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Reddy TP, Glynn SA, Billiar TR, Wink DA, Chang JC. Targeting Nitric Oxide: Say NO to Metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:1855-1868. [PMID: 36520504 PMCID: PMC10183809 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing targeted therapies capable of reducing cancer metastasis, targeting chemoresistant and self-renewing cancer stem cells, and augmenting the efficacy of systemic chemo/radiotherapies is vital to minimize cancer-associated mortality. Targeting nitric oxide synthase (NOS), a protein within the tumor microenvironment, has gained interest as a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce metastatic capacity and augment the efficacy of chemo/radiotherapies in various solid malignancies. Our review highlights the influence of nitric oxide (NO) in tumor progression and cancer metastasis, as well as promising preclinical studies that evaluated NOS inhibitors as anticancer therapies. Lastly, we highlight the prospects and outstanding challenges of using NOS inhibitors in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswini P. Reddy
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
- Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sharon A. Glynn
- Prostate Cancer Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A. Wink
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jenny C. Chang
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
- Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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2
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González R, Molina-Ruiz FJ, Bárcena JA, Padilla CA, Muntané J. Regulation of Cell Survival, Apoptosis, and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition by Nitric Oxide-Dependent Post-Translational Modifications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1312-1332. [PMID: 28795583 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nitric oxide (NO) is a physiopathological messenger generating different reactive nitrogen species (RNS) according to hypoxic, acidic and redox conditions. Recent Advances: RNS and reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote relevant post-translational modifications, such as nitrosation, nitration, and oxidation, in critical components of cell proliferation and death, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. CRITICAL ISSUES The pro- or antitumoral properties of NO are dependent on local concentration, redox state, cellular status, duration of exposure, and compartmentalization of NO generation. The increased expression of NO synthase has been associated with cancer progression. However, the experimental strategies leading to high intratumoral NO generation have been shown to exert antitumoral properties. The effect of NO and ROS on cell signaling is critically altered by factors modulating tumor progression such as oxygen content, metabolism, and inflammatory response. The review describes the alteration of key components involved in cell survival and death, metabolism, and metastasis induced by RNS- and ROS-related post-translational modifications. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of the molecular targets affected by nitrosation, nitration, and oxidation, as well as their interactions with other post-translational modifications, will improve the understanding on the complex signaling and cell fate decision in cancer. The therapeutic NO-based strategies have to address the complex crosstalk among NO and ROS with regard to critical components affecting tumor cell survival, metabolism, and metastasis in the progression of cancer, as well as close interaction with ionizing radiation and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl González
- 1 Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/"Virgen del Rocío" University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville , Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J Molina-Ruiz
- 1 Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/"Virgen del Rocío" University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville , Seville, Spain
| | - J Antonio Bárcena
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba , Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Alicia Padilla
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba , Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- 3 Department of General Surgery, "Virgen del Rocío" University Hospital/IBiS/CSIC/University of Seville , Seville, Spain .,4 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) , Madrid, Spain
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3
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Strauss BE, Silva GRO, de Luna Vieira I, Cerqueira OLD, Del Valle PR, Medrano RFV, Mendonça SA. Perspectives for cancer immunotherapy mediated by p19Arf plus interferon-beta gene transfer. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e479s. [PMID: 30208166 PMCID: PMC6113850 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e479s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While cancer immunotherapy has gained much deserved attention in recent years, many areas regarding the optimization of such modalities remain unexplored, including the development of novel approaches and the strategic combination of therapies that target multiple aspects of the cancer-immunity cycle. Our own work involves the use of gene transfer technology to promote cell death and immune stimulation. Such immunogenic cell death, mediated by the combined transfer of the alternate reading frame (p14ARF in humans and p19Arf in mice) and the interferon-β cDNA in our case, was shown to promote an antitumor immune response in mouse models of melanoma and lung carcinoma. With these encouraging results, we are now setting out on the road toward translational and preclinical development of our novel immunotherapeutic approach. Here, we outline the perspectives and challenges that we face, including the use of human tumor and immune cells to verify the response seen in mouse models and the incorporation of clinically relevant models, such as patient-derived xenografts and spontaneous tumors in animals. In addition, we seek to combine our immunotherapeutic approach with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or checkpoint blockade, with the goal of reducing dosage and increasing efficacy. The success of any translational research requires the cooperation of a multidisciplinary team of professionals involved in laboratory and clinical research, a relationship that is fostered at the Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Strauss
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail: /
| | - Gissele Rolemberg Oliveira Silva
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Igor de Luna Vieira
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Otto Luiz Dutra Cerqueira
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Paulo Roberto Del Valle
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Ruan Felipe Vieira Medrano
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Samir Andrade Mendonça
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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4
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De Waele J, Marcq E, Van Audenaerde JR, Van Loenhout J, Deben C, Zwaenepoel K, Van de Kelft E, Van der Planken D, Menovsky T, Van den Bergh JM, Willemen Y, Pauwels P, Berneman ZN, Lardon F, Peeters M, Wouters A, Smits EL. Poly(I:C) primes primary human glioblastoma cells for an immune response invigorated by PD-L1 blockade. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1407899. [PMID: 29399410 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1407899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prognosis of glioblastoma remains dismal, underscoring the need for novel therapies. Immunotherapy is generating promising results, but requires combination strategies to unlock its full potential. We investigated the immunomodulatory capacities of poly(I:C) on primary human glioblastoma cells and its combinatorial potential with programmed death ligand (PD-L) blockade. In our experiments, poly(I:C) stimulated expression of both PD-L1 and PD-L2 on glioblastoma cells, and a pro-inflammatory secretome, including type I interferons (IFN) and chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL4 and CCL5. IFN-β was partially responsible for the elevated PD-1 ligand expression on these cells. Moreover, real-time PCR and chloroquine-mediated blocking experiments indicated that poly(I:C) triggered Toll-like receptor 3 to elicit its effect. Cocultures of poly(I:C)-treated glioblastoma cells with peripheral blood mononuclear cells enhanced lymphocytic activation (CD69, IFN-γ) and cytotoxic capacity (CD107a, granzyme B). Additional PD-L1 blockade further propagated immune activation. Besides activating immunity, poly(I:C)-treated glioblastoma cells also doubled the attraction of CD8+ T cells, and to a lesser extent CD4+ T cells, via a mechanism which included CXCR3 and CCR5 ligands. Our results indicate that by triggering glioblastoma cells, poly(I:C) primes the tumor microenvironment for an immune response. Secreted cytokines allow for immune activation while chemokines attract CD8+ T cells to the front, which are postulated as a prerequisite for effective PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Accordingly, additional blockade of the concurrently elevated tumoral PD-L1 further reinforces the immune activation. In conclusion, our data proposes poly(I:C) treatment combined with PD-L1 blockade to invigorate the immune checkpoint inhibition response in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Jinthe Van Loenhout
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Deben
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karen Zwaenepoel
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Van de Kelft
- Department of Neurosurgery, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklaas, East Flanders, Belgium
| | | | - Tomas Menovsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Yannick Willemen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - An Wouters
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien Lj Smits
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
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5
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Medrano RF, Hunger A, Mendonça SA, Barbuto JAM, Strauss BE. Immunomodulatory and antitumor effects of type I interferons and their application in cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71249-71284. [PMID: 29050360 PMCID: PMC5642635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, the pleiotropic antitumor functions exerted by type I interferons (IFNs) have become universally acknowledged, especially their role in mediating interactions between the tumor and the immune system. Indeed, type I IFNs are now appreciated as a critical component of dendritic cell (DC) driven T cell responses to cancer. Here we focus on IFN-α and IFN-β, and their antitumor effects, impact on immune responses and their use as therapeutic agents. IFN-α/β share many properties, including activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and induction of a variety of cellular phenotypes. For example, type I IFNs drive not only the high maturation status of DCs, but also have a direct impact in cytotoxic T lymphocytes, NK cell activation, induction of tumor cell death and inhibition of angiogenesis. A variety of stimuli, including some standard cancer treatments, promote the expression of endogenous IFN-α/β, which then participates as a fundamental component of immunogenic cell death. Systemic treatment with recombinant protein has been used for the treatment of melanoma. The induction of endogenous IFN-α/β has been tested, including stimulation through pattern recognition receptors. Gene therapies involving IFN-α/β have also been described. Thus, harnessing type I IFNs as an effective tool for cancer therapy continues to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan F.V. Medrano
