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Tomita H, Iwama N, Hamada H, Kudo R, Tagami K, Kumagai N, Sato N, Izumi S, Sakurai K, Watanabe Z, Ishikuro M, Obara T, Tatsuta N, Hoshiai T, Metoki H, Saito M, Sugawara J, Kuriyama S, Arima T, Yaegashi N. The impact of maternal and paternal birth weights on infant birth weights: the Japan environment and children's study. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:699-710. [PMID: 38247363 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174423000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the association between parental and infant birth weights in Japan. In total, 37,504 pregnant Japanese women and their partners were included in this birth cohort study. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to evaluate the associations of parental birth weights with small-for-gestational-age (SGA) or large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants. Associations between parental birth weight and low birth weight (LBW) infants or macrosomia were also examined, and linear associations between parental birth weight and SGA or LGA were found. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for SGA infants per 500 g decrease in maternal and paternal birth weights were 1.50 (95% confidence interval [CI],1.43-1.58) and 1.31 (95% CI, 1.25-1.38), respectively. The aORs for LGA infants per 500 g increase in maternal and paternal birth weights were 1.53 (95% CI, 1.47-1.60) and 1.41 (95% CI, 1.35-1.47), respectively. The association between parental birth weight and LBW infants or macrosomia was also linear. The aORs for LBW infants per 500 g decrease in maternal and paternal birth weights were 1.47 (95% CI, 1.40-1.55) and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.19-1.31), respectively. The aORs for macrosomia per 500 g increase in maternal and paternal birth weights were 1.59 (95% CI, 1.41-1.79) and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.23-1.60), respectively. Parental birth weight was found to be associated with infant birth weight even after adjusting for various parental factors. Furthermore, maternal birth weight was more strongly associated with infant birth weight than with paternal birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasumi Tomita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Iwama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Hamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Rie Kudo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tagami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kumagai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Naoto Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Seiya Izumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Kasumi Sakurai
- Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Zen Watanabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Mami Ishikuro
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, MI, Japan
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Taku Obara
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, MI, Japan
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Nozomi Tatsuta
- Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hoshiai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Hirohito Metoki
- Division of Public Health, Hygiene and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, MI, Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Junichi Sugawara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
- Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, MI, Japan
- Suzuki Memorial Hospital, Iwanuma, MI, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kuriyama
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, MI, Japan
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
- International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
- Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, MI, Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, MI, Japan
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Salmi IA, Hannawi S. Birth Weight Predicts Anthropometric and Body Composition Assessment Results in Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. J Obes Metab Syndr 2021; 30:279-288. [PMID: 34446614 PMCID: PMC8526299 DOI: 10.7570/jomes20135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A poor intrauterine environment is associated with increased risks of hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and/or diabetes. This study evaluated relationships between birth weight and body habitus in a representative sample of the general population. METHODS Adult participants were asked to complete a birth weight questionnaire. Associations between various current anthropometric and body composition measurements and birth weight were investigated. RESULTS Of 7,157 respondents, 4,502 reported their birth weight, which ranged from 0.4 to 7.0 kg with a mean and standard deviation of 3.37±0.7 kg; of these, 384 had low birth weights (LBWs; <2.5 kg). In females, lower birth weights were associated with lower height, weight, lean body mass (LBM), total body water (TBW), fat mass (FM), fat%, and fat-free mass (FFM) than those of higher older birth weights (quintiles); however, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were similar across quintiles. In males, LBW was similarly associated with lower height, weight, LBM, TBW, FM, fat%, and FFM, and also with lower WC and HC. The obesity markers such as WC, WHR, and body mass index (BMI) were 47%, 61%, and 45% greater, respectively, in LBW females compared to normal birth weight females, while these associations showed non-significant trend in males with LBW. CONCLUSION In adult male and female respondents, LBW was associated with lower body habitus: central obesity and body fatness (BMI, FM, fat%, FFM, FM/FFM, and FM/FFM2) were more pronounced in females than males, even after taking into account current physical activity and socioeconomic status. These findings indicate LBW may contribute to high blood pressure, dysglycemia and metabolic-abnormalities in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Al Salmi
- Medicine Department, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
- Medicine Department, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat, Oman
- Corresponding author Issa Al Salmi, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-5972, Medicine Department, The Royal Hospital, 23 July St., P.O. Box 1331,, code 111, Muscat, Oman, Tel: +968-927-09000, Fax: +968-245-99966, E-mail:
| | - Suad Hannawi
- Medicine Department, Ministry of Health and Prevention, Dubai, UAE
