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Kim Y, Wang K, Lock RI, Nash TR, Fleischer S, Wang BZ, Fine BM, Vunjak-Novakovic G. BeatProfiler: Multimodal In Vitro Analysis of Cardiac Function Enables Machine Learning Classification of Diseases and Drugs. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 5:238-249. [PMID: 38606403 PMCID: PMC11008807 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2024.3377461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Goal: Contractile response and calcium handling are central to understanding cardiac function and physiology, yet existing methods of analysis to quantify these metrics are often time-consuming, prone to mistakes, or require specialized equipment/license. We developed BeatProfiler, a suite of cardiac analysis tools designed to quantify contractile function, calcium handling, and force generation for multiple in vitro cardiac models and apply downstream machine learning methods for deep phenotyping and classification. Methods: We first validate BeatProfiler's accuracy, robustness, and speed by benchmarking against existing tools with a fixed dataset. We further confirm its ability to robustly characterize disease and dose-dependent drug response. We then demonstrate that the data acquired by our automatic acquisition pipeline can be further harnessed for machine learning (ML) analysis to phenotype a disease model of restrictive cardiomyopathy and profile cardioactive drug functional response. To accurately classify between these biological signals, we apply feature-based ML and deep learning models (temporal convolutional-bidirectional long short-term memory model or TCN-BiLSTM). Results: Benchmarking against existing tools revealed that BeatProfiler detected and analyzed contraction and calcium signals better than existing tools through improved sensitivity in low signal data, reduction in false positives, and analysis speed increase by 7 to 50-fold. Of signals accurately detected by published methods (PMs), BeatProfiler's extracted features showed high correlations to PMs, confirming that it is reliable and consistent with PMs. The features extracted by BeatProfiler classified restrictive cardiomyopathy cardiomyocytes from isogenic healthy controls with 98% accuracy and identified relax90 as a top distinguishing feature in congruence with previous findings. We also show that our TCN-BiLSTM model was able to classify drug-free control and 4 cardiac drugs with different mechanisms of action at 96% accuracy. We further apply Grad-CAM on our convolution-based models to identify signature regions of perturbations by these drugs in calcium signals. Conclusions: We anticipate that the capabilities of BeatProfiler will help advance in vitro studies in cardiac biology through rapid phenotyping, revealing mechanisms underlying cardiac health and disease, and enabling objective classification of cardiac disease and responses to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbin Kim
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10032USA
| | - Kunlun Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10032USA
| | - Roberta I. Lock
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10032USA
| | - Trevor R. Nash
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10032USA
| | - Sharon Fleischer
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10032USA
| | - Bryan Z. Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10032USA
| | - Barry M. Fine
- Department of MedicineDivision of CardiologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY10032USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10032USA
- Department of MedicineDivision of CardiologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY10032USA
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2
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Lee H, Kim B, Yun J, Bae J, Park S, Jeon J, Jang HR, Lee J, Lee S. PIV-MyoMonitor: an accessible particle image velocimetry-based software tool for advanced contractility assessment of cardiac organoids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1367141. [PMID: 38532875 PMCID: PMC10964252 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1367141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiac organoids offer a versatile platform for personalized cardiac toxicity assessment, drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative therapies. While previous image-based contractility analysis techniques allowed the assessment of contractility of two-dimensional cardiac models, they face limitations, including encountering high noise levels when applied to three-dimensional organoid models and requiring expensive equipment. Additionally, they offer fewer functional parameters compared to commercial software. To address these challenges, we developed an open-source, particle image velocimetry-based software (PIV-MyoMonitor) and demonstrated its capacity for accurate contractility analysis in both two- and three-dimensional cardiac models using standard lab equipment. Comparisons with four other open-source software programs highlighted the capability of PIV-MyoMonitor for more comprehensive quantitative analysis, providing 22 functional parameters and enhanced video outputs. We showcased its applicability in drug screening by characterizing the response of cardiac organoids to a known isotropic drug, isoprenaline. In sum, PIV-MyoMonitor enables reliable contractility assessment across various cardiac models without costly equipment or software. We believe this software will benefit a broader scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyeon Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyoung Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyue Yun
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseung Bae
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseok Jeon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cell and Gene Therapy Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryoun Jang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cell and Gene Therapy Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaecheol Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soah Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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3
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Benkel T, Zimmermann M, Zeiner J, Bravo S, Merten N, Lim VJY, Matthees ESF, Drube J, Miess-Tanneberg E, Malan D, Szpakowska M, Monteleone S, Grimes J, Koszegi Z, Lanoiselée Y, O'Brien S, Pavlaki N, Dobberstein N, Inoue A, Nikolaev V, Calebiro D, Chevigné A, Sasse P, Schulz S, Hoffmann C, Kolb P, Waldhoer M, Simon K, Gomeza J, Kostenis E. How Carvedilol activates β 2-adrenoceptors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7109. [PMID: 36402762 PMCID: PMC9675828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34765-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvedilol is among the most effective β-blockers for improving survival after myocardial infarction. Yet the mechanisms by which carvedilol achieves this superior clinical profile are still unclear. Beyond blockade of β1-adrenoceptors, arrestin-biased signalling via β2-adrenoceptors is a molecular mechanism proposed to explain the survival benefits. Here, we offer an alternative mechanism to rationalize carvedilol's cellular signalling. Using primary and immortalized cells genome-edited by CRISPR/Cas9 to lack either G proteins or arrestins; and combining biological, biochemical, and signalling assays with molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that G proteins drive all detectable carvedilol signalling through β2ARs. Because a clear understanding of how drugs act is imperative to data interpretation in basic and clinical research, to the stratification of clinical trials or to the monitoring of drug effects on the target pathway, the mechanistic insight gained here provides a foundation for the rational development of signalling prototypes that target the β-adrenoceptor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Benkel
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Julian Zeiner
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sergi Bravo
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole Merten
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Victor Jun Yu Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Edda Sofie Fabienne Matthees
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Drube
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Elke Miess-Tanneberg
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Malan
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stefania Monteleone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jak Grimes
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zsombor Koszegi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yann Lanoiselée
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Shannon O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nikoleta Pavlaki
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Viacheslav Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747, Jena, Germany
- 7TM Antibodies GmbH, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Kolb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maria Waldhoer
- InterAx Biotech AG, 5234, Villigen, Switzerland
- Ikherma Consulting Ltd, Hitchin, SG4 0TY, UK
| | - Katharina Simon
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jesus Gomeza
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Anand A, Tseng HC, Chiang HC, Hsu WH, Liao YF, Lu SHA, Tsai SY, Pan CY, Chen YT. Significant Elevation in Potassium Concentration Surrounding Stimulated Excitable Cells Revealed by an Aptamer-Modified Nanowire Transistor. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6865-6873. [PMID: 35006986 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recording ion fluctuations surrounding biological cells with a nanoelectronic device offers seamless integration of nanotechnology into living organisms and is essential for understanding cellular activities. The concentration of potassium ion in the extracellular fluid (CK+ex) is a critical determinant of cell membrane potential and must be maintained within an appropriate range. Alteration in CK+ex can affect neuronal excitability, induce heart arrhythmias, and even trigger seizure-like reactions in the brain. Therefore, monitoring local fluctuations in real time provides an early diagnosis of the occurrence of the K+-induced pathophysiological responses. Here, we modified the surface of a silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (SiNW-FET) with K+-specific DNA-aptamers (AptK+) to monitor the real-time variations of CK+ex in primary cultured rat embryonic cortical neurons or human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. The binding affinity of AptK+ to K+, determined by measuring the dissociation constant of the AptK+-K+ complex (Kd = 10.1 ± 0.9 mM), is at least 38-fold higher than other ions (e.g., Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+). By placing cultured cortical neurons over an AptK+/SiNW-FET device, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) stimulation raised the CK+ex dose-dependently to 16 mM when AMPA concentration was >10 μM; this elevation could be significantly suppressed by an AMPA receptor antagonist, 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. Likewise, the stimulation of isoproterenol to cardiomyocytes raised the CK+ex to 6-8 mM, with a concomitant increase in the beating rate. This study utilizing a robust nanobiosensor to detect real-time ion fluctuations surrounding excitable cells underlies the importance of ion homeostasis and offers the feasibility of developing an implant device for real-time monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Anand
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chiun Tseng
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fan Liao
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Serena Huei-An Lu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yi Tsai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yuan Pan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yit-Tsong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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5
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Physiological and pharmacological stimulation for in vitro maturation of substrate metabolism in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7802. [PMID: 33833285 PMCID: PMC8032667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) enable human cardiac cells to be studied in vitro, although they use glucose as their primary metabolic substrate and do not recapitulate the properties of adult cardiomyocytes. Here, we have explored the interplay between maturation by stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and by culture in 3D. We have investigated substrate metabolism in hiPSC-CMs grown as a monolayer and in 3D, in porous collagen-derived scaffolds and in engineered heart tissue (EHT), by measuring rates of glycolysis and glucose and fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and changes in gene expression and mitochondrial oxygen consumption. FAO was stimulated by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), using oleate and the agonist WY-14643, which induced an increase in FAO in monolayer hiPSC-CMs. hiPSC-CMs grown in 3D on collagen-derived scaffolds showed reduced glycolysis and increased FAO compared with monolayer cells. Activation of PPARα further increased FAO in cells on collagen/elastin scaffolds but not collagen or collagen/chondroitin-4-sulphate scaffolds. In EHT, FAO was significantly higher than in monolayer cells or those on static scaffolds and could be further increased by culture with oleate and WY-14643. In conclusion, a more mature metabolic phenotype can be induced by culture in 3D and FAO can be incremented by pharmacological stimulation.
