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Oluwamodupe C, Adeleye AO. Targeting Retinol-Binding Protein 4 (RBP4) in the Management of Cardiometabolic Diseases. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2023; 23:285-294. [PMID: 37587250 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-023-09803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The ancient use of herbs for the treatment of various human diseases have been documented, with several scientific literatures supporting the use of medicinal plants. There is however a major concern about the phyto-constituents in the plants that performs the healing function and the mechanism by which it works for different ailments are still a research prospect. Cardiometabolic disease (CMD) is no doubt becoming more frequent globally and this is due to poor approach in therapy, contrary effects linked with intensive control, inept strategies with old drugs, inadequate control of some risk factors and lack of knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to this malaise. Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) are predominantly secreted in the liver and adipose tissues and several researches have observed that elevation in serum levels of RBP4 often observed in obese experimental animals and human subjects causes CMD (obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, etc.). RBP4 has gained special attention in the last 20 years in the field of metabolism research. This review aims to show research interaction of some medicinal plants targeting RBP4 in treating CMD and to encourage researchers, who are interested in CMD drug design, to focus on medicinal plants that inhibit the secretion of serum RBP4 in the adipose tissue for therapeutic approach to CMD. It also aims to identify the major bioactive compounds of plants that serves as a better and cheaper drug candidate for CMD and also study the signaling pathway which the plant material uses to regulate the metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Oluwamodupe
- Department of Chemical Sciences (Biochemistry Program), Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, P. M. B. 353, Okitipupa, Nigeria.
| | - Adesola Oluwaseun Adeleye
- Department of Chemical Sciences (Biochemistry Program), Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, P. M. B. 353, Okitipupa, Nigeria
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2
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Kim N, Priefer R. Retinol binding protein 4 antagonists and protein synthesis inhibitors: Potential for therapeutic development. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113856. [PMID: 34547506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a serum protein that transports Vitamin A. RBP4 is correlated with numerous diseases and metabolic syndromes, including insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and macular degeneration. Recently, RBP4 antagonists and protein synthesis inhibitors are under development to regulate the effect of RBP4. Several RBP4 antagonists, especially BPN-14136, have demonstrated promising safety profiles and potential therapeutic benefits in animal studies. Two RBP4 antagonists, specifically tinlarebant (Belite Bio) and STG-001 (Stargazer) are currently undergoing clinical trials. Some antidiabetic drugs and nutraceuticals have been reported to reduce RBP4 expression, but more clinical data is needed to evaluate their therapeutical benefits. As regulating RBP4 levels or its activities would benefit a wide range of patients, further research is highly recommended to develop clinically useful RBP4 antagonists or protein synthesis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noheul Kim
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronny Priefer
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Huang R, Yin S, Ye Y, Chen N, Luo S, Xia M, Zhao L. Circulating Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Is Inversely Associated With Pancreatic β-Cell Function Across the Spectrum of Glycemia. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:1258-1265. [PMID: 32265192 DOI: 10.2337/dc19-2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association of circulating retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels with β-cell function across the spectrum of glucose tolerance from normal to overt type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 291 subjects aged 35-60 years with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), newly diagnosed impaired fasting glucose or glucose tolerance (IFG/IGT), or type 2 diabetes were screened by a standard 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with the use of traditional measures to evaluate β-cell function. From these participants, 74 subjects were recruited for an oral minimal model test, and β-cell function was assessed with model-derived indices. Circulating RBP4 levels were measured by a commercially available ELISA kit. RESULTS Circulating RBP4 levels were significantly and inversely correlated with β-cell function indicated by the Stumvoll first-phase and second-phase insulin secretion indices, but not with HOMA of β-cell function, calculated from the 2-h OGTT in 291 subjects across the spectrum of glycemia. The inverse association was also observed in subjects involved in the oral minimal model test with β-cell function assessed by both direct measures and model-derived measures, after adjustment for potential confounders. Moreover, RBP4 emerged as an independent factor of the disposition index-total insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS Circulating RBP4 levels are inversely and independently correlated with β-cell function across the spectrum of glycemia, providing another possible explanation of the linkage between RBP4 and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Songping Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxin Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Nixuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyun Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China .,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China .,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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4
