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Lista S, Vergallo A, Teipel SJ, Lemercier P, Giorgi FS, Gabelle A, Garaci F, Mercuri NB, Babiloni C, Gaire BP, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Hampel H, Nisticò R. Determinants of approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitor response outcomes in Alzheimer's disease: relevance for precision medicine in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101819. [PMID: 36526257 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) are the global standard of care for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and show significant positive effects in neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Although experimental and large-scale clinical evidence indicates the potential long-term efficacy of ChEI, primary outcomes are generally heterogeneous across outpatient clinics and regional healthcare systems. Sub-optimal dosing or slow tapering, heterogeneous guidelines about the timing for therapy initiation (prodromal versus dementia stages), healthcare providers' ambivalence to treatment, lack of disease awareness, delayed medical consultation, prescription of ChEI in non-AD cognitive disorders, contribute to the negative outcomes. We present an evidence-based overview of determinants, spanning genetic, molecular, and large-scale networks, involved in the response to ChEI in patients with AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. A comprehensive understanding of cerebral and retinal cholinergic system dysfunctions along with ChEI response predictors in AD is crucial since disease-modifying therapies will frequently be prescribed in combination with ChEI. Therapeutic algorithms tailored to genetic, biological, clinical (endo)phenotypes, and disease stages will help leverage inter-drug synergy and attain optimal combined response outcomes, in line with the precision medicine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lista
- Memory Resources and Research Center (CMRR), Neurology Department, Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Montpellier, France; School of Pharmacy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Stefan J Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Pablo Lemercier
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- Memory Resources and Research Center (CMRR), Neurology Department, Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Francesco Garaci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Casa di Cura "San Raffaele Cassino", Cassino, Italy
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Hospital San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino, Italy
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Robert Nisticò
- School of Pharmacy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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Kalari M, Abbasi Z, Shasaltaneh MD, Khaleghian A, Moosavi-Nejad Z. A Cobalt-Containing Compound as a Stronger Inhibitor than Galantamine to Inhibit Acetylcholinesterase Activity: A New Drug Candidate for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1503-1516. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) regulates the transmission of neural messages by hydrolyzing acetylcholine in synaptic spaces. Objective: The effects of many AChE inhibitors have been evaluated in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, but the present study examined a synthetic complex containing cobalt (SC) for the first time in the field of enzyme activity to evaluate enzyme inhibitory function. Methods: Ellman’s test was applied. AChE function was assessed in the presence of SC through docking and molecular dynamics analyses. The second structure of AChE was studied through circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Results: Several enzymatic methods were utilized for the kinetics of AChE, which indicated the non-Michaelis and positive homotropic behavior of AChE in the absence of inhibitors (Hill coefficient = 1.33). However, the existence of inhibitors did not eliminate this homotropic state, and even AChE had a more sigmoidal shape than the galantamine at the presence of SC. Based on the CD spectroscopy results, AChE structure changed in the existence of inhibitors and substrates. Bioinformatics analysis revealed SC bonding to the channel of active site AChE. The number of hydrogen bonds was such that the flexibility of the enzyme protein structure due to inhibitor binding reduced AChE function. Conclusion: The results reflected that AChE exhibited a non-Michaelis and positive homotropic behavior, leading to a more inhibitory effect on the SC than the galantamine. The positive homotropic behavior of AChE was intensified due to the alteration in AChE protein structure by binding SC to hydrophobic region in the active site pathway and impressing Trp84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Kalari
- Department of Biochemistry, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Abbasi
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Ali Khaleghian
- Department of Biochemistry, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Zahra Moosavi-Nejad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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Greenfield SA, Cole GM, Coen CW, Frautschy S, Singh RP, Mekkittikul M, Garcia‐Ratés S, Morrill P, Hollings O, Passmore M, Hasan S, Carty N, Bison S, Piccoli L, Carletti R, Tacconi S, Chalidou A, Pedercini M, Kroecher T, Astner H, Gerrard PA. A novel process driving Alzheimer's disease validated in a mouse model: Therapeutic potential. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2022; 8:e12274. [PMID: 35415206 PMCID: PMC8983808 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The neuronal mechanism driving Alzheimer's disease (AD) is incompletely understood. Methods Immunohistochemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavioral testing are employed in two pathological contexts—AD and a transgenic mouse model—to investigate T14, a 14mer peptide, as a key signaling molecule in the neuropathology. Results T14 increases in AD brains as the disease progresses and is conspicuous in 5XFAD mice, where its immunoreactivity corresponds to that seen in AD: neurons immunoreactive for T14 in proximity to T14‐immunoreactive plaques. NBP14 is a cyclized version of T14, which dose‐dependently displaces binding of its linear counterpart to alpha‐7 nicotinic receptors in AD brains. In 5XFAD mice, intranasal NBP14 for 14 weeks decreases brain amyloid and restores novel object recognition to that in wild‐types. Discussion These findings indicate that the T14 system, for which the signaling pathway is described here, contributes to the neuropathological process and that NBP14 warrants consideration for its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory M. Cole
- Department of Neurology & Medicine USA and Veterans Affairs Healthcare System David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles USA
| | - Clive W. Coen
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King's College London London UK
| | - Sally Frautschy
- Department of Neurology & Medicine USA and Veterans Affairs Healthcare System David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles USA
| | - Ram P. Singh
- Department of Neurology & Medicine USA and Veterans Affairs Healthcare System David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles USA
| | - Marisa Mekkittikul
- Department of Neurology & Medicine USA and Veterans Affairs Healthcare System David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sibah Hasan
- Culham Science Centre Neuro‐Bio Ltd Abingdon UK