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of São Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Hunger
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of São Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samir Andrade Mendonça
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of São Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre M. Barbuto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center, NUCEL-NETCEM, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan E. Strauss
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of São Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Dicitore A, Grassi ES, Borghi MO, Gelmini G, Cantone MC, Gaudenzi G, Persani L, Caraglia M, Vitale G. Antitumor activity of interferon-β1a in hormone refractory prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:761-770. [PMID: 28247216 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) are a class of cytokines that exert several biological activities, such as modulation of cell proliferation and differentiation and of the immune system. Although these cytokines interact with a common receptor complex, IFN-β showed a more potent antitumor activity than IFN-α in several tumor models. New recombinant human IFN-β products, such as IFN-β1a and IFN-β1b, have been produced in order to improve the stability and bioavailability of natural IFN-β. In this report, we analyzed the effects of recombinant IFN-β1a on the cell proliferation of two human androgen-resistant prostate cancer cell lines with neuroendocrine differentiation (DU-145, PC-3) and related mechanisms of action. METHODS The effects of IFN-β1a on the cell growth proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis have been evaluated in DU-145 and PC-3 cells through MTT assay, DNA flow cytometry with propidium iodide, and Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining, respectively. Moreover, the expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8, and PARP was evaluated through Western blotting. RESULTS IFN-β1a showed a significant anti-proliferative activity in both androgen-resistant cell lines. This effect was related to cell cycle perturbation and induction in apoptosis, as shown by flow cytometric analysis, the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8 and PARP cleavage during incubation with IFN-β1a. Moreover, this cytokine reduced the expression of NSE in both cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Recombinant IFN-β1a (Rebif) showed a potent in vitro anti-proliferative activity in androgen-resistant prostate cancer cells, and it could represent a promising tool for the treatment of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dicitore
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino (Mi), 20095, Milan, Italy
| | - E S Grassi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M O Borghi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Experimental Laboratory of Immuno-rheumatology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - G Gelmini
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino (Mi), 20095, Milan, Italy
| | - M C Cantone
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Gaudenzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Persani
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino (Mi), 20095, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Vitale
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino (Mi), 20095, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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7
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Ahmad Z, Kratzke RA. Novel oncolytic viral therapies in patients with thoracic malignancies. Oncolytic Virother 2016; 6:1-9. [PMID: 28053943 PMCID: PMC5189707 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s116012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is the use of replication-competent viruses to treat malignancies. The potential of oncolytic virotherapy as an approach to cancer therapy is based on historical evidence that certain viral infections can cause spontaneous remission of both hematologic and solid tumor malignancies. Oncolytic virotherapy may eliminate cancer cells through either direct oncolysis of infected tumor cells or indirect immune-mediated oncolysis of uninfected tumor cells. Recent advances in oncolytic virotherapy include the development of a wide variety of genetically attenuated RNA viruses with precise cellular tropism and the identification of cell-surface receptors that facilitate viral transfer to the tissue of interest. Current research is also focused on targeting metastatic disease by sustaining the release of progeny viruses from infected tumor cells and understanding indirect tumor cell killing through immune-mediated mechanisms of virotherapy. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate recent evidence on the clinical development of tissue-specific viruses capable of targeting tumor cells and eliciting secondary immune responses in lung cancers and mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert A Kratzke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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8
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Grimm WA, Messer JS, Murphy SF, Nero T, Lodolce JP, Weber CR, Logsdon MF, Bartulis S, Sylvester BE, Springer A, Dougherty U, Niewold TB, Kupfer SS, Ellis N, Huo D, Bissonnette M, Boone DL. The Thr300Ala variant in ATG16L1 is associated with improved survival in human colorectal cancer and enhanced production of type I interferon. Gut 2016; 65:456-64. [PMID: 25645662 PMCID: PMC4789828 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ATG16L1 is an autophagy gene known to control host immune responses to viruses and bacteria. Recently, a non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism in ATG16L1 (Thr300Ala), previously identified as a risk factor in Crohn's disease (CD), was associated with more favourable clinical outcomes in thyroid cancer. Mechanisms underlying this observation have not been proposed, nor is it clear whether an association between Thr300Ala and clinical outcomes will be observed in other cancers. We hypothesised that Thr300Ala influences clinical outcome in human colorectal cancer (CRC) and controls innate antiviral pathways in colon cancer cells. DESIGN We genotyped 460 patients with CRC and assessed for an association between ATG16L1 Thr300Ala and overall survival and clinical stage. Human CRC cell lines were targeted by homologous recombination to examine the functional consequence of loss of ATG16L1, or introduction of the Thr300Ala variant. RESULTS We found an association between longer overall survival, reduced metastasis and the ATG16L1 Ala/Ala genotype. Tumour sections from ATG16L1 Ala/Ala patients expressed elevated type I interferons (IFN-I)-inducible, MxA, suggesting that differences in cytokine production may influence disease progression. When introduced into human CRC cells by homologous recombination, the Thr300Ala variant did not affect bulk autophagy, but increased basal production of type I IFN. Introduction of Thr300Ala resulted in increased sensitivity to the dsRNA mimic poly(I:C) through a mitochondrial antiviral signalling (MAVS)-dependent pathway. CONCLUSIONS The CD-risk allele, Thr300Ala, in ATG16L1 is associated with improved overall survival in human CRC, generating a rationale to genotype ATG16L1 Thr300Ala in patients with CRC. We found that Thr300A alters production of MAVS-dependent type I IFN in CRC cells, providing a mechanism that may influence clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley A Grimm
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeannette S Messer
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen F Murphy
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Nero
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James P Lodolce
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Mark F Logsdon
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Bartulis
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brooke E Sylvester
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amanda Springer
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Urszula Dougherty
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Timothy B Niewold
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sonia S Kupfer
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nathan Ellis
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dezheng Huo
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marc Bissonnette
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David L Boone
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend, South Bend, Indiana, USA
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9
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Ortiz A, Fuchs SY. Anti-metastatic functions of type 1 interferons: Foundation for the adjuvant therapy of cancer. Cytokine 2016; 89:4-11. [PMID: 26822709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The anti-tumorigenic effects that type 1 interferons (IFN1) elicited in the in vitro studies prompted consideration of IFN1 as a potent candidate for clinical treatment. Though not all patients responded to IFN1, clinical trials have shown that patients with high risk melanoma, a highly refractory solid malignancy, benefit greatly from intermediate IFN1 treatment in regards to relapse-free and distant-metastasis-free survival. The mechanisms by which IFN1 treatment at early stages of disease suppress tumor recurrence or metastatic incidence are not fully understood. Intracellular IFN1 signaling is known to affect cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Moreover, recent studies have revealed specific IFN1-regulated genes that may contribute to IFN1-mediated suppression of cancer progression and metastasis. In concert, expression of these different IFN1 stimulated genes may impede numerous mechanisms that mediate metastatic process. Though, IFN1 treatment is still utilized as part of standard care for metastatic melanoma (alone or in combination with other therapies), cancers find the ways to develop insensitivity to IFN1 treatment allowing for unconstrained disease progression. To determine how and when IFN1 treatment would be most efficacious during disease progression, we must understand how IFN1 signaling affects different metastasis steps. Here, we specifically focus on the anti-metastatic role of endogenous IFN1 and parameters that may help to use pharmaceutical IFN1 in the adjuvant treatment to prevent cancer recurrence and metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Serge Y Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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10
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Yıldırım C, Nieuwenhuis S, Teunissen PF, Horrevoets AJ, van Royen N, van der Pouw Kraan TC. Interferon-Beta, a Decisive Factor in Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:411-20. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Yıldırım
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul F. Teunissen
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J.G. Horrevoets
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels van Royen
