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Ma Q, Yang Y, Chen S, Cheng H, Gong P, Hao J. Ribosomal protein S6 kinase 2 (RPS6KB2) is a potential immunotherapeutic target for cancer that upregulates proinflammatory cytokines. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:229. [PMID: 38281249 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is still a leading cause of mortality. Over the years, cancer therapy has undergone significant advances driven by advancements in science and technology. A promising area of drug discovery in this field involves the development of therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. The urgent need to identify new pharmacological targets arises from the impact of tumor resistance on the effectiveness of current medications. Specifically, the RPS6KB2 gene on chromosome 11 has been implicated in cell cycle regulation and exhibits higher expression levels in tumor tissue. Given this association, there is a potential for this gene to serve as a target for cancer treatment. METHODS We conducted an analysis using the GTEx, TCGA, and CCLE databases to explore the relationship between RPS6KB2 and immune infiltration, the tumor microenvironment (TME), microsatellite instability (MSI), and more. Cell proliferation was assessed using EDU detection, while cell invasion and migration were evaluated via wound healing and Transwell assays. Additionally, western blot analysis was employed to measure expression of Bax, Bcl-2, MMP2, MMP9, PCNA, and proinflammatory factors. RESULTS Through data analysis and molecular biology methods, our study carefully examined the potential role of RPS6KB2 in cancer therapy. The data revealed that RPS6KB2 is aberrantly expressed in most cancers and is associated with poor prognosis. Further analysis indicated its involvement in cancer cell apoptosis and migration, as well as its role in cancer immune processes. We validated the significance of RPS6KB2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), highlighting its capacity to upregulate proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Our research indicates that RPS6KB2 is a prognostic biomarker associated with immune infiltration in cancer that can affect antitumor immunity by increasing secretion of proinflammatory factors, providing a potential drug target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yipin Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuwen Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Jiqing Hao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Javle M, King G, Spencer K, Borad MJ. Futibatinib, an Irreversible FGFR1-4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of FGFR-Aberrant Tumors. Oncologist 2023; 28:928-943. [PMID: 37390492 PMCID: PMC10628593 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyad149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) are emerging as an important therapeutic target for patients with advanced, refractory cancers. Most selective FGFR inhibitors under investigation show reversible binding, and their activity is limited by acquired drug resistance. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical development of futibatinib, an irreversible FGFR1-4 inhibitor. Futibatinib stands out among FGFR inhibitors because of its covalent binding mechanism and low susceptibility to acquired resistance. Preclinical data indicated robust activity of futibatinib against acquired resistance mutations in the FGFR kinase domain. In early-phase studies, futibatinib showed activity in cholangiocarcinoma, and gastric, urothelial, breast, central nervous system, and head and neck cancers harboring various FGFR aberrations. Exploratory analyses indicated clinical benefit with futibatinib after prior FGFR inhibitor use. In a pivotal phase II trial, futibatinib demonstrated durable objective responses (42% objective response rate) and tolerability in previously treated patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma harboring FGFR2 fusions or rearrangements. A manageable safety profile was observed across studies, and patient quality of life was maintained with futibatinib treatment in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Hyperphosphatemia, the most common adverse event with futibatinib, was well managed and did not lead to treatment discontinuation. These data show clinically meaningful benefit with futibatinib in FGFR2-rearrangement-positive cholangiocarcinoma and provide support for further investigation of futibatinib across other indications. Future directions for this agent include elucidating mechanisms of resistance and exploration of combination therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind Javle
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gentry King
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristen Spencer
- Perlmutter Cancer Center of NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY,USA
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ,USA
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Ngaha TYS, Zhilenkova AV, Essogmo FE, Uchendu IK, Abah MO, Fossa LT, Sangadzhieva ZD, D. Sanikovich V, S. Rusanov A, N. Pirogova Y, Boroda A, Rozhkov A, Kemfang Ngowa JD, N. Bagmet L, I. Sekacheva M. Angiogenesis in Lung Cancer: Understanding the Roles of Growth Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4648. [PMID: 37760616 PMCID: PMC10526378 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has shown the role of growth factors in lung cancer angiogenesis. Angiogenesis promotes lung cancer progression by stimulating tumor growth, enhancing tumor invasion, contributing to metastasis, and modifying immune system responses within the tumor microenvironment. As a result, new treatment techniques based on the anti-angiogenic characteristics of compounds have been developed. These compounds selectively block the growth factors themselves, their receptors, or the downstream signaling pathways activated by these growth factors. The EGF and VEGF families are the primary targets in this approach, and several studies are being conducted to propose anti-angiogenic drugs that are increasingly suitable for the treatment of lung cancer, either as monotherapy or as combined therapy. The efficacy of the results are encouraging, but caution must be placed on the higher risk of toxicity, outlining the importance of personalized follow-up in the management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tchawe Yvan Sinclair Ngaha
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.Y.S.N.); (A.V.Z.); (F.E.E.); (I.K.U.); (M.O.A.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.); (A.S.R.); (Y.N.P.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (L.N.B.)
- Department of Public Health, James Lind Institute, Rue de la Cité 1, 1204 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angelina V. Zhilenkova
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.Y.S.N.); (A.V.Z.); (F.E.E.); (I.K.U.); (M.O.A.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.); (A.S.R.); (Y.N.P.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (L.N.B.)
| | - Freddy Elad Essogmo
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.Y.S.N.); (A.V.Z.); (F.E.E.); (I.K.U.); (M.O.A.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.); (A.S.R.); (Y.N.P.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (L.N.B.)
| | - Ikenna K. Uchendu
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.Y.S.N.); (A.V.Z.); (F.E.E.); (I.K.U.); (M.O.A.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.); (A.S.R.); (Y.N.P.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (L.N.B.)
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu 410001, Nigeria
| | - Moses Owoicho Abah
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.Y.S.N.); (A.V.Z.); (F.E.E.); (I.K.U.); (M.O.A.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.); (A.S.R.); (Y.N.P.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (L.N.B.)
| | - Lionel Tabola Fossa
- Department of Oncology, Bafoussam Regional Hospital, Bafoussam 980, Cameroon;
| | - Zaiana D. Sangadzhieva
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.Y.S.N.); (A.V.Z.); (F.E.E.); (I.K.U.); (M.O.A.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.); (A.S.R.); (Y.N.P.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (L.N.B.)
| | - Varvara D. Sanikovich
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.Y.S.N.); (A.V.Z.); (F.E.E.); (I.K.U.); (M.O.A.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.); (A.S.R.); (Y.N.P.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (L.N.B.)
| | - Alexander S. Rusanov
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.Y.S.N.); (A.V.Z.); (F.E.E.); (I.K.U.); (M.O.A.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.); (A.S.R.); (Y.N.P.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (L.N.B.)
| | - Yuliya N. Pirogova
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.Y.S.N.); (A.V.Z.); (F.E.E.); (I.K.U.); (M.O.A.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.); (A.S.R.); (Y.N.P.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (L.N.B.)
| | - Alexander Boroda
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.Y.S.N.); (A.V.Z.); (F.E.E.); (I.K.U.); (M.O.A.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.); (A.S.R.); (Y.N.P.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (L.N.B.)
| | - Alexander Rozhkov
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.Y.S.N.); (A.V.Z.); (F.E.E.); (I.K.U.); (M.O.A.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.); (A.S.R.); (Y.N.P.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (L.N.B.)
| | - Jean D. Kemfang Ngowa
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde 1364, Cameroon;
| | - Leonid N. Bagmet
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.Y.S.N.); (A.V.Z.); (F.E.E.); (I.K.U.); (M.O.A.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.); (A.S.R.); (Y.N.P.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (L.N.B.)
| | - Marina I. Sekacheva
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.Y.S.N.); (A.V.Z.); (F.E.E.); (I.K.U.); (M.O.A.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.); (A.S.R.); (Y.N.P.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (L.N.B.)