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Argade MD, DeCristofano L, Bhattarai N, Schulte MK, Dukat M. Evaluation of galantamine and deconstructed analogs as α7 nAChR and AChE ligands. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Castro LHE, Sant'Anna CMR. Molecular Modeling Techniques Applied to the Design of Multitarget Drugs: Methods and Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:333-346. [PMID: 34844540 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211129140958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multifactorial diseases, such as cancer and diabetes present a challenge for the traditional "one-target, one disease" paradigm due to their complex pathogenic mechanisms. Although a combination of drugs can be used, a multitarget drug may be a better choice face of its efficacy, lower adverse effects and lower chance of resistance development. The computer-based design of these multitarget drugs can explore the same techniques used for single-target drug design, but the difficulties associated to the obtention of drugs that are capable of modulating two or more targets with similar efficacy impose new challenges, whose solutions involve the adaptation of known techniques and also to the development of new ones, including machine-learning approaches. In this review, some SBDD and LBDD techniques for the multitarget drug design are discussed, together with some cases where the application of such techniques led to effective multitarget ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Mauricio R Sant'Anna
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica. Brazil
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Morris R, Umeukeje G, Bu K, Cheng F. The Association Between Use of Rivastigmine and Pneumonia: Systematic Analysis of FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1061-1071. [PMID: 34397417 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition induced by infection of the lungs and is frequently a cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some studies have shown a correlation between acetylcholinesterase inhibitor use and elevated pneumonia risk. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the number of reported pneumonia cases in individuals prescribed rivastigmine relative to the association between pneumonia risk for other therapeutics including over-the-counter drugs and other AD therapeutics, as reported to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. METHODS A disproportionality analysis was conducted to investigate the association between using rivastigmine and risk of pneumonia. Age, gender, dosage, route of administration, temporality, and geographic distribution of reported cases were also assessed. RESULTS Patients prescribed rivastigmine were more likely to report pneumonia as an adverse event than many drugs except galantamine. Males were found to be 46%more likely than females to report pneumonia as an adverse event while likelihood of pneumonia diagnosis increases 3-5-fold in patients older than 65 years of age. CONCLUSION The observed elevated frequency of aspiration pneumonia in patients prescribed rivastigmine may be due to an induced cholinergic crisis that is selective for the medulla oblongata, resulting in gastrointestinal distress, impaired swallowing, heightened salivation, and labored breathing. The observed elevated frequency of infectious pneumonia in patients prescribed rivastigmine may also be linked to overstimulation of neurons in the medulla oblongata and downstream suppression of localized inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gibret Umeukeje
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kun Bu
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, College of Art and Science, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Pohanka M. Pharmacological Influencing of The Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway in Infectious Diseases and Inflammatory Pathologies. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:660-669. [PMID: 33208075 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201117111715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is a part of the parasympathetic nervous system and it can also be entitled as an anti-inflammatory reflex. It consists of terminations of the vagal nerve into blood, acetylcholine released from the terminations, macrophages and other cells having α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), calcium ions crossing through the receptor and interacting with nuclear factors, and erythrocytes with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) terminating the neurotransmission. Stopping of inflammatory cytokines production is the major task for the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway can be stimulated or suppressed by agonizing or antagonizing α7 nAChR or by inhibition of AChE. This review is focused on cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulation by drugs. Compounds that inhibit cholinesterases (for instance, huperzine, rivastigmine, galantamine), and their impact on the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway are discussed here and a survey of actual literature is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove CZ-50001, Czech Republic
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8
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Metz CN, Pavlov VA. Treating disorders across the lifespan by modulating cholinergic signaling with galantamine. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1359-1380. [PMID: 33219523 PMCID: PMC10049459 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in understanding the regulatory functions of the nervous system have revealed neural cholinergic signaling as a key regulator of cytokine responses and inflammation. Cholinergic drugs, including the centrally acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, galantamine, which are in clinical use for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, have been rediscovered as anti-inflammatory agents. Here, we provide a timely update on this active research and clinical developments. We summarize the involvement of cholinergic mechanisms and inflammation in the pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia, and the effectiveness of galantamine treatment. We also highlight recent findings demonstrating the effects of galantamine in preclinical and clinical settings of numerous conditions and diseases across the lifespan that are characterized by immunological, neurological, and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N Metz
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
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Ca 2+ Dyshomeostasis Disrupts Neuronal and Synaptic Function in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122655. [PMID: 33321866 PMCID: PMC7763805 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ homeostasis is essential for multiple neuronal functions and thus, Ca2+ dyshomeostasis can lead to widespread impairment of cellular and synaptic signaling, subsequently contributing to dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). While numerous studies implicate Ca2+ mishandling in AD, the cellular basis for loss of cognitive function remains under investigation. The process of synaptic degradation and degeneration in AD is slow, and constitutes a series of maladaptive processes each contributing to a further destabilization of the Ca2+ homeostatic machinery. Ca2+ homeostasis involves precise maintenance of cytosolic Ca2+ levels, despite extracellular influx via multiple synaptic Ca2+ channels, and intracellular release via organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via ryanodine receptor (RyRs) and IP3R, lysosomes via transient receptor potential mucolipin channel (TRPML) and two pore channel (TPC), and mitochondria via the permeability transition pore (PTP). Furthermore, functioning of these organelles relies upon regulated inter-organelle Ca2+ handling, with aberrant signaling resulting in synaptic dysfunction, protein mishandling, oxidative stress and defective bioenergetics, among other consequences consistent with AD. With few effective treatments currently available to mitigate AD, the past few years have seen a significant increase in the study of synaptic and cellular mechanisms as drivers of AD, including Ca2+ dyshomeostasis. Here, we detail some key findings and discuss implications for future AD treatments.
