generally and health economists in particular in research on NCDI in India. Demand from health policy makers for evidence-based decision making appears to be lacking, which in turn solidifies the divergence between economics and health policy, and highlights the need to prioritize scarce resources based on evidence regarding what works. Capacity building in health economics needs focus, and the government's support in this is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Gupta
- Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi Enclave, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Arjun Roy
- Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi Enclave, Delhi, 110007, India
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19
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Suman V, Puliyel JM. Cost-effectiveness calculations of human papillomavirus vaccination in Punjab may be flawed. Cancer 2018; 124:213-214. [PMID: 29044492 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Suman
- Department of Pediatrics, St Stephens Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Jacob M Puliyel
- Department of Pediatrics, St Stephens Hospital, Delhi, India
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Prinja S, Bahuguna P, Faujdar DS, Jyani G, Srinivasan R, Ghoshal S, Suri V, Singh MP, Kumar R. Reply to Cost-effectiveness calculations of human papillomavirus vaccination in Punjab may be flawed. Cancer 2018; 124:214-216. [PMID: 29044490 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Prinja
- School of Public Health Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pankaj Bahuguna
- School of Public Health Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dharamjeet Singh Faujdar
- School of Public Health Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gaurav Jyani
- School of Public Health Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Radhika Srinivasan
- Department of Cytology and Gynecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sushmita Ghoshal
- Department of Radiotherapy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vanita Suri
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mini P Singh
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Public Health Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Silas OA, Achenbach CJ, Murphy RL, Hou L, Sagay SA, Banwat E, Adoga AA, Musa J, French DD. Cost effectiveness of human papilloma virus vaccination in low and middle income countries: a systematic review of literature. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:91-98. [PMID: 29183182 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1411195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low and middle income countries (LMICs) bear more than 50% of the current cervical cancer burden over the last decade with linkages to lack of HPV vaccination, high levels of poverty, illiteracy and nonexistent or poor screening programs. Governments of LMICs need enough convincing evidence that HPV vaccination will be more cost-effective in reducing the scourge of cervical cancer. AREAS COVERED A systematic review to identify suitable studies from MEDLINE(via PubMed), EMBASE and Electronic search through GOOGLE for original and review articles from 2007 to 2014 on cost-effectiveness of human papilloma virus vaccination of pre-adolescent girls in LMICs was conducted. A total of 19 full articles were finally selected and reviewed after screening out those not consistent with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. EXPERT COMMENTARY Most studies on cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccine in LMICs show that lowering cost of HPV vaccination with or without Pap smear screening is cost-effective in areas with high incidence of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad J Achenbach
- b Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine , Northwestern University and Center for Global Health , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Robert Leo Murphy
- b Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine , Northwestern University and Center for Global Health , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- b Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine , Northwestern University and Center for Global Health , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Solomon Atiene Sagay
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Jos/Jos University Teaching Hospital Plateau State , Jos , Nigeria
| | - Edmund Banwat
- d Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Jos/Jos University Teaching Hospital Plateau State , Jos , Nigeria
| | - Adeyi A Adoga
- e Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Jos/Jos University Teaching Hospital Plateau State , Jos , Nigeria
| | - Jonah Musa
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Jos/Jos University Teaching Hospital Plateau State , Jos , Nigeria
| | - Dustin Douglas French
- b Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine , Northwestern University and Center for Global Health , Chicago , IL , USA
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Kaur P, Mehrotra R, Rengaswamy S, Kaur T, Hariprasad R, Mehendale SM, Rajaraman P, Rath GK, Bhatla N, Krishnan S, Nayyar A, Swaminathan S. Human papillomavirus vaccine for cancer cervix prevention: Rationale & recommendations for implementation in India. Indian J Med Res 2017; 146:153-157. [PMID: 29265015 PMCID: PMC5761024 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1906_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | | | - Tanvir Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Roopa Hariprasad
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | | | - Preetha Rajaraman
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - G K Rath
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute-Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neerja Bhatla
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Department of Health Research & Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Jindal HA, Kaur A, Murugan S. Human papilloma virus vaccine for low and middle income countries: A step too soon? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2723-2725. [PMID: 28846491 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1358837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical Cancer is the most common genital cancer in women in India. Human papilloma virus (HPV) causes precancerous lesions that often develop into cervical cancer suggesting that cervical cancer has an infective etiology and is potentially preventable by preventing HPV infection through the use of HPV vaccines. The incidence in developing nations is largely under-reported due to large population size, poor and incomplete database. HPV vaccine is being considered for inclusion in the immunization schedule of developing countries. An effective surveillance system for a vaccine requires that the baseline incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of cervical cancer are established for a given population. The lessons learnt from the polio vaccine must be applied to every vaccine being introduced for its optimal utilization. HPV vaccines might be used as a cost-effective scientific intervention to prevent cervical cancer but need to be combined with good screening methods in developing countries for a paradigm shift in the management of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanjot Kaur
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , PGIMER , Chandigarh , India