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Martin-Vega A, Earnest S, Augustyn A, Wichaidit C, Gazdar A, Girard L, Peyton M, Kollipara RK, Minna JD, Johnson JE, Cobb MH. ASCL1-ERK1/2 Axis: ASCL1 restrains ERK1/2 via the dual specificity phosphatase DUSP6 to promote survival of a subset of neuroendocrine lung cancers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.545148. [PMID: 37398419 PMCID: PMC10312738 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.545148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor achaete-scute complex homolog 1 (ASCL1) is a lineage oncogene that is central for the growth and survival of small cell lung cancers (SCLC) and neuroendocrine non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC-NE) that express it. Targeting ASCL1, or its downstream pathways, remains a challenge. However, a potential clue to overcoming this challenage has been information that SCLC and NSCLC-NE that express ASCL1 exhibit extremely low ERK1/2 activity, and efforts to increase ERK1/2 activity lead to inhibition of SCLC growth and surival. Of course, this is in dramatic contrast to the majority of NSCLCs where high activity of the ERK pathway plays a major role in cancer pathogenesis. A major knowledge gap is defining the mechanism(s) underlying the low ERK1/2 activity in SCLC, determining if ERK1/2 activity and ASCL1 function are inter-related, and if manipulating ERK1/2 activity provides a new therapeutic strategy for SCLC. We first found that expression of ERK signaling and ASCL1 have an inverse relationship in NE lung cancers: knocking down ASCL1 in SCLCs and NE-NSCLCs increased active ERK1/2, while inhibition of residual SCLC/NSCLC-NE ERK1/2 activity with a MEK inhibitor increased ASCL1 expression. To determine the effects of ERK activity on expression of other genes, we obtained RNA-seq from ASCL1-expressing lung tumor cells treated with an ERK pathway MEK inhibitor and identified down-regulated genes (such as SPRY4, ETV5, DUSP6, SPRED1) that potentially could influence SCLC/NSCLC-NE tumor cell survival. This led us to discover that genes regulated by MEK inhibition suppress ERK activation and CHIP-seq demonstrated these are bound by ASCL1. In addition, SPRY4, DUSP6, SPRED1 are known suppressors of the ERK1/2 pathway, while ETV5 regulates DUSP6. Survival of NE lung tumors was inhibited by activation of ERK1/2 and a subset of ASCL1-high NE lung tumors expressed DUSP6. Because the dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) is an ERK1/2-selective phosphatase that inactivates these kinases and has a pharmacologic inhibitor, we focused mechanistic studies on DUSP6. These studies showed: Inhibition of DUSP6 increased active ERK1/2, which accumulated in the nucleus; pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of DUSP6 affected proliferation and survival of ASCL1-high NE lung cancers; and that knockout of DUSP6 "cured" some SCLCs while in others resistance rapidly developed indicating a bypass mechanism was activated. Thus, our findings fill this knowledge gap and indicate that combined expression of ASCL1, DUSP6 and low phospho-ERK1/2 identify some neuroendocrine lung cancers for which DUSP6 may be a therapeutic target.
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Khalil MI, Ismail HM, Panasyuk G, Bdzhola A, Filonenko V, Gout I, Pardo OE. Asymmetric Dimethylation of Ribosomal S6 Kinase 2 Regulates Its Cellular Localisation and Pro-Survival Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108806. [PMID: 37240151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 kinases (S6Ks) are critical regulators of cell growth, homeostasis, and survival, with dysregulation of these kinases found to be associated with various malignancies. While S6K1 has been extensively studied, S6K2 has been neglected despite its clear involvement in cancer progression. Protein arginine methylation is a widespread post-translational modification regulating many biological processes in mammalian cells. Here, we report that p54-S6K2 is asymmetrically dimethylated at Arg-475 and Arg-477, two residues conserved amongst mammalian S6K2s and several AT-hook-containing proteins. We demonstrate that this methylation event results from the association of S6K2 with the methyltransferases PRMT1, PRMT3, and PRMT6 in vitro and in vivo and leads to nuclear the localisation of S6K2 that is essential to the pro-survival effects of this kinase to starvation-induced cell death. Taken together, our findings highlight a novel post-translational modification regulating the function of p54-S6K2 that may be particularly relevant to cancer progression where general Arg-methylation is often elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud I Khalil
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5020, Lebanon
| | - Heba M Ismail
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Healthy Lifespan Institute (HELSI), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ganna Panasyuk
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), 75015 Paris, France
- INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anna Bdzhola
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Valeriy Filonenko
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ivan Gout
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Olivier E Pardo
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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Shia DW, Choi W, Vijayaraj P, Vuong V, Sandlin JM, Lu MM, Aziz A, Marin C, Aros CJ, Sen C, Durra A, Lund AJ, Purkayastha A, Rickabaugh TM, Graeber TG, Gomperts BN. Targeting PEA3 transcription factors to mitigate small cell lung cancer progression. Oncogene 2023; 42:434-448. [PMID: 36509998 PMCID: PMC9898033 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains a lethal disease with a dismal overall survival rate of 6% despite promising responses to upfront combination chemotherapy. The key drivers of such rapid mortality include early metastatic dissemination in the natural course of the disease and the near guaranteed emergence of chemoresistant disease. Here, we found that we could model the regression and relapse seen in clinical SCLC in vitro. We utilized time-course resolved RNA-sequencing to globally profile transcriptome changes as SCLC cells responded to a combination of cisplatin and etoposide-the standard-of-care in SCLC. Comparisons across time points demonstrated a distinct transient transcriptional state resembling embryonic diapause. Differential gene expression analysis revealed that expression of the PEA3 transcription factors ETV4 and ETV5 were transiently upregulated in the surviving fraction of cells which we determined to be necessary for efficient clonogenic expansion following chemotherapy. The FGFR-PEA3 signaling axis guided the identification of a pan-FGFR inhibitor demonstrating in vitro and in vivo efficacy in delaying progression following combination chemotherapy, observed inhibition of phosphorylation of the FGFR adaptor FRS2 and corresponding downstream MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Taken together, these data nominate PEA3 transcription factors as key mediators of relapse progression in SCLC and identify a clinically actionable small molecule candidate for delaying relapse of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Shia
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - WooSuk Choi
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Preethi Vijayaraj
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Valarie Vuong
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jenna M Sandlin
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michelle M Lu
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Adam Aziz
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Caliope Marin
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Cody J Aros
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chandani Sen
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Abdo Durra
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Andrew J Lund
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Arunima Purkayastha
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tammy M Rickabaugh
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Brigitte N Gomperts
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Basu D, Pal R, Sarkar M, Barma S, Halder S, Roy H, Nandi S, Samadder A. To Investigate Growth Factor Receptor Targets and Generate Cancer Targeting Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2023; 23:2877-2972. [PMID: 38164722 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266261150231110053650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) regulates multiple pathways, including Mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs), PI3/AKT, JAK/STAT pathway, etc. which has a significant role in the progression and metastasis of tumor. As RTK activation regulates numerous essential bodily processes, including cell proliferation and division, RTK dysregulation has been identified in many types of cancers. Targeting RTK is a significant challenge in cancer due to the abnormal upregulation and downregulation of RTK receptors subfamily EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and HGFR in the progression of cancer, which is governed by multiple RTK receptor signalling pathways and impacts treatment response and disease progression. In this review, an extensive focus has been carried out on the normal and abnormal signalling pathways of EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and HGFR and their association with cancer initiation and progression. These are explored as potential therapeutic cancer targets and therefore, the inhibitors were evaluated alone and merged with additional therapies in clinical trials aimed at combating global cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debroop Basu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Riya Pal
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, IndiaIndia
| | - Maitrayee Sarkar
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Soubhik Barma
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Sumit Halder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Harekrishna Roy
- Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Vijayawada, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur, 244713, India
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
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Kawano T, Inokuchi J, Eto M, Murata M, Kang JH. Protein Kinase C (PKC) Isozymes as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5425. [PMID: 36358843 PMCID: PMC9658272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a large family of calcium- and phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinases that consists of at least 11 isozymes. Based on their structural characteristics and mode of activation, the PKC family is classified into three subfamilies: conventional or classic (cPKCs; α, βI, βII, and γ), novel or non-classic (nPKCs; δ, ε, η, and θ), and atypical (aPKCs; ζ, ι, and λ) (PKCλ is the mouse homolog of PKCι) PKC isozymes. PKC isozymes play important roles in proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and anticancer drug resistance in cancer cells. Several studies have shown a positive relationship between PKC isozymes and poor disease-free survival, poor survival following anticancer drug treatment, and increased recurrence. Furthermore, a higher level of PKC activation has been reported in cancer tissues compared to that in normal tissues. These data suggest that PKC isozymes represent potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge and discusses the potential of PKC isozymes as biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Kawano
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junichi Inokuchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Shinmachi, Kishibe, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
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Beyond controlling cell size: functional analyses of S6K in tumorigenesis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:646. [PMID: 35879299 PMCID: PMC9314331 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As a substrate and major effector of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), the biological functions of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) have been canonically assigned for cell size control by facilitating mRNA transcription, splicing, and protein synthesis. However, accumulating evidence implies that diverse stimuli and upstream regulators modulate S6K kinase activity, leading to the activation of a plethora of downstream substrates for distinct pathobiological functions. Beyond controlling cell size, S6K simultaneously plays crucial roles in directing cell apoptosis, metabolism, and feedback regulation of its upstream signals. Thus, we comprehensively summarize the emerging upstream regulators, downstream substrates, mouse models, clinical relevance, and candidate inhibitors for S6K and shed light on S6K as a potential therapeutic target for cancers.