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Hong YH, Lee JE. Large for Gestational Age and Obesity-Related Comorbidities. J Obes Metab Syndr 2021; 30:124-131. [PMID: 34053939 PMCID: PMC8277589 DOI: 10.7570/jomes20130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Both small for gestational age and large for gestational age (LGA) size at birth are associated with metabolic complications throughout life. The long-term consequences of LGA have been investigated in only a few studies. LGA is thought to be associated with early obesity and metabolic risk. Understanding how LGA can influence later obesity risk is important for pediatric obesity interventions. Pregnant women who are overweight or obese are at high risk of having LGA babies. Infants born LGA are at increased risk of becoming overweight or obese children, adolescents, and young adults and can have an increased risk of metabolic syndrome later in life and giving birth to LGA offspring. Education and intervention for weight control before and during pregnancy should be conducted to prevent LGA births. Particular attention is needed for women of childbearing age who are diabetic and obese, which could be the starting point for lifelong management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hee Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Morales E, Torres-Castillo N, Garaulet M. Infancy and Childhood Obesity Grade Predicts Weight Loss in Adulthood: The ONTIME Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072132. [PMID: 34206431 PMCID: PMC8308354 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the relationships between intergenerational obesity, weight and size at birth, and obesity from infancy to adolescence with weight loss in response to a dietary intervention. We studied 4264 participants (3369 women; mean age 41.5 ± 12.9 years) of the ONTIME study. Participants followed a weight-loss treatment based on a Mediterranean diet. Associations between grandparental and parental obesity grade, birth weight and size, and obesity grade in infancy, childhood and adolescence with total weight loss in response to treatment were assessed, using multivariate linear regression models. A lower weight loss (kg) in response to treatment was found among participants who were obese during infancy (beta coefficient -2.13 kg; 95% CI, -3.96, -0.30; p = 0.023). Furthermore, obesity during infancy and also during childhood was associated with a slower weekly rate of weight loss during treatment (p < 0.05). In conclusion, obesity in infancy and in childhood impairs the weight-loss response to dietary treatments in adulthood. Tackling obesity throughout early life may improve the effectiveness of weight-loss interventions in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Morales
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain;
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Nathaly Torres-Castillo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Institute for Translational Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain;
- Department of Physiology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868883930
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Li N, Cai L, Heizhati M, Wang L, Li M, Zhang D, Abulikemu S, Yao X, Hong J, Zou B, Zhao J. Maternal exposure to cold spells during pregnancy is associated with higher blood pressure and hypertension in offspring later in life. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020; 22:1884-1891. [PMID: 32815665 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether month of birth is associated with blood pressure (BP) and prevalent hypertension in adults from a region with frost-free days of <150 days and average temperatures - 13°C in winter, Xinjiang, China. We analyzed data for 6158 subjects from several surveys. We divided participants into April to August (n = 2624) and September to March (n = 3534) groups, based on length of maternal exposure to cold months, and analyzed BP, prevalent hypertension, and related factors. Diastolic BP in total subjects and systolic and diastolic BP in male subjects born between April and August were significantly higher than in those born between September and March. In sensitivity analysis, untreated males born between April and August showed significantly higher systolic and diastolic BP than did their counterparts. Subjects born between April and August showed significantly higher prevalence of hypertension (31.3% vs 27.8%, P = .003), and isolated systolic (23.3% vs 20.8%, P = .018) and diastolic hypertension (24.5% vs 21.4%, P = .004), than those born between September and March, which is similar for men. Birth between April and August showed 1.68 (95% CI: 1.06-2.67, P = .027)-fold increased odds for the prevalence of hypertension, independent of gender, age, body mass index, waist circumference, cigarette consumption, alcohol intake, and family history, compared with their counterparts. In conclusion, maternal exposure to cold spells during pregnancy may be associated with the increased risk of hypertension in offspring later in life, particularly among males, suggesting the involvement of maternal cold exposure during pregnancy in offspring hypertension development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanfang Li
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Li Cai
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Mulalibieke Heizhati
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Mei Li
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Delian Zhang
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Suofeiya Abulikemu
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yao
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Bo Zou
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
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Rønn PF, Jørgensen ME, Smith LS, Bjerregaard P, Dahl-Petersen IK, Larsen CVL, Grarup N, Andersen GS. Associations between birth weight and glucose intolerance in adulthood among Greenlandic Inuit. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 150:129-137. [PMID: 30851284 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the association between birth weight and glucose intolerance in adult Greenlandic Inuit. METHODS We examined 1429 participants aged 18-56 years from two population-based, cross-sectional studies in Greenland with information on birth weight. Oral glucose tolerance tests, anthropometric measures and ultrasound of abdominal tissue were performed. Associations of birth weight with glucose markers were analysed using linear or logistic regressions. Spline analyses were conducted to examine u-shaped associations. Adjustments were done for age, sex, birth place, family history of diabetes, genetic admixture, TBC1D4 p.Arg684Ter carrier status, BMI and visceral adipose tissue. RESULTS The median birthweight was 3300 g and 3.9% had type 2 diabetes, T2DM. Spline analyses indicated overall linear associations. In fully adjusted analyses, an increase in birth weight of 1 kg was associated with a change in fasting plasma glucose of -0.06 mmol/L (95%CI: -0.11, -0.01), 2-h plasma glucose of -0.16 mmol/L (95%CI: -0.35, 0.02), HOMA-IR of -5.45% (95%CI: -10.34, -0.29), insulin sensitivity index of 7.04% (95%CI: 1.88, 12.45) and a trend towards a reduced risk of hyperglycaemia and T2DM, although statistically insignificant. CONCLUSIONS Birth weight was inversely associated with hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance independently of adult adiposity. Thus, the findings support low birth weight as a contributing factor for glucose intolerance in adult Inuit in Greenland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marit Eika Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark; National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Greenland, Greenland