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Chen KC, Schmuck K, Tietze LF, Roffler SR. Selective cancer therapy by extracellular activation of a highly potent glycosidic duocarmycin analogue. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1773-82. [PMID: 23448264 DOI: 10.1021/mp300581u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional cancer chemotherapy is limited by systemic toxicity and poor selectivity. Tumor-selective activation of glucuronide prodrugs by beta-glucuronidase in the tumor microenvironment in a monotherapeutic approach is one promising way to increase cancer selectivity. Here we examined the cellular requirement for enzymatic activation as well as the in vivo toxicity and antitumor activity of a glucuronide prodrug of a potent duocarmycin analogue that is active at low picomolar concentrations. Prodrug activation by intracellular and extracellular beta-glucuronidase was investigated by measuring prodrug 2 cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines that displayed different endogenous levels of beta-glucuronidase, as well as against beta-glucuronidase-deficient fibroblasts and newly established beta-glucuronidase knockdown cancer lines. In all cases, glucuronide prodrug 2 was 1000-5000 times less cytotoxic than the parent duocarmycin analogue regardless of intracellular levels of beta-glucuronidase. By contrast, cancer cells that displayed tethered beta-glucuronidase on their plasma membrane were 80-fold more sensitive to glucuronide prodrug 2, demonstrating that prodrug activation depended primarily on extracellular rather than intracellular beta-glucuronidase activity. Glucuronide prodrug 2 (2.5 mg/kg) displayed greater antitumor activity and less systemic toxicity in vivo than the clinically used drug carboplatin (50 mg/kg) to mice bearing human lung cancer xenografts. Intratumoral injection of an adenoviral vector expressing membrane-tethered beta-glucuronidase dramatically enhanced the in vivo antitumor activity of prodrug 2. Our data provide evidence that increasing extracellular beta-glucuronidase activity in the tumor microenvironment can boost the therapeutic index of a highly potent glucuronide prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Barar J, Omidi Y. Translational Approaches towards Cancer Gene Therapy: Hurdles and Hopes. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2012; 2:127-43. [PMID: 23678451 DOI: 10.5681/bi.2012.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Of the cancer gene therapy approaches, gene silencing, suicide/apoptosis inducing gene therapy, immunogene therapy and targeted gene therapy are deemed to sub-stantially control the biological consequences of genomic changes in cancerous cells. Thus, a large number of clinical trials have been conducted against various malignancies. In this review, we will discuss recent translational progresses of gene and cell therapy of cancer. METHODS Essential information on gene therapy of cancer were reviewed and discussed towards their clinical translations. RESULTS Gene transfer has been rigorously studied in vitro and in vivo, in which some of these gene therapy endeavours have been carried on towards translational investigations and clinical applications. About 65% of gene therapy trials are related to cancer therapy. Some of these trials have been combined with cell therapy to produce personalized medicines such as Sipuleucel-T (Provenge®, marketed by Dendreon, USA) for the treatment of asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. CONCLUSION Translational approach links two diverse boundaries of basic and clinical researches. For successful translation of geno-medicines into clinical applications, it is essential 1) to have the guidelines and standard operating procedures for development and application of the genomedicines specific to clinically relevant biomarker(s); 2) to conduct necessary animal experimental studies to show the "proof of concept" for the proposed genomedicines; 3) to perform an initial clinical investigation; and 4) to initiate extensive clinical trials to address all necessary requirements. In short, translational researches need to be refined to accelerate the geno-medicine development and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Barar
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Translational Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Wang GX, Zhan YA, Hu HL, Wang Y, Fu B. Mesenchymal stem cells modified to express interferon-β inhibit the growth of prostate cancer in a mouse model. J Int Med Res 2012; 40:317-27. [PMID: 22429371 DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) genetically engineered to produce interferon-β (IFN-β) as a gene delivery system to treat prostate cancer in an animal model. METHODS To measure the effects on tumour cell growth in vitro, IFN-β-producing MSCs (IFN-β-MSCs) were co-cultured with the prostate cancer cell line PC-3. The in vivo migration of intravenously injected fluorescently-labelled MSCs to healthy tissues and PC-3 xenograft tumours grown in immuno-deficient mice was determined by fluorescence microscopy. The antitumour effects of intravenously injected IFN-β-MSCs on PC-3 xenograft growth and animal survival were also investigated. RESULTS IFN-β-MSCs inhibited the growth of PC-3 cells in vitro. Fluorescently-labelled MSCs migrated to the margins and centre of tumour masses but not into healthy tissues. Intravenously injected IFN-β-MSCs significantly reduced PC-3 xenograft tumour weight and increased animal survival compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Intravenously injected IFN-β-MSCs inhibited PC-3 xenograft growth. This could be an effective gene delivery system for treatment of solid human tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-X Wang
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
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14
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Kim W, Seong J, Oh HJ, Koom WS, Choi KJ, Yun CO. A novel combination treatment of armed oncolytic adenovirus expressing IL-12 and GM-CSF with radiotherapy in murine hepatocarcinoma. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2011; 52:646-654. [PMID: 21952320 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel combination treatment of armed oncolytic adenovirus expressing interleukin 12 (IL-12) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with radiation was investigated for antitumor and antimetastatic effect in a murine hepatic cancer (HCa-I) model. Tumor bearing syngeneic mice were treated with radiation, armed oncolytic virus Ad-ΔE1Bmt7 (dB7) expressing both IL-12 and GM-CSF (armed dB7), or a combination of both. The adenovirus was administered by intratumoral injection 1 × 10(8) PFU per tumor in 50 µl of PBS four times every other day. Tumor response to treatment was determined by a tumor growth delay assay. Metastatic potential was evaluated by a lung metastasis model. To understand the underlying mechanism, the level of apoptosis was examined as well as the change in microvessel density and expression of immunological markers: CD4+, CD8+ and Cd11c. The combination of armed dB7 and radiation resulted in significant growth delay of murine hepatic cancer, HCa-1, with an enhancement factor of 4.3. The combination treatment also resulted in significant suppression of lung metastasis. Increase of apoptosis level as well as decrease of microvessel density was shown in the combination treatment, suggesting an underlying mechanism for the enhancement of antitumor effect. Expression of immunological markers: CD4+, CD8+ and Cd11c also increased in the combination treatment. This study showed that a novel combination treatment of radiotherapy with armed oncolytic adenovirus expressing IL-12 and GM-CSF was effective in suppressing primary tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonwoo Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Baritaki S, Huerta-Yepez S, Sahakyan A, Karagiannides I, Bakirtzi K, Jazirehi A, Bonavida B. Mechanisms of nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of EMT in cancer: inhibition of the metastasis-inducer Snail and induction of the metastasis-suppressor RKIP. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:4931-40. [PMID: 21150329 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.24.14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO) in cancer has been controversial and is based on the levels of NO and the responsiveness of the tumor type. It remains unclear whether NO can inhibit the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells. EMT induction is mediated, in part, by the constitutive activation of the metastasis-inducer transcription factor, Snail and EMT can be inhibited by the metastasis-suppressor Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) and E-cadherin. Snail is transcriptionally regulated by NF-κB and in turn, Snail represses RKIP transcription. Hence, we hypothesized that high levels of NO, that inhibit NF-κB activity, may also inhibit Snail and induce RKIP and leading to inhibition of EMT. We show that treatment of human prostate metastatic cell lines with the NO donor, DETANONOate, inhibits EMT and reverses both the mesenchymal phenotype and the cell invasive properties. Further, treatment with DETANONOate inhibits Snail expression and DNA-binding activity in parallel with the upregulation of RKIP and E-cadherin protein levels. The pivotal roles of Snail inhibition and RKIP induction in DETANONOate-mediated inhibition of EMT were corroborated by both Snail silencing by siRNA and by ectopic expression of RKIP. The in vitro findings were validated in vivo in mice bearing PC-3 xenografts and treated with DETANONOate. The present findings show, for the first time, the novel role of high subtoxic concentrations of NO in the inhibition of EMT. Thus, NO donors may exert therapeutic activities in the reversal of EMT and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Baritaki
- Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Oncolytic measles viruses encoding interferon beta and the thyroidal sodium iodide symporter gene for mesothelioma virotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 17:550-8. [PMID: 20379224 PMCID: PMC2907639 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesothelioma usually leads to death within 8–14 months of diagnosis. To increase the potency of oncolytic measles viruses (MVs) for mesothelioma therapy, we inserted the interferon β (IFNβ) gene alone or with the human thyroidal sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene into attenuated MV of the Edmonston lineage. The corresponding mouse IFNβ (mIFNβ) viruses, MV-mIFNβ and MV-mIFNβ-NIS, successfully propagated in human mesothelioma cells, leading to intercellular fusion and cell death. High levels of mIFNβ were detected in the supernatants of the infected cells, and radioiodine uptake was substantial in the cells infected with MV-mIFNβ-NIS. MV with mIFNβ expression triggered CD68-positive immune cell infiltration 2–4 times higher than MV-GFP injected into the tumor site. The numbers of CD31-positive vascular endothelial cells within the tumor were decreased at day 7 after intratumoral injection of MV-mIFNβ or MV-mIFNβ-NIS, but not after MV-GFP and PBS administration. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that MV-mIFNβ changed the microenvironment of the mesothelioma by increasing innate immune cell infiltration and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Oncolytic MVs coding for IFNβ effectively retarded growth of human mesotheliomas and prolonged survival time in several mesothelioma tumor models. The results suggest that oncolytic MVs that code for IFNβ and NIS will be potent and versatile agents for the treatment of human mesothelioma.
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17
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains a life-threatening disease. Efficient therapeutic gene delivery to PC-derived cells continues to present challenges. We used self-inactivated lentiviral vectors to transduce PC-derived cells in vitro and in vivo. We showed that lentiviral vectors transduce PC-derived cell lines with high efficiency (>90%), regardless of the differentiation state of the cell. Next, we transferred human interferon beta (hIFN-beta) gene. Expression of hIFN-beta in PC cells using lentiviral vectors resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of cell death by apoptosis. In vivo, lentiviral administration of hIFN-beta prevented PC tumor progression for up to 15 days following gene therapy, and induced tumor regression/stabilization in 50% of the mice treated. Again, hIFN-beta expression resulted in cancer cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction. We provide evidence that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-based lentiviral vectors are very efficient for gene transfer in PC-derived cells in vitro and in vivo. As a consequence, delivery of hIFN-beta stopped PC tumor progression. Thus, our approach could be applied to the 85% of PC patients with a locally advanced disease.