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10
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Li C, Kuang K, Du J, Eymin B, Jia T. Far beyond anti-angiogenesis: Benefits for anti-basicFGF therapy in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119253. [PMID: 35259425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Basic FGF (bFGF) was discovered as a typical inducer of angiogenesis and has already been studied for 3 decades. Recent evidence indicates that bFGF plays different roles and controls signaling pathways that participate in the hallmarks of cancer, underscoring bFGF an appealing target for anti-cancer therapy. However, the early clinical trials designed to block bFGF signaling showed safety without satisfiable benefits for cancer patients. In this review, we firstly discuss bFGF's canonical signaling pathways and later review newly identified bFGF's functions that contribute to the cancer hallmarks besides its typical role in angiogenesis. After, we summarize the role of bFGF as a therapeutic target in response to different cancer therapies including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and highlight the difficulties we must solve regarding the design of drugs targeting specifically bFGF. We also emphasize the need, especially for natural bFGF traps, to deepen their molecular mechanisms of action considering the specific context of cancer with different FGFR status, as well as the urgence of stratifying patients for both anti-bFGF first line and second line anti-cancer therapy. Finally, a perspective on potential feed-forward oncogenic signaling pathways mediated by bFGF is made. We discuss the importance of developing additional robust biomarkers to select patients who will benefit from bFGF-targeted therapy, as well as the rationale of developing combinatory therapies targeting either bFGF and/or its intracellular (co)effectors. This would ultimately provide novel therapeutic strategies to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunYan Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - KeLi Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - JunRong Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Beatrice Eymin
- INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Institute For Advanced Biosciences, 38700 La Tronche, France; University Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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11
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Hu P, So K, Chen H, Lin Q, Xu M, Lin Y. A monoclonal antibody against basic fibroblast growth factor attenuates cisplatin resistance in lung cancer by suppressing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221105134. [PMID: 35649742 PMCID: PMC9168941 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221105134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the underlying mechanisms of how the basic fibroblast growth factor monoclonal antibody (bFGFmAb) attenuates cisplatin (DDP) resistance in lung cancer using A549 cells and cisplatin-resistant A549 cells (A549/DDP). Methods: Cancer cell proliferation, cell viability, and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of cisplatin were assessed. Transwell assays were utilized to evaluate the invasion activity of tumor cells in response to treatment. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers and drug resistance proteins were analysed using Western blots. Results: We demonstrate that the bFGFmAb inhibits the proliferation and invasion of both A549 and A549/DDP cells. The bFGFmAb increases cisplatin sensitivity of both A549 and A549/DDP cells as evidenced by an increase in the IC50 of cisplatin in A549 and A549/DDP cells. Furthermore, bFGFmAb significantly increases the expression of E-cadherin, whilst decreasing the expression of N-cadherin and bFGF in both cell lines, thereby showing inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In addition, we demonstrate that bFGFmAb significantly reduces the expression of the lung resistance protein. Conclusions: Our data suggests that the humanized bFGFmAb is a promising agent to attenuate cisplatin resistance in NSCLC. The underlying mechanism for this effect of bFGFmAb may be associated with the inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and reduced expression of lung resistance protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Hu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan
University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Kaman So
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan
University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qimou Lin
- Department of Surgery, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan
University, Guangzhou, China
- Yiguang Lin, MD, PhD, School of Life Sciences,
University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
Meng Xu, MD, PhD, Department of Oncology, The
First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632,
China.
| | - Yiguang Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre Laboratory, The First
Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou,
China
- Yiguang Lin, MD, PhD, School of Life Sciences,
University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
Meng Xu, MD, PhD, Department of Oncology, The
First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632,
China.
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12
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Farooq M, Khan AW, Kim MS, Choi S. The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Signaling in Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113242. [PMID: 34831463 PMCID: PMC8622657 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a large family of secretory molecules that act through tyrosine kinase receptors known as FGF receptors. They play crucial roles in a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation, survival, metabolism, morphogenesis, and differentiation, as well as in tissue repair and regeneration. The signaling pathways regulated by FGFs include RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)–protein kinase B (AKT), phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT). To date, 22 FGFs have been discovered, involved in different functions in the body. Several FGFs directly or indirectly interfere with repair during tissue regeneration, in addition to their critical functions in the maintenance of pluripotency and dedifferentiation of stem cells. In this review, we summarize the roles of FGFs in diverse cellular processes and shed light on the importance of FGF signaling in mechanisms of tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Farooq
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.F.); (A.W.K.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Abdul Waheed Khan
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.F.); (A.W.K.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.F.); (A.W.K.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.F.); (A.W.K.); (M.S.K.)
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
- Correspondence:
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13
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FGF/FGFR-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225796. [PMID: 34830951 PMCID: PMC8616288 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Deregulation of the FGF/FGFR axis is associated with many types of cancer and contributes to the development of chemoresistance, limiting the effectiveness of current treatment strategies. There are several mechanisms involved in this phenomenon, including cross-talks with other signaling pathways, avoidance of apoptosis, stimulation of angiogenesis, and initiation of EMT. Here, we provide an overview of current research and approaches focusing on targeting components of the FGFR/FGF signaling module to overcome drug resistance during anti-cancer therapy. Abstract Increased expression of both FGF proteins and their receptors observed in many cancers is often associated with the development of chemoresistance, limiting the effectiveness of currently used anti-cancer therapies. Malfunctioning of the FGF/FGFR axis in cancer cells generates a number of molecular mechanisms that may affect the sensitivity of tumors to the applied drugs. Of key importance is the deregulation of cell signaling, which can lead to increased cell proliferation, survival, and motility, and ultimately to malignancy. Signaling pathways activated by FGFRs inhibit apoptosis, reducing the cytotoxic effect of some anti-cancer drugs. FGFRs-dependent signaling may also initiate angiogenesis and EMT, which facilitates metastasis and also correlates with drug resistance. Therefore, treatment strategies based on FGF/FGFR inhibition (using receptor inhibitors, ligand traps, monoclonal antibodies, or microRNAs) appear to be extremely promising. However, this approach may lead to further development of resistance through acquisition of specific mutations, metabolism switching, and molecular cross-talks. This review brings together information on the mechanisms underlying the involvement of the FGF/FGFR axis in the generation of drug resistance in cancer and highlights the need for further research to overcome this serious problem with novel therapeutic strategies.
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14
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Gerstenecker S, Haarer L, Schröder M, Kudolo M, Schwalm MP, Wydra V, Serafim RAM, Chaikuad A, Knapp S, Laufer S, Gehringer M. Discovery of a Potent and Highly Isoform-Selective Inhibitor of the Neglected Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase Beta 2 (S6K2). Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205133. [PMID: 34680283 PMCID: PMC8534050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The two human p70 ribosomal S6 kinases, S6K1 and S6K2, have been associated with a variety of cellular processes and human pathologies, especially cancer. Thus far, only S6K1 was thoroughly studied and selectively addressed by small molecule inhibitors. Despite growing evidence suggesting S6K2 as a promising anticancer target, this isoform has been severely neglected, which can partly be attributed to the lack of isoform-selective inhibitors to study its function. By exploiting a cysteine residue exclusive to S6K2, we were able to generate the first known isoform-selective S6K2 inhibitor. Besides its excellent selectivity against S6K1 and other human kinases, the compound showed weak intrinsic reactivity and promising in vitro metabolic stability. Our proof-of-concept study provides a basis for the development of high quality S6K2 chemical probes to validate this kinase as a target for therapeutic interventions. Abstract The ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta 2 (S6K2) is thought to play an important role in malignant cell proliferation, but is understudied compared to its closely related homolog S6 kinase beta 1 (S6K1). To better understand the biological function of S6K2, chemical probes are needed, but the high similarity between S6K2 and S6K1 makes it challenging to selectively address S6K2 with small molecules. We were able to design the first potent and highly isoform-specific S6K2 inhibitor from a known S6K1-selective inhibitor, which was merged with a covalent inhibitor engaging a cysteine located in the hinge region in the fibroblast growth factor receptor kinase (FGFR) 4 via a nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction. The title compound shows a high selectivity over kinases with an equivalently positioned cysteine, as well as in a larger kinase panel. A good stability towards glutathione and Nα-acetyl lysine indicates a non-promiscuous reactivity pattern. Thus, the title compound represents an important step towards a high-quality chemical probe to study S6K2-specific signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gerstenecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.G.); (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.W.); (R.A.M.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Lisa Haarer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.G.); (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.W.); (R.A.M.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Martin Schröder
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (M.S.); (M.P.S.); (A.C.); (S.K.)
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mark Kudolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.G.); (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.W.); (R.A.M.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Martin P. Schwalm
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (M.S.); (M.P.S.); (A.C.); (S.K.)
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Valentin Wydra
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.G.); (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.W.); (R.A.M.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Ricardo A. M. Serafim
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.G.); (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.W.); (R.A.M.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (M.S.); (M.P.S.); (A.C.); (S.K.)
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (M.S.); (M.P.S.); (A.C.); (S.K.)