| | | | - Peter Bjerregaard
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Greenland, Greenland
| | - Inger Katrine Dahl-Petersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark; National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Viskum Lytken Larsen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Greenland, Greenland
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hoffman DJ, Reynolds RM, Hardy DB. Developmental origins of health and disease: current knowledge and potential mechanisms. Nutr Rev 2018; 75:951-970. [PMID: 29186623 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic and clinical research has provided a large body of evidence supporting the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), but there has been a relative dearth of mechanistic studies in humans due to the complexity of working with large, longitudinal cohorts. Nonetheless, animal models of undernutrition have provided substantial evidence for the potential epigenetic, metabolic, and endocrine mechanisms behind DOHaD. Furthermore, recent research has explored the interaction between the environment and the gastrointestinal system by investigating how the gut microbial ecology may impact the capacity for nutrient processing and absorption in a manner that may limit growth. This review presents a summary of current research that supports the concept of DOHaD, as well as potential mechanisms and interactions that explain how nutrition in utero and during early childhood influences lifelong health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hoffman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Program in International Nutrition, and the New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Center for Childhood Nutrition Education and Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B Hardy
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and the Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, The Children's Health Research Institute and the Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Pirojsakul K, Thanapinyo A, Nuntnarumit P. Blood pressure and heart rate during stress in children born small for gestational age. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:1053-1058. [PMID: 28190246 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased sympathetic nervous system activity has been proposed as a potential mechanism for the blood pressure (BP) elevation seen in individuals born small for gestational age (SGA). This study was carried out to detect the changes in BP and heart rate (HR) in children born SGA during exposure to stress and to assess for changes in urinary catecholamine excretion. METHODS Nineteen children aged 6-14 years born SGA and 17 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included in the study. The stress test included a mathematical test and venipuncture. BP and HR were monitored during the test. Spot urine samples were collected at baseline and after the stress test to determine dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels. RESULTS At baseline, there was no difference in BP and HR between the SGA and control groups, but mean urinary norepinephrine levels were slightly higher in the SGA group (55.7 ± 16.1 vs. 43.4 ± 3.8 mcg/gCr; P = 0.10). Compared to the control group, mean maximal HR increase was higher in the SGA group (31.3 ± 3.1 vs. 19.2 ± 3.8%; P = 0.008), and mean duration of maximal HR to baseline HR was longer (186 ± 23 vs. 97 ± 13 s, respectively; P = 0.003). There was a significant negative correlation between birth weight and maximal HR increase (r = -0.497, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION Children born SGA showed significantly greater increases in HR and significantly longer periods of tachycardia during exposure to stress than did healthy controls. The rise in HR was inversely correlated with birth weight. These findings suggest that children born SGA have a greater increase in sympathetic response when exposed to stress than do healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanchai Pirojsakul
- Department of Pediatrics, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Apinya Thanapinyo
- Department of Pediatrics, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pracha Nuntnarumit
- Department of Pediatrics, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract
The long-term adherence to the dietary guidelines has not been evaluated against emergence of cardiometabolic risks in adolescents with increasing rates of obesity. The present study aimed to (1) determine the level of adherence to the guidelines using the Australian Dietary Guideline Index for Children and Adolescents (DGI-CA) in adolescents of age 14 and 17 years and to (2) examine the relationship between their assessed diet quality and concurrently measured cardiometabolic risk factors over time. Data were analysed from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. The DGI-CA was determined from a FFQ. Anthropometry and fasting biochemical measures were taken using standard procedures. Hierarchical linear mixed models examined associations between cardiometabolic risk factors and DGI-CA, adjusting for socio-economic status, physical activity, BMI, and sex, and examining for interactions. The mean DGI-CA scores were 47·1 (sd 10·2) at 14 years (n 1419) and 47·7 (sd 11·0) at 17 years (n 843), and were not different between sex. There was a significant inverse association between DGI-CA and insulin, homeostasis model assessment score and heart rate. The DGI-CA was positively associated with BMI (P= 0·029) but negatively with waist:hip ratio (P= 0·026). It was not associated with lipids or blood pressure, with the exception of a negative association with TAG (P= 0·011). The degree of adherence in the Raine Study adolescents was suboptimal but similar to the Australian Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. The present study shows that, at any particular time, better diet quality was associated with better insulin sensitivity and TAG levels and decreased abdominal fatness.