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Mo X, Gai Tobe R, Wang L, Liu X, Wu B, Luo H, Nagata C, Mori R, Nakayama T. Cost-effectiveness analysis of different types of human papillomavirus vaccination combined with a cervical cancer screening program in mainland China. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:502. [PMID: 28720082 PMCID: PMC5516327 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China has a high prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and a consequently high burden of disease with respect to cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine has proved to be effective in preventing cervical cancer and is now a part of routine immunization programs worldwide. It has also proved to be cost effective. This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of 2-, 4-, and 9-valent HPV vaccines (hereafter, HPV2, 4 or 9) combined with current screening strategies in China. METHODS A Markov model was developed for a cohort of 100,000 HPV-free girls to simulate the natural history to HPV infection. Three recommended screening methods (1. liquid-based cytology test + HPV DNA test; 2. pap smear cytology test + HPV DNA test; 3. visual inspection with acetic acid) and three types of HPV vaccination program (HPV2/4/9) were incorporated into 15 intervention options, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated to determine the dominant strategies. Costs, transition probabilities and utilities were obtained from a review of the literature and national databases. One-way sensitivity analyses and threshold analyses were performed for key variables in different vaccination scenarios. RESULTS HPV9 combined with screening showed the highest health impact in terms of reducing HPV-related diseases and increasing the number of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Under the current thresholds of willingness to pay (WTP, 3 times the per capita GDP or USD$ 23,880), HPV4/9 proved highly cost effective, while HPV2 combined with screening cost more and was less cost effective. Only when screening coverage increased to 60% ~ 70% did the HPV2 and screening combination strategy become economically feasible. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the HPV4/9 vaccine with current screening strategies for adolescent girls was highly cost-effective and had a significant impact on reducing the HPV infection-related disease burden in Mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Mo
- Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Okura 2-10-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Ruoyan Gai Tobe
- Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Okura 2-10-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Lijie Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xianchen Liu
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Bin Wu
- Medical Decision and Economic Group, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital affiliated with Medical School of Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiwen Luo
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital affiliated Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chie Nagata
- Department of Education for Clinical Research, National Centre for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rintaro Mori
- Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Okura 2-10-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Takeo Nakayama
- Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
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Prinja S, Bahuguna P, Faujdar DS, Jyani G, Srinivasan R, Ghoshal S, Suri V, Singh MP, Kumar R. Cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination for adolescent girls in Punjab state: Implications for India's universal immunization program. Cancer 2017; 123:3253-3260. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Prinja
- School of Public Health; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Pankaj Bahuguna
- School of Public Health; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Dharmjeet Singh Faujdar
- School of Public Health; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Gaurav Jyani
- School of Public Health; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Radhika Srinivasan
- Department of Cytology and Gynecological Pathology; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Sushmita Ghoshal
- Department of Radiotherapy; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Vanita Suri
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Mini P. Singh
- Department of Virology; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Public Health; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
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26
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Cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer screening methods in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:437-446. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zhao J, Guo Z, Wang Q, Si T, Pei S, Wang C, Qu H, Zhong J, Ma Y, Nie C, Zhang D. Human papillomavirus genotypes associated with cervical precancerous lesions and cancer in the highest area of cervical cancer mortality, Longnan, China. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:8. [PMID: 28138337 PMCID: PMC5264338 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality of cervical cancer in Longnan is as high as 39/10 million, ranking first in China. METHODS Between 2012 to 2016, 329 samples with cervicitis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 to 3 (CINI to III), and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were collected. HPV genotypes were examined with a validated kit for 23 different HPV subtypes. RESULTS Compared to cervicitis, the HPV positivity is significantly higher in CINI, CIN II/III, and SCC (38.60%, 74.60%, 87.50% and 89.05%, P < 0.001) and the positivity is also higher in SCC compared to CINI (P < 0.01). The most frequently detected genotypes were HPV16 in cervicitis, HPV16, 58 and 52 in CINI and CIN II/III, and HPV16, 58 and 18 in SCC groups. HPV16 positivity in cervicitis, CINI, CIN II/III, and SCC patients were 45.46%, 46.81%, 60.32% and 78.69%, respectively. Compared to cervicitis and CINI, the odds ratios (OR) for SCC in HPV16 positive patients were 2.96 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-8.00, P < 0.05) and 4.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.05-8.61, P < 0.001), respectively. In addition, the multiple infections in cervicitis, CINI, CINII/III and SCC group are 9.09%, 27.66%, 26.98% and 25.41% and HPV16 + 58 was the most common combinations. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the key role of HPV16, 58, 52 and 18 in the development of CIN and SCC in Longnan women and a fully aware of regional differences in HPV genotype distribution are tasks for cervical cancer control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Medical College of Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, 730030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Guo
- Medical College of Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, 730030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- No.1 Hospital of Longnan City, Longnan, 746000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianbin Si
- Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, 730050 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyan Pei
- Medical College of Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, 730030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenjing Wang
- Medical College of Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, 730030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Qu
- Medical College of Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, 730030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Zhong