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Translational Cancer Network (DKTK) Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.G.); (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.W.); (R.A.M.S.); (S.L.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) ‘Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.G.); (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.W.); (R.A.M.S.); (S.L.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) ‘Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-29-74582
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15
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Alboushi L, Hackett AP, Naeli P, Bakhti M, Jafarnejad SM. Multifaceted control of mRNA translation machinery in cancer. Cell Signal 2021; 84:110037. [PMID: 33975011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA translation machinery is tightly regulated through several, at times overlapping, mechanisms that modulate its efficiency and accuracy. Due to their fast rate of growth and metabolism, cancer cells require an excessive amount of mRNA translation and protein synthesis. However, unfavorable conditions, such as hypoxia, amino acid starvation, and oxidative stress, which are abundant in cancer, as well as many anti-cancer treatments inhibit mRNA translation. Cancer cells adapt to the various internal and environmental stresses by employing specialised transcript-specific translation to survive and gain a proliferative advantage. We will highlight the major signaling pathways and mechanisms of translation that regulate the global or mRNA-specific translation in response to the intra- or extra-cellular signals and stresses that are key components in the process of tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilas Alboushi
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Angela P Hackett
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Parisa Naeli
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Seyed Mehdi Jafarnejad
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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16
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Halting the FGF/FGFR axis leads to antitumor activity in Waldenström macroglobulinemia by silencing MYD88. Blood 2021; 137:2495-2508. [PMID: 33197938 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) axis deregulation is largely involved in supporting the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies, including Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). WM is still an incurable disease, and patients succumb because of disease progression. Therefore, novel therapeutics designed to specifically target deregulated signaling pathways in WM are required. We aimed to investigate the role of FGF/FGFR system blockade in WM by using a pan-FGF trap molecule (NSC12). Wide-transcriptome profiling confirmed inhibition of FGFR signaling in NSC12-treated WM cells; unveiling a significant inhibition of MYD88 was also confirmed at the protein level. Importantly, the NSC12-dependent silencing of MYD88 was functionally active, as it led to inhibition of MYD88-driven pathways, such as BTK and SYK, as well as the MYD88-downstream target HCK. Of note, both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB cascades were downregulated in WM cells upon NSC12 treatment. Functional sequelae exerted by NSC12 in WM cells were studied, demonstrating significant inhibition of WM cell growth, induction of WM cell apoptosis, halting MAPK, JAK/STAT3, and PI3K-Akt pathways. Importantly, NSC12 exerted an anti-WM effect even in the presence of bone marrow microenvironment, both in vitro and in vivo. Our studies provide the evidence for using NSC12 as a specific FGF/FGFR system inhibitor, thus representing a novel therapeutic strategy in WM.
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17
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Bergmann C, Hallenberger L, Chenguiti Fakhouri S, Merlevede B, Brandt A, Dees C, Zhu H, Zehender A, Zhou X, Schwab A, Chen CW, Györfi AH, Matei AE, Chakraborty D, Trinh-Minh T, Rauber S, Coras R, Bozec A, Kreuter A, Ziemer M, Schett G, Distler JHW. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) inhibition in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:1048-1056. [PMID: 33903093 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-219822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is a multifunctional protein with important functions in apoptosis, cellular differentiation and cytoskeletal organisation and is emerging as potential target for the treatment of various cancers. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of XIAP in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS The expression of XIAP in human skin samples of patients with SSc and chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD) and healthy individuals was analysed by quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence (IF) and western blot. XIAP was inactivated by siRNA-mediated knockdown and pharmacological inhibition. The effects of XIAP inactivation were analysed in cultured fibroblasts and in the fibrosis models bleomycin-induced and topoisomerase-I-(topoI)-induced fibrosis and in Wnt10b-transgenic mice. RESULTS The expression of XIAP, but not of other inhibitor of apoptosis protein family members, was increased in fibroblasts in SSc and sclerodermatous cGvHD. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) induced the expression of XIAP in a SMAD3-dependent manner. Inactivation of XIAP reduced WNT-induced fibroblast activation and collagen release. Inhibition of XIAP also ameliorated fibrosis induced by bleomycin, topoI and overexpression of Wnt10b in well-tolerated doses. The profibrotic effects of XIAP were mediated via WNT/β-catenin signalling. Inactivation of XIAP reduces binding of β-catenin to TCF to in a TLE-dependent manner to block WNT/β-catenin-dependent transcription. CONCLUSIONS Our data characterise XIAP as a novel link between two core pathways of fibrosis. XIAP is overexpressed in SSc and cGvHD in a TGF-β/SMAD3-dependent manner and in turn amplifies the profibrotic effects of WNT/β-catenin signalling on fibroblasts via transducin-like enhancer of split 3. Targeted inactivation of XIAP inhibits the aberrant activation of fibroblasts in murine models of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bergmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Ludwig Hallenberger
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Sara Chenguiti Fakhouri
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Benita Merlevede
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Amelie Brandt
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Clara Dees
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ariella Zehender
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Annemarie Schwab
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU-Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Andrea Hermina Györfi
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Alexandru Emil Matei
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Debomita Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Thuong Trinh-Minh
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Simon Rauber
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Roland Coras
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Aline Bozec
- Institute for Clinical Immunology University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Alexander Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, HELIOS Sankt Elisabeth Klinik Oberhausen, Oberhausen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Mirjana Ziemer
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Jörg H W Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
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18
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Ferone G, Song JY, Krijgsman O, van der Vliet J, Cozijnsen M, Semenova EA, Adams DJ, Peeper D, Berns A. FGFR1 Oncogenic Activation Reveals an Alternative Cell of Origin of SCLC in Rb1/p53 Mice. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3837-3850.e3. [PMID: 32187553 PMCID: PMC7090386 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is frequently amplified in human small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), but its contribution to SCLC and other lung tumors has remained elusive. Here, we assess the tumorigenic capacity of constitutive-active FGFR1 (FGFR1K656E) with concomitant RB and P53 depletion in mouse lung. Our results reveal a context-dependent effect of FGFR1K656E: it impairs SCLC development from CGRPPOS neuroendocrine (NE) cells, which are considered the major cell of origin of SCLC, whereas it promotes SCLC and low-grade NE bronchial lesions from tracheobronchial-basal cells. Moreover, FGFR1K656E induces lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) from most lung cell compartments. However, its expression is not sustained in LADC originating from CGRPPOS cells. Therefore, cell context and tumor stage should be taken into account when considering FGFR1 inhibition as a therapeutic option. FGRF signaling impairs SCLC development initiated from CGRPPOS NE cells FGRF signaling promotes development of NE tumors initiated from K14POS cells Rb;p53;Fgfr1 mice develop ADCs that retain signatures of their cell of origin Low expression of Fgfr1 in progressed tumors suggests a role in tumor initiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Giustina Ferone
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Division of Molecular Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar Krijgsman
- Oncode Institute, Department of Experimental Animal Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Vliet
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda Cozijnsen
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina A Semenova
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Daniel Peeper
- Oncode Institute, Department of Experimental Animal Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anton Berns
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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19
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Baković J, López Martínez D, Nikolaou S, Yu BYK, Tossounian MA, Tsuchiya Y, Thrasivoulou C, Filonenko V, Gout I. Regulation of the CoA Biosynthetic Complex Assembly in Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031131. [PMID: 33498827 PMCID: PMC7865483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor present in all living cells. Under physiological conditions, CoA mainly functions to generate metabolically active CoA thioesters, which are indispensable for cellular metabolism, the regulation of gene expression, and the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters. When cells are exposed to oxidative or metabolic stress, CoA acts as an important cellular antioxidant that protects protein thiols from overoxidation, and this function is mediated by protein CoAlation. CoA and its derivatives are strictly maintained at levels controlled by nutrients, hormones, metabolites, and cellular stresses. Dysregulation of their biosynthesis and homeostasis has deleterious consequences and has been noted in a range of pathological conditions, including cancer, diabetes, Reye’s syndrome, cardiac hypertrophy, and neurodegeneration. The biochemistry of CoA biosynthesis, which involves five enzymatic steps, has been extensively studied. However, the existence of a CoA biosynthetic complex and the mode of its regulation in mammalian cells are unknown. In this study, we report the assembly of all five enzymes that drive CoA biosynthesis, in HEK293/Pank1β and A549 cells, using the in situ proximity ligation assay. Furthermore, we show that the association of CoA biosynthetic enzymes is strongly upregulated in response to serum starvation and oxidative stress, whereas insulin and growth factor signaling downregulate their assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Baković
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.B.); (D.L.M.); (S.N.); (B.Y.K.Y.); (M.-A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - David López Martínez
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.B.); (D.L.M.); (S.N.); (B.Y.K.Y.); (M.-A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Savvas Nikolaou
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.B.); (D.L.M.); (S.N.); (B.Y.K.Y.); (M.-A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Bess Yi Kun Yu
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.B.); (D.L.M.); (S.N.); (B.Y.K.Y.); (M.-A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Maria-Armineh Tossounian
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.B.); (D.L.M.); (S.N.); (B.Y.K.Y.); (M.-A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yugo Tsuchiya
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.B.); (D.L.M.); (S.N.); (B.Y.K.Y.); (M.-A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Christopher Thrasivoulou
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Centre for Cell and Molecular Dynamics, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Valeriy Filonenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Ivan Gout
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.B.); (D.L.M.); (S.N.); (B.Y.K.Y.); (M.-A.T.); (Y.T.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine;
- Correspondence:
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20
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Pallotta MT, Nickel W. FGF2 and IL-1β – explorers of unconventional secretory pathways at a glance. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/21/jcs250449. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were among the earliest examples of a subclass of proteins with extracellular functions that were found to lack N-terminal secretory signal peptides and were shown to be secreted in an ER- and Golgi-independent manner. Many years later, a number of alternative secretory pathways have been discovered, processes collectively termed unconventional protein secretion (UPS). In the course of these studies, unconventional secretion of FGF2 and IL-1β were found to be based upon distinct pathways, mechanisms and molecular machineries. Following a concise introduction into various pathways mediating unconventional secretion and transcellular spreading of proteins, this Cell Science at a Glance poster article aims at a focused analysis of recent key discoveries providing unprecedented detail about the molecular mechanisms and machineries driving FGF2 and IL-1β secretion. These findings are also highly relevant for other unconventionally secreted cargoes that, like FGF2 and IL1β, exert fundamental biological functions in biomedically relevant processes, such as tumor-induced angiogenesis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Nickel
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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21
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Hao P, Yu J, Ward R, Liu Y, Hao Q, An S, Xu T. Eukaryotic translation initiation factors as promising targets in cancer therapy. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:175. [PMID: 33148274 PMCID: PMC7640403 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) in eukaryotic cells is critical for gene expression, and occurs principally at the initiation phase which is mainly regulated by eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs). eIFs are fundamental for the translation of mRNA and as such act as the primary targets of several signaling pathways to regulate gene expression. Mis-regulated mRNA expression is a common feature of tumorigenesis and the abnormal activity of eIF complexes triggered by upstream signaling pathways is detected in many tumors, leading to the selective translation of mRNA encoding proteins involved in tumorigenesis, metastasis, or resistance to anti-cancer drugs, and making eIFs a promising therapeutic target for various types of cancers. Here, we briefly outline our current understanding of the biology of eIFs, mainly focusing on the effects of several signaling pathways upon their functions and discuss their contributions to the initiation and progression of tumor growth. An overview of the progress in developing agents targeting the components of translation machinery for cancer treatment is also provided. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Hao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China.,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Richard Ward
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Yin Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Qiao Hao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Su An
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Tianrui Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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22
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The PKC universe keeps expanding: From cancer initiation to metastasis. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 78:100755. [PMID: 33017725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Classical and novel protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes (c/nPKCs), members of the PKC family that become activated by the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) and phorbol esters, exert a myriad of cellular effects that impact proliferative and motile cellular responses. While c/nPKCs have been indisputably associated with tumor promotion, their roles exceed by far their sole involvement as promoter kinases. Indeed, this original dogma has been subsequently redefined by the introduction of several new concepts: the identification of tumor suppressing roles for c/nPKCs, and their participation in early and late stages of carcinogenesis. This review dives deep into the intricate roles of c/nPKCs in cancer initiation as well as in the different stages of the metastatic cascade, with great emphasis in their involvement in cancer cell motility via regulation of small Rho GTPases, the production of extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading proteases, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program required for the acquisition of highly invasive traits. Here, we highlight functional interplays between either PKCα or PKCε and mesenchymal features that may ultimately contribute to anticancer drug resistance in cellular and animal models. We also introduce the novel hypothesis that c/nPKCs may be implicated in the control of immune evasion through the regulation of immune checkpoint protein expression. In summary, dissecting the colossal complexity of c/nPKC signaling in the wide spectrum of cancer progression may bring new opportunities for the development of meaningful tools aiding for cancer prognosis and therapy.