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10
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Imai CM, Gunnarsdottir I, Gudnason V, Aspelund T, Birgisdottir BE, Thorsdottir I, Halldorsson TI. Faster increase in body mass index between ages 8 and 13 is associated with risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:730-736. [PMID: 24560474 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Excess childhood weight is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood. Whether this is mediated through adult body mass index (BMI) and associated risk factors such as metabolic derangements remains unclear. The aim was to examine whether childhood BMI velocity (Δkg m(-2) per year) was associated with adult CVD mortality and to examine how adult BMI and cardiometabolic risk factors contribute to the association. METHODS AND RESULTS Subjects were 1924 Icelanders born between 1921 and 1935 and living in Reykjavik when recruited into a longitudinal study from 1967 to 1991. From ages 8-13 years, BMI velocity was calculated to quantify the association between childhood growth and adult CVD mortality. Deaths from recruitment to 31 December 2009 were extracted from the national register. There were 202 CVD deaths among men and 90 CVD deaths among women (mean follow-up: 25.9 years). Faster BMI velocity from ages 8-13 years was associated with CVD mortality when comparing those in the highest versus lowest tertile with corresponding hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 1.49 (1.03, 2.15) among men and 2.32 (1.32, 4.08) among women after adjustment for mid-life BMI and CVD risk factors. Faster childhood BMI velocity was associated with elevated CVD risk factors among men at mid-life but these associations were less pronounced among women. CONCLUSION Faster increase in BMI from ages 8-13 years was associated with an increased CVD mortality risk. Children with early growth spurts coupled with excess weight gain during this transition period from childhood into adolescence should be closely monitored to ensure better health in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Imai
- Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali National University Hospital, Eiriksgata 29, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - I Gunnarsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali National University Hospital, Eiriksgata 29, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - V Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, 201 Kopavogur, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T Aspelund
- Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, 201 Kopavogur, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - B E Birgisdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali National University Hospital, Eiriksgata 29, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - I Thorsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali National University Hospital, Eiriksgata 29, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T I Halldorsson
- Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali National University Hospital, Eiriksgata 29, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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11
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Araújo de França GV, Restrepo-Méndez MC, Loret de Mola C, Victora CG. Size at birth and abdominal adiposity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2014; 15:77-91. [PMID: 24112242 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We performed a systematic literature review on the associations between birth size and abdominal adiposity in adults, while also investigating the role of the adjustment for adult body mass index (BMI). MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS and SciELO databases were searched for articles published up to February 2013. Only prospective studies were included. After screening 2,570 titles, we selected 31 publications for the narrative synthesis, of which 13 were considered to be of high methodological quality. Six main indicators of birth size were identified, and birth weight (BW) was the most extensively studied. Most studies relied on anthropometric measurements as proxies for abdominal fatness or as indicators of body fat distribution. Few studies assessed abdominal adiposity through imaging methods, generally with small sample sizes. Eleven articles could be included in the meta-analyses. BW was found to be positively associated with waist circumference in adulthood, but the association disappeared after adjustment for adult BMI. In contrast, there was no association between BW and waist-to-hip ratio, whereas a strong negative association became evident after controlling for adult BMI. In conclusion, BW seems to be associated with larger adult size in general, including both waist and hip circumferences. The marked change in coefficients after adjustment for adult BMI suggests that post-natal growth strongly affects relative central adiposity, whereas BW per se does not play a role. Given the potential impact of post-natal growth, further research is needed to identify different growth trajectories that lead to abdominal adiposity, as well as studies on interactions of foetal and post-natal growth patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Araújo de França
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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12
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Imai CM, Gunnarsdottir I, Gudnason V, Aspelund T, Birgisdottir BE, Thorsdottir I, Halldorsson TI. Early peak height velocity and cardiovascular disease mortality among Icelandic women. Ann Med 2013; 45:545-50. [PMID: 24219756 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2013.852347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early pubertal onset among girls has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. We examined whether timing of peak height velocity (PHV), an early marker of maturity, was associated with CVD mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analysed 973 Icelandic women, born 1921-1935, with annual childhood growth measures from ages 8-13 years, recruited into the longitudinal Reykjavik study 1968-1991. CVD deaths from recruitment to December 2009 were recorded. RESULTS Eighty-six women died from CVD, 42 deaths from coronary heart disease (CHD). Compared to girls with PHV after age 12, girls with PHV < 11 years and between 11 and 12 years had greater risk of CVD mortality, hazard ratio 1.87 (95% confidence interval 1.07-3.26, P = 0.028) and 2.56 (1.52-4.31, P < 0.001), respectively. Comparable associations were observed with CHD cases 2.27 (1.17-4.44, P = 0.016) as well as non-CHD CVD cases 2.21 (1.17-4.19, P = 0.015) when comparing girls with PHV after versus prior to age 12. Timing of PHV was not associated with traditional CVD risk factors in mid-life including body mass index and adverse lipid profiles or with all-cause mortality. DISCUSSION Earlier timing of PHV in girls may increase the lifetime risk of CVD mortality and may be an important determinant for later cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Mari Imai
- Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali National University Hospital , Eiriksgata 29, 101 Reykjavik , Iceland
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13
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Cherala G, Thornburg K, Edelman A. Birthweight and cytochrome P4503A4/5 activity in obese women. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:275-6. [PMID: 22534035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Mirmiran P, Moslehi N, Asghari G, Jambarsang S, Mehrabi Y, Azizi F. Secular trends in size at birth of Iranian neonates: Meta-analyses of published and unpublished studies. Ann Hum Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2012.744428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Imai CM, Halldorsson TI, Gunnarsdottir I, Gudnason V, Aspelund T, Jonsson G, Birgisdottir BE, Thorsdottir I. Effect of birth year on birth weight and obesity in adulthood: comparison between subjects born prior to and during the great depression in Iceland. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44551. [PMID: 22957081 PMCID: PMC3434126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many epidemiological studies have linked small size at birth to adverse adult health outcomes but the relative influence of environmental exposures is less well established. Methods The authors investigated the impact of prenatal environmental exposure by comparing 2750 participants born before (1925–1929) and during (1930–1934) the Great Depression in Reykjavik, Iceland. Calendar year served as proxy for environmental effects. Anthropometric measurements at birth and school-age (8–13 years) were collected from national registries. Participants were medically examined as adults (33–65 years). Results Mean birth weight, adjusted for maternal age and parity, decreased by 97 g (95% confidence interval (CI): 39, 156) for men and 70 g (95% CI: 11, 129) for women from 1925 to 1934; growth at school-age was significantly reduced for participants growing during the Depression. As adults, women prenatally exposed to the Depression had higher body mass index (Δ0.6 kg/m2, 95% CI: 0.2, 1.1), higher fasting blood glucose levels (Δ0.16 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.23) and greater odds of being obese 1.43 (95% CI: 1.01, 2.02) compared to unexposed counterparts. Non-significant associations were observed in men. Conclusion Reduction in birth weight due to rapid shifts in the economic environment appears to have a modest but significant association with later obesity for women while male offspring appear to be less affected by these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Mari Imai
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Lumey LH, Susser E, Andrews H, Gillman MW. Birth size and adult size in same-sex siblings discordant for fetal growth in the Early Determinants of Adult Health study. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2011; 2:330-9. [PMID: 24683446 PMCID: PMC3966204 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174411000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have reported on relations between birth size and adult size but the findings to date are hard to compare due to the lack of uniform measures across studies. Interpretation of findings is also hampered by potential confounding by ethnic, socioeconomic and family factors. The purpose of this study is to explore these relationships in a comprehensive fashion, with multiple measures of birth size and adult size, using same-sex sibling controls discordant in birth weight to address potential confounding at the family level. Study subjects include pregnant women enrolled during 1959-1966 in the Child Health and Development Study in Oakland, CA and the Boston, MA, and providence, RI, sites of the Collaborative Perinatal Project in New England, currently combined into the New England Family Study. We assessed 392 offspring (mean age 43 years), the great majority as sibships as available. Our analyses confirm the positive association between birth weight and adult length reported in other studies, with a change in adult height of 1.25 cm (95% CI: 0.79 to 1.70 cm) for each quintile change in standardized birth weight. No associations were seen between birth weight and adult fatness for which findings in other studies are highly variable. As adult weight is likely to reflect recent variations in the adult nutritional environment rather than the early environment, it may be more useful for studies of birth size and adult size to focus on adult length rather than weight measures in evaluating the role of early influences on adult health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. H. Lumey
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Imprints Center for Genetic and Environmental Lifecourse Studies, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - E. Susser
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Imprints Center for Genetic and Environmental Lifecourse Studies, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - H. Andrews
- Data Coordinating Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. W. Gillman