- Medical College of Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, 730030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Ma
- Medical College of Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, 730030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong Nie
- Medical College of Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, 730030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Medical College of Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, 730030 People’s Republic of China
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Ekwunife OI, O’Mahony JF, Gerber Grote A, Mosch C, Paeck T, Lhachimi SK. Challenges in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Modelling of HPV Vaccines in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Practice Recommendations. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2017; 35:65-82. [PMID: 27637758 PMCID: PMC5209408 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-016-0451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face a number of challenges in implementing cervical cancer prevention programmes that do not apply in high-income countries. OBJECTIVE This review assessed how context-specific challenges of implementing cervical cancer prevention strategies in LMICs were accounted for in existing cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) models of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. METHODS The databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, EconLit, Web of Science, and the Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health (CEA) Registry were searched for studies published from 2006 to 2015. A descriptive, narrative, and interpretative synthesis of data was undertaken. RESULTS Of the 33 studies included in the review, the majority acknowledged cost per vaccinated girl (CVG) (26 studies) and vaccine coverage rate (21 studies) as particular challenges for LMICs, while nine studies identified screening coverage rate as a challenge. Most of the studies estimated CVG as a composite of different cost items. However, the basis for the items within this composite cost was unclear. The majority used an assumption rather than an observed rate to represent screening and vaccination coverage rates. CVG, vaccine coverage and screening coverage were shown by some studies through sensitivity analyses to reverse the conclusions regarding cost-effectiveness, thereby significantly affecting policy recommendations. CONCLUSIONS While many studies recognized aspects of the particular challenges of HPV vaccination in LMICs, greater efforts need to be made in adapting models to account for these challenges. These include adapting costings of HPV vaccine delivery from other countries, learning from the outcomes of cervical cancer screening programmes in the same geographical region, and taking into account the country's previous experience with other vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna I. Ekwunife
- Collaborative Research Group for Evidence-Based Public Health, Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS/University of Bremen, Achterstr. 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - James F. O’Mahony
- Centre for Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreas Gerber Grote
- Institute for Health Economics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Health, ZHAW, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Mosch
- Institute for Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM), Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Tatjana Paeck
- Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, IPP, Health Sciences Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan K. Lhachimi
- Collaborative Research Group for Evidence-Based Public Health, Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS/University of Bremen, Achterstr. 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, IPP, Health Sciences Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Sharma M, Seoud M, Kim JJ. Cost-effectiveness of increasing cervical cancer screening coverage in the Middle East: An example from Lebanon. Vaccine 2016; 35:564-569. [PMID: 28017434 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most cervical cancer (CC) cases in Lebanon are detected at later stages and associated with high mortality. There is no national organized CC screening program so screening is opportunistic and limited to women who can pay out-of-pocket. Therefore, a small percentage of women receive repeated screenings while most are under-or never screened. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of increasing screening coverage and extending intervals. METHODS We used an individual-based Monte Carlo model simulating HPV and CC natural history and screening. We calibrated the model to epidemiological data from Lebanon, including CC incidence and HPV type distribution. We evaluated cytology and HPV DNA screening for women aged 25-65years, varying coverage from 20 to 70% and frequency from 1 to 5years. RESULTS At 20% coverage, annual cytologic screening reduced lifetime CC risk by 14% and had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of I$80,670/year of life saved (YLS), far exceeding Lebanon's gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (I$17,460), a commonly cited cost-effectiveness threshold. By comparison, increasing cytologic screening coverage to 50% and extending screening intervals to 3 and 5years provided greater CC reduction (26.1% and 21.4, respectively) at lower costs compared to 20% coverage with annual screening. Screening every 5years with HPV DNA testing at 50% coverage provided greater CC reductions than cytology at the same frequency (23.4%) and was cost-effective assuming a cost of I$18 per HPV test administered (I$12,210/YLS); HPV DNA testing every 4years at 50% coverage was also cost-effective at the same cost per test (I$16,340). Increasing coverage of annual cytology was not found to be cost-effective. CONCLUSION Current practice of repeated cytology in a small percentage of women is inefficient. Increasing coverage to 50% with extended screening intervals provides greater health benefits at a reasonable cost and can more equitably distribute health gains. Novel HPV DNA strategies offer greater CC reductions and may be more cost-effective than cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisha Sharma
- University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Muhieddine Seoud
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecologic Oncology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jane J Kim