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Zhou Z, Chen H, Ju H, Sun M. Circulating retinol binding protein 4 levels in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:180. [PMID: 28931435 PMCID: PMC5607593 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is implicated in obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus that are closely associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, recent investigations regarding circulating RBP4 levels in NAFLD are conflicting. This meta-analysis is to determine whether NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and simple steatosis (SS) patients have altered RBP4 levels. Methods We performed a systematic search in PubMed, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library up until 18 March 2017, and 12 studies comprising a total of 4247 participants (2271 NAFLD patients and 1976 controls) were included in the meta-analysis. Results There were no significant differences of circulating RBP4 levels in the following comparisons: (1) NAFLD patients vs controls (standardized mean differences [SMD]: 0.08; 95% CI: −0.21, 0.38); (2) NASH patients vs controls (SMD: −0.49; 95% CI: −1.09, 0.12); (3) SS patients vs controls (SMD: −0.72; 95% CI: −1.64, 0.20) and (4) NASH vs SS patients (SMD: −0.04; 95% CI: −0.32, 0.24). The results remained essentially unchanged in the comparisons between NAFLD patients and controls after excluding single individual study or bariatric studies (n = 2). No significant publication bias was detected. However, there was significant heterogeneity among studies and the subgroup and meta-regression analyses did not find the potential sources. Conclusions Circulating RBP4 levels may not be associated with NAFLD. Further prospective cohort studies are required to confirm these findings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-017-0566-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 75 Juchang Road, Tinghu, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 75 Juchang Road, Tinghu, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixiang Ju
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 75 Juchang Road, Tinghu, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 75 Juchang Road, Tinghu, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224001, People's Republic of China.
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Chang X, Yan H, Bian H, Xia M, Zhang L, Gao J, Gao X. Serum retinol binding protein 4 is associated with visceral fat in human with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease without known diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:28. [PMID: 25890223 PMCID: PMC4419494 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High serum Retinol Binding Protein 4 (RBP4) levels were associated with insulin-resistant states in humans. To determine which fat compartments are associated with elevated RBP4 levels in humans, we measured serum RBP4 and hepatic fat content (HFC), visceral (VFA) and subcutaneous abdominal fat area (SFA) in 106 subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) without known diabetes. Methods 106 patients with NAFLD (M/F: 61/45, aged 47.44 ± 14.16 years) were enrolled. Subjects with known diabetes, chronic virus hepatitis, and those with alcohol consumption ≥30 g/d in man and ≥20 g/d in woman were excluded. Anthropometrics and laboratory tests, including lipid profile, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) were conducted. HFC, VFA and SFA were determined by CT scan. Serum RBP4 was detected by an enzyme immunoassay kit and validated by quantitative Western blotting. Results Circulating RBP4 was negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (r = −0.392, p < 0.001), but positively with waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (r = 0.343, p = 0.001), triglyceride (r = 0.330, p = 0.002), VFA (r = 0.298, p = 0.027), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.247, p = 0.020), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.241, p = 0.023), γ-GT (r = 0.239, p = 0.034), waist circumference (r = 0.218, p = 0.040). Differently, serum RBP4 levels were not associated with HFC (r = 0.199, p = 0.071), SFA, age, BMI, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), ALT or AST (all p > 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that RBP4 correlated independently with VFA (Standard β = 0.357, p = 0.019) and HDL-c (Standard β = −0.345, p = 0.023) in all subjects, HDL-c (Standard β = −0.315, p = 0.040) in men, VFA/SFA in women (Standard β = 0.471, p = 0.049), not with HFC. However, serum RBP4 was positively correlated with HFC when HFC below 6.34% (r = 0.574, p = 0.001). Conclusions RBP4 could be a marker of abdominal obesity, however, the role of RBP4 in the pathogenesis of NAFLD is not sufficiently elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxia Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Hongmei Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Hua Bian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Linshan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of clinical nutrition, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Peraire J, López-Dupla M, Alba V, Beltrán-Debón R, Martinez E, Domingo P, Asensi V, Leal M, Viladés C, Inza MI, Escoté X, Arnedo M, Mateo G, Valle-Garay E, Ferrando-Martinez S, Veloso S, Vendrell J, Gatell JM, Vidal F. HIV/antiretroviral therapy-related lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) is associated with higher RBP4 and lower omentin in plasma. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:711.e1-8. [PMID: 25882366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Very little information is available on the involvement of newly characterized adipokines in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/antiretroviral therapy (ART)-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS). Our aim was to determine whether apelin, apelin receptor, omentin, RBP4, vaspin and visfatin genetic variants and plasma levels are associated with HALS. We performed a cross-sectional multicentre study that involved 558 HIV type 1-infected patients treated with a stable highly active ART regimen, 240 of which had overt HALS and 318 who did not have HALS. Epidemiologic and clinical variables were determined. Polymorphisms in the apelin, omentin, RBP4, vaspin and visfatin genes were assessed by genotyping. Plasma apelin, apelin receptor, omentin, RBP4, vaspin and visfatin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 163 patients (81 with HALS and 82 without HALS) from whom stored plasma samples were available. Student's t test, one-way ANOVA, chi-square test, Pearson and Spearman correlations and linear regression analysis were used for statistical analyses. There were no associations between the different polymorphisms assessed and the HALS phenotype. Circulating RBP4 was significantly higher (p < 0.001) and plasma omentin was significantly lower (p 0.001) in patients with HALS compared to those without HALS; differences in plasma levels of the remaining adipokines were nonsignificant between groups. Circulating RBP4 concentration was predicted independently by the presence of HALS. Apelin and apelin receptor levels were independently predicted by body mass index. Visfatin concentration was predicted independently by the presence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. HALS is associated with higher RBP4 and lower omentin in plasma. These two adipokines, particularly RBP4, may be a link between HIV/ART and fat redistribution syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peraire
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - M López-Dupla
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - V Alba
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - R Beltrán-Debón
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - E Martinez
- Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Domingo
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Asensi
- Infecciosas y Bioquimica y Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M Leal
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirologia, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiologia y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - C Viladés
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - M-I Inza
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - X Escoté
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Tarragona, Spain
| | - M Arnedo
- Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Mateo
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Valle-Garay
- Infecciosas y Bioquimica y Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - S Ferrando-Martinez
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirologia, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiologia y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - S Veloso
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - J Vendrell
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Tarragona, Spain
| | - J Ma Gatell
- Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Vidal
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
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Andrade-Oliveira V, Câmara NOS, Moraes-Vieira PM. Adipokines as drug targets in diabetes and underlying disturbances. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:681612. [PMID: 25918733 PMCID: PMC4397001 DOI: 10.1155/2015/681612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are worldwide health problems. White fat dynamically participates in hormonal and inflammatory regulation. White adipose tissue is recognized as a multifactorial organ that secretes several adipose-derived factors that have been collectively termed "adipokines." Adipokines are pleiotropic molecules that gather factors such as leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, apelin, vaspin, hepcidin, RBP4, and inflammatory cytokines, including TNF and IL-1β, among others. Multiple roles in metabolic and inflammatory responses have been assigned to these molecules. Several adipokines contribute to the self-styled "low-grade inflammatory state" of obese and insulin-resistant subjects, inducing the accumulation of metabolic anomalies within these individuals, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Thus, adipokines are an interesting drug target to treat autoimmune diseases, obesity, insulin resistance, and adipose tissue inflammation. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the roles of adipokines in different immune and nonimmune cells, which will contribute to diabetes as well as to adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance development. We describe how adipokines regulate inflammation in these diseases and their therapeutic implications. We also survey current attempts to exploit adipokines for clinical applications, which hold potential as novel approaches to drug development in several immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Andrade-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Niels O. S. Câmara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
- *Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira:
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Rosell M, Hondares E, Iwamoto S, Gonzalez FJ, Wabitsch M, Staels B, Olmos Y, Monsalve M, Giralt M, Iglesias R, Villarroya F. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-α and -γ, and cAMP-mediated pathways, control retinol-binding protein-4 gene expression in brown adipose tissue. Endocrinology 2012; 153:1162-73. [PMID: 22253419 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4) is a serum protein involved in the transport of vitamin A. It is known to be produced by the liver and white adipose tissue. RBP4 release by white fat has been proposed to induce insulin resistance. We analyzed the regulation and production of RBP4 in brown adipose tissue. RBP4 gene expression is induced in brown fat from mice exposed to cold or treated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists. In brown adipocytes in culture, norepinephrine, cAMP, and activators of PPARγ and PPARα induced RBP4 gene expression and RBP4 protein release. The induction of RBP4 gene expression by norepinephrine required intact PPAR-dependent pathways, as evidenced by impaired response of the RBP4 gene expression to norepinephrine in PPARα-null brown adipocytes or in the presence of inhibitors of PPARγ and PPARα. PPARγ and norepinephrine can also induce the RBP4 gene in white adipocytes, and overexpression of PPARα confers regulation by this PPAR subtype to white adipocytes. The RBP4 gene promoter transcription is activated by cAMP, PPARα, and PPARγ. This is mediated by a PPAR-responsive element capable of binding PPARα and PPARγ and required also for activation by cAMP. The induction of the RBP4 gene expression by norepinephrine in brown adipocytes is protein synthesis dependent and requires PPARγ-coactivator-1-α, which acts as a norepinephine-induced coactivator of PPAR on the RBP4 gene. We conclude that PPARγ- and PPARα-mediated signaling controls RBP4 gene expression and releases in brown adipose tissue, and thermogenic activation induces RBP4 gene expression in brown fat through mechanisms involving PPARγ-coactivator-1-α coactivation of PPAR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Rosell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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The HIV-1/HAART associated metabolic syndrome – Novel adipokines, molecular associations and therapeutic implications. J Infect 2010; 61:101-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Mayi TH, Duhem C, Copin C, Bouhlel MA, Rigamonti E, Pattou F, Staels B, Chinetti-Gbaguidi G. Visfatin is induced by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in human macrophages. FEBS J 2010; 277:3308-20. [PMID: 20608974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease associated with an increased number of macrophages (adipose tissue macrophages) in adipose tissue. Within the adipose tissue, adipose tissue macrophages are the major source of visfatin/pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor/nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) exerts anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages by inhibiting cytokine production and enhancing alternative differentiation. In this study, we investigated whether PPARgamma modulates visfatin expression in murine (bone marrow-derived macrophage) and human (primary human resting macrophage, classical macrophage, alternative macrophage or adipose tissue macrophage) macrophage models and pre-adipocyte-derived adipocytes. We show that synthetic PPARgamma ligands increase visfatin gene expression in a PPARgamma-dependent manner in primary human resting macrophages and in adipose tissue macrophages, but not in adipocytes. The threefold increase of visfatin mRNA was paralleled by an increase of protein expression (30%) and secretion (30%). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments and transient transfection assays indicated that PPARgamma induces visfatin promoter activity in human macrophages by binding to a DR1-PPARgamma response element. Finally, we show that PPARgamma ligands increase NAD(+) production in primary human macrophages and that this regulation is dampened in the presence of visfatin small interfering RNA or by the visfatin-specific inhibitor FK866. Taken together, our results suggest that PPARgamma regulates the expression of visfatin in macrophages, leading to increased levels of NAD(+).
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Sheth SH, Larson RJ. The efficacy and safety of insulin-sensitizing drugs in HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:183. [PMID: 20573187 PMCID: PMC2906460 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) is characterized by insulin resistance, abnormal lipid metabolism and redistribution of body fat. To date, there has been no quantitative summary of the effects of insulin sensitizing-agents for the treatment of this challenging problem. Methods We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, clinical trial registries, conference proceedings and references for randomized trials evaluating rosiglitazone, pioglitazone or metformin in patients with evidence of HALS (last update December 2009). Two reviewers independently abstracted data and assessed quality using a standard form. We contacted authors for missing data and calculated weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each outcome. Results Sixteen trials involving 920 patients met inclusion criteria. Rosiglitazone modestly improved fasting insulin (WMD -3.67 mU/L; CI -7.03, -0.31) but worsened triglycerides (WMD 32.5 mg/dL; CI 1.93, 63.1), LDL (WMD 11.33 mg/dL; CI 1.85, 20.82) and HDL (WMD -2.91 mg/dL; CI -4.56, -1.26) when compared to placebo or no treatment in seven trials. Conversely, pioglitazone had no impact on fasting insulin, triglycerides or LDL but improved HDL (WMD 7.60 mg/dL; CI 0.20, 15.0) when compared to placebo in two trials. Neither drug favorably impacted measures of fat redistribution. Based on six trials with placebo or no treatment controls, metformin reduced fasting insulin (WMD -8.94 mU/L; CI -13.0, -4.90), triglycerides (WMD -42.87 mg/dL; CI -73.3, -12.5), body mass index (WMD -0.70 kg/m2; CI -1.09, -0.31) and waist-to-hip ratio (WMD -0.02; CI -0.03, 0.00). Three trials directly compared metformin to rosiglitazone. While effects on insulin were comparable, lipid levels and measures of fat redistribution all favored metformin. Severe adverse events were uncommon in all 16 trials. Conclusion Based on our meta-analysis, rosiglitazone should not be used in HALS. While pioglitazone may be safer, any benefits appear small. Metformin was the only insulin-sensitizer to demonstrate beneficial effects on all three components of HALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth H Sheth