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Xie H, Yepuri N, Meng Q, Dhawan R, Leech CA, Chepurny OG, Holz GG, Cooney RN. Therapeutic potential of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists to combat obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:431-447. [PMID: 32851581 PMCID: PMC7572644 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex (CAIR) represents an important homeostatic regulatory mechanism for sensing and controlling the body's response to inflammatory stimuli. Vagovagal reflexes are an integral component of CAIR whose anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by acetylcholine (ACh) acting at α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) located on cells of the immune system. Recently, it is appreciated that CAIR and α7nAChR also participate in the control of metabolic homeostasis. This has led to the understanding that defective vagovagal reflex circuitry underlying CAIR might explain the coexistence of obesity, diabetes, and inflammation in the metabolic syndrome. Thus, there is renewed interest in the α7nAChR that mediates CAIR, particularly from the standpoint of therapeutics. Of special note is the recent finding that α7nAChR agonist GTS-21 acts at L-cells of the distal intestine to stimulate the release of two glucoregulatory and anorexigenic hormones: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). Furthermore, α7nAChR agonist PNU 282987 exerts trophic factor-like actions to support pancreatic β-cell survival under conditions of stress resembling diabetes. This review provides an overview of α7nAChR function as it pertains to CAIR, vagovagal reflexes, and metabolic homeostasis. We also consider the possible usefulness of α7nAChR agonists for treatment of obesity, diabetes, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xie
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Natesh Yepuri
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Qinghe Meng
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Ravi Dhawan
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Colin A Leech
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Robert N Cooney
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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Allosterism of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Therapeutic Potential for Neuroinflammation Underlying Brain Trauma and Degenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144918. [PMID: 32664647 PMCID: PMC7404387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key physiological phenomenon that can be pervasive when dysregulated. Persistent chronic inflammation precedes several pathophysiological conditions forming one of the critical cellular homeostatic checkpoints. With a steady global surge in inflammatory diseases, it is imperative to delineate underlying mechanisms and design suitable drug molecules targeting the cellular partners that mediate and regulate inflammation. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have a confirmed role in influencing inflammatory pathways and have been a subject of scientific scrutiny underlying drug development in recent years. Drugs designed to target allosteric sites on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors present a unique opportunity to unravel the role of the cholinergic system in regulating and restoring inflammatory homeostasis. Such a therapeutic approach holds promise in treating several inflammatory conditions and diseases with inflammation as an underlying pathology. Here, we briefly describe the potential of cholinergic allosterism and some allosteric modulators as a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of neuroinflammation.
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Potasiewicz A, Krawczyk M, Gzielo K, Popik P, Nikiforuk A. Positive allosteric modulators of alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors enhance procognitive effects of conventional anti-Alzheimer drugs in scopolamine-treated rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 385:112547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Naguib S, Bernardo-Colón A, Cencer C, Gandra N, Rex TS. Galantamine protects against synaptic, axonal, and vision deficits in experimental neurotrauma. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 134:104695. [PMID: 31778813 PMCID: PMC7769189 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of galantamine in a mouse model of blast-induced indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (bITON). Galantamine is an FDA-approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease. We exposed one eye of an anesthetized mouse to repeat bursts of over-pressurized air to induce traumatic optic neuropathy. Mice were given regular or galantamine-containing water (120 mg/L) ad libitum, beginning immediately after blast and continuing for one month. Electroretinograms and visual evoked potentials were performed just prior to endpoint collection. Histological and biochemical assessments were performed to assess activation of sterile inflammation, axon degeneration, and synaptic changes. Galantamine treatment mitigated visual function deficits induced by our bITON model via preservation of the b-wave of the electroretinogram and the N1 of the visual evoked potential. We also observed a reduction in axon degeneration in the optic nerve as well as decreased rod bipolar cell dendritic retraction. Galantamine also showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Galantamine may be a promising treatment for blast-induced indirect traumatic optic neuropathy as well as other optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Naguib
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 11435 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Ave, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Alexandra Bernardo-Colón
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, 2311 Pierce Ave, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Caroline Cencer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 11435 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Ave, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Neha Gandra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 11435 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Ave, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Tonia S Rex
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 11435 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Ave, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Eye Institute, 2311 Pierce Ave, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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14