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Center for Health Decision Science, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Campos NG, Sharma M, Clark A, Kim JJ, Resch SC. Resources Required for Cervical Cancer Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164000. [PMID: 27711124 PMCID: PMC5053484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women, with 85% of cases and deaths occurring in developing countries. While organized screening programs have reduced cervical cancer incidence in high-income countries through detection and treatment of precancerous lesions, the implementation of organized screening has not been effective in low-resource settings due to lack of infrastructure and limited budgets. Our objective was to estimate the cost of comprehensive primary and secondary cervical cancer prevention in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed a modeling analysis to estimate 1) for girls aged 10 years, the cost of 2-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination; and 2) for women aged 30 to 49 years, the cost of cervical cancer screening (with visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), HPV testing, or cytology) and preventive treatment in 102 low- and middle-income countries from 2015 to 2024. We used an Excel-based costing and service utilization model to estimate financial costs (2013 US$) based on prevalence of HPV, prevalence of precancerous lesions, and screening test performance. Where epidemiologic data were unavailable, we extrapolated from settings with data using an individual-based microsimulation model of cervical carcinogenesis (calibrated to 20 settings) and multivariate regression. Total HPV vaccination costs ranged from US$8.6 billion to US$24.2 billion for all scenarios considered (immediate, 5-year, or 10-year roll-out; price per dose US$4.55-US$70 by country income level). The total cost of screening and preventive treatment ranged from US$5.1 billion (10-year roll-out, screening once at age 35 years) to US$42.3 billion (immediate roll-out, high intensity screening). Limitations of this analysis include the assumption of standardized protocols by country income level that did not account for the potential presence of multiple screening modalities or management strategies within a country, and extrapolation of cost and epidemiologic data to settings where data were limited. CONCLUSIONS The estimated cost of comprehensive cervical cancer prevention with 2-dose HPV vaccination of 10-year-old girls and screening of women aged 30 to 49 years ranges from US$13.7 billion to US$66.5 billion, depending on speed of roll-out, vaccine price per dose, and screening test and frequency. Findings demonstrate the substantial impact of vaccine price in middle-income countries that are not eligible for assistance from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Replacing routine cytology with HPV-based screening may reduce total costs. Data on the health impact and relative cost-effectiveness of strategies are needed to determine the best value for public health dollars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G. Campos
- Center for Health Decision Science, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 718 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Monisha Sharma
- International Clinical Research Center, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 908 Jefferson Street, Seattle, Washington, 98104, United States of America
| | - Andrew Clark
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H9SH, United Kingdom
| | - Jane J. Kim
- Center for Health Decision Science, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 718 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Resch
- Center for Health Decision Science, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 718 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
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Assessment of the Broader Economic Consequences of HPV Prevention from a Government-Perspective: A Fiscal Analytic Approach. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160707. [PMID: 27490258 PMCID: PMC4973918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer poses a substantial burden in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic losses, especially in low/middle-income countries. HPV vaccination and/or cervical cancer screening among females may reduce the burden of HPV-related diseases, including cervical cancer. However, limited funds may impede the implementation of population-based programmes. Governmental investments in the prevention of infectious disease may have broader economic and fiscal benefits, which are not accounted in conventional economic analyses. This study estimates the broader economic and fiscal impacts of implementing HPV vaccination and/or cervical cancer screening in Indonesia from the perspective of the government. Methods A government-perspective quantitative analytic framework was applied to assess the Net Present Value (NPV) of investment on cervical cancer prevention strategies including HPV vaccination, cervical screening and its combination in Indonesia. All monetary values were presented in International Dollars (I$). Results Based on a cohort of 10,000,000 Indonesian 12-year-old females, it was estimated that HPV vaccination and/or cervical cancer screening result in a positive NPV for the Indonesian government. The combination of cervical screening and HPV vaccination generated a substantial reduction of cervical cancer incidence and HPV-related mortality of 87,862 and 19,359, respectively. It was estimated that HPV vaccination in combination with cervical screening is the most favorable option for cervical cancer prevention (NPV I$2.031.786.000), followed by HPV vaccination alone (NPV I$1.860.783.000) and cervical screening alone (NPV I$375.244.000). Conclusion In addition to clinical benefits, investing in HPV vaccination and cervical screening may yield considerable fiscal benefits for the Indonesian governments due to lifelong benefits resulting from reduction of cervical cancer-related morbidity and mortality.
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Setiawan D, Dolk FC, Suwantika AA, Westra TA, WIlschut JC, Postma MJ. Cost-Utility Analysis of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and Cervical Screening on Cervical Cancer Patient in Indonesia. Value Health Reg Issues 2016; 9:84-92. [PMID: 27881267 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cervical cancer is a preventable disease, the clinical and economic burdens of cervical cancer are still substantial issues in Indonesia. OBJECTIVES The main purpose of this study was to model the costs, clinical benefits, and cost-utility of both visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) screening alone and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in addition to VIA screening in Indonesia. METHODS We developed a population-based Markov model, consisting of three health states (susceptible, cervical cancer, and death), to assess future costs, health effects, and the cost-utility of cervical cancer prevention strategies in Indonesia. We followed a cohort of 100,000 females 12 to 100 years old and compared VIA screening alone with the addition of HPV vaccination on top of the screening to "no intervention." RESULTS The implementation of VIA screening alone and in combination with HPV vaccination would reduce the cervical cancer incidence by 7.9% and 58.5%, corresponding to 25 and 98 deaths avoided within the cohort of 100,000, respectively. We also estimated that HPV vaccination combined with VIA screening apparently yielded a lower incremental cost-effectiveness ratio at international dollar 1863/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), compared with VIA screening alone (I$3126/QALY). Both strategies could however be definitely labeled as very cost-effective interventions, based on a threshold suggested by the World Health Organization. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was sensitive to the discount rate, cervical cancer treatment costs, and quality of life as part of the QALY. CONCLUSIONS The addition of HPV vaccination on top of VIA screening could be a cost-effective strategy in Indonesia even if relatively conservative assumptions are applied. This population-based model can be considered as an essential tool to inform decision makers on designing optimal strategies for cervical cancer prevention in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didik Setiawan
- Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology & PharmacoEconomics (PE2), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Purwokerto, Indonesia.