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6
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Kondrashov A, Mohd Yusof NAN, Hasan A, Goulding J, Kodagoda T, Hoang DM, Vo NTN, Melarangi T, Dolatshad N, Gorelik J, Hill SJ, Harding SE, Denning C. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated generation and analysis of N terminus polymorphic models of β 2AR in isogenic hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 20:39-53. [PMID: 33335946 PMCID: PMC7733025 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During normal- and patho-physiological situations, the behavior of the beta2-adrenoreceptor (β2AR) is influenced by polymorphic variants. The functional impact of such polymorphisms has been suggested from data derived from genetic association studies, in vitro experiments with primary cells, and transgenic overexpression models. However, heterogeneous genetic background and non-physiological transgene expression levels confound interpretation, leading to conflicting mechanistic conclusions. To overcome these limitations, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to create a unique suite of four isogenic homozygous variants at amino acid positions 16(G/R) and 27(G/Q), which reside in the N terminus of the β2AR. By producing cardiomyocytes from these hPSC lines, we determined that at a functional level β2AR signaling dominated over β1AR . Examining changes in beat rates and responses to isoprenaline, Gi coupling, cyclic AMP (cAMP) production, downregulation, and desensitization indicated that responses were often heightened for the GE variant, implying differential dominance of both polymorphic location and amino acid substitution. This finding was corroborated, since GE showed hypersensitivity to doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity relative to GQ and RQ variants. Thus, understanding the effect of β2AR polymorphisms on cardiac response to anticancer therapy may provide a route for personalized medicine and facilitate immediate clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kondrashov
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Nurul A N Mohd Yusof
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alveera Hasan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Joëlle Goulding
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK.,Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Duc M Hoang
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Nguyen T N Vo
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Tony Melarangi
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Nazanin Dolatshad
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Julia Gorelik
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK.,Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sian E Harding
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Chris Denning
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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7
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Jiang W, Hu X, Li F, Li G, Wang Y. Adrenoceptor Responses in Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes: a Special Focus on Electrophysiological Property. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:429-437. [PMID: 32217769 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.265686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) have become a promising cell source for cardiovascular research. The electrophysiological characteristic of hESC-CMs has been generally studied, but little is known about electrophysiological response to adrenergic receptor (AR) activation. This study aims to characterize electrophysiological response of hESC-CMs to adrenergic stimulation in terms of the conduction velocity (CV) and action potential (AP) shape. The H9 hESC-CMs were acquired by a classic differentiation protocol and cultured to achieve confluent cell monolayers. The AP shape and CV among the monolayers were recorded using optical mapping during electrophysiological and pharmacological stimulation experiments. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were adopted to determine the expression levels of Connexin and ion channel gene and protein. Chronic β-AR stimulation by isoproterenol for 24 hours in hESC-CM monolayers increased CV by approximately 50%, whereas α-AR or acute β-AR stimulation had no significant effect; chronic β-AR stimulation resulted in a significant Connexin (Cx) 43 and Nav1.5 upregulation at both protein and mRNA level. Isoproterenol-induced CV accelerating and Cx43 and Nav1.5 upregulation in hESC-CMs, which was attenuated by selective β1-adrenoceptor antagonist CGP 20712A but not selective β2-antagonist ICI 118551. Moreover, pretreatment with protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitor SB203580, and MAPK inhibitor PD98059 suppressed the isoproterenol-induced CV accelerating and Cx43 upregulation, whereas it had no significant effect on Nav1.5 upregulation. The AP shape in hESC-CM monolayers was less susceptible by either β-AR or α-AR stimulation. It was β1-AR not β2-AR contributing to the modification of conduction velocity among hESC-CM monolayers. Chronic β1-AR stimulation accelerates CV by upregulating Cx43 via PKA/MEK/MAPK pathway. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: These data provide new insight into the electrophysiological characteristics of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) and depict a concise signaling pathway in the adrenergic receptor (AR) regulation of action potential shape and electrical propagation across hESC-CM monolayer. It is β1-AR not β2-AR contributing to the modification of conduction velocity in hESC-CMs and accelerating conduction velocity by upregulating Connexin 43 via protein kinase A/ mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Jiang
- Departments of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.H., F.L., G.L., Y.W.) and Gastroenterology (W.J.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Y.W.)
| | - Xingjian Hu
- Departments of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.H., F.L., G.L., Y.W.) and Gastroenterology (W.J.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Y.W.)
| | - Fei Li
- Departments of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.H., F.L., G.L., Y.W.) and Gastroenterology (W.J.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Y.W.)
| | - Geng Li
- Departments of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.H., F.L., G.L., Y.W.) and Gastroenterology (W.J.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Y.W.)
| | - Yin Wang
- Departments of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.H., F.L., G.L., Y.W.) and Gastroenterology (W.J.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Y.W.)