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Aponte EA, Schöbi D, Stephan KE, Heinzle J. Computational Dissociation of Dopaminergic and Cholinergic Effects on Action Selection and Inhibitory Control. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 5:364-372. [PMID: 31952937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia make more errors than healthy subjects in the antisaccade task. In this paradigm, participants are required to inhibit a reflexive saccade to a target and to select the correct action (a saccade in the opposite direction). While the precise origin of this deficit is not clear, it has been connected to aberrant dopaminergic and cholinergic neuromodulation. METHODS To study the impact of dopamine and acetylcholine on inhibitory control and action selection, we administered two selective drugs (levodopa 200 mg/galantamine 8 mg) to healthy volunteers (N = 100) performing the antisaccade task. The computational model SERIA (stochastic early reaction, inhibition, and late action) was employed to separate the contribution of inhibitory control and action selection to empirical reaction times and error rates. RESULTS Modeling suggested that levodopa improved action selection (at the cost of increased reaction times) but did not have a significant effect on inhibitory control. By contrast, according to our model, galantamine affected inhibitory control in a dose-dependent fashion, reducing inhibition failures at low doses and increasing them at higher levels. These effects were sufficiently specific that the computational analysis allowed for identifying the drug administered to an individual with 70% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support the hypothesis that elevated tonic dopamine strongly impairs inhibitory control. Rather, levodopa improved the ability to select correct actions. However, inhibitory control was modulated by cholinergic drugs. This approach may provide a starting point for future computational assays that differentiate neuromodulatory abnormalities in heterogeneous diseases like schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Aponte
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Dario Schöbi
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaas E Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakob Heinzle
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Trujillo-Chacón LM, Alarcón-Enos JE, Céspedes-Acuña CL, Bustamante L, Baeza M, López MG, Fernández-Mendívil C, Cabezas F, Pastene-Navarrete ER. Neuroprotective activity of isoquinoline alkaloids from of Chilean Amaryllidaceae plants against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and mouse hippocampal slice culture. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Novel Approach for the Search for Chemical Scaffolds with Dual Activity with Acetylcholinesterase and the α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-A Perspective for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030446. [PMID: 30691196 PMCID: PMC6384821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, belong to the group of the most difficult and challenging conditions with very limited treatment options. Attempts to find new drugs in most cases fail at the clinical stage. New tactics to develop better drug candidates to manage these diseases are urgently needed. It is evident that better understanding of the neurodegeneration process is required and targeting multiple receptors may be essential. Herein, we present a novel approach, searching for dual active compounds interacting with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) using computational chemistry methods including homology modelling and high throughput virtual screening. Activities of identified hits were evaluated at the two targets using the colorimetric method of Ellman and two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology, respectively. Out of 87,250 compounds from a ZINC database of natural products and their derivatives, we identified two compounds, 8 and 9, with dual activity and balanced IC50 values of 10 and 5 µM at AChE, and 34 and 14 µM at α7 nAChR, respectively. This is the first report presenting successful use of virtual screening in finding compounds with dual mode of action inhibiting both the AChE enzyme and the α7 nAChR and shows that computational methods can be a valuable tool in the early lead discovery process.
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Kowal NM, Ahring PK, Liao VWY, Indurti DC, Harvey BS, O'Connor SM, Chebib M, Olafsdottir ES, Balle T. Galantamine is not a positive allosteric modulator of human α4β2 or α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2911-2925. [PMID: 29669164 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The alkaloid galantamine was originally isolated from the green snowdrop Galanthus woronowii and is currently marketed as a drug for treatment of mild to moderate dementia in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In addition to a well-documented proficiency to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, galantamine has been reported to increase neuronal nicotinic ACh (nACh) receptor function by acting as a positive allosteric modulator. Yet there remains controversy regarding these findings in the literature. To resolve this conundrum, we evaluated galantamine actions at α4β2 and α7, which represent the nACh receptors most commonly associated with mammalian cognitive domains. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH α4β2 [in (α4)3 (β2)2 and (α4)2 (β2)3 stoichiometries] and α7 nACh receptors were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and subjected to two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiological experiments. Galantamine (10 nM to 100 μM) was evaluated for direct agonist effects and for positive modulation by co-application with sub-maximally efficacious concentrations of ACh. In addition, similar experiments were performed with α7 nACh receptors stably expressed in HEK293 cells using patch-clamp electrophysiology. KEY RESULTS In concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 1 μM, galantamine did not display direct agonism nor positive modulatory effects at any receptor combination tested. At concentrations from 10 μM and above, galantamine inhibited the activity with a mechanism of action consistent with open-channel pore blockade at all receptor types. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Based on our data, we conclude that galantamine is not a positive allosteric modulator of α7 or α4β2 receptors, which represent the majority of nACh receptors in mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Kowal
- Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, IS-107, Iceland
| | - Philip K Ahring
- Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Vivian W Y Liao
- Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Dinesh C Indurti
- Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | | | | | - Mary Chebib
- Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Elin S Olafsdottir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, IS-107, Iceland
| | - Thomas Balle
- Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Acetylcholine nicotinic receptor subtypes in chromaffin cells. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:13-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Nikiforuk A, Kos T, Potasiewicz A, Popik P. Positive allosteric modulation of alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors enhances recognition memory and cognitive flexibility in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1300-13. [PMID: 26003081 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A wide body of preclinical and clinical data suggests that alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChRs) may represent useful targets for cognitive improvement in schizophrenia and Alzheimer׳s disease. A promising recent approach is based on the use of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of α7-nAChRs due to their several advantages over the direct agonists. Nevertheless, the behavioural effects of this class of compounds, particularly with regard to higher-order cognitive functions, have not been broadly characterised. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the procognitive efficacies of type I and type II α7-nAChRs PAMs, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-[[(4-chlorophenyl)amino]methylene]-3-methyl-5-isoxazoleacet-amide (CCMI) and N-(5-Chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)urea (PNU-120596) in the novel object recognition task (NORT), attentional set-shifting task (ASST) and five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) in rats. Additionally, the effects of galantamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that also allosterically modulates nAChRs, were assessed. We report that CCMI (0.3-3mg/kg), PNU-120596 (0.3-3mg/kg) and galantamine (1-3mg/kg) attenuated the delay-induced impairment in NORT performance and facilitated cognitive flexibility in the ASST. Methyllycaconitine (3mg/kg) blocked the actions of CCMI, PNU-120596 and galantamine in the NORT and ASST, suggesting that the procognitive effects of these compounds are α7-nAChRs-dependent. However, none of the compounds tested affected the rats' attentional performance in the 5-CSRTT. The present findings confirm and extend the observations indicating that the positive allosteric modulation of α7-nAChRs enhances recognition memory and cognitive flexibility in preclinical tasks. Therefore, the present study supports the utility of α7-nAChRs PAMs as a potential cognitive enhancing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Nikiforuk