| | - Franklin Christiaan Dolk
- Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology & PharmacoEconomics (PE2), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Auliya A Suwantika
- Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology & PharmacoEconomics (PE2), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Tjalke Arend Westra
- Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology & PharmacoEconomics (PE2), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C WIlschut
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Jacobus Postma
- Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology & PharmacoEconomics (PE2), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Science in Healthy Aging & healthcaRE (SHARE), University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
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Xiao M, Xu Q, Li H, Gao H, Bie Y, Zhang Z. Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes Among Women With High-Grade Cervical Lesions in Beijing, China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2555. [PMID: 26817906 PMCID: PMC4998280 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) genotypes among Han women with high-grade cervical lesions in Beijing, China.Cervical cell specimens from patients with histopathologically confirmed cervical lesions at 7 hospitals in Beijing were examined with a validated HPV kit for 13 hr-HPV genotypes during the study period. The patients were divided into a low-grade cervical lesions group (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1, CIN1) and a high-grade cervical lesions group (CIN2+, including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2, CIN2; cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3, CIN3; squamous cervical cancer, SCC; and adenocarcinoma of the cervix, ACC) based on the histopathology results.A total of 2817 eligible patients were enrolled, including 610 cases identified as CIN1 and 2207 as CIN2+. The hr-HPV positive rates in the CIN1 and CIN2+ groups were 78.2% (477/610) and 93.3% (2060/2207), respectively. The most frequently detected genotypes were HPV16, 58, 52 and18 in the CIN1 group and HPV16, 58, 33, and 52 in the CIN2+ group, in descending order of prevalence. In addition, the prevalence of HPV18 among the patients with ACC was 28.6% (14/49), significantly >7.2% (54/752) prevalence among the SCC patients (P < 0.001). Additionally, significantly more women in the CIN2+ group had multiple infections compared with those in the CIN1 group (38.1% and 24.9%, respectively; P < 0.001). However, as the cervical lesion grade increased, the prevalence of multiple hr-HPV infections gradually deceased to 44.2% in the CIN2 patients, 36.7% in the CIN3 patients, and 35.3% in the cervical cancer (CC) patients, which included SCC and ACC patients. In cases of multiple hr-HPV infections in the CIN2+ group, double infections accounted for ∼76.6%, and HPV16+58, HPV16+52, and HPV16+18 were the most common combinations, in descending order. The most frequent combination for triple infections was HPV16+58+31, with a rate of 4.2%. The highest positive rate occurred in the ≤24 year-old group for all types of cervical lesions.The prevalence of HPV genotypes in the targeted population with high-grade cervical lesions differs from that of other countries. This information could be helpful for the prevention of CC in Beijing, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhu Xiao
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University (MX, QX, HG, YB, ZZ); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China (HL)
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Prinja S, Chauhan AS, Angell B, Gupta I, Jan S. A Systematic Review of the State of Economic Evaluation for Health Care in India. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2015; 13:595-613. [PMID: 26449485 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-015-0201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Economic evaluations are one of the important tools in policy making for rational allocation of resources. Given the very low public investment in the health sector in India, it is critical that resources are used wisely on interventions proven to yield best results. Hence, we undertook this study to assess the extent and quality of evidence for economic evaluation of health-care interventions and programmes in India. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted to search for published full economic evaluations pertaining to India and addressing a health-related intervention or programme. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ScienceDirect, and York CRD database and websites of important research agencies were identified to search for economic evaluations published from January 1980 to the middle of November 2014. Two researchers independently assessed the quality of the studies based on Drummond and modelling checklist. RESULTS Out of a total of 5013 articles enlisted after literature search, a total of 104 met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The majority of these papers were cost-effectiveness studies (64%), led by a clinician or public-health professional (77%), using decision analysis-based methods (59%), published in an international journal (80%) and addressing communicable diseases (58%). In addition, 42% were funded by an international funding agency or UN/bilateral aid agency, and 30% focussed on pharmaceuticals. The average quality score of these full economic evaluations was 65.1%. The major limitation was the inability to address uncertainties involved in modelling as only about one-third of the studies assessed modelling structural uncertainties (33%), or ran sub-group analyses to account for heterogeneity (36.5%) or analysed methodological uncertainty (32%). CONCLUSION The existing literature on economic evaluations in India is inadequate to feed into sound policy making. There is an urgent need to generate awareness within the government of how economic evaluation can inform and benefit policy making, and at the same time build capacity of health-care professionals in understanding the economic principles of health-care delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Prinja
- School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector-12, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Akashdeep Singh Chauhan
- School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector-12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Blake Angell
- The George Institute for Global Health, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Indrani Gupta
- Health Policy Research Unit, Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi Enclave, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Stephen Jan
- The George Institute for Global Health, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Campos NG, Tsu V, Jeronimo J, Mvundura M, Lee K, Kim JJ. When and how often to screen for cervical cancer in three low- and middle-income countries: A cost-effectiveness analysis. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2015. [PMCID: PMC5886851 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sankaranarayanan R. HPV vaccination: The most pragmatic cervical cancer primary prevention strategy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015; 131 Suppl 1:S33-5. [PMID: 26433502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The evidence that high-risk HPV infections cause cervical cancers has led to two new approaches for cervical cancer control: vaccination to prevent HPV infections, and HPV screening to detect and treat cervical precancerous lesions. Two vaccines are currently available: quadrivalent vaccine targeting oncogenic HPV types 16, 18, 6, and 11, and bivalent vaccine targeting HPV 16 and 18. Both vaccines have demonstrated remarkable immunogenicity and substantial protection against persistent infection and high-grade cervical cancer precursors caused by HPV 16 and 18 in HPV-naïve women, and have the potential to prevent 70% of cervical cancers in adequately vaccinated populations. HPV vaccination is now implemented in national programs in 62 countries, including some low- and middle-income countries. The early findings from routine national programs in high-income countries are instructive to encourage low- and middle-income countries with a high risk of cervical cancer to roll out HPV vaccination programs and to introduce resource-appropriate cervical screening programs.