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23
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Loschwitz J, Olubiyi OO, Hub JS, Strodel B, Poojari CS. Computer simulations of protein-membrane systems. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 170:273-403. [PMID: 32145948 PMCID: PMC7109768 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between proteins and membranes play critical roles in signal transduction, cell motility, and transport, and they are involved in many types of diseases. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have greatly contributed to our understanding of protein-membrane interactions, promoted by a dramatic development of MD-related software, increasingly accurate force fields, and available computer power. In this chapter, we present available methods for studying protein-membrane systems with MD simulations, including an overview about the various all-atom and coarse-grained force fields for lipids, and useful software for membrane simulation setup and analysis. A large set of case studies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Loschwitz
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Olujide O Olubiyi
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Jochen S Hub
- Theoretical Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Chetan S Poojari
- Theoretical Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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24
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Zhou Y, Wu C, Lu G, Hu Z, Chen Q, Du X. FGF/FGFR signaling pathway involved resistance in various cancer types. J Cancer 2020; 11:2000-2007. [PMID: 32127928 PMCID: PMC7052940 DOI: 10.7150/jca.40531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance becomes major clinical issue in cancer treatment, which strongly limits patients to benefit from oncotherapy. Growing evidences have been indicative of the critical role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/receptor (FGFR) signaling played in resistance to oncotherapy. In this review we discussed the underlying mechanisms of FGF/FGFR signaling mediated resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and target therapy in various cancers. Meanwhile, we summarized the reported mechanism of FGF/FGFR inhibitors resistance in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Chengyu Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Guangrong Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China)
| | - Zijing Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Qiuxiang Chen
- Department of Ultrasonic Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaojing Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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25
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Niemira M, Collin F, Szalkowska A, Bielska A, Chwialkowska K, Reszec J, Niklinski J, Kwasniewski M, Kretowski A. Molecular Signature of Subtypes of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer by Large-Scale Transcriptional Profiling: Identification of Key Modules and Genes by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:E37. [PMID: 31877723 PMCID: PMC7017323 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a heterogeneous group of malignancies consisting essentially of adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Although the diagnosis and treatment of ADC and SCC have been greatly improved in recent decades, there is still an urgent need to identify accurate transcriptome profile associated with the histological subtypes of NSCLC. The present study aims to identify the key dysregulated pathways and genes involved in the development of lung ADC and SCC and to relate them with the clinical traits. The transcriptional changes between tumour and normal lung tissues were investigated by RNA-seq. Gene ontology (GO), canonical pathways analysis with the prediction of upstream regulators, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify co-expressed modules and hub genes were used to explore the biological functions of the identified dysregulated genes. It was indicated that specific gene signatures differed significantly between ADC and SCC related to the distinct pathways. Of identified modules, four and two modules were the most related to clinical features in ADC and SCC, respectively. CTLA4, MZB1, NIP7, and BUB1B in ADC, as well as GNG11 and CCNB2 in SCC, are novel top hub genes in modules associated with tumour size, SUVmax, and recurrence-free survival. Our research provides a more effective understanding of the importance of biological pathways and the relationships between major genes in NSCLC in the perspective of searching for new molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Niemira
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Francois Collin
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (F.C.); (K.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Anna Szalkowska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Bielska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Karolina Chwialkowska
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (F.C.); (K.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Joanna Reszec
- Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Jacek Niklinski
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Miroslaw Kwasniewski
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (F.C.); (K.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
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26
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Baek HS, Kwon YJ, Ye DJ, Cho E, Kwon TU, Chun YJ. CYP1B1 prevents proteasome-mediated XIAP degradation by inducing PKCε activation and phosphorylation of XIAP. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118553. [PMID: 31493422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the metabolism of 17β-estradiol (E2) into catechol estrogens, such as 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2) and 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2). CYP1B1 is related to tumor formation and is over-expressed in a variety of cancer cells. In particular, CYP1B1 is highly expressed in hormone-related cancers such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, or prostate cancer compared to other cancers. However, the detailed mechanisms involving this protein remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that CYP1B1 affects X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) expression. When CYP1B1 was over-expressed in cells, there was significant increase in the XIAP protein level, whereas the XIAP mRNA level was not affected by CYP1B1 expression. Treatment with 4-OHE2, mainly formed by CYP1B1 activity, also increased XIAP protein levels, whereas treatment with 2-OHE2 did not have a significant effect. Treatment with 4-OHE2 significantly prevented proteasome-mediated XIAP degradation. In addition, phosphorylation of XIAP on serine 87, which is known to stabilize XIAP, was up-regulated by 4-OHE2, indicating that 4-OHE2 affects XIAP stability through XIAP phosphorylation. We also found that phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC)ε, which is required for XIAP phosphorylation, increased when cells were treated with 4-OHE2. In summary, our data show that CYP1B1 may play an important role in preventing ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated XIAP degradation through the activation of PKCε signaling in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Seok Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Jung Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Ye
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunah Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Uk Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Nguyen JT, Haidar FS, Fox AL, Ray C, Mendonça DB, Kim JK, Krebsbach PH. mEAK-7 Forms an Alternative mTOR Complex with DNA-PKcs in Human Cancer. iScience 2019; 17:190-207. [PMID: 31288154 PMCID: PMC6614755 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MTOR associated protein, eak-7 homolog (mEAK-7), activates mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in human cells through an alternative mTOR complex to regulate S6K2 and 4E-BP1. However, the role of mEAK-7 in human cancer has not yet been identified. We demonstrate that mEAK-7 and mTOR signaling are strongly elevated in tumor and metastatic lymph nodes of patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma compared with those of patients with normal lung or lymph tissue. Cancer stem cells, CD44+/CD90+ cells, yield elevated mEAK-7 and activated mTOR signaling. mEAK-7 is required for clonogenic potential and spheroid formation. mEAK-7 associates with DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit isoform 1 (DNA-PKcs), and this interaction is increased in response to X-ray irradiation to regulate S6K2 signaling. DNA-PKcs pharmacologic inhibition or genetic knockout reduced S6K2, mEAK-7, and mTOR binding with DNA-PKcs, resulting in loss of S6K2 activity and mTOR signaling. Therefore, mEAK-7 forms an alternative mTOR complex with DNA-PKcs to regulate S6K2 in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Truong Nguyen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Fatima Sarah Haidar
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Alexandra Lucienne Fox
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Connor Ray
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | | | - Jin Koo Kim
- Section of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul H Krebsbach
- Section of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Brown Y, Hua S, Tanwar PS. Extracellular matrix-mediated regulation of cancer stem cells and chemoresistance. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 109:90-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Distinctive requirement of PKCε in the control of Rho GTPases in epithelial and mesenchymally transformed lung cancer cells. Oncogene 2019; 38:5396-5412. [PMID: 30923343 PMCID: PMC6609469 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG)/phorbol ester-regulated protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes have been widely linked to tumor promotion and the development of a metastatic phenotype. PKCε, an oncogenic member of the PKC family, is abnormally overexpressed in lung cancer and other cancer types. This kinase plays significant roles in proliferation, survival and migration; however its role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been scarcely studied. Silencing experiments in non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) cells revealed that PKCε or other DAG-regulated PKCs (PKCα and PKCδ) were dispensable for the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype induced by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Unexpectedly, we found a nearly complete down-regulation of PKCε expression in TGF-β-mesenchymally transformed NSCLC cells. PMA and AJH-836 (a DAG-mimetic that preferentially activates PKCε) promote ruffle formation in NSCLC cells via Rac1, however they fail to induce these morphological changes in TGF-β-mesenchymally transformed cells despite their elevated Rac1 activity. Several Rac Guanine nucleotide Exchange-Factors (Rac-GEFs) were also up-regulated in TGF-β-treated NSCLC cells, including Trio and Tiam2, which were required for cell motility. Lastly, we found that silencing or inhibiting PKCε enhances RhoA activity and stress fiber formation, a phenotype also observed in TGF-β-transformed cells. Our studies established a distinctive involvement of PKCε in epithelial and mesenchymal NSCLC cells, and identified a complex interplay between PKCε and small GTPases that contributes to regulation of NSCLC cell morphology and motile activity.