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kos
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Potasiewicz
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Popik
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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Beinat C, Banister SD, Herrera M, Law V, Kassiou M. The therapeutic potential of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) agonists for the treatment of the cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 2015; 29:529-42. [PMID: 26242477 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-015-0260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Homomeric α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs) have implications in the regulation of cognitive processes such as memory and attention, and have shown promise as a therapeutic target for the treatment of the cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Multiple α7 nAChR agonists have entered human trials; however, unfavorable side effects and pharmacokinetic issues have hindered the development of a clinical α7 nAChR agonist. Currently, EVP-6124 is in phase III clinical trials, and several other α7 nAChR agonists (GTS-21 and AQW051) are in earlier stages of development. This review will summarize the recent advances and failures of α7 nAChR agonists in clinical trials for the treatment of the aforementioned pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Beinat
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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21
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Central cholinergic activation of a vagus nerve-to-spleen circuit alleviates experimental colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:335-47. [PMID: 23881354 PMCID: PMC3859808 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is an efferent vagus nerve-based mechanism that regulates immune responses and cytokine production through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) signaling. Decreased efferent vagus nerve activity is observed in inflammatory bowel disease. We determined whether central activation of this pathway alters inflammation in mice with colitis and the mediating role of a vagus nerve-to-spleen circuit and α7nAChR signaling. Two experimental models of colitis were used in C57BL/6 mice. Central cholinergic activation induced by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine or a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist treatments resulted in reduced mucosal inflammation associated with decreased major histocompatibility complex II level and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by splenic CD11c⁺ cells mediated by α7nAChR signaling. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory efficacy was abolished in mice with vagotomy, splenic neurectomy, or splenectomy. In conclusion, central cholinergic activation of a vagus nerve-to-spleen circuit controls intestinal inflammation and this regulation can be explored to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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CHRNA7 polymorphisms and response to cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84059. [PMID: 24391883 PMCID: PMC3877150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CHRNA7 encodes the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit, which is important to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and cholinergic neurotransmission. Previously, CHRNA7 polymorphisms have not been related to cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) response. Methods Mild to moderate AD patients received ChEIs were recruited from the neurology clinics of three teaching hospitals from 2007 to 2010 (n = 204). Nine haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms of CHRNA7 were genotyped. Cognitive responders were those showing improvement in the Mini-Mental State Examination score ≧2 between baseline and 6 months after ChEI treatment. Results AD women carrying rs8024987 variants [GG+GC vs. CC: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.47–8.89] and GG haplotype in block1 (AOR = 3.34, 95% CI = 1.38–8.06) had significantly better response to ChEIs (false discovery rate <0.05). These variant carriers using galantamine were 11 times more likely to be responders than female non-carriers using donepezil or rivastigmine. Conclusion For the first time, this study found a significant association between CHRNA7 polymorphisms and better ChEI response. If confirmed by further studies, CHRNA7 polymorphisms may aid in predicting ChEI response and refining treatment choice.
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Physostigmine and galanthamine bind in the presence of agonist at the canonical and noncanonical subunit interfaces of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J Neurosci 2013; 33:485-94. [PMID: 23303929 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3483-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Galanthamine and physostigmine are clinically used cholinomimetics that both inhibit acetylcholinesterase and also interact directly with and potentiate nAChRs. As with most nAChR-positive allosteric modulators, the location and number of their binding site(s) within nAChRs are unknown. In this study, we use the intrinsic photoreactivities of [(3)H]physostigmine and [(3)H]galanthamine upon irradiation at 312 nm to directly identify amino acids contributing to their binding sites in the Torpedo californica nAChR. Protein sequencing of fragments isolated from proteolytic digests of [(3)H]physostigmine- or [(3)H]galanthamine-photolabeled nAChR establish that, in the presence of agonist (carbamylcholine), both drugs photolabeled amino acids on the complementary (non-α) surface of the transmitter binding sites (γTyr-111/γTyr-117/δTyr172). They also photolabeled δTyr-212 at the δ-β subunit interface and γTyr-105 in the vestibule of the ion channel, with photolabeling of both residues enhanced in the presence of agonist. Furthermore, [(3)H]physostigmine photolabeling of γTyr-111, γTyr-117, δTyr-212, and γTyr-105 was inhibited in the presence of nonradioactive galanthamine. The locations of the photolabeled amino acids in the nAChR structure and the results of computational docking studies provide evidence that, in the presence of agonist, physostigmine and galanthamine bind to at least three distinct sites in the nAChR extracellular domain: at the α-γ interface (1) in the entry to the transmitter binding site and (2) in the vestibule of the ion channel near the level of the transmitter binding site, and at the δ-β interface (3) in a location equivalent to the benzodiazepine binding site in GABA(A) receptors.