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Structured exercise is considered an important cornerstone to achieve good glycemic control and improve cardiovascular risk profile in Type 2 diabetes. Current clinical guidelines acknowledge the therapeutic strength of exercise intervention. This paper reviews the wide pathophysiological problems associated with Type 2 diabetes and discusses the benefits of exercise therapy on phenotype characteristics, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk profile in Type 2 diabetes patients. Based on the currently available literature, it is concluded that Type 2 diabetes patients should be stimulated to participate in specifically designed exercise intervention programs. More attention should be paid to cardiovascular and musculoskeletal deconditioning as well as motivational factors to improve long-term treatment adherence and clinical efficacy. More clinical research is warranted to establish the efficacy of exercise intervention in a more differentiated approach for Type 2 diabetes subpopulations within different stages of the disease and various levels of co-morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan F E Praet
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Blümer RME, van der Valk M, Ackermans M, Endert E, Serlie MJ, Reiss P, Sauerwein HP. A rosiglitazone-induced increase in adiponectin does not improve glucose metabolism in HIV-infected patients with overt lipoatrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E1097-104. [PMID: 19690066 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90988.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy frequently develop changes in body fat distribution and disturbances in glucose metabolism, associated with reduced adiponectin levels. Because adiponectin, principally the high-molecular-weight (HMW) form, has insulin-sensitizing properties, we investigated the effects of an increase in adiponectin on glucose metabolism in HIV-lipodystrophy. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we included HIV-1-infected patients with severe lipoatrophy, with an undetectable viral load and who had received neither protease inhibitors nor stavudine for ≥6 mo. Patients were randomized to rosiglitazone [8 mg daily (n = 8)] to increase adiponectin levels or placebo (n = 5) for 16 wk. Peripheral glucose disposal, glucose production, and lipolysis were measured after an overnight fast and during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp using stable isotopes. Body composition was assessed by computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Although body fat distribution was unaffected, rosiglitazone increased total plasma adiponectin levels by 107% (P < 0.02) and the ratio of HMW to total adiponectin by 73% (P < 0.001). In the placebo group, neither total adiponectin levels (P = 0.62) nor the ratio of HMW to total adiponectin changed (P = 0.94). The marked increase in adiponectin induced by rosiglitazone was not associated with significant changes in basal endogenous glucose production (P = 0.90), basal lipolysis (P = 0.90), insulin-mediated suppression of glucose production (P = 0.17) and lipolysis (P = 0.54) nor with changes in peripheral glucose disposal (P = 0.13). Acknowledging the limited statistical power of our small study, these findings, if confirmed by larger studies, could question the importance of adiponectin in regulating glucose metabolism in HIV-lipodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regje M E Blümer
- Dept. of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Han SH, Chin BS, Lee HS, Jeong SJ, Choi HK, Kim CO, Choi JY, Song YG, Lee HC, Kim JM. Serum retinol-binding protein 4 correlates with obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected subjects receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Metabolism 2009; 58:1523-9. [PMID: 19501863 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) contributes to the development of metabolic complications including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance (IR), and lipodystrophy (LD). Recent studies reported that retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is associated with IR, dyslipidemia, and obesity in non-HIV-infected populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between RBP4 and LD or metabolic abnormalities in HIV-infected subjects receiving HAART. We performed a cross-sectional study with 113 HIV-infected subjects receiving HAART for more than 6 months. Body composition and abdominal fat were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis and ultrasonography, and fasting serum RBP4 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Retinol-binding protein 4 levels in subjects with LD were similar to those without LD (P = .839). Retinol-binding protein 4 had significantly positive correlations with waist circumference (r = 0.298, P = .002), waist-to-hip ratio (r = 0.336, P = .001), body mass index (r = 0.310, P = .002), total body fat mass (r = 0.323, P = .001), total cholesterol (r = 0.188, P = .048), log (triglyceride) (r = 0.269, P = .004), and log (homeostasis model assessment of IR) (r = 0.207, P = .036), and negative correlations with quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (r = -0.209, P = .034) after adjustment for age and sex. In stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis, waist-to-hip ratio was the most significant independent predictor of increased RBP4 (standardized beta = .351, P = .001). These results suggest that serum RBP4 is associated with obesity, IR, and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected subjects receiving HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Han