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8
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Zhao Y, Rafatian N, Wang EY, Wu Q, Lai BFL, Lu RX, Savoji H, Radisic M. Towards chamber specific heart-on-a-chip for drug testing applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 165-166:60-76. [PMID: 31917972 PMCID: PMC7338250 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modeling of human organs has long been a task for scientists in order to lower the costs of therapeutic development and understand the pathological onset of human disease. For decades, despite marked differences in genetics and etiology, animal models remained the norm for drug discovery and disease modeling. Innovative biofabrication techniques have facilitated the development of organ-on-a-chip technology that has great potential to complement conventional animal models. However, human organ as a whole, more specifically the human heart, is difficult to regenerate in vitro, in terms of its chamber specific orientation and its electrical functional complexity. Recent progress with the development of induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation protocols, made recapitulating the complexity of the human heart possible through the generation of cells representative of atrial & ventricular tissue, the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and Purkinje fibers. Current heart-on-a-chip approaches incorporate biological, electrical, mechanical, and topographical cues to facilitate tissue maturation, therefore improving the predictive power for the chamber-specific therapeutic effects targeting adult human. In this review, we will give a summary of current advances in heart-on-a-chip technology and provide a comprehensive outlook on the challenges involved in the development of human physiologically relevant heart-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimu Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Naimeh Rafatian
- Division of Cardiology and Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University of Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Erika Yan Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Benjamin F L Lai
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Rick Xingze Lu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Houman Savoji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
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9
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Dyballa S, Miñana R, Rubio-Brotons M, Cornet C, Pederzani T, Escaramis G, Garcia-Serna R, Mestres J, Terriente J. Comparison of Zebrafish Larvae and hiPSC Cardiomyocytes for Predicting Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Humans. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:283-295. [PMID: 31359052 PMCID: PMC6760275 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular drug toxicity is responsible for 17% of drug withdrawals in clinical phases, half of post-marketed drug withdrawals and remains an important adverse effect of several marketed drugs. Early assessment of drug-induced cardiovascular toxicity is mandatory and typically done in cellular systems and mammals. Current in vitro screening methods allow high-throughput but are biologically reductionist. The use of mammal models, which allow a better translatability for predicting clinical outputs, is low-throughput, highly expensive, and ethically controversial. Given the analogies between the human and the zebrafish cardiovascular systems, we propose the use of zebrafish larvae during early drug discovery phases as a balanced model between biological translatability and screening throughput for addressing potential liabilities. To this end, we have developed a high-throughput screening platform that enables fully automatized in vivo image acquisition and analysis to extract a plethora of relevant cardiovascular parameters: heart rate, arrhythmia, AV blockage, ejection fraction, and blood flow, among others. We have used this platform to address the predictive power of zebrafish larvae for detecting potential cardiovascular liabilities in humans. We tested a chemical library of 92 compounds with known clinical cardiotoxicity profiles. The cross-comparison with clinical data and data acquired from human induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocytes calcium imaging showed that zebrafish larvae allow a more reliable prediction of cardiotoxicity than cellular systems. Interestingly, our analysis with zebrafish yields similar predictive performance as previous validation meta-studies performed with dogs, the standard regulatory preclinical model for predicting cardiotoxic liabilities prior to clinical phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Dyballa
- ZeClinics SL, IGTP (German Trias and Pujol Institute), Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Rafael Miñana
- ZeClinics SL, IGTP (German Trias and Pujol Institute), Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Maria Rubio-Brotons
- ZeClinics SL, IGTP (German Trias and Pujol Institute), Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Carles Cornet
- ZeClinics SL, IGTP (German Trias and Pujol Institute), Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Tiziana Pederzani
- ZeClinics SL, IGTP (German Trias and Pujol Institute), Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Georgia Escaramis
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Life Science and Health, University of Barcelona 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), UdG, Girona 17071, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Mestres
- Chemotargets SL, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Systems Pharmacology, Research Program on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona 08002, Spain
- University Pompeu Fabra, PRBB (Barcelona Biomedical Research Park), Barcelona 08002, Spain
| | - Javier Terriente
- ZeClinics SL, IGTP (German Trias and Pujol Institute), Badalona 08916, Spain
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10
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Dunn KK, Reichardt IM, Simmons AD, Jin G, Floy ME, Hoon KM, Palecek SP. Coculture of Endothelial Cells with Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Progenitors Reveals a Differentiation Stage-Specific Enhancement of Cardiomyocyte Maturation. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800725. [PMID: 30927511 PMCID: PMC6849481 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are immature in their structure and function, limiting their potential in disease modeling, drug screening, and cardiac cellular therapies. Prior studies have demonstrated that coculture of hPSC-derived CMs with other cardiac cell types, including endothelial cells (ECs), can accelerate CM maturation. To address whether the CM differentiation stage at which ECs are introduced affects CM maturation, the authors coculture hPSC-derived ECs with hPSC-derived cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and CMs and analyze the molecular and functional attributes of maturation. ECs have a more significant effect on acceleration of maturation when cocultured with CPCs than with CMs. EC coculture with CPCs increases CM size, expression of sarcomere, and ion channel genes and proteins, the presence of intracellular membranous extensions, and chronotropic response compared to monoculture. Maturation is accelerated with an increasing EC:CPC ratio. This study demonstrates that EC incorporation at the CPC stage of CM differentiation expedites CM maturation, leading to cells that may be better suited for in vitro and in vivo applications of hPSC-derived CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin K Dunn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Engineering Drive, 53706, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Isabella M Reichardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Engineering Drive, 53706, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aaron D Simmons
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Engineering Drive, 53706, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gyuhyung Jin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Engineering Drive, 53706, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Martha E Floy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Engineering Drive, 53706, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kelsey M Hoon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Engineering Drive, 53706, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Engineering Drive, 53706, Madison, WI, USA
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11
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Malandraki-Miller S, Lopez CA, Al-Siddiqi H, Carr CA. Changing Metabolism in Differentiating Cardiac Progenitor Cells-Can Stem Cells Become Metabolically Flexible Cardiomyocytes? Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:119. [PMID: 30283788 PMCID: PMC6157401 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is a metabolic omnivore and the adult heart selects the substrate best suited for each circumstance, with fatty acid oxidation preferred in order to fulfill the high energy demand of the contracting myocardium. The fetal heart exists in an hypoxic environment and obtains the bulk of its energy via glycolysis. After birth, the "fetal switch" to oxidative metabolism of glucose and fatty acids has been linked to the loss of the regenerative phenotype. Various stem cell types have been used in differentiation studies, but most are cultured in high glucose media. This does not change in the majority of cardiac differentiation protocols. Despite the fact that metabolic state affects marker expression and cellular function and activity, the substrate composition is currently being overlooked. In this review we discuss changes in cardiac metabolism during development, the various protocols used to differentiate progenitor cells to cardiomyocytes, what is known about stem cell metabolism and how consideration of metabolism can contribute toward maturation of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carolyn A. Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
Laboratory studies of the heart use cell and tissue cultures to dissect heart function yet rely on animal models to measure pressure and volume dynamics. Here, we report tissue-engineered scale models of the human left ventricle, made of nanofibrous scaffolds that promote native-like anisotropic myocardial tissue genesis and chamber-level contractile function. Incorporating neonatal rat ventricular myocytes or cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells, the tissue-engineered ventricles have a diastolic chamber volume of ~500 μL (comparable to that of the native rat ventricle and approximately 1/250 the size of the human ventricle), and ejection fractions and contractile work 50–250 times smaller and 104–108 times smaller than the corresponding values for rodent and human ventricles, respectively. We also measured tissue coverage and alignment, calcium-transient propagation and pressure/volume loops in the presence or absence of test compounds. Moreover, we describe an instrumented bioreactor with ventricular-assist capabilities, and provide a proof-of-concept disease model of structural arrhythmia. The model ventricles can be evaluated with the same assays used in animal models and in clinical settings.
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13
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Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology and Cardiomyocyte Generation: Progress and Clinical Applications. Cells 2018; 7:cells7060048. [PMID: 29799480 PMCID: PMC6025241 DOI: 10.3390/cells7060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are reprogrammed cells that have hallmarks similar to embryonic stem cells including the capacity of self-renewal and differentiation into cardiac myocytes. The improvements in reprogramming and differentiating methods achieved in the past 10 years widened the use of hiPSCs, especially in cardiac research. hiPSC-derived cardiac myocytes (CMs) recapitulate phenotypic differences caused by genetic variations, making them attractive human disease models and useful tools for drug discovery and toxicology testing. In addition, hiPSCs can be used as sources of cells for cardiac regeneration in animal models. Here, we review the advances in the genetic and epigenetic control of cardiomyogenesis that underlies the significant improvement of the induced reprogramming of somatic cells to CMs; the methods used to improve scalability of throughput assays for functional screening and drug testing in vitro; the phenotypic characteristics of hiPSCs-derived CMs and their ability to rescue injured CMs through paracrine effects; we also cover the novel approaches in tissue engineering for hiPSC-derived cardiac tissue generation, and finally, their immunological features and the potential use in biomedical applications.