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Denny L, Prendiville W. Cancer of the cervix: Early detection and cost-effective solutions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015; 131 Suppl 1:S28-32. [PMID: 26433500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is known to be a preventable disease through the detection of cervical cancer precursors, historically using cytology of the cervix as the primary screening test. Over 85% of cervical cancer cases and deaths occur in low-resource countries. Alternatives to cytology have been investigated with the strongest possibilities being visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and HPV DNA testing. HPV DNA testing has been shown in randomized trials to be significantly more sensitive for the detection of cervical cancer precursors than either cytology or VIA. In this paper we argue that prevention really does cost less than cure, or that prevention and treatment of cancer costs less than no prevention, in effect just treatment, of cancer. The true cost savings of prevention will include a more difficult assessment of the socioeconomic savings associated with longer, healthier lives for women in their prime who have a major role in supporting their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette Denny
- University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Walter Prendiville
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
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Campos NG, Castle PE, Wright TC, Kim JJ. Cervical cancer screening in low-resource settings: A cost-effectiveness framework for valuing tradeoffs between test performance and program coverage. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2208-19. [PMID: 25943074 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As cervical cancer screening programs are implemented in low-resource settings, protocols are needed to maximize health benefits under operational constraints. Our objective was to develop a framework for examining health and economic tradeoffs between screening test sensitivity, population coverage and follow-up of screen-positive women, to help decision makers identify where program investments yield the greatest value. As an illustrative example, we used an individual-based Monte Carlo simulation model of the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer calibrated to epidemiologic data from Uganda. We assumed once in a lifetime screening at age 35 with two-visit HPV DNA testing or one-visit visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). We assessed the health and economic tradeoffs that arise between (i) test sensitivity and screening coverage; (ii) test sensitivity and loss to follow-up (LTFU) of screen-positive women; and (iii) test sensitivity, screening coverage and LTFU simultaneously. The decline in health benefits associated with sacrificing HPV DNA test sensitivity by 20% (e.g., shifting from provider- to self-collection of specimens) could be offset by gains in coverage if coverage increased by at least 20%. When LTFU was 10%, two-visit HPV DNA testing with 80-90% sensitivity was more effective and more cost-effective than one-visit VIA with 40% sensitivity and yielded greater health benefits than VIA even as VIA sensitivity increased to 60% and HPV test sensitivity declined to 70%. As LTFU increased, two-visit HPV DNA testing became more costly and less effective than one-visit VIA. Setting-specific data on achievable test sensitivity, coverage, follow-up rates and programmatic costs are needed to guide decision making for cervical cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G Campos
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Center for Health Decision Science, Boston, MA
| | - Philip E Castle
- Global Coalition against Cervical Cancer, Arlington, VA.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Thomas C Wright
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, NY
| | - Jane J Kim
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Center for Health Decision Science, Boston, MA
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Petereit DG, Coleman CN. Editorial: "global challenges in radiation oncology". Front Oncol 2015; 5:103. [PMID: 26029661 PMCID: PMC4432796 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grant Petereit
- Walking Forward Program, Rapid City Regional Cancer Center, Rapid City, SD, USA
- International Cancer Expert Corps, New York, NY, USA
| | - C. Norman Coleman
- International Cancer Expert Corps, New York, NY, USA
- Radiation Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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Mendes D, Bains I, Vanni T, Jit M. Systematic review of model-based cervical screening evaluations. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:334. [PMID: 25924871 PMCID: PMC4419493 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimising population-based cervical screening policies is becoming more complex due to the expanding range of screening technologies available and the interplay with vaccine-induced changes in epidemiology. Mathematical models are increasingly being applied to assess the impact of cervical cancer screening strategies. METHODS We systematically reviewed MEDLINE®, Embase, Web of Science®, EconLit, Health Economic Evaluation Database, and The Cochrane Library databases in order to identify the mathematical models of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer progression used to assess the effectiveness and/or cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer screening strategies. Key model features and conclusions relevant to decision-making were extracted. RESULTS We found 153 articles meeting our eligibility criteria published up to May 2013. Most studies (72/153) evaluated the introduction of a new screening technology, with particular focus on the comparison of HPV DNA testing and cytology (n = 58). Twenty-eight in forty of these analyses supported HPV DNA primary screening implementation. A few studies analysed more recent technologies - rapid HPV DNA testing (n = 3), HPV DNA self-sampling (n = 4), and genotyping (n = 1) - and were also supportive of their introduction. However, no study was found on emerging molecular markers and their potential utility in future screening programmes. Most evaluations (113/153) were based on models simulating aggregate groups of women at risk of cervical cancer over time without accounting for HPV infection transmission. Calibration to country-specific outcome data is becoming more common, but has not yet become standard practice. CONCLUSIONS Models of cervical screening are increasingly used, and allow extrapolation of trial data to project the population-level health and economic impact of different screening policy. However, post-vaccination analyses have rarely incorporated transmission dynamics. Model calibration to country-specific data is increasingly common in recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mendes
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK.
| | - Iren Bains
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK.
| | - Tazio Vanni
- Brazilian Ministry of Health, Esplanada dos Ministérios Bloco G, Brasília-DF, CEP: 70058-900, Brasil.
| | - Mark Jit
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK.