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Hermsdorff HHM, Zulet MA, Puchau B, Bressan J, Martínez JA. Association of retinol-binding protein-4 with dietary selenium intake and other lifestyle features in young healthy women. Nutrition 2008; 25:392-9. [PMID: 19056238 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study specifically assessed plasma retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP4), an inflammatory marker, in young healthy women, with emphasis on its potential relations to dietary intake and lifestyle features. METHODS Seventy-four women with a mean age of 20.5 +/- 2.5 y and body mass index of 21.3 +/- 2.3 kg/m(2) were enrolled. Anthropometric, blood pressure, glucose, lipid profile, RBP4, and insulin concentrations were determined. Nutritional intakes were estimated by a validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Physical activity and smoking status were evaluated with appropriate tools. RESULTS Regarding anthropometric and biochemical variables, only triacylglycerol concentration had a positive and significant association with plasma RBP4 concentrations (P < 0.001). Trans fatty acid intake, vitamin A intake, and smoking time showed positive and significant correlations with RBP4 concentrations (P < 0.05). Furthermore, individuals with a higher selenium intake (P = 0.027), non-smoking participants (P = 0.032), and subjects who self-declared to practice some physical activity (P = 0.030) presented significantly lower RBP4 concentrations. Interestingly, selenium intake was inversely and significantly associated with RBP4 concentration (P = 0.018) when adjusted for smoking status, energy intake, and vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc intakes. Plasma RBP4 concentrations were also associated with smoking status (P = 0.035), adjusted for potential confounding factors. CONCLUSION This translational research revealed that dietary intake of a nutrient with an impact on oxidative stress such as selenium and lifestyle features such as smoking habit can modulate RBP4 concentrations. Our results suggest that plasma RBP4 values could be a valuable tool to screen potential nutrient and inflammation interactions.
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The effects of Thiazolidinediones on metabolic complications and Lipodystrophy in HIV-infected patients. PPAR Res 2008; 2009:373524. [PMID: 19096512 PMCID: PMC2593088 DOI: 10.1155/2009/373524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-associated metabolic complications include lipoatrophy (loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT)) and insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones are insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic agents which-as an untoward side effect in obese diabetic patients-increase SAT. Furthermore, troglitazone has improved lipoatrophy and glycemic control in non-HIV patients with various forms of lipodystrophy. These data have led to 14 clinical trials to examine whether thiazolidinediones could be useful in the treatment of HAART-associated metabolic complications. The results of these studies indicate very modest, if any, effect on lipoatrophic SAT, probably due to ongoing HAART negating the beneficial effect. The benefit might be more prominent in patients not taking thymidine analoges. Despite the poor effect on lipoatrophy, thiazolidin-ediones improved insulin sensitivity. However, especially rosiglitazone induced harmful effects on blood lipids. Current data do not provide evidence for the use of thiazolidinediones in the treatment of HAART-associated lipoatrophy, but treatment of lipoatrophy-associated diabetes may be warranted. The role of thiazolidinediones for novel indications, such as hepatosteatosis, should be studied in these patients.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Adipose tissue is increasingly recognized as an active endocrine organ with many secretory products and part of the innate immune system. With obesity, macrophages infiltrate adipose tissue, and numerous adipocytokines are released by both macrophages and adipocytes. Adipocytokines play important roles in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and associated metabolic complications such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and premature heart disease. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Published literature was analyzed with the intent of addressing the role of the major adipose secretory proteins in human obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS This review analyzes the characteristics of different adipocytokines, including leptin, adiponectin, pro-inflammatory cytokines, resistin, retinol binding protein 4, visfatin, and others, and their roles in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Inflamed fat in obesity secretes an array of proteins implicated in the impairment of insulin signaling. Further studies are needed to understand the triggers that initiate inflammation in adipose tissue and the role of each adipokine in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Rasouli
- The Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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18
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Importance of the high-molecular-mass isoform of adiponectin in improved insulin sensitivity with rosiglitazone treatment in HIV disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008; 115:197-202. [PMID: 18254722 DOI: 10.1042/cs20070387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the relationship of isoforms of adiponectin to insulin sensitivity in subjects with HIV-associated insulin resistance in response to treatment with the thiazolidinedione, rosiglitazone. The two isoforms of adiponectin, HMW (high-molecular-mass) and LMW (low-molecular-mass), were separated by sucrose-gradient-density centrifugation. The amount of adiponectin in gradient fractions was determined by ELISA. Peripheral insulin sensitivity (Rd) was determined with hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp, whereas hepatic sensitivity [HOMA (Homoeostasis Model Assessment) %S] was based on basal glucose and insulin values. Treatment with rosiglitazone for 3 months resulted in a significant improvement in the index of hepatic insulin sensitivity (86.4+/-15% compared with 139+/-23; P=0.007) as well as peripheral insulin sensitivity (4.04+/-0.23 compared with 6.17+/-0.66 mg of glucose/kg of lean body mass per min; P<0.001). Improvement in HOMA was associated with increased levels of HMW adiponectin (r=0.541, P=0.045), but not LMW adiponectin. The present study suggests that the HMW isoform of adiponectin is important in the regulation of rosiglitazone-mediated improvement in insulin sensitivity in individuals with HIV-associated insulin resistance, particularly in the liver.