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Liu Q, Emadi S, Shen JX, Sierks MR, Wu J. Human α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a novel target of oligomeric α-synuclein. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55886. [PMID: 23437071 PMCID: PMC3577813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with a decreased incidence of Parkinson disease (PD) through unknown mechanisms. Interestingly, a decrease in the numbers of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α4β2-nAChRs) in PD patients suggests an α4β2-nAChR-mediated cholinergic deficit in PD. Although oligomeric forms of α-synuclein have been recognized to be toxic and involved in the pathogenesis of PD, their direct effects on nAChR-mediated cholinergic signaling remains undefined. Here, we report for the first time that oligomeric α-synuclein selectively inhibits human α4β2-nAChR-mediated currents in a dose-dependent, non-competitive and use-independent manner. We show that pre-loading cells with guanyl-5'-yl thiophosphate fails to prevent this inhibition, suggesting that the α-synuclein-induced inhibition of α4β2-nAChR function is not mediated by nAChR internalization. By using a pharmacological approach and cultures expressing transfected human nAChRs, we have shown a clear effect of oligomeric α-synuclein on α4β2-nAChRs, but not on α4β4- or α7-nAChRs, suggesting nAChR subunit selectivity of oligomeric α-synuclein-induced inhibition. In addition, by combining the size exclusion chromatography and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses, we find that only large (>4 nm) oligomeric α-synuclein aggregates (but not monomeric, small oligomeric or fibrillar α-synuclein aggregates) exhibit the inhibitory effect on human α4β2-nAChRs. Collectively, we have provided direct evidence that α4β2-nAChR is a sensitive target to mediate oligomeric α-synuclein-induced modulation of cholinergic signaling, and our data imply that therapeutic strategies targeted toward α4β2-nAChRs may have potential for developing new treatments for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Divisions of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sharareh Emadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jian-Xin Shen
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University of Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Michael R. Sierks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jie Wu
- Divisions of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University of Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Ludwig J, Höffle-Maas A, Samochocki M, Luttmann E, Albuquerque EX, Fels G, Maelicke A. Localization by site-directed mutagenesis of a galantamine binding site on α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor extracellular domain. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2010; 30:469-83. [PMID: 21062106 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.505239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Galantamine is an approved drug treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Initially identified as a weak cholinesterase inhibitor, we have established that galantamine mainly acts as an 'allosterically potentiating ligand (APL)' of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Meanwhile other 'positive allosteric modulators (PAM)' of nAChR channel activity have been discovered, and for one of them a binding site within the transmembrane domain has been proposed. Here we show, by performing site-directed mutagenesis studies of ectopically expressed chimeric chicken α7/mouse 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor-channel complex, in combination with whole-cell current measurements, in the presence and absence of galantamine, that the APL binding site is different from the proposed PAM binding site. We demonstrate that residues T197, I196, and F198 of ß-strand 10 represent major elements of the galantamine binding site. Residue K123, earlier suggested as being 'close to' the APL binding site, is not part of this site but rather appears to play a role in coupling of agonist binding to channel opening and closing. Our data confirm our earlier results that the galantamine binding site is different from the ACh binding site. Both sites are in close proximity and hence may influence each other in a synergistic fashion. Other interesting areas identified in the present study are a 'hinge' region around and containing residues F122, K123, and K143 possibly being involved in relaying the signal of agonist binding to gating of the transmembrane channel, and a 'folding centre', with P119 as the dominating residue, that crucially positions the agonist binding site with respect to the hinge region.