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Montgomery MP, Dune T, Shetty PK, Shetty AK. Knowledge and acceptability of human papillomavirus vaccination and cervical cancer screening among women in Karnataka, India. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2015; 30:130-137. [PMID: 25355525 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-014-0745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women in India; however, participation in prevention and screening is low and the reasons for this are not well understood. In a cross-sectional survey in August 2008, 202 healthy women in Karnataka, India completed a questionnaire regarding knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer. Factors associated with vaccination and Papanicolau (Pap) smear screening acceptance were explored. Thirty-six percent of women had heard of HPV while 15% had heard of cervical cancer. Five percent of women reported ever having a Pap smear, and 4% of women felt at risk of HPV infection. Forty-six percent of women were accepting of vaccination, but fewer (21%) were willing to have a Pap smear. Overall, knowledge related to HPV and cervical cancer topics was low. Women with negative attitudes toward HPV infection were 5.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8-10) times more likely to accept vaccination but were not significantly more likely to accept Pap smear (odds ratio 1.5, 95% CI 0.7-3.0). Cost and a low level of perceived risk were the most frequent factors cited as potential barriers. Improving awareness of HPV and cervical cancer through health care providers in addition to increasing access to vaccination and screening through government-sponsored programs may be feasible and effective methods to reduce cervical cancer burden in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha P Montgomery
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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Suneja G, Bacon M, Small W, Ryu SY, Kitchener HC, Gaffney DK. The cervix cancer research network: increasing access to cancer clinical trials in low- and middle-income countries. Front Oncol 2015; 5:14. [PMID: 25745604 PMCID: PMC4333873 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The burden of cervical cancer is large and growing in developing countries, due in large part to limited access to screening services and lack of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. In spite of modern advances in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, outcomes from cervical cancer have not markedly improved in recent years. Novel clinical trials are urgently needed to improve outcomes from cervical cancer worldwide. METHODS The Cervix Cancer Research Network (CCRN), a subsidiary of the Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup, is a multi-national, multi-institutional consortium of physicians and scientists focused on improving cervical cancer outcomes worldwide by making cancer clinical trials available in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Standard operating procedures for participation in CCRN include a pre-qualifying questionnaire to evaluate clinical activities and research infrastructure, followed by a site visit. Once a site is approved, they may choose to participate in one of four currently accruing clinical trials. RESULTS To date, 13 different CCRN site visits have been performed. Of these 13 sites visited, 10 have been approved as CCRN sites including Tata Memorial Hospital, India; Bangalore, India; Trivandrum, India; Ramathibodi, Thailand; Siriaj, Thailand; Pramongkutklao, Thailand; Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam; Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center; the Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute; and the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgenoradiology. The four currently accruing clinical trials are TACO, OUTBACK, INTERLACE, and SHAPE. DISCUSSION The CCRN has successfully enrolled eight sites in developing countries to participate in four randomized clinical trials. The primary objectives are to provide novel therapeutics to regions with the greatest need and to improve the validity and generalizability of clinical trial results by enrolling a diverse sample of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Suneja
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Monica Bacon
- GCIG: Gynecologic Cancer Intergroup, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - William Small
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sang Y. Ryu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterologic Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Henry C. Kitchener
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, St Mary’s Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David K. Gaffney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Chawla S, Singh I, Jain R, Mehta B, Kumari S, Sahoo SS. Human papillomavirus vaccine: a boon or curse. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3509-12. [PMID: 25668662 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.980689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide, with about 493,000 new cases diagnosed annually. Of 274,000 deaths due to cervical cancer each year, more than 80% occur in developing countries, and this proportion is expected to increase to 90% by 2020. Up to 70% of sexually active women will become infected with human papilloma virus (HPV) during their lifetime. Even though screening reduces the risk of cervical cancer, it does not prevent HPV infection or development of precancerous lesions which need careful follow-up and often need excision. It was observed in a study, pre-adolescent vaccination alone reduced cancer incidence by 44% and was more effective than screening alone. A combined approach of pre-adolescent vaccination and screening of adult women was more effective than either alone. The high probability of acquiring HPV infection once, one has become sexually active raises the question of whether the vaccine will be effective if given to girls who have already been infected with HPV type 16 or 18. In April 2010, The Indian parliament's Standing Committee on Health, began probing the use of HPV vaccines in 2 states after the reported deaths of 7 girls, and concluded that "safety and rights of children were highly compromised and violated." Though the question of immunization of older girls and women deserves attention, from a public health perspective, the first priority in resource-poor settings would be to vaccinate young adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Chawla
- a Department of Community Medicine; MMMC ; Solan , Himachal Pradesh , India
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Campos NG, Maza M, Alfaro K, Gage JC, Castle PE, Felix JC, Cremer ML, Kim JJ. The comparative and cost-effectiveness of HPV-based cervical cancer screening algorithms in El Salvador. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:893-902. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G. Campos
- Center for Health Decision Science; Department of Health Policy and Management; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA
| | - Mauricio Maza
- Basic Health International; San Salvador El Salvador
| | - Karla Alfaro
- Basic Health International; San Salvador El Salvador
| | - Julia C. Gage
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; National Cancer Institute; Rockville MD
| | - Philip E. Castle
- Global Coalition against Cervical Cancer; Arlington VA
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx NY
| | - Juan C. Felix
- Department of Pathology; Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA
| | - Miriam L. Cremer
- Basic Health International; San Salvador El Salvador
- Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH
| | - Jane J. Kim
- Center for Health Decision Science; Department of Health Policy and Management; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA
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Nigam A, Saxena P, Acharya AS. HPV vaccination and HPV DNA testing: Need of the hour. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SPECIALITIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.injms.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Krishnan S, Madsen E, Porterfield D, Varghese B. Advancing cervical cancer prevention in India: implementation science priorities. Oncologist 2014; 18 Suppl:13-25. [PMID: 24334478 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.18-s2-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in India, accounting for 17% of all cancer deaths among women aged 30 to 69 years. At current incidence rates, the annual burden of new cases in India is projected to increase to 225,000 by 2025, but there are few large-scale, organized cervical cancer prevention programs in the country. We conducted a review of the cervical cancer prevention research literature and programmatic experiences in India to summarize the current state of knowledge and practices and recommend research priorities to address the gap in services. We found that research and programs in India have demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of cervical cancer prevention efforts and that screening strategies requiring minimal additional human resources and laboratory infrastructure can reduce morbidity and mortality. However, additional evidence generated through implementation science research is needed to ensure that cervical cancer prevention efforts have the desired impact and are cost-effective. Specifically, implementation science research is needed to understand individual- and community-level barriers to screening and diagnostic and treatment services; to improve health care worker performance; to strengthen links among screening, diagnosis, and treatment; and to determine optimal program design, outcomes, and costs. With a quarter of the global burden of cervical cancer in India, there is no better time than now to translate research findings to practice. Implementation science can help ensure that investments in cervical cancer prevention and control result in the greatest impact.