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18
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Persano L, Moserle L, Esposito G, Bronte V, Barbieri V, Iafrate M, Gardiman MP, Larghero P, Pfeffer U, Naschberger E, Stürzl M, Indraccolo S, Amadori A. Interferon-alpha counteracts the angiogenic switch and reduces tumor cell proliferation in a spontaneous model of prostatic cancer. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:851-60. [PMID: 19237608 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-alpha is a cytokine with marked therapeutic activity in transplantable tumor models, that is in part due to angiogenesis inhibition. Aim of this study was to investigate the effects of IFN-alpha during the early phases of tumor development in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. To provide sustained IFN-alpha production, TRAMP mice were injected intraperitoneally with lentiviral vectors. IFN-alpha administration resulted in rapid and protracted upregulation of IFN-alpha-regulated genes associated with antiangiogenic and antiproliferative functions in the prostate of TRAMP mice, including guanylate-binding protein 1 (GBP-1), IFI204 and CXCL10-11. These transcriptional changes were accompanied by effects on the tumor vasculature, including significant reduction of intraductal microvessel density and increased pericyte coverage, and marked reduction of tumor cell proliferation, without induction of tumor necrosis. Intriguingly, GBP-1 and myxovirus resistance A, two IFN-regulated proteins, were found expressed in approximately 40% of human prostate cancer samples analyzed, suggesting expression of endogenous IFN-alpha. Overall, these findings demonstrate that IFN-alpha is able to counteract the angiogenic switch and impairs tumor cell proliferation in preinvasive lesions. Since the angiogenic switch also marks progression of human prostatic cancer, these results highlight the potential of angiogenesis inhibitors for the development of chemoprevention strategies in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Persano
- Oncology Section, Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova I-35128, Italy
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19
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Abstract
Members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily influence a variety of immunological functions, including cellular activation, proliferation, and death, upon interaction with a corresponding superfamily of receptors. Whereas interest in the apoptosis-inducing molecules TNF and Fas ligand has peaked because of their participation in events such as autoimmune disorders, activation-induced cell death, immune privilege, and tumor evasion from the immune system, another death-inducing family member, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), or Apo-2 ligand, has generated excitement because of its unique ability to induce apoptosis in a wide range of transformed cell lines but not in normal tissues. TRAIL is well tolerated when given to healthy animals, and no observable histological or functional changes have been observed in any of the tissues or organs examined. Moreover, multiple injections of soluble TRAIL into mice beginning the day after tumor implantation can significantly suppress the growth of the tumors, with many animals becoming tumor-free. One potential drawback to these findings is that large amounts of soluble TRAIL may be required to inhibit tumor formation, possibly because of the pharmacokinetic profile of soluble TRAIL that indicates that, after intravenous injection, the majority of the protein is rapidly cleared. Increasing the in vivo half-life of recombinant soluble TRAIL or developing an alternative means of delivery may increase the relative tumoricidal activity of TRAIL such that larger, more established tumors could be eradicated as efficiently as smaller tumors. The information presented here describes the production of an adenoviral vector engineered to carry the complementary DNA (cDNA) for murine TRAIL (hTRAIL).
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20
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Kornek M, Lukacs-Kornek V, Limmer A, Raskopf E, Becker U, Klöckner M, Sauerbruch T, Schmitz V. 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP)-formulated, immune-stimulatory vascular endothelial growth factor a small interfering RNA (siRNA) increases antitumoral efficacy in murine orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma with liver fibrosis. Mol Med 2008; 14:365-73. [PMID: 18392108 DOI: 10.2119/2008-00003.kornek] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most experimental therapy studies are performed in mice that bear subcutaneous or orthotopic hepatoma but are otherwise healthy and nonfibrotic. The majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however, develops in patients suffering from preexisting liver fibrosis. We investigated the efficacy of a standard experimental therapeutic approach to interrupt the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) cascade via VEGF-A silencing, with or without 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP; cationic lipid) formulation, in HCC mice with preexisting liver fibrosis. The data show that intraperitoneal treatment with naked VEGF-A small interfering RNA (siRNA; 200 microg/kg) was inefficient to treat HCC implanted into fibrotic livers. VEGF-A siRNA containing an immunostimulatory motif in combination with DOTAP formulation significantly reduced hepatic VEGF-A expression and additionally activated the innate and adapted immune system as shown by an increased intrahepatic interferon type 1 response (68-fold increased beta-interferon expression). DOTAP-formulated VEGF-A siRNA markedly improved VEGF-A siRNA uptake and enhanced the antitumor response. This study shows for the first time the therapeutic feasibility of using synergistic effects (gene silencing and activation of the immune system) united in one siRNA sequence to reduce HCC growth and metastasis in mice with preexisting liver fibrosis. We expect that these results will help to direct and improve future experimental gene-silencing approaches and establish more efficient antitumoral therapies against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Germany.
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21
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a devastating form of brain cancer for which there is no effective treatment. Here, we report a novel approach to brain tumor therapy through genetic modification of normal brain cells to block tumor growth and effect tumor regression. Previous studies have focused on the use of vector-based gene therapy for GBM by direct intratumoral injection with expression of therapeutic proteins by tumor cells themselves. However, as antitumor proteins are generally lethal to tumor cells, the therapeutic reservoir is rapidly depleted, allowing escape of residual tumor cells. Moreover, it has been difficult to achieve consistent transduction of these highly heterogeneous tumors. In our studies, we found that transduction of normal cells in the brain with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding interferon-beta (IFN-beta) was sufficient to completely prevent tumor growth in orthotopic xenograft models of GBM, even in the contralateral hemisphere. In addition, complete eradication of established tumors was achieved through expression of IFN-beta by neurons using a neuronal-restricted promoter. To our knowledge this is the first direct demonstration of the efficacy of targeting gene delivery exclusively to normal brain cells for brain tumor therapy.
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22
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Roberts ZJ, Ching LM, Vogel SN. IFN-β-Dependent Inhibition of Tumor Growth by the Vascular Disrupting Agent 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-Acetic Acid (DMXAA). J Interferon Cytokine Res 2008; 28:133-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2007.0992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Lai-Ming Ching
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
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MacGill RS, Davis TA, Macko J, Mauceri HJ, Weichselbaum RR, King CR. Local gene delivery of tumor necrosis factor alpha can impact primary tumor growth and metastases through a host-mediated response. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:521-31. [PMID: 17653822 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
TNFerade is a replication incompetent adenovector designed to express human TNFalpha under control of the Egr-1 radiation and chemotherapy enhanced promoter, and is currently in Phase II/III clinical testing. Data from Phase I clinical testing of TNFerade in a limited set of melanoma patients suggested the potential to impact distal metastases following intratumoral injections of TNFerade. These clinical observations and the multiple potential mechanisms of TNFerade led us to hypothesize local treatment with TNFerade + radiation may impact metastatic disease. We explored this hypothesis in preclinical models using the spontaneously metastatic, syngeneic B16F10 murine melanoma model. Established subcutaneous B16F10 tumors were treated with intratumoral injections of TNFerade and localized 2 Gy fractionated radiation therapy, modeling the clinical treatment regimen. Following 10-14 days of treatment, mice were evaluated for metastases development in the iliac and axillary lymph nodes. Comparisons of metastatic burden to control groups indicated TNFerade +/- radiation suppressed the formation of metastases in the lymph nodes. Additional experiments in TNF receptor knockout mice, where the only possible effects are on tumor cells containing the TNFalpha receptor, indicate TNFerade's local and distal activities are critically dependent on a host-mediated response. These data provide direct preclinical evidence local therapy of a solid tumor with TNFerade can also reduce metastatic disease, in addition to effects on the treated lesion. Furthermore, our finding of a host dependant response(s) for TNFerade at both the treated tumor and on lymph node metastases suggest the potential for broad activity independent of tumor histology.