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Karlsson CLJ, Molin G, Cilio CM, Ahrné S. The pioneer gut microbiota in human neonates vaginally born at term-a pilot study. Pediatr Res 2011; 70:282-6. [PMID: 21629156 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e318225f765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pioneer microbiota of the neonate may affect future actions of the immune system. This study aimed to map the pioneer microbiota in healthy neonates vaginally born at term. A subgroup of neonates born large for GA (LGA) was compared with the neonates appropriate for GA (AGA). Fecal samples were collected, within 48 h after birth, from 79 neonates. Quantitative PCR was used for enumeration of Lactobacillus, a subgroup of Lactobacillus common in the vagina, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, and the Bacteroides fragilis group. Cloning and sequencing were applied for subgroups of neonates born LGA or AGA. Lactobacillus was detected in all neonates, whereas other bacterial groups were detected only in 14 to 30% of the subjects. The prevalence of Gram-negative Proteobacteria was higher in neonates born LGA, whereas Gram-positive Firmicutes was more prevalent in neonates born AGA (p < 0.001). This study contributed to increased knowledge of the pioneer microbiota and indicates that neonates born LGA had significantly different microbiota compared with those born AGA. As the early microbiota can be important for maturation of the immune system, the outcome from this study may be relevant in the care of pregnant woman and newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L J Karlsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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Abstract
AIM Research in animals has shown that altering foetal nutrition by under-nourishing or over-nourishing the mother or rendering her diabetic or foetal exposure to glucocorticoids and toxins can programme obesity in later life. The increased adiposity is mediated by permanent changes in appetite, food choices, physical activity and energy metabolism. In humans, increased adiposity has been shown in people who experienced foetal under-nutrition due to maternal famine or over-nutrition due to maternal diabetes. Lower birth weight (a proxy for foetal under-nutrition) is associated with a reduced adult lean mass and increased intra-abdominal fat. Higher birth-weight caused by maternal diabetes is associated with increased total fat mass and obesity in later life. There is growing evidence that maternal obesity, without diabetes, is also a risk factor for obesity in the child, due to foetal over-nutrition effects. Maternal smoking is associated with an increased risk of obesity in the children, although a causal link has not been proven. Other foetal exposures associated with increased adiposity in animals include glucocorticoids and endocrine disruptors. CONCLUSIONS Reversing the current obesity epidemic will require greater attention to, and better understanding of, these inter-generational (mother-offspring) factors that programme body composition during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H D Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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Infant weight gain, duration of exclusive breast-feeding and childhood BMI – two similar follow-up cohorts. Public Health Nutr 2009; 13:201-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980009005874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo describe the association between duration of exclusive breast-feeding (EBF), weight gain in infancy and childhood BMI in two populations with a long duration of EBF.DesignCohort study with follow-up in childhood. Breast-feeding status was reported monthly during infancy. Weight and length were measured at birth, 2, 6 and 12 months of age, as well as in childhood at 6 or 10 years of age.SettingIceland and Denmark.SubjectsRandomly selected healthy newborns from Denmark (n 85) and Iceland (n 100).ResultsInfants exclusively breast-fed for ≤2 months gained 348 (95% CI 69, 626) g more weight from 2 to 6 months than infants exclusively breast-fed for 3–4 months (P = 0·009). Weight gain from 6 to 12 months was found to be greater among infants exclusively breast-fed for ≤2 months compared with those exclusively breast-fed for ≥5 months (P = 0·008). A greater weight change, in terms of Z-score, between the ages of 2 and 6 months was associated with higher Z-score of childhood BMI, adjusted for birth weight, country and duration of EBF (B = 0·49, se = 0·11, P < 0·001, adj. R2 = 0·15). However, the association was much stronger in the Icelandic cohort than the Danish one.ConclusionsAlthough duration of EBF was not associated with childhood BMI in the present study it may modulate growth rate in infancy, which is related to childhood BMI. However, other factors determinative for infant growth also need to be considered when assessing the relationship of early growth and nutrition to childhood overweight, as traditions in complementary food might differ between populations.
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Effect of birth weight and postnatal weight gain on body composition in early infancy: The Generation R Study. Early Hum Dev 2009; 85:285-90. [PMID: 19091495 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid postnatal weight gain is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes in later life. The influence of rapid weight gain on body composition in early infancy is still unknown and the critical periods of weight gain for later disease are debated. AIMS To investigate the effect of birth weight and rapid weight gain on body composition in the first 6 months of life. STUDY DESIGN The Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life onwards. SUBJECTS AND OUTCOME MEASURES We measured body fat and fat distribution by skinfold thickness at the age of 6 weeks and 6 months in 909 Dutch term infants. Analyses were adjusted for current body mass index, sex and maternal socioeconomic status, pre-pregnancy body mass index, height and duration of breastfeeding. RESULTS Upward postnatal weight percentile change was associated with increased skinfold thickness, percentage body fat at 6 weeks and 6 months and a larger truncal/peripheral fat ratio at 6 months (p<0.01 for all). Birth weight was inversely associated with truncal/peripheral fat ratio (p<0.01) but not with relative body fat at 6 months. CONCLUSION During early postnatal rapid weight gain infants do not grow in all body tissues in equal measure. Instead, they acquire relatively large amounts of fat, which is preferentially distributed to the truncal region. Long term observational studies have to assess if such changes in body composition persist into adulthood.