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14
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Giacomelli E, Mummery CL, Bellin M. Human heart disease: lessons from human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3711-3739. [PMID: 28573431 PMCID: PMC5597692 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Technical advances in generating and phenotyping cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-CMs) are now driving their wider acceptance as in vitro models to understand human heart disease and discover therapeutic targets that may lead to new compounds for clinical use. Current literature clearly shows that hPSC-CMs recapitulate many molecular, cellular, and functional aspects of human heart pathophysiology and their responses to cardioactive drugs. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of hPSC-CMs models that have been described to date and highlight their most recent and remarkable contributions to research on cardiovascular diseases and disorders with cardiac traits. We conclude discussing immediate challenges, limitations, and emerging solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giacomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Building Zuidhorst, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - M Bellin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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15
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Rupert CE, Coulombe KLK. IGF1 and NRG1 Enhance Proliferation, Metabolic Maturity, and the Force-Frequency Response in hESC-Derived Engineered Cardiac Tissues. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:7648409. [PMID: 28951744 PMCID: PMC5603111 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7648409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and neuregulin-1β (NRG1) play important roles during cardiac development both individually and synergistically. In this study, we analyze how 3D cardiac tissue engineered from human embryonic stem cell- (hESC-) derived cardiomyocytes and 2D-plated hESC-cardiomyocytes respond to developmentally relevant growth factors both to stimulate maturity and to characterize the therapeutic potential of IGF1 and NRG1. When administered to engineered cardiac tissues, a significant decrease in active force production of ~65% was measured in all treatment groups, likely due to changes in cellular physiology. Developmentally related processes were identified in engineered tissues as IGF1 increased hESC-cardiomyocyte proliferation 3-fold over untreated controls and NRG1 stimulated oxidative phosphorylation and promoted a positive force-frequency relationship in tissues up to 3 Hz. hESC-cardiomyocyte area increased significantly with NRG1 and IGF1 + NRG1 treatment in 2D culture and gene expression data suggested increased cardiac contractile components in engineered tissues, indicating the need for functional analysis in a 3D platform to accurately characterize engineered cardiac tissue response to biochemical stimulation. This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of IGF1 for boosting proliferation and NRG1 for promoting metabolic and contractile maturation in engineered human cardiac tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassady E. Rupert
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kareen L. K. Coulombe
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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16
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Zuppinger C. Edge-Detection for Contractility Measurements with Cardiac Spheroids. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6661-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Stillitano F, Karakikes I, Hajjar RJ. Gene Transfer in Cardiomyocytes Derived from ES and iPS Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1521:183-193. [PMID: 27910049 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6588-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology has produced patient-specific hiPSC derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) that can be used as a platform to study cardiac diseases and to explore new therapies.The ability to genetically manipulate hiPSC-CMs not only is essential for identifying the structural and/or functional role of a protein but can also provide valuable information regarding therapeutic applications. In this chapter, we describe protocols for culture, maintenance, and cardiac differentiation of hiPSCs. Then, we provide a basic procedure to transduce hiPSC-CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Stillitano
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Ioannis Karakikes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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18
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Maturing human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in human engineered cardiac tissues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:110-34. [PMID: 25956564 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Engineering functional human cardiac tissue that mimics the native adult morphological and functional phenotype has been a long held objective. In the last 5 years, the field of cardiac tissue engineering has transitioned from cardiac tissues derived from various animal species to the production of the first generation of human engineered cardiac tissues (hECTs), due to recent advances in human stem cell biology. Despite this progress, the hECTs generated to date remain immature relative to the native adult myocardium. In this review, we focus on the maturation challenge in the context of hECTs, the present state of the art, and future perspectives in terms of regenerative medicine, drug discovery, preclinical safety testing and pathophysiological studies.
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19
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Dolatshad NF, Hellen N, Jabbour RJ, Harding SE, Földes G. G-protein Coupled Receptor Signaling in Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cardiovascular Cells: Implications for Disease Modeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:76. [PMID: 26697426 PMCID: PMC4673467 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell derivatives show promise as an in vitro platform to study a range of human cardiovascular diseases. A better understanding of the biology of stem cells and their cardiovascular derivatives will help to understand the strengths and limitations of this new model system. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key regulators of stem cell maintenance and differentiation and have an important role in cardiovascular cell signaling. In this review, we will therefore describe the state of knowledge concerning the regulatory role of GPCRs in both the generation and function of pluripotent stem cell derived-cardiomyocytes, -endothelial, and -vascular smooth muscle cells. We will consider how far the in vitro disease models recapitulate authentic GPCR signaling and provide a useful basis for discovery of disease mechanisms or design of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin F Dolatshad
- Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Nicola Hellen
- Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Richard J Jabbour
- Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Sian E Harding
- Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Gabor Földes
- Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London London, UK ; The Heart and Vascular Center of Semmelweis University, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Kijlstra JD, Hu D, Mittal N, Kausel E, van der Meer P, Garakani A, Domian IJ. Integrated Analysis of Contractile Kinetics, Force Generation, and Electrical Activity in Single Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:1226-1238. [PMID: 26626178 PMCID: PMC4682285 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantitative analysis of cardiomyocyte function is essential for stem cell-based approaches for the in vitro study of human cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. We present a method to comprehensively assess the function of single human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hPSC-CMs) through simultaneous quantitative analysis of contraction kinetics, force generation, and electrical activity. We demonstrate that statistical analysis of movies of contracting hPSC-CMs can be used to quantify changes in cellular morphology over time and compute contractile kinetics. Using a biomechanical model that incorporates substrate stiffness, we calculate cardiomyocyte force generation at single-cell resolution and validate this approach with conventional traction force microscopy. The addition of fluorescent calcium indicators or membrane potential dyes allows the simultaneous analysis of contractility and calcium handling or action potential morphology. Accordingly, our approach has the potential for broad application in the study of cardiac disease, drug discovery, and cardiotoxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan David Kijlstra
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Dongjian Hu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nikhil Mittal
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 138669 Singapore
| | - Eduardo Kausel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter van der Meer
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ibrahim J Domian
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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21
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Veerman CC, Kosmidis G, Mummery CL, Casini S, Verkerk AO, Bellin M. Immaturity of Human Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes in Culture: Fatal Flaw or Soluble Problem? Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1035-52. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan C. Veerman
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Georgios Kosmidis
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christine L. Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Simona Casini
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arie O. Verkerk
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Milena Bellin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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22
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Merkely B, Gara E, Lendvai Z, Skopál J, Leja T, Zhou W, Kosztin A, Várady G, Mioulane M, Bagyura Z, Németh T, Harding SE, Földes G. Signaling via PI3K/FOXO1A pathway modulates formation and survival of human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:869-78. [PMID: 25387407 PMCID: PMC4367527 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular derivatives of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are being developed as sources of tissue-specific cells for organ regeneration. However, identity of developmental pathways that modulate the specification of endothelial cells is not known yet. We studied phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Forkhead box O transcription factor 1A (FOXO1A) pathways during differentiation of hESC toward endothelial lineage and on proliferation, maturation, and cell death of hESC-derived endothelial cells (hESC-EC). During differentiation of hESC, expression of FOXO1A transcription factor was linked to the expression of a cluster of angiogenesis- and vascular remodeling-related genes. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 activated FOXO1A and induced formation of CD31(+) hESC-EC. In contrast, differentiating hESC with silenced FOXO1A by small interfering RNA (siRNA) showed lower mRNA levels of CD31 and angiopoietin2. LY294002 decreased proliferative activity of purified hESC-EC, while FOXO1A siRNA increased their proliferation. LY294002 inhibits migration and tube formation of hESC-EC; in contrast, FOXO1A siRNA increased in vitro tube formation activity of hESC-EC. After in vivo conditioning of cells in athymic nude rats, cells retain their low FOXO1A expression levels. PI3K/FOXO1A pathway is important for function and survival of hESC-EC and in the regulation of endothelial cell fate. Understanding these properties of hESC-EC may help in future applications for treatment of injured organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit Gara
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Judit Skopál
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Leja
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - György Várady
- Membrane Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maxime Mioulane
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Bagyura
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Németh
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sian E. Harding
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gábor Földes
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Image-based evaluation of contraction–relaxation kinetics of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: Correlation and complementarity with extracellular electrophysiology. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 77:178-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Khan JM, Lyon AR, Harding SE. The case for induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in pharmacological screening. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:304-17. [PMID: 22845396 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current drug screening models are deficient, particularly in detecting cardiac side effects. Human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes could aid both early cardiotoxicity detection and novel drug discovery. Work over the last decade has generated human embryonic stem cells as potentially accurate sources of human cardiomyocytes, but ethical constraints and poor efficacy in establishing cell lines limit their use. Induced pluripotent stem cells do not require the use of human embryos and have the added advantage of producing patient-specific cardiomyocytes, allowing both generic and disease- and patient-specific pharmacological screening, as well as drug development through disease modelling. A critical question is whether sufficient standards have been achieved in the reliable and reproducible generation of 'adult-like' cardiomyocytes from human fibroblast tissue to progress from validation to safe use in practice and drug discovery. This review will highlight the need for a new experimental system, assess the validity of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and explore what the future may hold for their use in pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar M Khan