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Rozman KB, Araoz R, Sepcić K, Molgo J, Suput D. Parazoanthoxanthin A blocks Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:384-7. [PMID: 20230806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are implicated in different nervous system-related disorders, and their modulation could improve existing therapy of these diseases. Parazoanthoxanthin A (ParaA) is a fluorescent pigment of the group of zoanthoxanthins. Since it is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it may also bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). For this reason its effect on Torpedo nAChR (alpha1(2)betagammadelta) transplanted to Xenopus laevis oocytes was evaluated, using the voltage-clamp technique. ParaA dose-dependently reduced the acetylcholine-induced currents. This effect was fully reversible only at lower concentrations. ParaA also reduced the Hill coefficient and the time to peak current, indicating a channel blocking mode of action. On the other hand, the combined effect of ParaA and d-tubocurarine (d-TC) on acetylcholine-induced currents exhibited only partial additivity, assuming a competitive mode of action of ParaA on nAChR. These results indicate a dual mode of action of ParaA on the Torpedo AChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Bulc Rozman
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Luttmann E, Ludwig J, Höffle-Maas A, Samochocki M, Maelicke A, Fels G. Structural model for the binding sites of allosterically potentiating ligands on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. ChemMedChem 2010; 4:1874-82. [PMID: 19739198 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Current treatments of Alzheimer's disease include the allosteric potentiation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) response. The location of the binding site for allosteric potentiating ligands (APLs) within the receptor is not yet fully understood. Based on homology models for the ligand binding domain of human alpha7, human alpha4beta2, and chicken alpha7 receptors, as well as blind docking experiments with galanthamine, physostigmine, codeine, and 5HT, we identified T197 as an essential element of the APL binding site at the outer surface of the ligand binding domain (LBD) of nAChR. We also found the previously known galanthamine binding site in the region of K123 at the inside of the receptor funnel, which, however, was shown to not be part of the APL site. Our results are verified by site-directed mutagenesis and electrophysiological experiments, and suggest that APL and ACh bind to different sites on nicotinic receptors and that allosteric potentiation may arise from a direct interplay between both these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Luttmann
- University of Paderborn, Department of Chemistry, Germany
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28
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Wells GB. Structural answers and persistent questions about how nicotinic receptors work. FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE : A JOURNAL AND VIRTUAL LIBRARY 2008; 13:5479-510. [PMID: 18508600 PMCID: PMC2430769 DOI: 10.2741/3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The electron diffraction structure of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) from Torpedo marmorata and the X-ray crystallographic structure of acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) are providing new answers to persistent questions about how nAChRs function as biophysical machines and as participants in cellular and systems physiology. New high-resolution information about nAChR structures might come from advances in crystallography and NMR, from extracellular domain nAChRs as high fidelity models, and from prokaryotic nicotinoid proteins. At the level of biophysics, structures of different nAChRs with different pharmacological profiles and kinetics will help describe how agonists and antagonists bind to orthosteric binding sites, how allosteric modulators affect function by binding outside these sites, how nAChRs control ion flow, and how large cytoplasmic domains affect function. At the level of cellular and systems physiology, structures of nAChRs will help characterize interactions with other cellular components, including lipids and trafficking and signaling proteins, and contribute to understanding the roles of nAChRs in addiction, neurodegeneration, and mental illness. Understanding nAChRs at an atomic level will be important for designing interventions for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg B Wells
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA.
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Abstract
In the adrenal medulla, acetylcholine released by the sympathetic splanchnic nerves activates neuronal-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the membrane of chromaffin cells which liberate catecholamines into the bloodstream in preparation for the fight and flight reactions. On adrenal chromaffin cells the main class of nAChRs is a pentameric assembly of alpha3 and beta4 subunits that forms ion channels which produce membrane depolarization by increasing Na+, K+ and Ca2+ permeability. Homomeric alpha7 nicotinic receptors are expressed in a species-dependent manner and do not contribute to catecholamine secretion. Chromaffin cell nAChRs rapidly activate and desensitize with full recovery on washout. nAChR activity is subjected to various types of dynamic regulation. It is allosterically modulated by the endogenous neuropeptide substance P that stabilizes receptors in their desensitized state, thus depressing their responsiveness. The full-length peptide CGRP acts as a negative allosteric modulator by inhibiting responses without changing desensitization, whereas its N-terminal fragments act as positive allosteric modulators to transiently enhance nAChR function. nAChR expression increases when cells are chronically exposed to either selective antagonists or agonists such as nicotine, a protocol mimicking the condition of chronic heavy smokers. In this case, large upregulation of nAChRs occurs even though most of the extra nAChRs remain inside the cells, creating a mismatch between the increase in total nAChRs and increase in functional nAChRs on the cell surface. These findings highlight the plastic properties of cholinergic neurotransmission in the adrenal medulla to provide robust mechanisms for adapting catecholamine release to acute and chronic changes in sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sala
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
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Voß B, Thienel R, Leucht S, Kircher T. Therapie kognitiver Defizite durch AChE-Hemmer bei Patienten mit Schizophrenie. DER NERVENARZT 2007; 79:47-8, 50-2, 54-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00115-007-2358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ng HJ, Whittemore ER, Tran MB, Hogenkamp DJ, Broide RS, Johnstone TB, Zheng L, Stevens KE, Gee KW. Nootropic alpha7 nicotinic receptor allosteric modulator derived from GABAA receptor modulators. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8059-64. [PMID: 17470817 PMCID: PMC1876571 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701321104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of brain alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (alpha7 nAChRs) has broad therapeutic potential in CNS diseases related to cognitive dysfunction, including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. In contrast to direct agonist activation, positive allosteric modulation of alpha7 nAChRs would deliver the clinically validated benefits of allosterism to these indications. We have generated a selective alpha7 nAChR-positive allosteric modulator (PAM) from a library of GABAA receptor PAMs. Compound 6 (N-(4-chlorophenyl)-alpha-[[(4-chloro-phenyl)amino]methylene]-3-methyl-5-isoxazoleacet-amide) evokes robust positive modulation of agonist-induced currents at alpha7 nAChRs, while preserving the rapid native characteristics of desensitization, and has little to no efficacy at other ligand-gated ion channels. In rodent models, it corrects sensory-gating deficits and improves working memory, effects consistent with cognitive enhancement. Compound 6 represents a chemotype for allosteric activation of alpha7 nAChRs, with therapeutic potential in CNS diseases with cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman J. Ng