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Yang L, Kuper H, Weiderpass E. Anthropometric characteristics as predictors of coronary heart disease in women. J Intern Med 2008; 264:39-49. [PMID: 18205766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity and other anthropometric measures are clearly related to risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), although debate remains as to which measures are most important and how the impact of obesity varies over the life course. AIM We aimed to investigate these issues in a large cohort of Swedish women. The Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study includes 49 259 women, aged 30-50 years at baseline (1991-1992) when an extensive questionnaire was completed. METHODS Women were given standard instructions for self-measurement of anthropometric characteristics. Women were followed through linkages to national registries until December 2003, during which time 256 cases of incident fatal CHD or nonfatal myocardial infarction occurred. RESULTS Waist circumference was associated with increased CHD risk after multivariate adjustment for confounders (HR = 1.9; 95% CI:1.1-3.3; highest versus lowest quartile), whereas height, weight and hip circumference were not. Measures of obesity were strongly related to CHD, and after mutual adjustment, waist-hip ratio (HR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2-3.2) was more closely related to CHD risk than BMI (HR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0-2.4). Risk of CHD was increased in women who remained heavy, those who were heavy at age 18, and those with low birth weight. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, there is strong evidence for supporting control of obesity, in particular avoidance of abdominal obesity, as a strategy to prevent CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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22
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Labayen I, Moreno LA, Ruiz JR, González-Gross M, Wärnberg J, Breidenassel C, Ortega FB, Marcos A, Bueno M. Small birth weight and later body composition and fat distribution in adolescents: the Avena study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:1680-6. [PMID: 18464751 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between birth weight and body composition and fat distribution in adolescents, and to test the possible sex-specific effect in these relationships. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A total of 1,223 adolescents 13-18.5 years old (553 male adolescents and 670 female adolescents) born at >35 weeks, were selected from a cross-sectional multicenter study conducted in five Spanish cities in 2000-2002. BMI was calculated from weight and height. Triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (ST) were measured on the left side, and fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated according to the equations of Slaughter et al. Subscapular skinfold adjusted by tricipital (ST) and waist circumference were used as markers of central adiposity. RESULTS Birth weight Z-score was positively associated with FFM in female adolescents (P<0.001), but not in male adolescents, after controlling for age, pubertal stage, gestational age, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and current height (P<0.001 for interaction between adjusted birth weight Z-score and sex). Adjusted birth weight Z-score was inversely associated with central adiposity in male and female adolescents as measured by ST (P=0.026). DISCUSSION These results provide further evidence that gender has an important influence on the programming effect of birth weight on later FFM in adolescents because the effect was only observed in female adolescents. Our results suggest that small size for gestational age at birth could program more central subcutaneous fat deposition in adolescents of both sexes, but further research is needed on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Labayen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain.
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Head RF, Tu YK, Gilthorpe MS, Mishra GD, Williams S, Ellison GTH. What evidence is there that adjustment for adult height influences the relationship between birth weight and blood pressure? Ann Hum Biol 2007; 34:252-64. [PMID: 17558595 DOI: 10.1080/03014460701210977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inverse association between birth weight and blood pressure may partly be the result of inappropriate adjustment for adult body size, but it remains unclear whether adjustment for adult height elicits this effect. AIM The study investigated the impact of adjustment for adult height on the relationship between birth weight and blood pressure. METHODS A systematic search of Medline from 1996 to 2006 was conducted using the terms 'birth weight', 'blood pressure' and 'hypertension', and any papers containing linear regression analyses of blood pressure on birth weight for populations with an average age of 25+ were eligible for inclusion in comparative meta-analyses. RESULTS None of the 30 studies identified had published regression coefficients for blood pressure on birth weight before and after adjustment for adult height, and only two studies were found to adjust for adult height at all. Data from these studies were obtained, and it was found that adjustment for height made the association between birth weight and systolic blood pressure (SBP) more negative in one study but less negative in the other. When compared with meta-analyses of comparable models, it was found that both studies were substantially different from the combined estimate of the relationship between birth weight and SBP. CONCLUSIONS Both the differences between the two selected studies and their differences from the combined estimates obtained by meta-analysis are likely to be due to differences in the age of the participants. The relationship between birth weight and SBP tended to become more strongly inverse in studies with older participants. Additionally, the correlations between height and SBP were found to change from positive to negative with increasing age, which explained the differential impact of adjustment for height in the two selected studies. It therefore appears that adjustment for height may have little effect for older participants, but more so for younger participants.