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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25
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Reed DM, Foldes G, Gatheral T, Paschalaki KE, Lendvai Z, Bagyura Z, Nemeth T, Skopal J, Merkely B, Telcian AG, Gogsadze L, Edwards MR, Gough PJ, Bertin J, Johnston SL, Harding SE, Mitchell JA. Pathogen sensing pathways in human embryonic stem cell derived-endothelial cells: role of NOD1 receptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91119. [PMID: 24690886 PMCID: PMC3972153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells (hESC-EC), as well as other stem cell derived endothelial cells, have a range of applications in cardiovascular research and disease treatment. Endothelial cells sense Gram-negative bacteria via the pattern recognition receptors (PRR) Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-containing protein (NOD)-1. These pathways are important in terms of sensing infection, but TLR4 is also associated with vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Here, we have compared TLR4 and NOD1 responses in hESC-EC with those of endothelial cells derived from other stem cells and with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HUVEC, endothelial cells derived from blood progenitors (blood outgrowth endothelial cells; BOEC), and from induced pluripotent stem cells all displayed both a TLR4 and NOD1 response. However, hESC-EC had no TLR4 function, but did have functional NOD1 receptors. In vivo conditioning in nude rats did not confer TLR4 expression in hESC-EC. Despite having no TLR4 function, hESC-EC sensed Gram-negative bacteria, a response that was found to be mediated by NOD1 and the associated RIP2 signalling pathways. Thus, hESC-EC are TLR4 deficient but respond to bacteria via NOD1. This data suggests that hESC-EC may be protected from unwanted TLR4-mediated vascular inflammation, thus offering a potential therapeutic advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Reed
- Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabor Foldes
- Department of Cardiac Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Timothy Gatheral
- Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Koralia E. Paschalaki
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Zsolt Bagyura
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Nemeth
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Skopal
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bela Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aurica G. Telcian
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma and Centre for Respiratory Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leila Gogsadze
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma and Centre for Respiratory Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma and Centre for Respiratory Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Gough
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John Bertin
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sebastian L. Johnston
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma and Centre for Respiratory Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sian E. Harding
- Department of Cardiac Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A. Mitchell
- Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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26
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Keung W, Boheler KR, Li RA. Developmental cues for the maturation of metabolic, electrophysiological and calcium handling properties of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:17. [PMID: 24467782 PMCID: PMC4055054 DOI: 10.1186/scrt406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, are abundant sources of cardiomyocytes (CMs) for cell replacement therapy and other applications such as disease modeling, drug discovery and cardiotoxicity screening. However, hPSC-derived CMs display immature structural, electrophysiological, calcium-handling and metabolic properties. Here, we review various biological as well as physical and topographical cues that are known to associate with the development of native CMs in vivo to gain insights into the development of strategies for facilitated maturation of hPSC-CMs.
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27
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Robertson C, Tran DD, George SC. Concise review: maturation phases of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Stem Cells 2013; 31:829-37. [PMID: 23355363 PMCID: PMC3749929 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPS-CM) may offer a number of advantages over previous cardiac models, however, questions of their immaturity complicate their adoption as a new in vitro model. hPS-CM differ from adult cardiomyocytes with respect to structure, proliferation, metabolism and electrophysiology, better approximating fetal cardiomyocytes. Time in culture appears to significantly impact phenotype, leading to what can be referred to as early and late hPS-CM. This work surveys the phenotype of hPS-CM, including structure, bioenergetics, sensitivity to damage, gene expression, and electrophysiology, including action potential, ion channels, and intracellular calcium stores, while contrasting fetal and adult CM with hPS-CM at early and late time points after onset of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - David D. Tran
- Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Steven C. George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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28
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Rajamohan D, Matsa E, Kalra S, Crutchley J, Patel A, George V, Denning C. Current status of drug screening and disease modelling in human pluripotent stem cells. Bioessays 2012; 35:281-98. [PMID: 22886688 PMCID: PMC3597971 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The emphasis in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technologies has shifted from cell therapy to in vitro disease modelling and drug screening. This review examines why this shift has occurred, and how current technological limitations might be overcome to fully realise the potential of hPSCs. Details are provided for all disease-specific human induced pluripotent stem cell lines spanning a dozen dysfunctional organ systems. Phenotype and pharmacology have been examined in only 17 of 63 lines, primarily those that model neurological and cardiac conditions. Drug screening is most advanced in hPSC-cardiomyocytes. Responses for almost 60 agents include examples of how careful tests in hPSC-cardiomyocytes have improved on existing in vitro assays, and how these cells have been integrated into high throughput imaging and electrophysiology industrial platforms. Such successes will provide an incentive to overcome bottlenecks in hPSC technology such as improving cell maturity and industrial scalability whilst reducing cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Rajamohan
- Department of Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering & Modelling, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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29
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Blazeski A, Zhu R, Hunter DW, Weinberg SH, Boheler KR, Zambidis ET, Tung L. Electrophysiological and contractile function of cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 110:178-95. [PMID: 22958937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells have emerged as the prototypical source from which cardiomyocytes can be derived for use in drug discovery and cell therapy. However, such applications require that these cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) faithfully recapitulate the physiology of adult cells, especially in relation to their electrophysiological and contractile function. We review what is known about the electrophysiology of hESC-CMs in terms of beating rate, action potential characteristics, ionic currents, and cellular coupling as well as their contractility in terms of calcium cycling and contraction. We also discuss the heterogeneity in cellular phenotypes that arises from variability in cardiac differentiation, maturation, and culture conditions, and summarize present strategies that have been implemented to reduce this heterogeneity. Finally, we present original electrophysiological data from optical maps of hESC-CM clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Blazeski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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30
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Dierickx P, Doevendans PA, Geijsen N, van Laake LW. Embryonic template-based generation and purification of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for heart repair. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:566-80. [PMID: 22806916 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death in Western countries. Many types of cardiovascular diseases are due to a loss of functional cardiomyocytes, which can result in irreversible cardiac failure. Since the adult human heart has limited regenerative potential, cardiac transplantation is still the only effective therapy to address this cardiomyocyte loss. However, drawbacks, such as immune rejection and insufficient donor availability, are limiting this last-resort solution. Recent developments in the stem cell biology field have improved the potential of cardiac regeneration. Improvements in reprogramming strategies of differentiated adult cells into induced pluripotent stem cells, together with increased efficiency of directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells toward cardiac myocytes, have brought cell-based heart muscle regeneration a few steps closer to the clinic. In this review, we outline the status of research on cardiac regeneration with a focus on directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells toward the cardiac lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan Dierickx
- Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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31
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Liu J, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Guo C, Gong Y, Yang S, Ma M, Li Z, Gao WQ, He Z. Generation, characterization, and potential therapeutic applications of cardiomyocytes from various stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2095-110. [PMID: 22428725 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Myocardial cell transplantation emerges as a novel therapeutic strategy for heart failure, but this approach has been hampered by severe shortage of human cardiomyocytes. We have recently induced mouse embryonic stem cells to differentiate into embryoid bodies and eventually, cardiomyocytes. Here, we address recent advancements in cardiomyocyte differentiation from cardiac stem cells and pluripotent stem cells. We highlight the methodologies, using growth factors, endoderm-like cell cocultures, small molecules, and biomaterials, in directing the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes. The characterization and identification of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes by morphological, phenotypic, and functional features are also discussed. Notably, increasing evidence demonstrates that cardiomyocytes may be generated from the stem cells of several tissues outside the cardiovascular system, including skeletal muscles, bone marrow, testes, placenta, amniotic fluid, and adipose tissues. We further address the potential applications of cardiomyocytes derived from various kinds of stem cells. The differentiation of stem cells into functional cardiomyocytes, especially from an extra-cardiac stem cell source, would circumvent the scarcity of heart donors and human cardiomyocytes, and, most importantly, it would offer an ideal and promising cardiomyocyte source for cell therapy and tissue engineering in treating heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Liu
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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32
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Menasché P. [Embryonic stem cells in the treatment of severe cardiac insufficiency]. Biol Aujourdhui 2012; 206:31-44. [PMID: 22463994 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The experience accumulated in cardiac cell therapy suggests that regeneration of extensively necrotic myocardial areas is unlikely to be achieved by the sole paracrine effects of the grafted cells but rather requires the conversion of these cells into cardiomyocytes featuring the capacity to substitute for those which have been irreversibly lost. In this setting, the use of human pluripotent embryonic stem cells has a strong rationale. The experimental results obtained in animal models of myocardial infarction are encouraging. However, the switch to clinical applications still requires to address some critical issues, among which optimizing cardiac specification of the embryonic stem cells, purifying the resulting progenitor cells so as to graft a purified population devoid from any contamination by residual pluripotent cells which carry the risk of tumorigenesis and controlling the expected allogeneic rejection by clinically acceptable methods. If the solution to these problems is a pre-requisite, the therapeutic success of this approach will also depend on the capacity to efficiently transfer the cells to the target tissue, to keep them alive once engrafted and to allow them to spatially organize in such a way that they can contribute to the contractile function of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Menasché
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Unité de chirurgie de l'insuffisance cardiaque, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France.