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Mallewa JE, Wilkins E, Vilar J, Mallewa M, Doran D, Back D, Pirmohamed M. HIV-associated lipodystrophy: a review of underlying mechanisms and therapeutic options. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:648-60. [PMID: 18565973 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipodystrophy (LD) is a common adverse effect of HIV treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy, which comprises morphological and metabolic changes. The underlying mechanisms for LD are thought to be due to mitochondrial toxicity and insulin resistance, which results from derangements in levels of adipose tissue-derived proteins (adipocytokines) that are actively involved in energy homeostasis. Several management strategies for combating this syndrome are available, but they all have limitations. They include: switching from thymidine analogues to tenofovir or abacavir in lipoatrophy, or switching from protease inhibitors associated with hyperlipidaemia to a protease-sparing option; injection into the face with either biodegradable fillers such as poly-L-lactic acid and hyaluronic acid (a temporary measure requiring re-treatment) or permanent fillers such as bio-alcamid (with the risk of foreign body reaction or granuloma formation); and structured treatment interruption with the risk of loss of virological control and disease progression. There is therefore a need to explore alternative therapeutic options. Some new approaches including adipocytokines, uridine supplementation, glitazones, growth hormone (or growth hormone-releasing hormone analogues), metformin and statins (used alone or in combination) merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Mallewa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, North Manchester General Hospital, Delaunays Road, Manchester M8 5RB, UK.
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20
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Hammarstedt A, Pihlajamäki J, Graham TE, Kainulainen S, Kahn BB, Laakso M, Smith U. High circulating levels of RBP4 and mRNA levels of aP2, PGC-1alpha and UCP-2 predict improvement in insulin sensitivity following pioglitazone treatment of drug-naïve type 2 diabetic subjects. J Intern Med 2008; 263:440-9. [PMID: 18324929 PMCID: PMC2676866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT High levels of circulating retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and baseline expression of adipogenic genes correlate with subsequent improvement in insulin sensitivity following Thiazolidinedione (TZD) treatment. OBJECTIVE The aim was to identify baseline characteristics and early changes related to TZD treatment that could predict a good treatment response. DESIGN Subjects were examined with oral glucose tolerance test, intravenous glucose tolerance test, hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp, body composition and standard blood sampling at baseline and after 4 and 12 weeks treatment. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were taken from the abdominal region at baseline, after 3 days and 4 weeks treatment to examine the gene expression profile. SETTING Research laboratory in a University hospital. PARTICIPANTS Ten newly diagnosed and previously untreated type 2 diabetic subjects were treated with pioglitazone for 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Baseline characteristics and early changes related to TZD treatment that could predict the response after 3 months. RESULTS Pioglitazone improved insulin sensitivity after 4 weeks combined with lower glucose and insulin levels without any change in BMI. It was accompanied by lower circulating resistin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels rapidly increased levels of circulating total and high molecular weight adiponectin as well as adiponectin and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) mRNA expression in the adipose tissue. High levels of circulating RBP4 at baseline and adipose tissue expression of aP2, proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1alpha) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) predicted a good treatment response measured as improvement in insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose uptake after 3 months. CONCLUSIONS Circulating levels of RBP4 as an index of insulin sensitivity and mRNA levels of adipogenic genes correlate with the subsequent improvement in insulin sensitivity following TZD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hammarstedt
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Diabetes, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Takebayashi K, Aso Y, Inukai T. Role of retinol-binding protein 4 in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2008; 3:161-173. [PMID: 30764090 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.3.2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinol-binding protein (RBP)4 is a new adipocytokine that has been associated with insulin resistance. Both RBP4 mRNA expression in adipocytes and serum RBP4 levels are elevated in adipose-specific glucose transporter 4-knockout mice, and elevated circulating RBP4 levels cause insulin resistance by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase activity in skeletal muscle and increasing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase expression in liver. Several clinical cross-sectional studies have shown a significant negative association between circulating RBP4 levels and insulin sensitivity evaluated by the glucose clamp method, but it is unclear if RBP4 is associated with insulin resistance in humans because of many conflicting results. Drugs such as rosiglitazone, exercise and weight loss have been shown to decrease circulating RBP4 levels and improve insulin resistance, but contradictory results have been found in other studies. In addition, a recent clinical study has suggested that RBP4 is more closely related to visceral adiposity than subcutaneous adiposity. In summary, RBP4 is an adipocytokine that is especially associated with visceral fat and may be associated with insulin resistance in humans. However, this association remains uncertain and whether or not RBP4 is a new target for treatment of Type 2 diabetes remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohzo Takebayashi
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50, Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya, 343-8555 Japan. ;
| | - Yoshimasa Aso
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50, Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya, 343-8555 Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Inukai
- c Dokkyo Medical University School Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50, Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya, 343-8555 Japan.