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25
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Zhang Q, Yang XJ, Kundu SD, Pins M, Javonovic B, Meyer R, Kim SJ, Greenberg NM, Kuzel T, Meagher R, Guo Y, Lee C. Blockade of transforming growth factor-{beta} signaling in tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells activates the antitumor immune response cycle. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1733-43. [PMID: 16891459 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a potent immunosuppressant. Overproduction of TGF-beta by tumor cells leads to evasion of host immune surveillance and tumor progression. Results of our early studies showed that adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive, TGF-beta-insensitive CD8(+) T cells into immunocompetent mice was able to eradicate lung metastasis of mouse prostate cancer. The present study was conducted with three objectives. (a) We tested if this technology could be applied to the treatment of solid xenograft tumors in allogeneic immunodeficient hosts. (b) We determined relevant variables in the tumor microenvironment with the treatment. (c) We tested if immune cells other than CD8(+) T cells were required for the antitumor effect. Mouse prostate cancer cells, TRAMP-C2 of the C57BL/6 strain, grown in immunodeficient allogeneic hosts of BALB/c strain, were used as a xenograft model. Tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells from C57BL/6 mice were isolated, expanded ex vivo, and rendered insensitive to TGF-beta by introducing a dominant-negative TGF-beta type II receptor vector. Seven days following s.c. injection of TRAMP-C2 cells (5 x 10(5)) into the flank of male BALB/c-Rag1(-/-) mice, tumor-reactive, TGF-beta-insensitive CD8(+) T cells (1.5 x 10(7)) were transferred with and without the cotransfer of an equal number of CD8-depleted splenocytes from C57BL/6 donors. Naive CD8(+) T cells or green fluorescent protein-empty vector-transfected tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells were transferred as controls. Forty days following the transfer, the average tumor weight in animals that received cotransfer of tumor-reactive, TGF-beta-insensitive CD8(+) T cells and CD8-depleted splenocytes was at least 50% less than that in animals of all other groups (P < 0.05). Tumors in animals of the former group showed a massive infiltration of CD8(+) T cells. This was associated with secretion of relevant cytokines, decreased tumor proliferation, reduced angiogenesis, and increased tumor apoptosis. Based on these results, we postulated a concept of antitumor immune response cycle in tumor immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Tarry 16-733, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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26
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-8 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 are overexpressed in advanced prostate cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate TGF-beta1-regulated IL-8 expression in prostate cancer cells. METHODS TGF-beta receptor expression was evaluated by real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. TGF-beta1-regulated IL-8 expression was determined by real-time RT-PCR, enzyme-linked immunoabsorbance assay (ELISA), nuclear run-on, and IL-8 promoter reporter assay. RESULTS PC-3MM2 cells expressed type I and type II TGF-beta receptors (TbetaRI and TbetaRII). LNCaP cells expressed significantly lower level of TbetaRII. Constitutive expression of IL-8 was detected in PC-3MM2 cells and LNCaP cells engineered with TbetaRII (LNCaP-TbetaRII). TGF-beta1 stimulated IL-8 expression in dose- and time-dependent manners, which was blocked by cycloheximide (CHX) and actinomycin D (ActD). The nuclear run-on and IL-8 luciferase reporter assays show that TGF-beta1 activated IL-8 gene transcription. CONCLUSIONS TGF-beta1 signaling regulates IL-8 expression in prostate cancer cells and may contribute to the overexpression of IL-8 in human prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/analysis
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Dactinomycin/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/physiology
- Male
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/analysis
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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Brin E, Atencio I, Helmich BK, Maneval D, Laface D. Adenovirus delivery provides extended interferon-alpha exposure and augments treatment of metastatic carcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 13:664-75. [PMID: 16514422 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (e.g. IFNalpha2b) have been successfully used to treat a variety of hematological malignancies, but have not been efficacious for treatment of most solid tumors. We tested the hypothesis that delivery of type I interferon utilizing recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vectors may improve treatment efficacy of metastatic carcinomas by providing increased interferon exposure resulting from continuous transgene expression. Treatment of mice with a rAd-vector expressing hybrid-IFN (rAd-IFNalpha2alpha1) inhibited 4T1 mammary carcinoma tumor growth and induced tumor regression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, rAd-IFNalpha2alpha1 treatment reduced hepatic and pulmonary metastatic burden. A comparison of local and systemic routes of administration demonstrated that intratumoral delivery of rAd-IFNalpha2alpha1 was sufficient for inhibition of tumor growth. Moreover, it reduced toxicity associated with high-dose systemic IFNalpha2alpha1 exposure. Interestingly, antitumor activity following intratumoral treatment was due, in part, to the immunostimulatory capacity of the rAd vector component. Furthermore, systemic administration of rAd-IFNalpha2alpha1 potentiated the immunotherapeutic effect induced by local intralesional delivery of empty-rAd vector. These results suggest continuous interferon-alpha exposure may provide improved antitumor responses for metastatic carcinomas. Additionally, immunostimulatory responses induced by rAd-IFNalpha2alpha1 may mitigate the immune-evasive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brin
- Canji Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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28
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Zhang F, Lee J, Wang D, Dong Z. Differential growth of IFN-beta-engineered tumor cells in nude and IFN receptor-null mice. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 26:108-18. [PMID: 16487031 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of interferon-beta (IFN-beta) against tumors that resist its antiproliferative effects. Mouse fibrosarcoma cells (UV-2237m-P) and their counterparts, transfected with either IFN-beta cDNA (UV-2237m-IFN-beta) or its control vector (UV-2237m-neo), were used in the study. UV-2237m-IFN-beta cells, still expressing functional IFN receptors, were resistant to the antiproliferative effects of IFN-beta. UV-2237m-P and UV-2237m-neo cells produced progressive tumors in both nude and IFN receptor-null nude (IFNAR-/-nude) mice. In contrast, growth of UV-2237m-IFN-beta cells was significantly delayed in nude mice. UV-2237m-IFN-beta tumors from nude mice contained fewer microvessels, fewer proliferating cells, and more apoptotic cells than did UV-2237m-P and UV-2237m-neo tumors. They expressed high levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and were densely infiltrated by macrophages. Incubation with macrophages from nude mice, but not those from IFNAR-/- nude mice or iNOS-null/nude mice, led to more significant killing of UV-2237m-IFN-beta cells than that of control cells, which was blocked by iNOS inhibitor N-methylarginine. Similarly, more UV-2237m-IFN-beta cells were killed when they were incubated with spleen lymphocytes from nude mice. These data indicate that IFN-beta can inhibit growth of IFN-beta-resistant tumors by T cell-independent host-mediated mechanisms, including the role of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and iNOS activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Interferon-beta/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Interferon/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahao Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Wilderman MJ, Kim S, Gillespie CT, Sun J, Kapoor V, Vachani A, Sterman DH, Kaiser LR, Albelda SM. Blockade of TNF-alpha decreases both inflammation and efficacy of intrapulmonary Ad.IFNbeta immunotherapy in an orthotopic model of bronchogenic lung cancer. Mol Ther 2006; 13:910-7. [PMID: 16488193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 12/27/2005] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral immuno-gene therapy using interferon-beta has been effective in an orthotopic model of lung cancer. However, pulmonary inflammation induced by adenoviral (Ad) vectors will almost certainly limit the maximally tolerated dose. On the other hand, the strong innate immune response generated by the vector may be helpful in initiating the adaptive immune response required for efficacy. The goals of this study were to develop an effective approach to inhibit Ad.IFNbeta-mediated acute pulmonary inflammation and to determine whether this reduction of Ad-mediated inflammation decreased the therapeutic efficacy of Ad.IFNbeta in a mouse model of bronchioloalveolar cancer. Our data show that anti-TNF-alpha antibodies can blunt the innate pulmonary immune response induced by Ad vectors, even in sensitized animals. However, this effect also inhibited the ability of the animal to generate anti-tumor immune responses and reduced survival in an orthotopic lung cancer model responsive to Ad.IFNbeta treatment. Interestingly, in a flank model of tumor using a cell line derived from the lung tumor, TNF-alpha blockade did not inhibit efficacy. These data suggest that the innate immune response to adenovirus in the lung may be important in immuno-gene therapy of lung cancer. Therapeutic application of anti-inflammatory therapy in immuno-gene therapy strategies should thus be undertaken with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wilderman
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, BRB II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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30
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Olson MV, Lee J, Zhang F, Wang A, Dong Z. Inducible nitric oxide synthase activity is essential for inhibition of prostatic tumor growth by interferon-beta gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 13:676-85. [PMID: 16470211 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that adenoviral vector-mediated interferon (IFN)-beta gene therapy inhibits orthotopic growth of human prostate cancer cells in nude mice. The purpose of this study was to determine efficacy and mechanisms of this therapy in immune-competent mice. TRAMP-C2Re3 mouse prostate cancer cells infected with 100 multiplicity of infection (MOI) of adenoviral vector encoding for mouse IFN-beta (AdmIFN-beta), but not AdE/1 (a control adenoviral vector), produced approximately 60 ng/10(5) cells/24 h of IFN-beta. The tumorigenicity of AdmIFN-beta-transduced cells was dramatically reduced in the prostates of C57BL/6 mice. A single intratumoral injection of 2 x 10(9) PFU (plaque-forming unit) of AdmIFN-beta inhibited tumor growth by 70% and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. Intriguingly, this AdmIFN-beta therapy did not alter the growth of tumors in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-null C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that treatment of tumors with AdmIFN-beta in wild-type C57BL/6 mice led to increased iNOS expression, decreased microvessel density, decreased cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, quantitative reverse-transcriptional PCR analysis showed that AdmIFN-beta therapy, in C57BL/6 but not the iNOS-null counterparts, reduced levels of the mRNAs for angiopoietin, basic fibroblast growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, transforming growth factor-beta1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, and VEGF-B, as well as the antiapoptotic molecule endothelin-1. These data indicated that IFN-beta gene therapy could be effective alternative for the treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer and suggest an obligatory role of NO in IFN-beta antitumoral effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Olson