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33
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Pillekamp F, Haustein M, Khalil M, Emmelheinz M, Nazzal R, Adelmann R, Nguemo F, Rubenchyk O, Pfannkuche K, Matzkies M, Reppel M, Bloch W, Brockmeier K, Hescheler J. Contractile properties of early human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: beta-adrenergic stimulation induces positive chronotropy and lusitropy but not inotropy. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2111-21. [PMID: 22268955 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) provide the unique opportunity to study the very early development of the human heart. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium and beta-adrenergic stimulation on the contractile properties of early hESC-CMs. Beating clusters containing hESC-CMs were co-cultured in vitro with noncontractile slices of neonatal murine ventricles. After 5-7 days, when beating clusters had integrated morphologically into the damaged tissue, isometric force measurements were performed during spontaneous beating as well as during electrical field stimulation. Spontaneous beating stopped when extracellular calcium ([Ca²⁺](ec)) was removed or after administration of the Ca²⁺ channel blocker nifedipine. During field stimulation at a constant rate, the developed force increased with incremental concentrations of [Ca²⁺](ec). During spontaneous beating, rising [Ca²⁺](ec) increased beating rate and developed force up to a [Ca²⁺](ec) of 2.5 mM. When [Ca²⁺](ec) was increased further, spontaneous beating rate decreased, whereas the developed force continued to increase. The beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol induced a dose-dependent increase of the frequency of spontaneous beating; however, it did not significantly change the developed force during spontaneous contractions or during electrical stimulation at a constant rate. Force developed by early hESC-CMs depends on [Ca²⁺](ec) and on the L-type Ca²⁺ channel. The lack of an inotropic reaction despite a pronounced chronotropic response after beta-adrenergic stimulation most likely indicates immaturity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. For cell-replacement strategies, further maturation of cardiac cells has to be achieved either in vitro before or in vivo after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Pillekamp
- Pediatric Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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34
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Embryonic stem cells for severe heart failure: why and how? J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:555-65. [PMID: 22411322 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The experience accumulated in cardiac cell therapy suggests that regeneration of extensively necrotic myocardial areas is unlikely to be achieved by the sole paracrine effects of the grafted cells but rather requires the conversion of these cells into cardiomyocytes featuring the capacity to substitute for those which have been irreversibly lost. In this setting, the use of human pluripotent embryonic stem cells has a strong rationale. The experimental results obtained in animal models of myocardial infarction are encouraging. However, the switch to clinical applications still requires to address some critical issues, among which the optimization of the cardiac specification of the embryonic stem cells, the purification of the resulting progenitor cells so as to graft a purified population devoid from any contamination by residual pluripotent cells which carry the risk of tumorigenesis, and the control of the expected allogeneic rejection by clinically acceptable methods. If the solution to these problems is a prerequisite, the therapeutic success of this approach will also depend on the capacity to efficiently transfer the cells to the target tissue, to keep them alive once engrafted, and to allow them to spatially organize in such a way that they can contribute to the contractile function of the heart.
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35
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Szebényi K, Erdei Z, Péntek A, Sebe A, Orbán TI, Sarkadi B, Apáti Á. Human pluripotent stem cells in pharmacological and toxicological screening: new perspectives for personalized medicine. Per Med 2011; 8:347-364. [DOI: 10.2217/pme.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human stem cells provide an important novel tool for generating in vitro pharmacological and toxicological test systems. In the development of new targeted therapies, as well as in critical safety issues, including hepato-, neuro- and cardio-toxicity, animal-based tests are mostly unsatisfactory, whereas the use of in vitro model systems is limited by the unavailability of relevant human tissues. Human embryonic stem cell lines may fill this gap and offer an advantage over primary cultures as well as tissue-derived (adult) stem cells. Human embryonic stem cells represent an unlimited source for the production of differentiated somatic progenies and allow various stable genetic manipulations. As a new opening in personalized medicine test systems, the generation of induced pluripotent stem cell lines and their derivatives can provide patient- and disease-specific cellular assays for drug development and safety assessments. This article reviews promising human stem cell applications in pharmacological and toxicological screenings, focusing on the implications for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Szebényi
- Membrane Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences & National Blood Center, 1113 Budapest, Diószegi u. 64, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Erdei
- Membrane Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences & National Blood Center, 1113 Budapest, Diószegi u. 64, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Péntek
- Membrane Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences & National Blood Center, 1113 Budapest, Diószegi u. 64, Hungary
| | - Attila Sebe
- Membrane Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences & National Blood Center, 1113 Budapest, Diószegi u. 64, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical & Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás I Orbán
- Membrane Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences & National Blood Center, 1113 Budapest, Diószegi u. 64, Hungary
| | - Balázs Sarkadi
- Membrane Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences & National Blood Center, 1113 Budapest, Diószegi u. 64, Hungary
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36
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Rajala K, Pekkanen-Mattila M, Aalto-Setälä K. Cardiac differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:383709. [PMID: 21603143 PMCID: PMC3096314 DOI: 10.4061/2011/383709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of human pluripotent stem cells to differentiate towards the cardiac lineage has attracted significant interest, initially with a strong focus on regenerative medicine. The ultimate goal to repair the heart by cardiomyocyte replacement has, however, proven challenging. Human cardiac differentiation has been difficult to control, but methods are improving, and the process, to a certain extent, can be manipulated and directed. The stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes described to date exhibit rather immature functional and structural characteristics compared to adult cardiomyocytes. Thus, a future challenge will be to develop strategies to reach a higher degree of cardiomyocyte maturation in vitro, to isolate cardiomyocytes from the heterogeneous pool of differentiating cells, as well as to guide the differentiation into the desired subtype, that is, ventricular, atrial, and pacemaker cells. In this paper, we will discuss the strategies for the generation of cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells and their characteristics, as well as highlight some applications for the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Rajala
- Regea - Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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37
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Mandenius CF, Steel D, Noor F, Meyer T, Heinzle E, Asp J, Arain S, Kraushaar U, Bremer S, Class R, Sartipy P. Cardiotoxicity testing using pluripotent stem cell-derived human cardiomyocytes and state-of-the-art bioanalytics: a review. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 31:191-205. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering; Saarland University; Saarbruecken; Germany
| | | | - Elmar Heinzle
- Biochemical Engineering; Saarland University; Saarbruecken; Germany
| | - Julia Asp
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine; Institute of Biomedicine; the Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Göteborg; Sweden
| | | | - Udo Kraushaar
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen; Germany
| | - Susanne Bremer
- ECVAM; Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP); European Commission Joint Research Center; Ispra; Italy
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38
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Földes G, Mioulane M, Wright JS, Liu AQ, Novak P, Merkely B, Gorelik J, Schneider MD, Ali NN, Harding SE. Modulation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte growth: a testbed for studying human cardiac hypertrophy? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 50:367-76. [PMID: 21047517 PMCID: PMC3034871 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CM) are being developed for tissue repair and as a model system for cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. However, the signaling requirements of their growth have not yet been fully characterized. We showed that hESC-CM retain their capacity for increase in size in long-term culture. Exposing hESC-CM to hypertrophic stimuli such as equiaxial cyclic stretch, angiotensin II, and phenylephrine (PE) increased cell size and volume, percentage of hESC-CM with organized sarcomeres, levels of ANF, and cytoskeletal assembly. PE effects on cell size were separable from those on cell cycle. Changes in cell size by PE were completely inhibited by p38-MAPK, calcineurin/FKBP, and mTOR blockers. p38-MAPK and calcineurin were also implicated in basal cell growth. Inhibitors of ERK, JNK, and CaMK II partially reduced PE effects; PKG or GSK3β inhibitors had no effect. The role of p38-MAPK was confirmed by an additional pharmacological inhibitor and adenoviral infection of hESC-CM with a dominant-inhibitory form of p38-MAPK. Infection of hESC-CM with constitutively active upstream MAP2K3b resulted in an increased cell size, sarcomere and cytoskeletal assembly, elongation of the cells, and induction of ANF mRNA levels. siRNA knockdown of p38-MAPK inhibited PE-induced effects on cell size. These results reveal an important role for active protein kinase signaling in hESC-CM growth and hypertrophy, with potential implications for hESC-CM as a novel in vitro test system. This article is part of a special issue entitled, "Cardiovascular Stem Cells Revisited".