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Statins improve survival in patients previously treated with nivolumab for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: An observational study. Mol Clin Oncol 2018; 10:137-143. [PMID: 30655989 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2018.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a number of suggested predictive factors of nivolumab for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, there is not enough evidence to determine a single factor that can predict the efficacy of nivolumab. As the progress of biomarkers for cancer treatment is improving, it has been speculated that certain clinical factors serve an important role when predicting the outcome of chemotherapy. A total of 67 patients treated with nivolumab for NSCLC from 2016-2017 were prospectively investigated. Age, sex, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, histology, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation, history of chemotherapy, smoking status, use of statins, use of fibrates, use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and use of metformin were examined as clinical factors. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression adjusted for risk factors and the tumor response of 67 patients was assessed. The patients had a median age of 67 years (range, 36-87 years), and 46 males and 21 females were enrolled; performance status 0/1 was 59. Cases were categorized as adenocarcinoma (n=41), squamous cell carcinoma (n=17) and other (n=9). A total of 13 patients (19.4%) had EGFR mutations. These clinical factors were not statistically significant in overall survival (OS). Clinical laboratory findings, complications and use of medical agents including antidiabetes mellitus or lipidemia were also analyzed. Statins exhibited statistical significance for response (P=0.02). Time-to-treatment failure (TTF) in statin-use group was not reached [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9-not reached] and was 4.0 months (95% CI: 2.0-5.4) in the non-statin group (P=0.039). The median OS in statin-use group was not reached (95% CI: 8.7-not reached) and was 16.5 months (95% CI: 7.5-not reached) in the non-statin group (P=0.058). NSCLC patients previously treated with nivolumab who were administered statins exhibited an increased response rate and longer TTF. This response was not statistically significant in OS.
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31
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Sever Nİ, Cengiz Şahin S. S6K2 promises an important therapeutic potential for cancer. Future Oncol 2018; 15:95-102. [PMID: 30730779 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
S6K2, the newer member of S6 Kinase family, is a crucial modulator of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and is a member of AGC kinase family that regulates cellular growth and survival. S6K1 and S6K2 share high sequence similarity; therefore, S6K2 had been underestimated. However, recent studies displayed distinct functions of S6K2. Activated by both Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk signaling pathways, S6K2 regulates cancer cell survival via different routes. Complexation with antiapoptotic proteins BRAF and PKCε avoids non-small-cell lung cancer cells from apoptosis upon FGF-2 stimulation. Indirect upregulation of the translation of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-XL and XIAP in HEK293T cells and interference with TNF-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells are other routes of cancer cell survival. The aforementioned studies on S6K2 necessitate the development of therapies targeting only on S6K2. Studies targeting S6K2 may help to build important roads for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurettin İlter Sever
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science & Letters, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Sevilay Cengiz Şahin
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science & Letters, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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32
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Rupniewska E, Roy R, Mauri FA, Liu X, Kaliszczak M, Bellezza G, Cagini L, Barbareschi M, Ferrero S, Tommasi AM, Aboagye E, Seckl MJ, Pardo OE. Targeting autophagy sensitises lung cancer cells to Src family kinase inhibitors. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27346-27362. [PMID: 29937990 PMCID: PMC6007948 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the main cancer killer in both men and women, mostly due to the rapid development of drug resistant metastatic disease. Here, we evaluate the potential involvement of SRC family kinases (SFK) in lung cancer biology and assess the possible benefits of their inhibition as a therapeutic approach. We demonstrated that various SRC family members, including LYN and LCK, normally expressed solely in hematopoietic cells and neural tissues, are overexpressed and activated in a panel of SCLC and NSCLC cell lines. This was clinically relevant as LYN and FYN are also overexpressed in lung cancer clinical specimens. Moreover, LYN overexpression correlated with decreased patient survival on univariate and multivariate analysis. Dasatinib (BMS-354825), a SRC/ABL inhibitor, effectively blocked SFK activation at nanomolar concentrations which correlated with a significant decrease in cell numbers of multiple lung cancer cell lines. This effect was matched by a decrease in DNA synthesis, but only moderate induction of apoptosis. Indeed, dasatinib as well as PP2, another SFK inhibitor, strongly induced autophagy that likely prevented apoptosis. However, inhibition of this autophagic response induced robust apoptosis and sensitised lung cancer cells to dasatinib in vitro and in vivo. Our results provide an explanation for why dasatinib failed in NSCLC clinical trials. Furthermore, our data suggest that combining SFK inhibitors with autophagy inhibitors could provide a novel therapeutic approach in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Rupniewska
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajat Roy
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco A Mauri
- Department of Histopathology and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xinxue Liu
- Statistical Advisory Service, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Kaliszczak
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Bellezza
- Institute of Pathology, Division of Cancer Research, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucio Cagini
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Cancer Research, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mattia Barbareschi
- Unit of Surgical Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology S. Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferrero
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna M Tommasi
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Aboagye
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Seckl
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier E Pardo
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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33
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Sun Y, Luo M, Chang G, Ren W, Wu K, Li X, Shen J, Zhao X, Hu Y. Phosphorylation of Ser6 in hnRNPA1 by S6K2 regulates glucose metabolism and cell growth in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7323-7331. [PMID: 29344170 PMCID: PMC5755035 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal glucose metabolism is critical in colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Expression of the pyruvate kinase (PK) M2 isoform, rather than the PKM1 isoform, serves important functions in reprogramming the glucose metabolism of cancer cells. Preferential expression of PKM2 is primarily driven by alternative splicing, which is coordinated by a group of splicing factors including heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)A1, hnRNPA2 and RNA binding motif containing. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with cancer cell expression of PKM2, instead of PKM1, remain unknown. The mRNA levels of PKM isoform and glucose metabolism were analyzed in CRC cells. The results of the present study indicated that S6 kinase 2 (S6K2) promotes glycolysis and growth of CRC cells by regulating alternative splicing of the PKM gene. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated that S6K2 phosphorylation of Ser6 of hnRNPA1 facilitated hnRNPA1 binding to the splicing site of the PKM gene. As a result, cancer cells preferentially expressed the PKM2 isoform, instead of the PKM1 isoform. Furthermore, Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the phosphorylation of Ser6 of hnRNPA1 was a predictor of poor prognosis for patients with CRC. Therefore, the results of the present study revealed that the phosphorylation of Ser6 in hnRNPA1 by S6K2 was a novel mechanism underlying glucose metabolic reprogramming, and suggested that S6K2 is a potential therapeutic target for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Man Luo
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Guilin Chang
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Weiying Ren
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Kefen Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jiping Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Steringer JP, Nickel W. The molecular mechanism underlying unconventional secretion of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 from tumour cells. Biol Cell 2017; 109:375-380. [PMID: 28799166 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201700036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) is a potent cell survival factor involved in tumour-induced angiogenesis. FGF2 is secreted from cells through an unconventional secretory mechanism based upon direct translocation across the plasma membrane. The molecular mechanism underlying this process depends on a surprisingly small set of trans-acting factors that are physically associated with the plasma membrane. FGF2 membrane translocation is mediated by the ability of FGF2 to oligomerise and to insert into the plasma membrane in a PI(4,5)P2 -dependent manner. Membrane-inserted FGF2 oligomers are dynamic translocation intermediates that are disassembled at the extracellular leaflet mediated by membrane proximal heparan sulphate proteoglycans. This process results in the exposure of FGF2 on cell surfaces as part of its unconventional mechanism of secretion. Although the trans-acting factors and cis-elements in FGF2 required for unconventional secretion have been known for a while, the core mechanism of this mysterious process has now been reconstituted with purified components establishing the molecular basis of FGF2 secretion from tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Nickel
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Brough D, Pelegrin P, Nickel W. An emerging case for membrane pore formation as a common mechanism for the unconventional secretion of FGF2 and IL-1β. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3197-3202. [PMID: 28871048 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.204206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteins with important signalling roles in processes, such as inflammation and angiogenesis, are known to employ unconventional routes of protein secretion. Although mechanisms of unconventional protein secretion are beginning to emerge, the precise molecular details have remained elusive for the majority of cargo proteins secreted by unconventional means. Recent findings suggest that for two examples of unconventionally secreted proteins, interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), the common molecular principle of pore formation may be shared. Under specific experimental conditions, secretion of IL-1β and FGF2 is triggered by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]-dependent formation of pores across the plasma membrane. However, the underlying mechanisms are different, with FGF2 known to directly interact with PI(4,5)P2, whereas in the case of IL-1β secretion, it is proposed that the N-terminal fragment of gasdermin D interacts with PI(4,5)P2 to form the pore. Thus, although implemented in different ways, these findings suggest that pore formation may be shared by the unconventional secretion mechanisms for FGF2 and IL-1β in at least some cases. In this Opinion article, we discuss the unconventional mechanisms of FGF2 and IL-1β release with a particular emphasis on recent discoveries suggesting the importance of pore formation on the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brough
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- Grupo de Inflamación Molecular, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Walter Nickel