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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31
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a pleiotropic signalling molecule that subserves a wide variety of basic cellular functions and also manifests itself pathophysiologically. As regards cancer and its progression, however, the reported role of NO appears surprisingly inconsistent. In this review, we focus on metastasis, the process of cancer cell spread and secondary tumour formation. In a 'reductionist' approach, we consider the metastatic cascade to be made up of a series of basic cellular behaviours (such as proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, secretion migration, invasion and angiogenesis). We evaluate how NO controls such behaviours, in comparison with normal cells. The available information suggests strongly that NO signalling would be expected to regulate these behaviours both positively and negatively and this probably leads to the observed apparent variability in the NO status of cancer cells and tissues. Thus, the role of NO in cancer is more complex than previously thought. A number of suggestions are made, including consideration of novel mechanisms, such as ion channels, in order to achieve a more consistent and integrated understanding of NO signalling in cancer and to realise its clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Williams
- Division of Cell & Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Abstract
Surgery, radiation or hormonal therapy are not adequate to control prostate cancer. Clearly, other novel treatment approaches, such as gene therapy, for advanced/recurrent disease are desperately needed to achieve long-term local control and particularly to develop effective systemic therapy for metastatic prostate cancer. In the last decade, significant progress in gene therapy for the treatment of localised prostate cancer has been demonstrated. A broad range of different gene therapy approaches, including cytolytic, immunological and corrective gene therapy, have been successfully applied for prostate cancer treatment in animal models, with translation into early clinical trials. In addition, a wide variety of viral and nonbiological gene delivery systems are available for basic and clinical research. Gene therapy approaches that have been developed for the treatment of prostate cancer are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Kaliberov
- Division of Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, WTI 674, Birmingham, AL 35294-6832, USA
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Wilderman MJ, Sun J, Jassar AS, Kapoor V, Khan M, Vachani A, Suzuki E, Kinniry PA, Sterman DH, Kaiser LR, Albelda SM. Intrapulmonary IFN-beta gene therapy using an adenoviral vector is highly effective in a murine orthotopic model of bronchogenic adenocarcinoma of the lung. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8379-87. [PMID: 16166316 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Given previous work showing that an adenoviral vector expressing IFN-beta (Ad.IFNbeta) was highly effective in eradicating i.p. mesothelioma tumors, the antitumor efficacy of this agent was evaluated in an orthotopic model of bronchogenic adenocarcinoma of the lung. These transgenic mice have a conditionally expressed, oncogenic K-rasG12D allele that can be activated by intratracheal administration of an adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase (Ad.Cre). K-rasG12D mutant mice were given Ad.Cre intranasally to activate the oncogene. Mice were then given 10(9) plaque-forming units of a control vector (Ad.LacZ) or Ad.IFNbeta intranasally 3 and 4 weeks later, a time when lung tumors had been established. Cells derived from K-ras-mutated lung tumors were also grown in the flanks of mice to study mechanisms of therapeutic responses. In two separate experiments, untreated tumor-bearing mice all died by day 57 (median survival, 49 days). Ad.LacZ-treated mice all died by day 71 (median survival, 65 days). In contrast, 90% to 100% of mice treated with Ad.IFNbeta were long-term survivors (>120 days; P < 0.001). In addition, immunity to re-challenge with tumor cells was induced. In vitro and flank tumor studies showed that Ad.IFNbeta induced direct tumor cell killing and that depleting natural killer or CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, with antibodies attenuated the effect of Ad.IFNbeta. These studies, showing remarkable antitumor activity in this orthotopic lung cancer model, provide strong preclinical support for a trial of Ad.IFNbeta to treat human non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wilderman
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014-6160, USA
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Zhang F, Lee J, Lu S, Pettaway CA, Dong Z. Blockade of transforming growth factor-beta signaling suppresses progression of androgen-independent human prostate cancer in nude mice. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:4512-20. [PMID: 15958637 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling in the growth and metastasis of PC-3MM2 human prostate cancer cells. Highly metastatic PC-3MM2 human prostate cancer cells were engineered to constitutively overexpress a dominant-negative type II TGF-beta receptor (DNR). Transfection of DNR had minimal direct effects on cell growth and attenuated TGF-beta-induced cell growth inhibition and TGF-beta1 production. There were no discernable differences in tumorigenicity (tumor incidence) among PC-3MM2 variants when the cells were implanted into the prostates of nude mice. Growth rate and metastatic incidence of DNR-engineered PC-3MM2 cells, however, were significantly reduced. Most cells in the control tumors were positively stained by an antibody to proliferation cell nuclear antigen and very few cells were stained by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL). In sharp contrast, tumors formed by PC-3MM2-DNR cells contained fewer proliferation cell nuclear antigen-positive cells and many more TUNEL-positive cells. Staining with antibody against CD31 showed that control tumors contained more blood vessels than PC-3MM2-DNR tumors. Expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in tumors formed by PC-3MM2 cells was significantly reduced as revealed by both Northern blotting and ELISA. Finally, transfection of antisense IL-8 cDNA significantly reduced IL-8 production by PC-3MM2 cells and antisense IL-8-transfected PC-3MM2 cells grew slower in comparison with parental and control vector-transfected cells. Taken together, our data suggest that TGF-beta signaling, by regulating IL-8 expression in tumor cells and hence tumor angiogenesis, is critical for progressive growth of PC-3MM2 cells in the prostate of nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahao Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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35
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Uehara H, Troncoso P, Johnston D, Bucana CD, Dinney C, Dong Z, Fidler IJ, Pettaway CA. Expression of interleukin-8 gene in radical prostatectomy specimens is associated with advanced pathologic stage. Prostate 2005; 64:40-9. [PMID: 15651067 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that relative expression of E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2 and -9, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular permeability factor in radical prostatectomy specimens (RP) can distinguish organ-confined cancers from advanced prostate cancers. Here, we evaluate the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), two other genes involved in angiogenesis and metastasis, in RP specimens. METHODS The expression level of IL-8 and bFGF mRNA in the invasive edge of 41 prostate cancers of different stages was determined using a rapid colorimetric in situ hybridization (ISH) technique. Gene expression levels of IL-8 and bFGF were correlated with the Gleason score and pathologic stage to ascertain their relationship to prostate cancer progression. RESULTS The expression of IL-8 and bFGF genes was detected by ISH in histologically normal prostate gland epithelium as well as in glands with foci of cancer. Increased mRNA expression of IL-8 was associated with both the Gleason score and pathologic stage of tumors and distinguished organ-confined from non-confined tumors (P = 0.002). In contrast, the expression of bFGF mRNA did not correlate with the Gleason score or pathologic stage. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of Il-8 mRNA, but not bFGF mRNA, in RP specimens is directly associated with progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Uehara
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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36
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Vanoosten RL, Moore JM, Ludwig AT, Griffith TS. Depsipeptide (FR901228) Enhances the Cytotoxic Activity of TRAIL by Redistributing TRAIL Receptor to Membrane Lipid Rafts. Mol Ther 2005; 11:542-52. [PMID: 15771957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) induces apoptosis in various tumor cell types and is under investigation as a cancer therapeutic. The development of a recombinant adenovirus encoding the full-length human TRAIL gene (Ad5-TRAIL) replaces the need for large quantities of soluble TRAIL protein in tumor suppressive therapies. However, the full potential of Ad5-TRAIL has not yet been maximized. Recent investigation of a histone deacetylase inhibitor, depsipeptide (FR901228), has demonstrated that it increases cellular susceptibility to adenovirus infection and augments adenoviral transgene expression. Thus, studies were initiated to evaluate the ability of depsipeptide to enhance the cytotoxic activity of Ad5-TRAIL against human prostate tumor cells. In vitro, depsipeptide increased expression of coxsackie-adenovirus receptor, leading to increased adenoviral infection and transgene expression. Additionally, tumor cell killing by Ad5-TRAIL was higher following depsipeptide pretreatment. More surprisingly, depsipeptide also increased prostate tumor cell sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Investigation into the mechanism responsible for increased TRAIL responsiveness revealed increased levels of TRAIL-R1 and -R2 in membrane lipid rafts following depsipeptide treatment. These results indicate that depsipeptide is a potent agent for enhancing the activity of Ad5-TRAIL by multiple mechanisms, allowing for a more efficient use of Ad5-TRAIL as an antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Vanoosten
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1089, USA
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37
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Lee SJ, Zhang Y, Lee SD, Jung C, Li X, Kim HS, Bae KH, Jeng MH, Kao C, Gardner T. Targeting Prostate Cancer with Conditionally Replicative Adenovirus Using PSMA Enhancer. Mol Ther 2004; 10:1051-8. [PMID: 15564137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and accounts for significant mortality and morbidity in the United States. Initially androgen-dependent, prostate cancer ultimately becomes androgen-independent, which makes the disease extremely difficult to cure. In this study, we examined the use of conditionally replication-competent adenovirus for the treatment of hormone-independent prostate cancer. We utilized PSME, an enhancer element for prostate-specific PSMA expression, to control viral E1A protein expression and achieve exclusive virus replication in prostate. Western blotting confirmed that PSME mediated high E1A protein expression in PSMA-positive, androgen-independent prostate cancer cells (C4-2 and CWR22rv), but was much less active in PSMA-negative cancer cells (PC-3 and A549). Consistent with E1A protein expression, the recombinant adenovirus Ad5-PSME-E1a replicated in C4-2 and CWR22rv almost as efficiently as wild type with low levels of androgen, but its replication was significantly attenuated in PSMA-negative cells. In the in vitro killing assay, Ad5-PSME-E1a lysed all C4-2 and CWR22rv cells 5 days after infection, with minimal effect on PSMA-negative cells. In addition, injections of 1.7 x 10(8) plaque-forming units in a CWR22rv xenograft model in nude mice induced significant tumor growth delay, with a substantial necrotic area. These studies suggest that PSME-driven replication-competent adenovirus may be a new therapeutic modality for prostate cancer patients after hormone ablation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Urology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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38