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Key Words
- anf, atrial natriuretic factor
- bfgf, basic human fibroblast growth factor
- camk ii, ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase ii
- eb, embryoid body
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- gsk3, glycogen synthase kinase 3
- hdacii, histone deacetylase
- fkbp, fk506 binding protein
- hesc, human embryonic stem cells
- hesc-cm, human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes
- jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinases
- map2k4 and map2k3, mapk kinase 4 and 3, respectively
- mef, mouse embryonic fibroblast
- mhc, myosin heavy chains
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- mtor, mammalian target of rapamycin
- p38–mapk, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
- pkg, protein kinase g
- ryr2, cardiac ryanodine receptor 2
- and serca2, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum ca2±-atpase.
- embryonic stem cells
- cardiomyocytes
- human
- protein kinases
- hypertrophy
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Földes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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39
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Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells and their differentiated progeny offer tremendous potential for regenerative medicine, even in the field of drug discovery. There is an urgent need for clinically relevant assays that make use of ES cells because of their rich biological utility. Attention has been focused on small molecules that allow the precise manipulation of cells in vitro, which could allow researchers to obtain homogeneous cell types for cell-based therapies and discover drugs for stimulating the regeneration of endogenous cells. Such therapeutics can act on target cells or their niches in vivo to promote cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and homing. In the present paper, we reviewed the use of ES cell models for high-throughput/content drug screening and toxicity assessment. In addition, we examined the role of stem cells in large pharmaceutical companies' R&D and discussed a novel subject, nicheology, in stem cell-related research fields.
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40
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Wobus AM, Löser P. Present state and future perspectives of using pluripotent stem cells in toxicology research. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:79-117. [PMID: 21225242 PMCID: PMC3026927 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of novel drugs and chemicals requires reliable data on their potential toxic effects on humans. Current test systems are mainly based on animals or in vitro–cultured animal-derived cells and do not or not sufficiently mirror the situation in humans. Therefore, in vitro models based on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have become an attractive alternative. The article summarizes the characteristics of pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic carcinoma and embryonic germ cells, and discusses the potential of pluripotent stem cells for safety pharmacology and toxicology. Special attention is directed to the potential application of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for the assessment of developmental toxicology as well as cardio- and hepatotoxicology. With respect to embryotoxicology, recent achievements of the embryonic stem cell test (EST) are described and current limitations as well as prospects of embryotoxicity studies using pluripotent stem cells are discussed. Furthermore, recent efforts to establish hPSC-based cell models for testing cardio- and hepatotoxicity are presented. In this context, methods for differentiation and selection of cardiac and hepatic cells from hPSCs are summarized, requirements and implications with respect to the use of these cells in safety pharmacology and toxicology are presented, and future challenges and perspectives of using hPSCs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Wobus
- In Vitro Differentiation Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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Emerson M. Refinement, reduction and replacement approaches to in vivo cardiovascular research. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:749-54. [PMID: 20860657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the justification and benefits of refinement, reduction and replacement (3Rs) approaches to cardiovascular research are examined using the field of platelet biology and arterial thrombosis as an example. Arterial thrombosis is a platelet-driven condition and platelets are regulated by autologous signals, but also by external factors such as the vascular endothelium. In vitro assays using isolated platelets therefore poorly reflect in vivo platelet function and human disease. As a consequence, animal models, including mouse models, are frequently used. In particular, models of thromboembolic mortality have been successfully employed to determine the role of the vascular endothelium in regulating platelet function and thrombosis in vivo. Such models raise both scientific and ethical concerns and have recently been refined permitting the use of fewer mice at a lower severity level. These refinements have been scientifically beneficial in permitting analysis of the development and progression of thrombotic diseases and in improving our understanding of the role of the vascular endothelium in regulating platelet function and thrombosis. For many, the ultimate goal in 3Rs-driven science is replacement of animal models with non-animal alternatives; this is exemplified, in the platelet field, by the development of in vitro flow systems. The development of 3Rs approaches to cardiovascular research is shown to have led to improved scientific models. Further characterization and use of these models will likely contribute to increased understanding of thrombotic disease processes and facilitate drug development in the cardiovascular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Emerson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Evaluating the utility of cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells for drug screening. Biochem Soc Trans 2010; 38:1037-45. [PMID: 20659000 DOI: 10.1042/bst0381037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional cardiomyocytes can now be derived routinely from hPSCs (human pluripotent stem cells), which collectively include embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. This technology presents new opportunities to develop pharmacologically relevant in vitro screens to detect cardiotoxicity, with a view to improving patient safety while reducing the economic burden to industry arising from high drug attrition rates. In the present article, we consider the need for human cardiomyocytes in drug-screening campaigns and review the strategies used to differentiate hPSCs towards the cardiac lineage. During early stages of differentiation, hPSC-cardiomyocytes display gene expression profiles, ultra-structures, ion channel functionality and pharmacological responses reminiscent of an embryonic phenotype, but maturation during extended time in culture has been demonstrated convincingly. Notably, hPSC-cardiomyocytes have been shown to respond in a highly predictable manner to over 40 compounds that have a known pharmacological effect on the human heart. This suggests that further development and validation of the hPSC-cardiomyocyte model as a tool for assessing cardiotoxicity is warranted.
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Isoflurane preconditioning elicits competent endogenous mechanisms of protection from oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells. Anesthesiology 2010; 113:906-16. [PMID: 20823757 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e3181eff6b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cardiomyocytes potentially represent a powerful experimental model complementary to myocardium obtained from patients that is relatively inaccessible for research purposes. We tested whether anesthetic-induced preconditioning (APC) with isoflurane elicits competent protective mechanisms in hESC-derived cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress to be used as a model of human cardiomyocytes for studying preconditioning. METHODS H1 hESC cell line was differentiated into cardiomyocytes using growth factors activin A and bone morphogenetic protein-4. Living ventricular hESC-derived cardiomyocytes were identified using a lentiviral vector expressing a reporter gene (enhanced green fluorescent protein) driven by a cardiac-specific human myosin light chain-2v promoter. Mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species production, opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and survival of hESC-derived cardiomyocytes were assessed using confocal microscopy. Oxygen consumption was measured in contracting cell clusters. RESULTS Differentiation yielded a high percentage (∼85%) of cardiomyocytes in beating clusters that were positive for cardiac-specific markers and exhibited action potentials resembling those of mature cardiomyocytes. Isoflurane depolarized mitochondria, attenuated oxygen consumption, and stimulated generation of reactive oxygen species. APC protected these cells from oxidative stress-induced death and delayed mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. CONCLUSIONS APC elicits competent protective mechanisms against oxidative stress in hESC-derived cardiomyocytes, suggesting the feasibility to use these cells as a model of human cardiomyocytes for studying APC and potentially other treatments/diseases. Our differentiation protocol is very efficient and yields a high percentage of cardiomyocytes. These results also suggest a promising ability of APC to protect and improve engraftment of hESC-derived cardiomyocytes into the ischemic heart.