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Lee LA, Franzel L, Atwell J, Datta SD, Friberg IK, Goldie SJ, Reef SE, Schwalbe N, Simons E, Strebel PM, Sweet S, Suraratdecha C, Tam Y, Vynnycky E, Walker N, Walker DG, Hansen PM. The estimated mortality impact of vaccinations forecast to be administered during 2011-2020 in 73 countries supported by the GAVI Alliance. Vaccine 2014; 31 Suppl 2:B61-72. [PMID: 23598494 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION From August to December 2011, a multidisciplinary group with expertise in mathematical modeling was constituted by the GAVI Alliance and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to estimate the impact of vaccination in 73 countries supported by the GAVI Alliance. METHODS The number of deaths averted in persons projected to be vaccinated during 2011-2020 was estimated for ten antigens: hepatitis B, yellow fever, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniae, rotavirus, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A, Japanese encephalitis, human papillomavirus, measles, and rubella. Impact was calculated as the difference in the number of deaths expected over the lifetime of vaccinated cohorts compared to the number of deaths expected in those cohorts with no vaccination. Numbers of persons vaccinated were based on 2011 GAVI Strategic Demand Forecasts with projected dates of vaccine introductions, vaccination coverage, and target population size in each country. RESULTS By 2020, nearly all GAVI-supported countries with endemic disease are projected to have introduced hepatitis B, Hib, pneumococcal, rotavirus, rubella, yellow fever, N. meningitidis serogroup A, and Japanese encephalitis-containing vaccines; 55 (75 percent) countries are projected to have introduced human papillomavirus vaccine. Projected use of these vaccines during 2011-2020 is expected to avert an estimated 9.9 million deaths. Routine and supplementary immunization activities with measles vaccine are expected to avert an additional 13.4 million deaths. Estimated numbers of deaths averted per 1000 persons vaccinated were highest for first-dose measles (16.5), human papillomavirus (15.1), and hepatitis B (8.3) vaccination. Approximately 52 percent of the expected deaths averted will be in Africa, 27 percent in Southeast Asia, and 13 percent in the Eastern Mediterranean. CONCLUSION Vaccination of persons during 2011-2020 in 73 GAVI-eligible countries is expected to have substantial public health impact, particularly in Africa and Southeast Asia, two regions with high mortality. The actual impact of vaccination in these countries may be higher than our estimates because several widely used antigens were not included in the analysis. The quality of our estimates is limited by lack of data on underlying disease burden and vaccine effectiveness against fatal disease outcomes in developing countries. We plan to update the estimates annually to reflect updated demand forecasts, to refine model assumptions based on results of new information, and to extend the analysis to include morbidity and economic benefits.
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Madhivanan P, Srinivas V, Marlow L, Mukherjee S, Narayanappa D, Mysore S, Arun A, Krupp K. Indian parents prefer vaccinating their daughters against HPV at older ages. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:107-10. [PMID: 24528008 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.1.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing uptake of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine should be a priority in developing countries since they suffer 88% of the world's cervical cancer burden. In many countries studies show that age at vaccination is an important determinate of parental acceptability. This study explores parental preferences on age-to-vaccinate for adolescent school-going girls. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample was selected using a two-stage probability proportional to size cluster sampling methodology. Questionnaires were sent home with a random sample of 800 adolescent girls attending 12 schools in Mysore to be completed by parents. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages and proportions were generated for independent variables and bivariate analyses (Chi square test) were used to assess the relationship between independent and appropriate age-to-vaccinate. RESULTS HPV vaccination acceptability was high at 71%. While 5.3% of parents felt girls should be vaccinated by 10 years or younger; 38.3% said 11-15 years; 14.8% said 16-18 years; 5.8% suggested over 19 years; and 33% didn't know. Only 2.8% of parents would not vaccinate their daughters. CONCLUSIONS Delaying HPV vaccination until later ages may significantly increase uptake of the HPV vaccine in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Madhivanan
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, USA E-mail :
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Kim JJ, Campos NG, O'Shea M, Diaz M, Mutyaba I. Model-Based Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Cervical Cancer Prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa. Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5:F60-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kim JJ, Sharma M, O'Shea M, Sweet S, Diaz M, Sancho-Garnier H, Seoud M. Model-Based Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Cervical Cancer Prevention in the Extended Middle East and North Africa (EMENA). Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 6:G65-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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