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Abstract
The initiation of new blood vessels through angiogenesis is critical to tumor growth. Tumor cells release soluble angiogenic factors that induce neovascularization, without which nutrients and oxygen would not be available to allow tumors to grow more than 2-3 mm in diameter. This "angiogenic switch" or angiogenic phenotype requires an imbalance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors since the formation of new blood vessels is highly regulated. This review discusses angiogenesis mediators, and the potential for manipulation of angiogenic factors as a practical cancer therapy, particularly in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Nicholson
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0422, USA
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Wagner TC, Velichko S, Chesney SK, Biroc S, Harde D, Vogel D, Croze E. Interferon receptor expression regulates the antiproliferative effects of interferons on cancer cells and solid tumors. Int J Cancer 2004; 111:32-42. [PMID: 15185340 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In addition to antiviral effects, Type I interferons (IFN) have potent antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities. Because of these properties IFNs have been evaluated as therapeutics for the treatment of a number of human diseases, including cancer. Currently, IFNs have been shown to be efficacious for the treatment of only a select number of cancers. The reason for this is unclear. Recent evidence has demonstrated that some cancer cell types seem to be defective in their ability to respond to IFN. It has been suggested that defects in IFN signaling is one mechanism by which cancer cells escape responsiveness to Type I IFNs and growth control in general. We report that transfection and enhanced expression of the Type I IFN receptor chain (IFNAR2c) in 3 different human cancer cell lines markedly increases the sensitivity of these cells to the antiproliferative effects of IFNs. In cancer cells transfected with IFNAR2c, dose response curves demonstrate a significant decrease in the concentrations of IFN required to achieve maximum cell death. Furthermore, in these transfected cells, we observe a significant increase in the number of cells undergoing apoptosis, as measured by DNA fragmentation and Caspase 3 activation. In addition, using an in vivo xenograft tumor model we show an increase in the effectiveness of systemically delivered Betaseron in decreasing tumor burden in animals in which solid tumors were generated from IFNAR2c transfected cells. These data show that specific regulation of IFN receptor expression can play a major role in determining the clinical outcome of IFN-based cancer therapeutics by regulating the relative sensitivity of cancer cells to IFN-dependent growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Charis Wagner
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Bioscience Inc., Richmond, CA 94804, USA
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Samdani AF, Kuchner EB, Rhines L, Adamson DC, Lawson C, Tyler B, Brem H, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Astroglia Induce Cytotoxic Effects on Brain Tumors via a Nitric Oxide-Dependent Pathway Both in Vitro and in Vivo. Neurosurgery 2004; 54:1231-7; discussion 1237-8. [PMID: 15113479 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000119576.76193.b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the central nervous system, astroglia produce nitric oxide (NO) in response to cytokines. We investigated whether cytokine stimulation of astroglia could inhibit brain tumor cell growth in vitro and prolong survival in vivo via an NO-dependent pathway. METHODS Astroglia cultures were stimulated with the cytokines lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma and subsequently seeded with tumor cell lines. Wild-type mice and inducible NO synthase-knockout mice received in vivo cytokine stimulation followed by B16F10 murine melanoma challenge. RESULTS Our in vitro studies demonstrate that astroglia stimulated to produce NO by the addition of cytokines dose-dependently inhibit the growth of one primary rat brain tumor cell line (9L) and three primary human brain tumor cell lines (H80, U87, and U373). This inhibition of tumor cell growth is also observed in metastatic cell lines (B16F10 melanoma, Lewis lung carcinoma, and CT26 colon). Cultured astrocytes from inducible NO synthase-knockout mice, which are incapable of induction of NO, are without the enhanced tumoricidal effect. Furthermore, when C57BL/6 mice are primed to produce NO through stereotactic intracranial administration of lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-gamma and subsequently challenged with B16F10 murine melanoma, survival is significantly prolonged, with a median survival of 26 days versus 16 days in the control group (P < 0.001). The addition of an NO synthase inhibitor (N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester) decreases this beneficial effect (median survival, 21 d). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that NO may have an important role as a defense mechanism molecule against brain tumors; stimulation or modification of this mechanism may represent a new approach to the treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer F Samdani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Hendren SK, Prabakaran I, Buerk DG, Karakousis G, Feldman M, Spitz F, Menon C, Fraker DL. Interferon-beta gene therapy improves survival in an immunocompetent mouse model of carcinomatosis. Surgery 2004; 135:427-36. [PMID: 15041967 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2003.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-beta (IFNbeta) has multiple antitumor effects; however, its use has been limited by its short half-life in vivo. This limitation may be overcome by IFNbeta gene therapy. We evaluated adenovirus-IFNbeta therapy in an immunocompetent mouse model of carcinomatosis. METHODS Mice that were treated intraperitoneally 5 days after tumor (mouse ovarian teratoma) inoculation with an adenoviral vector that contains the mouse IFNbeta gene (Ad-IFNbeta), control adenoviral vector or saline solution. Mice were monitored for multiple outcome measures and toxicity. To determine the mechanism of antitumor effect, flow cytometry of ascites fluid was performed to differentiate immune cell populations. Nitric oxide in ascites fluid was measured with an electrochemical microsensor. RESULTS Tumor burden was decreased and survival was prolonged (P<.001) in the Ad-IFNbeta group after a single treatment of 3.3 x 10(8) plaque-forming units, with acceptable toxicity. By flow cytometry, an increase in the proportion of natural killer cells (from less than 2% of the gated population to more than 8%; P=.024) and an increase in macrophages were seen in the treated animals. Although there was a trend toward increased levels of nitric oxide in Ad-IFNbeta treatment groups, it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION IFNbeta gene therapy results in decreased tumor burden and improved survival in an aggressive, immunocompetent mouse model of carcinomatosis. This therapy warrants further evaluation as a treatment for disseminated peritoneal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Hendren
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 4 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Schrantz N, da Silva Correia J, Fowler B, Ge Q, Sun Z, Bokoch GM. Mechanism of p21-activated kinase 6-mediated inhibition of androgen receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:1922-31. [PMID: 14573606 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PAK6 was first identified as an androgen receptor (AR)-interacting protein able to inhibit AR-mediated transcriptional responses. PAK6 is a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the p21-activated kinase (PAK) family implicated in actin reorganization and cell motility, gene transcription, apoptosis, and cell transformation. We investigated the biochemical basis for inhibition of AR signaling by PAK6. We compared the kinase activity of PAK6 with two other well characterized members of the PAK family, PAK1 and PAK4. Like PAK4, PAK6 possesses a constitutive basal kinase activity that, unlike PAK1, is not modulated by the binding of active Rac or Cdc42 GTPases. In order to test the involvement of PAK6 kinase activity in suppression of AR-mediated transcription, we generated kinase-dead (K436A) and kinase-active (S531N) mutants of PAK6. We show that PAK6 kinase activity is required for effective PAK6-induced repression of AR signaling. Suppression does not depend upon GTPase binding to PAK6 and is not mimicked by the closely related PAK1 and PAK4 isoforms. Kinase-dependent inhibition by PAK6 extended to the enhanced AR-mediated transcription seen in the presence of coactivating molecules and to the action of AR coinhibitors. Active PAK6 inhibited nuclear translocation of the stimulated AR, suggesting a possible mechanism for inhibition of AR responsiveness. Finally, we observe that autophosphorylated, active PAK6 protein is differently expressed among prostate cancer cell lines. Modulation of PAK6 activity may be responsible for regulation of AR signaling in various forms of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Schrantz
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sakurai F, Terada T, Maruyama M, Watanabe Y, Yamashita F, Takakura Y, Hashida M. Therapeutic effect of intravenous delivery of lipoplexes containing the interferon-beta gene and poly I: poly C in a murine lung metastasis model. Cancer Gene Ther 2003; 10:661-8. [PMID: 12944985 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated and compared the efficacy of systemic administration of lipoplex formulations containing plasmids encoding IFN-beta or IFN-gamma, and a synthetic double-strand RNA poly I:poly C (pI:pC), a type I IFN inducer, in a lung metastasis model in which colon carcinoma CT-26 cells were inoculated intravenously into immunocompatible mice. Injection of lipoplexes containing plasmid DNA, regardless of IFN gene insertion, stimulated a transient increase in the serum concentration of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IFN-gamma, while injection of lipoplexes containing pI:pC led to a low level of TNF-alpha and undetectable IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, injection of these lipoplexes containing plasmids resulted in the production of a mixture of type I and type II IFNs, partly derived from the inserted IFN genes, in lung tissue cultures. In tumor-prophylactic experiments, intravenous injection of lipoplexes containing plasmid, regardless of IFN gene insertion, showed a significant reduction in lung metastatic nodules probably due to proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma nonspecifically induced by the CpG motifs in the plasmid and the type I IFNs produced. On the other hand, the antimetastatic effect of pI:pC-lipoplex seemed to be due mainly to IFN-beta induced by pI:pC. In established lung metastasis experiments, a single intravenous administration of lipoplexes containing IFN-beta gene or pI:pC, but not other lipoplexes, showed a significant therapeutic effect on the tumor metastasis: reduction in tumor nodules and prolongation of survival time of tumor-burden mice. The therapeutic effects were specifically impaired by anti-IFN-beta antibody treatment, indicating that IFN-beta produced by the lipoplexes played an important role in the suppression of established metastatic lung tumors. Thus, the local IFN-beta in the lung delivered by intravenous administration of lipoplex containing IFN-beta gene or pI:pC may be a convenient and useful method of inhibiting established metastatic lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Sakurai