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Jawad H, Boccaccini AR, Ali NN, Harding SE. Assessment of cellular toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles for cardiac tissue engineering applications. Nanotoxicology 2010; 5:372-80. [PMID: 20858044 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2010.516844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Because of the increased use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) in tissue engineering (TE), and in new constructs for cardiac TE, their effect was studied on three relevant cell types: Adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CM) and fibroblasts. For adult rat myocytes, 10 μg/mL TiO2 NPs showed no significant effect on myocyte survival over 24 h or acute myocyte contractility. Increasing the concentration to 100 μg/mL was seen to reduce contraction amplitude (p < 0.05). For hESC-CM, 10 μg/mL TiO2 reduced the beating rate significantly by 24 h. No arrhythmias or cessation of beating were observed in either cell type. Culturing fibroblasts in 5-150 μg/mL TiO2 significantly reduced cell proliferation at day 4 and increased cell death. We conclude that there may be modest but potentially adverse effects of TiO2 NPs if used in fast degrading polymers for myocardial tissue engineering (MTE) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedeer Jawad
- Department of Materials, National Heart and Lung Institute , Imperial College London , UK
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Vidarsson H, Hyllner J, Sartipy P. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to cardiomyocytes for in vitro and in vivo applications. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:108-20. [PMID: 20091143 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of human embryonic stem cells to differentiate into spontaneously contracting cardiomyocyte-like cells has attracted substantial interest from the scientific community over the last decade. From having been difficult to control, human cardiomyogenesis in vitro is now becoming a process which, to a certain extent, can be effectively manipulated and directed. Although much research remains, new and improved protocols for guiding pluripotent stem cells to the cardiomyocyte lineage are accumulating in the scientific literature. However, the stem cell derived cardiomyocytes described to date, generally resemble immature embryonic/fetal cardiomyocytes, and they are in some functional and structural aspects different from adult cardiomyocytes. Thus, a future challenge will be to design strategies that eventually may allow the cells to reach a higher degree of maturation in vitro. Nevertheless, the cells which can be prepared using current protocols still have wide spread utility, and they have begun to find their way into the drug discovery platforms used in the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, stem cell derived cardiomyocytes and cardiac progenitors are anticipated to have a tremendous impact on how heart disease will be treated in the future. Here, we will discuss recent strategies for the generation of cardiomyocytes from human embryonic stem cells and recapitulate their features, as well as highlight some in vitro applications for the cells. Finally, opportunities in the area of cardiac regenerative medicine will be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Vidarsson
- Cellartis AB, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, SE-413 46, Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
This themed section of BJP includes 11 reviews on the biology of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the drug targets that these present, 21 research papers on the pharmacology of a range of GPCRs and Commentaries on four of the papers. Areas reviewed include molecular interactions, particular in respect of hetero-dimerisation between receptors and other membrane-located proteins and other key signalling molecules including cAMP and G12/13 proteins and recently de-orphanised receptors including the Neuromedins U & S and the Free Fatty Acid receptors FFA2 & FFA3. The research papers cover the pharmacology of a range of agents acting at GPCRs, including adrenoceptors, purinoceptors, 5HT, opioid, cannabinoid & PAR-2 receptors. A group of papers is concerned with the interesting and rapidly developing pharmacology of drugs acting at beta(2)-adrenoceptors. The reach of GPCRs is illustrated by the range of physiological systems and therapeutic applications involved, including pain, cancer, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, visual and respiratory and central nervous systems.
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Földes G, Liu A, Badiger R, Paul-Clark M, Moreno L, Lendvai Z, Wright JS, Ali NN, Harding SE, Mitchell JA. Innate immunity in human embryonic stem cells: comparison with adult human endothelial cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10501. [PMID: 20463927 PMCID: PMC2864770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of human disease with human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cells is now close to reality, but little is known of their responses to physiological and pathological insult. The ability of cells to respond via activation of Toll like receptors (TLR) is critical in innate immune sensing in most tissues, but also extends to more general danger sensing, e.g. of oxidative stress, in cardiomyocytes. We used biomarker release and gene-array analysis to compare responses in hESC before and after differentiation, and to those in primary human endothelial cells. The presence of cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells was confirmed in differentiated cultures by immunostaining, FACS-sorting and, for cardiomyocytes, beating activity. Undifferentiated hESC did not respond with CXCL8 release to Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria, or a range of PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) for TLRs 1-9 (apart from flagellin, an activator of TLR5). Surprisingly, lack of TLR-dependent responses was maintained over 4 months of differentiation of hESC, in cultures which included cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. In contrast, primary cultures of human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) demonstrated responses to a broad range of PAMPs. Expression of downstream TLR signalling pathways was demonstrated in hESC, and IL-1beta, TNFalpha and INFgamma, which bypass the TLRs, stimulated CXCL8 release. NFkappaB pathway expression was also present in hESC and NFkappaB was able to translocate to the nucleus. Low expression levels of TLRs were detected in hESC, especially TLRs 1 and 4, explaining the lack of response of hESC to the main TLR signals. TLR5 levels were similar between differentiated hESC and HAEC, and siRNA knockdown of TLR5 abolished the response to flagellin. These findings have potential implications for survival and function of grafted hESC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Földes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Liu
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rekha Badiger
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Paul-Clark
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Moreno
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jamie S. Wright
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadire N. Ali
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sian E. Harding
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jane A. Mitchell
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Chen QZ, Ishii H, Thouas GA, Lyon AR, Wright JS, Blaker JJ, Chrzanowski W, Boccaccini AR, Ali NN, Knowles JC, Harding SE. An elastomeric patch derived from poly(glycerol sebacate) for delivery of embryonic stem cells to the heart. Biomaterials 2010; 31:3885-93. [PMID: 20153041 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that a combinatorial approach of ventricle constraint and stem cell therapy would offer a greater benefit for the treatment of heart failure than either strategy alone. A heart patch would serve two therapeutic purposes: biomechanical support and cell delivery. In this study, we describe a hybrid heart patch engineered from a synthetic elastomer, poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), supplemented with cardiomyocytes differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). In line with two therapeutically relevant considerations, i.e. biocompatibility and cell delivery efficiency, the PGS was (a) pre-conditioned in culture medium for 6 days, and (b) prepared without gelatin coatings to facilitate detachment and delivery of cardiomyocytes following patch implantation. Following pre-conditioning under physiological conditions, the PGS patch material without gelatin coating was found to satisfactorily support cardiomyocyte viability and attachment, with active cell beating for periods of longer than 3 months until interrupted. Dynamic culture studies revealed that cells detached more efficiently from the uncoated surface of PGS than from gelatin-coated PGS. No significant differences were detected between the beating rates of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes on tissue culture plate and the pre-conditioned and gelatin-uncoated PGS. PGS patches sutured over the left ventricle of rats in vivo remained intact over a 2 week period without any deleterious effects on ventricular function. We conclude that PGS is a suitable biomaterial for stem cell-based regeneration strategies to restore cardiomyocyte function, and the hybrid heart patch engineered under optimal conditions would be a promising support device for the cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Zhi Chen
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Abdul Kadir SHS, Ali NN, Mioulane M, Brito-Martins M, Abu-Hayyeh S, Foldes G, Moshkov AV, Williamson C, Harding SE, Gorelik J. Embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes as a model to study fetal arrhythmia related to maternal disease. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:3730-41. [PMID: 19438812 PMCID: PMC4516522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (ESC-CM) have many of the phenotypic properties of authentic cardiomyocytes, and great interest has been shown in their possibilities for modelling human disease. Obstetric cholestasis affects 1 in 200 pregnant women in the United Kingdom. It is characterized by raised serum bile acids and complicated by premature delivery and unexplained fetal death at late gestation. It has been suggested that the fetal death is caused by the enhanced arrhythmogenic effect of bile acids in the fetal heart, and shown that neonatal susceptibility to bile acid-induced arrhythmia is lost in the adult rat cardiomyocyte. However, the mechanisms of the observed bile acid effects are not fully understood and their in vivo study in human beings is difficult. Here we use ESC-CM from both human and mouse ESCs to test our proposal that immature cardiomyocytes are more susceptible to the effect of raised bile acids than mature ones. We show that early ESC-CM exhibit bile acid-induced disruption of rhythm, depression of contraction and desynchronization of cell coupling. In both species the ESC-CM become resistant to these arrhythmias as the cells mature, and this develops in line with the respective gestational periods of mouse and human. This represents the first demonstration of the use of ESC-CM as a model system for human cardiac pathology, and opens the way for both investigation of mechanisms and a high throughput screen for drug discovery.
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Denning C, Anderson D. Cardiomyocytes from human embryonic stem cells as predictors of cardiotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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