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22
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Hahn S, Backhaus M, Broecker-Preuss M, Tan S, Dietz T, Kimmig R, Schmidt M, Mann K, Janssen OE. Retinol-binding protein 4 levels are elevated in polycystic ovary syndrome women with obesity and impaired glucose metabolism. Eur J Endocrinol 2007; 157:201-7. [PMID: 17656599 DOI: 10.1530/eje-07-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance and obesity are common features of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), a new fat-derived adipokine, has been described to be elevated in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether serum RBP4 levels are correlated with metabolic parameters, indices of insulin resistance, and endocrine variables in German PCOS women. DESIGN We assessed the correlation between metabolic and endocrine parameters with RBP4 levels in 200 PCOS patients and 64 healthy controls. METHODS Serum RBP4 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany). In addition, anthropometric variables, clinical signs of hyperandrogenism, and body fat were evaluated, and a glucose tolerance test was performed to assess parameters of insulin resistance and glucose metabolism. RESULTS Taking the entire PCOS cohort, RBP4 levels were positively correlated with body mass index (BMI), body fat, waist circumference, fasting glucose, and area under the curve for glucose (all P<0.05), but not with indices of insulin resistance. On the other hand, PCOS women with impaired glucose metabolism had higher RBP4 levels than PCOS women with normal glucose metabolism (median 30.6, range 23.3-73.9 versus median 26.3, range 6.4-61.4, P<0.05). Furthermore, no differences were found in RBP4 levels between lean PCOS women and BMI-matched healthy controls. CONCLUSION In German PCOS women, serum RBP4 levels are associated with obesity and parameters of glucose metabolism but not with PCOS per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hahn
- Endokrinologikum Ruhr, Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Alter Markt 4, 44866 Bochum, Germany.
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24
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Haider DG, Handisurya A, Storka A, Vojtassakova E, Luger A, Pacini G, Tura A, Wolzt M, Kautzky-Willer A. Visfatin response to glucose is reduced in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:1889-91. [PMID: 17416788 DOI: 10.2337/dc07-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik G Haider
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Wien, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Klöting N, Graham TE, Berndt J, Kralisch S, Kovacs P, Wason CJ, Fasshauer M, Schön MR, Stumvoll M, Blüher M, Kahn BB. Serum retinol-binding protein is more highly expressed in visceral than in subcutaneous adipose tissue and is a marker of intra-abdominal fat mass. Cell Metab 2007; 6:79-87. [PMID: 17618858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intra-abdominal fat is associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk. Levels of serum retinol-binding protein (RBP4), secreted by fat and liver cells, are increased in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here we report that, in 196 subjects, RBP4 is preferentially expressed in visceral (Vis) versus subcutaneous (SC) fat. Vis fat RBP4 mRNA was increased approximately 60-fold and 12-fold in Vis and SC obese subjects respectively versus lean subjects, and approximately 2-fold with impaired glucose tolerance/T2D subjects versus normoglycemic subjects. In obese subjects, serum RBP4 was increased 2- to 3-fold, and serum transthyretin, which stabilizes RBP4 in the circulation, was increased 35%. Serum RBP4 correlated positively with adipose RBP4 mRNA and intra-abdominal fat mass and inversely with insulin sensitivity, independently of age, gender, and body mass index. RBP4 mRNA correlated inversely with GLUT4 mRNA in Vis fat and positively with adipocyte size in both depots. RBP4 levels are therefore linked to Vis adiposity, and Vis fat may be a major source of RBP4 in insulin-resistant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Klöting
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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