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Prediction of novel target genes and pathways involved in irinotecan-resistant colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180616. [PMID: 28749961 PMCID: PMC5531462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acquired drug resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug irinotecan (the active metabolite of which is SN-38) is one of the significant obstacles in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). The molecular mechanism or targets mediating irinotecan resistance are still unclear. It is urgent to find the irinotecan response biomarkers to improve CRC patients’ therapy. Methods Genetic Omnibus Database GSE42387 which contained the gene expression profiles of parental and irinotecan-resistant HCT-116 cell lines was used. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between parental and irinotecan-resistant cells, protein-protein interactions (PPIs), gene ontologies (GOs) and pathway analysis were performed to identify the overall biological changes. The most common DEGs in the PPIs, GOs and pathways were identified and were validated clinically by their ability to predict overall survival and disease free survival. The gene-gene expression correlation and gene-resistance correlation was also evaluated in CRC patients using The Cancer Genomic Atlas data (TCGA). Results The 135 DEGs were identified of which 36 were upregulated and 99 were down regulated. After mapping the PPI networks, the GOs and the pathways, nine genes (GNAS, PRKACB, MECOM, PLA2G4C, BMP6, BDNF, DLG4, FGF2 and FGF9) were found to be commonly enriched. Signal transduction was the most significant GO and MAPK pathway was the most significant pathway. The five genes (FGF2, FGF9, PRKACB, MECOM and PLA2G4C) in the MAPK pathway were all contained in the signal transduction and the levels of those genes were upregulated. The FGF2, FGF9 and MECOM expression were highly associated with CRC patients’ survival rate but not PRKACB and PLA2G4C. In addition, FGF9 was also associated with irinotecan resistance and poor disease free survival. FGF2, FGF9 and PRKACB were positively correlated with each other while MECOM correlated positively with FGF9 and PLA2G4C, and correlated negatively with FGF2 and PRKACB after doing gene-gene expression correlation. Conclusion Targeting the MAPK signal transduction pathway through the targeting of the FGF2, FGF9, MECOM, PLA2G4C and PRKACB might increase tumor responsiveness to irinotecan treatment.
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37
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Steringer JP, Lange S, Čujová S, Šachl R, Poojari C, Lolicato F, Beutel O, Müller HM, Unger S, Coskun Ü, Honigmann A, Vattulainen I, Hof M, Freund C, Nickel W. Key steps in unconventional secretion of fibroblast growth factor 2 reconstituted with purified components. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28722655 PMCID: PMC5601999 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF2 is secreted from cells by an unconventional secretory pathway. This process is mediated by direct translocation across the plasma membrane. Here, we define the minimal molecular machinery required for FGF2 membrane translocation in a fully reconstituted inside-out vesicle system. FGF2 membrane translocation is thermodynamically driven by PI(4,5)P2-induced membrane insertion of FGF2 oligomers. The latter serve as dynamic translocation intermediates of FGF2 with a subunit number in the range of 8-12 FGF2 molecules. Vectorial translocation of FGF2 across the membrane is governed by sequential and mutually exclusive interactions with PI(4,5)P2 and heparan sulfates on opposing sides of the membrane. Based on atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we propose a mechanism that drives PI(4,5)P2 dependent oligomerization of FGF2. Our combined findings establish a novel type of self-sustained protein translocation across membranes revealing the molecular basis of the unconventional secretory pathway of FGF2. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28985.001
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sascha Lange
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabína Čujová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Šachl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Chetan Poojari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Fabio Lolicato
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Oliver Beutel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Unger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ünal Coskun
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum fur Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alf Honigmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.,MEMPHYS - Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Hof
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Freund
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Walter Nickel
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Madala SK, Sontake V, Edukulla R, Davidson CR, Schmidt S, Hardie WD. Unique and Redundant Functions of p70 Ribosomal S6 Kinase Isoforms Regulate Mesenchymal Cell Proliferation and Migration in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:792-803. [PMID: 27438654 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0090oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K) is a downstream substrate that is phosphorylated and activated by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex and regulates multiple cellular processes associated with pulmonary fibrogenesis. Two isoforms of the p70S6K have been identified (S6K1 and S6K2), but their relative contributions in mediating pulmonary fibrosis are unknown. To interrogate the roles of the p70S6K isoforms, we overexpressed transforming growth factor (TGF)-α in mice deficient for the S6K1 or S6K2 genes and measured changes in lung histology, morphometry, total lung collagen, lung function, and proliferation between wild-type and isoform-deficient mice. Deficiency of S6K1, but not S6K2, had a significant effect on reducing proliferation in subpleural fibrotic lesions during TGF-α-induced fibrosis. Migration was significantly decreased in mesenchymal cells isolated from the lungs of S6K1 knockout mice compared with wild-type or S6K2 knockout mice. Conversely, increases in subpleural thickening were significantly decreased in S6K2-deficient mice compared with wild type. Deficiency of S6K2 significantly reduced phosphorylation of the downstream S6 ribosomal protein in lung homogenates and isolated mesenchymal cells after TGF-α expression. However, deficiency of neither isoform alone significantly altered TGF-α-induced collagen accumulation or lung function decline in vivo. Furthermore, deficiency in neither isoform prevented changes in collagen accumulation or lung compliance decline after administration of intradermal bleomycin. Together, these findings demonstrate that the p70S6K isoforms have unique and redundant functions in mediating fibrogenic processes, including proliferation, migration, and S6 phosphorylation, signifying that both isoforms must be targeted to modulate p70S6K-mediated pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Madala
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Vishwaraj Sontake
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ramakrishna Edukulla
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Cynthia R Davidson
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Stephanie Schmidt
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - William D Hardie
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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39
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Seckl MJ, Ottensmeier CH, Cullen M, Schmid P, Ngai Y, Muthukumar D, Thompson J, Harden S, Middleton G, Fife KM, Crosse B, Taylor P, Nash S, Hackshaw A. Multicenter, Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Pravastatin Added to First-Line Standard Chemotherapy in Small-Cell Lung Cancer (LUNGSTAR). J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:1506-1514. [PMID: 28240967 PMCID: PMC5455702 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.69.7391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Treating small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains a therapeutic challenge. Experimental studies show that statins exert additive effects with agents, such as cisplatin, to impair tumor growth, and observational studies suggest that statins combined with anticancer therapies delay relapse and prolong life in several cancer types. To our knowledge, we report the first large, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of a statin with standard-of-care for patients with cancer, specifically SCLC. Patients and Methods Patients with confirmed SCLC (limited or extensive disease) and performance status 0 to 3 were randomly assigned to receive daily pravastatin 40 mg or placebo, combined with up to six cycles of etoposide plus cisplatin or carboplatin every 3 weeks, until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. Primary end point was overall survival (OS), and secondary end points were progression-free survival (PFS), response rate, and toxicity. Results Eight hundred forty-six patients from 91 United Kingdom hospitals were recruited. The median age of recruited patients was 64 years of age, 43% had limited disease, and 57% had extensive disease. There were 758 deaths and 787 PFS events. No benefit was found for pravastatin, either in all patients or in several subgroups. For pravastatin versus placebo, the 2-year OS rate was 13.2% (95% CI, 10.0 to 16.7) versus 14.1% (95% CI, 10.9 to 17.7), respectively, with a hazard ratio of 1.01 (95% CI, 0.88 to 1.16; P = .90. The median OS was 10.7 months v 10.6 months, respectively. The median PFS was 7.7 months v 7.3 months, respectively. The median OS (pravastatin v placebo) was 14.6 months in both groups for limited disease and 9.1 months versus 8.8 months, respectively, for extensive disease. Adverse events were similar between groups. Conclusion Pravastatin 40 mg combined with standard SCLC therapy, although safe, does not benefit patients. Our conclusions are the same as those found in all four much smaller, randomized, placebo-controlled trials specifically designed to evaluate statin therapy in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Seckl
- Michael J. Seckl, Imperial College London; Yenting Ngai, Stephen Nash, and Allan Hackshaw, Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre; Christian H. Ottensmeier, University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton; Michael Cullen, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Joyce Thompson, Heart of England Birmingham; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Peter Schmid, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar, Colchester Hospital, Colchester; Susan Harden, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge; Kate M. Fife, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; and Paul Taylor, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christian H. Ottensmeier
- Michael J. Seckl, Imperial College London; Yenting Ngai, Stephen Nash, and Allan Hackshaw, Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre; Christian H. Ottensmeier, University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton; Michael Cullen, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Joyce Thompson, Heart of England Birmingham; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Peter Schmid, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar, Colchester Hospital, Colchester; Susan Harden, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge; Kate M. Fife, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; and Paul Taylor, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Cullen
- Michael J. Seckl, Imperial College London; Yenting Ngai, Stephen Nash, and Allan Hackshaw, Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre; Christian H. Ottensmeier, University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton; Michael Cullen, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Joyce Thompson, Heart of England Birmingham; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Peter Schmid, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar, Colchester Hospital, Colchester; Susan Harden, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge; Kate M. Fife, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; and Paul Taylor, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Schmid
- Michael J. Seckl, Imperial College London; Yenting Ngai, Stephen Nash, and Allan Hackshaw, Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre; Christian H. Ottensmeier, University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton; Michael Cullen, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Joyce Thompson, Heart of England Birmingham; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Peter Schmid, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar, Colchester Hospital, Colchester; Susan Harden, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge; Kate M. Fife, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; and Paul Taylor, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yenting Ngai