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; and
| | - Edward R. Whittemore
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; and
| | - Minhtam B. Tran
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; and
| | - Derk J. Hogenkamp
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; and
| | - Ron S. Broide
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; and
| | - Timothy B. Johnstone
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; and
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, University Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Karen E. Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry, University Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Kelvin W. Gee
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Lenzken SC, Lanni C, Govoni S, Lucchelli A, Schettini G, Racchi M. Nicotinic component of galantamine in the regulation of amyloid precursor protein processing. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 165:138-45. [PMID: 17196952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for Alzheimer's disease treatment rely mainly on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, improving central cholinergic neurotransmission. Among these molecules, galantamine (GAL) has an interesting pharmacological profile as it is both a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and an allosteric potentiator of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. We investigated the effect of GAL on the metabolism of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The rationale was based on the suggestion that cholinergic activity may also be involved in the regulation of APP metabolism. We studied the acute effect on APP metabolism measuring the secretion of sAPPalpha in the conditioned medium of cells. Following 2h treatment, GAL 10microM promoted a strong increase in the release of sAPPalpha, the maximal effect approaching on average three-fold baseline value. The compound appeared to increase the release of sAPPalpha, with a mechanism dependent upon an indirect cholinergic stimulation. The effect of GAL was prevented by pre-treatment with alpha-bungarotoxin (40nM) but not low (nanomolar) atropine concentrations, suggesting the specific involvement of nicotinic cholinergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia C Lenzken
- Department of Experimental and Applied Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence in Applied Biology, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 14, CAP 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Rispoli V, Marra R, Costa N, Scipione L, Rotiroti D, De Vita D, Liberatore F, Carelli V. Choline pivaloyl ester strengthened the benefit effects of Tacrine and Galantamine on electroencephalographic and cognitive performances in nucleus basalis magnocellularis-lesioned and aged rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 84:453-67. [PMID: 16859739 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was the assessment of the effects produced on the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and the cognitive and memory performances of nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM)-lesioned or aged rats by the combined treatment with [2-(2,2-dimethylpropionyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium 2,2-dimethylpropionate (choline pivaloyl ester) (CPE) and the Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) Tacrine (THA) and Galantamine (GAL). Intraperitoneal administration of CPE combined with THA or GAL to both NBM-lesioned or aged rats, produced EEG desynchronisation, and a significant decrease in the energy of the total EEG spectrum and the lower frequency bands (delta 0.25-3 and theta 4-7 Hz) lasting many minutes. Furthermore, drug associations reversed in aged rats the scopolamine (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced increase in EEG power, slow waves and high-voltage spindle (HVS). Furthermore, the combined administration of CPE and Cholinesterase inhibitors in both NBM-lesioned or aged animals, improved performances in all behavioural tasks, enhancing object discrimination, increasing locomotory activity and alternation choice in T-maze, ameliorating retention in passive avoidance and decreasing escape latency in Morris water maze. In all test, AChEIs and CPE combinations proved to be more effective than CPE, THA or GAL given alone. In conclusion, the present work shows the ability of choline pivaloyl ester in strengthening the positive cerebral activity of THA and GAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rispoli
- Department of Pharmacobiological Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, I-88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy.
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Abstract
Allosteric modulation of membrane receptors has been intensively studied in the past three decades and is now considered to be an important indirect mechanism for the control of receptor function. The allosteric site on the GABA(A) receptor is the target for the most widely prescribed sleep medicines, the benzodiazepines. Cinacalcet, an allosteric enhancer of the calcium-sensing receptor, is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism. Allosteric ligands might be especially valuable to control receptors for which the design of selective orthosteric agonists or antagonists has been elusive, such as muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Hogg RC, Buisson B, Bertrand D. Allosteric modulation of ligand-gated ion channels. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1267-76. [PMID: 16043127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) are cell surface proteins that play an important role in fast synaptic transmission and in the modulation of cellular activity. Due to their intrinsic properties, LGICs respond to neurotransmitters and other effectors (e.g. pH) and transduce the binding of a ligand into an electrical current on a microsecond timescale. Following activation, LGICs open allowing an ion flux across the cell membrane. Depending upon the charge and concentration of ions, the flux can cause a depolarization or hyperpolarization, thus modulating excitability of the cell. While our understanding of LGICs has significantly progressed during the past decade, many properties of these proteins are still poorly understood, in particular their modulation by allosteric effectors. LGICs are often thought as a simple on-off switches. However, a closer look at these receptors reveals a complex behavior and a wide repertoire of subtle modulation by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. From a physiological point of view, this modulation can be seen as an additional level of complexity in the cell signaling process. Here we review the allosteric modulation of LGICs in light of the latest findings and discuss the suitability of this approach to the design of new therapeutic molecules.
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MESH Headings
- Allosteric Regulation
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Drug Design
- Humans
- Ion Channel Gating
- Ion Channels/chemistry
- Ion Channels/drug effects
- Ion Channels/physiology
- Ligands
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Glutamate/chemistry
- Receptors, Glutamate/drug effects
- Receptors, Glutamate/physiology
- Receptors, Nicotinic/chemistry
- Receptors, Nicotinic/drug effects
- Receptors, Nicotinic/physiology
- Receptors, Purinergic/chemistry
- Receptors, Purinergic/drug effects
- Receptors, Purinergic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron C Hogg
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, CMU 1, rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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