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Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that growth patterns in early life are associated with risk of the metabolic syndrome in adulthood, although the relative importance of prenatal v. postnatal growth for such associations remains controversial. Body composition may play a key role in the ‘programming’ of such diseases, through itself being programmed by early growth, and perhaps also by being a mediator of the programming process. Early studies reporting positive associations between birth weight and adult BMI suggested a tendency for large babies to become obese adults. Such findings appeared contradictory to the many studies linking low birth weight with increased risk of the metabolic syndrome. Recent studies now indicate that birth weight is strongly predictive of later lean mass, and has a much weaker association with later fatness. Studies that link low birth weight with a more central adipose distribution in later life remain controversial, and require confirmation using more sophisticated methodologies. Findings for infant growth rate appear population-specific, with infant weight gain predicting subsequent lean mass in developing countries, but predicting subsequent fat mass and obesity in industrialised populations. Further studies are required on this issue, to ensure that appropriate public health policies are recommended for countries across the range of economic development. Although the links between early growth and later disease risk implicate early-life nutrition, either in utero or during infancy, few prospective studies have explored the influence of early diet on later body composition. Many studies have associated breast-feeding with a reduced prevalence of obesity categorised by BMI; however, the few studies directly evaluating childhood fatness provide little support for this hypothesis. Recent advances in the ability to measure body composition during the infant period offer a major opportunity to improve the understanding of the nutritional programming of body composition and its contribution, or lack thereof, to subsequent disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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25
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Johannsson E, Arngrimsson SA, Thorsdottir I, Sveinsson T. Tracking of overweight from early childhood to adolescence in cohorts born 1988 and 1994: overweight in a high birth weight population. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:1265-71. [PMID: 16491112 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and tracking of overweight and obesity in childhood cohorts born 1988 and 1994 in a population of high birth weight. SUBJECTS Icelandic cohorts born in 1988 and 1994. MATERIALS AND METHODS Out of 1328, 9- and 15-year-old children from 18 randomly selected schools all over Iceland, 934 participated (71%). Height and mass were measured by the investigators. Also, height and mass at birth, and at age 2.5, 6, 9, and 12 years, were collected from maternity wards and school health registers. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight children ranged from 10.1% for 2.5-year-olds to 18.7% for 9-year-olds. No difference was observed between the two cohorts or sex. The prevalence of obesity in the 1994 cohort (4.3%) was significantly higher (P = 0.01) at age 6 years, compared to the 1988 cohort (1.1%). The children who were overweight at age 2.5 years were more likely to be overweight at age 6 (OR=12.2) and 9 years (OR=4.9), but not significantly at age 12 or 15 years, compared with normal weight 2.5-year-olds. Overweight children at age 6 or 9 years were much more likely (OR 10.4 and OR 18.6, respectively) to be overweight at age 15 years compared to their normal weight peers. Of overweight 6-year-olds, 51% were overweight at 15 years, and were about one-third of all overweight children at that age. The children that weighed above the 85th percentile at birth were more likely than the other children to be overweight at the age of 6 years (OR = 1.8), 9 years (OR = 2.1), and 15 (OR = 2.0) years. CONCLUSION The results show high prevalence of overweight and obesity even before the start of compulsory schooling. Approximately, 51% of overweight 6-year-olds were still overweight after puberty. Therefore, preschool overweight prevention, along with prevention at school age, seems to be of uttermost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Johannsson
- Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Iceland University of Education, Laugarvatn, Iceland.
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Labayen I, Moreno LA, Blay MG, Blay VA, Mesana MI, González-Gross M, Bueno G, Sarría A, Bueno M. Early programming of body composition and fat distribution in adolescents. J Nutr 2006; 136:147-52. [PMID: 16365074 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.1.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Size at birth and early postnatal growth are determinants of adult height and BMI. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of birth weight on body composition and fat distribution in a group of Spanish adolescents. Current body composition was assessed by both skinfold thickness and dual X-ray absorptiometry in 234 adolescents born at term (140 girls and 94 boys), now aged 13-18 y and living in the city of Zaragoza. Relative fat distribution was estimated using the ratio of the subscapular to triceps skinfolds (S:T). Birth weight and gestational age were assessed by a questionnaire. Birth weight was inversely associated with the S:T ratio (P < 0.05) in boys and directly associated with bone mass (P < 0.01) and fat-free mass (P < 0.05) in girls. This association was independent of factors such as age, Tanner stage, gestational age, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and height. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that impaired fetal growth, measured by birth weight, may be related to central fat distribution in boys and decreased bone and fat-free mass in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoya Labayen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
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