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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44
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Obuchi M, Fernandez M, Barber GN. Development of recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses that exploit defects in host defense to augment specific oncolytic activity. J Virol 2003; 77:8843-56. [PMID: 12885903 PMCID: PMC167243 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.16.8843-8856.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2003] [Accepted: 05/28/2003] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a negative-stranded RNA virus normally sensitive to the antiviral actions of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta). Recently, we reported that VSV replicates to high levels in many transformed cells due, in part, to susceptible cells harboring defects in the IFN system. These observations were exploited to demonstrate that VSV can be used as a viral oncolytic agent to eradicate malignant cells in vivo while leaving normal tissue relatively unaffected. To attempt to improve the specificity and efficacy of this system as a potential tool in gene therapy and against malignant disease, we have genetically engineered VSV that expresses the murine IFN-beta gene. The resultant virus (VSV-IFNbeta) was successfully propagated in cells not receptive to murine IFN-alpha/beta and expressed high levels of functional heterologous IFN-beta. In normal murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), the growth of VSV-IFNbeta was greatly reduced and diminished cytopathic effect was observed due to the production of recombinant IFN-beta, which by functioning in a manner involving autocrine and paracrine mechanisms induced an antiviral effect, preventing virus growth. However, VSV-IFNbeta grew to high levels and induced the rapid apoptosis of transformed cells due to defective IFN pathways being prevalent and thus unable to initiate proficient IFN-mediated host defense. Importantly, VSV expressing the human IFN-beta gene (VSV-hIFNbeta) behaved comparably and, while nonlytic to normal human cells, readily killed their malignant counterparts. Similar to our in vitro observations, following intravenous and intranasal inoculation in mice, recombinant VSV (rVSV)-IFNbeta was also significantly attenuated compared to wild-type VSV or rVSV expressing green fluorescent protein. However, VSV-IFNbeta retained propitious oncolytic activity against metastatic lung disease in immunocompetent animals and was able to generate robust antitumor T-cell responses. Our data indicate that rVSV designed to exploit defects in mechanisms of host defense can provide the basis for new generations of effective, specific, and safer viral vectors for the treatment of malignant and other disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatsugu Obuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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45
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Qiu H, Orr FW, Jensen D, Wang HH, McIntosh AR, Hasinoff BB, Nance DM, Pylypas S, Qi K, Song C, Muschel RJ, Al-Mehdi AB. Arrest of B16 melanoma cells in the mouse pulmonary microcirculation induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent nitric oxide release that is cytotoxic to the tumor cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:403-12. [PMID: 12547699 PMCID: PMC1851169 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells seed the lung via blood vessels. Because endothelial cells generate nitric oxide (NO) in response to shear stress, we postulated that the arrest of cancer cells in the pulmonary microcirculation causes the release of NO in the lung. After intravenous injection of B16F1 melanoma cells, pulmonary NO increased sevenfold throughout 20 minutes and approached basal levels by 4 hours. NO induction was blocked by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and was not observed in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-deficient mice. NO production, visualized ex vivo with the fluorescent NO probe diaminofluorescein diacetate, increased rapidly at the site of tumor cell arrest, and continued to increase throughout 20 minutes. Arrested tumor cells underwent apoptosis with apoptotic counts more than threefold over baseline at 8 and 48 hours. Neither the NO signals nor increased apoptosis were seen in eNOS knockout mice or mice pretreated with L-NAME. At 48 hours, 83% of the arrested cells had cleared from the lungs of wild-type mice but only approximately 55% of the cells cleared from eNOS-deficient or L-NAME pretreated mice. eNOS knockout and L-NAME-treated mice had twofold to fivefold more metastases than wild-type mice, measured by the number of surface nodules or by histomorphometry. We conclude that tumor cell arrest in the pulmonary microcirculation induces eNOS-dependent NO release by the endothelium adjacent to the arrested tumor cells and that NO is one factor that causes tumor cell apoptosis, clearance from the lung, and inhibition of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, and the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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46
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Lassiter LK, Carducci MA. New Approaches for the Prevention of Bone Metastases in Patients with Prostate Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.2165/00024669-200302030-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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47
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Modur V, Nagarajan R, Evers BM, Milbrandt J. FOXO proteins regulate tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand expression. Implications for PTEN mutation in prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:47928-37. [PMID: 12351634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207509200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PTEN occur in 60-80% of prostate cancers and lead to a constitutive activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway and a resultant loss of activity of the FOXO family of forkhead transcription factors FKHRL1 and FKHR. To provide insight into the role of PTEN mutations in prostate cancer, we used microarrays to identify genes regulated by FKHRL1 and FKHR in LAPC4 prostate carcinoma cells. These studies revealed that adenoviral overexpression of FKHRL1 and FKHR in the LAPC4 prostate cancer cell line resulted in apoptosis and induced the expression of many genes that affect cellular proliferation or survival. The expression of one of these FOXO-regulated genes, TRAIL, a pro-apoptotic member of the tumor necrosis factor family, was decreased in human metastatic prostate tumors. The altered expression of TRAIL in these tumors correlated directly with decreased PTEN expression and the resultant loss of FKHRL1 and FKHR activity. Analysis of the effects of FOXO proteins on the TRAIL promoter localized the FKHRL1 responsive element of the TRAIL promoter to nucleotides -138 to -121 and demonstrated that TRAIL is a direct target of FKHRL1. These findings suggest that the decreased activity of FKHRL1 and FKHR in prostate cancers resulting from loss of PTEN leads to a decrease in TRAIL expression that may contribute to increased survival of the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayanand Modur
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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48
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Abstract
Interferons (IFNs), pleiotropic cytokines that regulate antiviral, antitumor, apoptotic, and cellular immune responses, were the first endogenous antiangiogenic regulators identified. In a species-specific manner, IFNs inhibit secretion of such angiogenic factors as basic fibroblast growth factor from tumor cells. The antiangiogenic activity of IFNs is enhanced when they are combined with other antiangiogenic agents, such as tamoxifen and thalidomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Lindner
- Taussig Cancer Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, R40, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Lu W, Dong Z, Donawho C, Fidler IJ. Specific immunotherapy against occult cancer metastases. Int J Cancer 2002; 100:480-5. [PMID: 12115534 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy of a preparation containing High Five (H5) insect cells infected with recombinant baculovirus encoding the murine interferon-beta gene (H5BVIFN-beta) against established primary tumors and occult lung metastases. Injection of live or lyophilized H5BVIFN-beta into established subcutaneous tumors of the highly metastatic murine UV-2237m fibrosarcoma or K-1735M2 melanoma in syngeneic mice eradicated both primary tumors and preexisting lung metastases. The therapeutic effects of H5BVIFN-beta were not observed in nude mice and were diminished in syngeneic mice depleted of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Immunohistochemical staining showed that tumors injected with H5BVIFN-beta were densely infiltrated by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in mice with normal CD4/CD8 complement. These data demonstrate that, unlike most immunologic approaches in which prophylaxis can be achieved but eradication of established tumor is rare, lyophilized preparations of H5BVIFN-beta can serve as a novel immunotherapy against both primary tumors and their occult metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Lu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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50
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Demers GW, Johnson DE, Machemer T, Looper LD, Batinica A, Beltran JC, Sugarman BJ, Howe JA. Tumor growth inhibition by interferon-alpha using PEGylated protein or adenovirus gene transfer with constitutive or regulated expression. Mol Ther 2002; 6:50-6. [PMID: 12095303 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible synthesis and secretion of therapeutic proteins following gene transfer could be a viable strategy to deliver biopharmaceuticals that currently require parenteral administration. Evaluating the protein pharmacokinetics and biological responses generated by different delivery modalities will provide a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy. The interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) family of proteins, used clinically for infectious and malignant diseases, has a short half-life, and IFN-alpha therapy requires frequent administration of the drug by injection. Subcutaneous xenograft tumors were inhibited by weekly administration of polyethylene glycol modified (PEGylated) IFN-alpha protein or by a single administration of an adenovirus constitutively expressing IFN-alpha (IACB). Both treatment modalities inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that increasing exposure to IFN-alpha could result in effective tumor control. A single adenovirus that encodes the components necessary for tetracycline induction (IADR) expressed IFN-alpha in a ligand-dependent manner. Adding doxycycline to the drinking water of mice treated intravenously with the inducible adenovirus IADR inhibited tumor growth by 85% compared with mice that were not given doxycycline. The correlation between serum IFN-alpha concentration and the degree of tumor growth inhibition did not depend on the delivery technology used. It is likely that it will be feasible to control expression of IFN-alpha by oral administration of small molecule drugs after gene delivery to induce therapeutic concentrations of proteins.
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