- Michael J. Seckl, Imperial College London; Yenting Ngai, Stephen Nash, and Allan Hackshaw, Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre; Christian H. Ottensmeier, University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton; Michael Cullen, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Joyce Thompson, Heart of England Birmingham; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Peter Schmid, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar, Colchester Hospital, Colchester; Susan Harden, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge; Kate M. Fife, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; and Paul Taylor, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar
- Michael J. Seckl, Imperial College London; Yenting Ngai, Stephen Nash, and Allan Hackshaw, Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre; Christian H. Ottensmeier, University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton; Michael Cullen, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Joyce Thompson, Heart of England Birmingham; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Peter Schmid, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar, Colchester Hospital, Colchester; Susan Harden, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge; Kate M. Fife, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; and Paul Taylor, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joyce Thompson
- Michael J. Seckl, Imperial College London; Yenting Ngai, Stephen Nash, and Allan Hackshaw, Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre; Christian H. Ottensmeier, University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton; Michael Cullen, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Joyce Thompson, Heart of England Birmingham; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Peter Schmid, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar, Colchester Hospital, Colchester; Susan Harden, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge; Kate M. Fife, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; and Paul Taylor, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Harden
- Michael J. Seckl, Imperial College London; Yenting Ngai, Stephen Nash, and Allan Hackshaw, Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre; Christian H. Ottensmeier, University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton; Michael Cullen, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Joyce Thompson, Heart of England Birmingham; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Peter Schmid, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar, Colchester Hospital, Colchester; Susan Harden, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge; Kate M. Fife, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; and Paul Taylor, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Middleton
- Michael J. Seckl, Imperial College London; Yenting Ngai, Stephen Nash, and Allan Hackshaw, Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre; Christian H. Ottensmeier, University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton; Michael Cullen, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Joyce Thompson, Heart of England Birmingham; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Peter Schmid, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar, Colchester Hospital, Colchester; Susan Harden, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge; Kate M. Fife, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; and Paul Taylor, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M. Fife
- Michael J. Seckl, Imperial College London; Yenting Ngai, Stephen Nash, and Allan Hackshaw, Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre; Christian H. Ottensmeier, University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton; Michael Cullen, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Joyce Thompson, Heart of England Birmingham; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Peter Schmid, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar, Colchester Hospital, Colchester; Susan Harden, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge; Kate M. Fife, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; and Paul Taylor, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Crosse
- Michael J. Seckl, Imperial College London; Yenting Ngai, Stephen Nash, and Allan Hackshaw, Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre; Christian H. Ottensmeier, University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton; Michael Cullen, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Joyce Thompson, Heart of England Birmingham; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Peter Schmid, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar, Colchester Hospital, Colchester; Susan Harden, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge; Kate M. Fife, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; and Paul Taylor, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Taylor
- Michael J. Seckl, Imperial College London; Yenting Ngai, Stephen Nash, and Allan Hackshaw, Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre; Christian H. Ottensmeier, University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton; Michael Cullen, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Joyce Thompson, Heart of England Birmingham; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Peter Schmid, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar, Colchester Hospital, Colchester; Susan Harden, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge; Kate M. Fife, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; and Paul Taylor, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Nash
- Michael J. Seckl, Imperial College London; Yenting Ngai, Stephen Nash, and Allan Hackshaw, Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre; Christian H. Ottensmeier, University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton; Michael Cullen, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Joyce Thompson, Heart of England Birmingham; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Peter Schmid, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar, Colchester Hospital, Colchester; Susan Harden, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge; Kate M. Fife, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; and Paul Taylor, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Hackshaw
- Michael J. Seckl, Imperial College London; Yenting Ngai, Stephen Nash, and Allan Hackshaw, Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre; Christian H. Ottensmeier, University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton; Michael Cullen, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Joyce Thompson, Heart of England Birmingham; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Peter Schmid, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Dakshinamoorthy Muthukumar, Colchester Hospital, Colchester; Susan Harden, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge; Kate M. Fife, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; and Paul Taylor, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Mcl-1 by S6 kinase 2. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173854. [PMID: 28301598 PMCID: PMC5354308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) plays an important role in breast cancer cell survival and chemoresistance. We have previously shown that knockdown of the 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase-2 (S6K2), which acts downstream of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), enhanced breast cancer cell death by apoptotic stimuli. The increase in cell death by S6K2 depletion was partly due to inactivation of Akt. In the present study, we investigated if S6K2 regulates Mcl-1, which acts downstream of Akt. Silencing of S6K2 but not S6K1 in T47D cells decreased Mcl-1 level, and potentiated apoptosis induced by TRAIL and doxorubicin. Knockdown of S6K2 also decreased the level of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xl. Depletion of the tumor suppressor protein PDCD4 (programmed cell death 4), which regulates translation of several anti-apoptotic proteins, reversed downregulation of Bcl-xl but not Mcl-1 and failed to reverse the effect of S6K2 knockdown on potentiation of doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Downregulation of Mcl-1 by S6K2 knockdown was partly restored by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Overexpression of catalytically-active Akt or knockdown of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3)-β, a substrate for Akt, had little effect on Mcl-1 downregulation caused by S6K2 deficiency. Silencing of S6K2 increased the level of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and knockdown of JNK1 increased basal Mcl-1 level and partly reversed the effect of S6K2 knockdown on Mcl-1 downregulation. JNK1 knockdown also had a modest effect in attenuating the increase in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis caused by S6K2 deficiency. These results suggest that S6K2 regulates apoptosis via multiple mechanisms, and involves both Akt and JNK.
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McCusker JP, Dumontier M, Yan R, He S, Dordick JS, McGuinness DL. Finding melanoma drugs through a probabilistic knowledge graph. PeerJ Comput Sci 2017; 3:e106. [PMID: 37133296 PMCID: PMC10151034 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with some progression-slowing treatments but no known cure. The omics data explosion has created many possible drug candidates; however, filtering criteria remain challenging, and systems biology approaches have become fragmented with many disconnected databases. Using drug, protein and disease interactions, we built an evidence-weighted knowledge graph of integrated interactions. Our knowledge graph-based system, ReDrugS, can be used via an application programming interface or web interface, and has generated 25 high-quality melanoma drug candidates. We show that probabilistic analysis of systems biology graphs increases drug candidate quality compared to non-probabilistic methods. Four of the 25 candidates are novel therapies, three of which have been tested with other cancers. All other candidates have current or completed clinical trials, or have been studied in in vivo or in vitro. This approach can be used to identify candidate therapies for use in research or personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Dumontier
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rui Yan
- Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Sylvia He
- Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Deborah L. McGuinness
- Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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42
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El Agha E, Seeger W, Bellusci S. Therapeutic and pathological roles of fibroblast growth factors in pulmonary diseases. Dev Dyn 2016; 246:235-244. [PMID: 27783451 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute a large family of polypeptides that are involved in many biological processes, ranging from prenatal cell-fate specification and organogenesis to hormonal and metabolic regulation in postnatal life. During embryonic development, these growth factors are important mediators of the crosstalk among ectoderm-, mesoderm-, and endoderm-derived cells, and they instruct the spatial and temporal growth of organs and tissues such as the brain, bone, lung, gut, and others. The involvement of FGFs in postnatal lung homeostasis is a growing field, and there is emerging literature about their roles in lung pathophysiology. In this review, the involvement of FGF signaling in a wide array of lung diseases will be summarized. Developmental Dynamics 246:235-244, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie El Agha
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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43
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Liwak-Muir U, Dobson CC, Naing T, Wylie Q, Chehade L, Baird SD, Chakraborty PK, Holcik M. ERK8 is a novel HuR kinase that regulates tumour suppressor PDCD4 through a miR-21 dependent mechanism. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1439-50. [PMID: 26595526 PMCID: PMC4811471 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is a tumour suppressor implicated in cancer development and progression and was recently identified as a repressor of cap-independent translation of specific genes involved in the regulation of apoptosis. We show that the RNA-binding protein HuR binds to the PDCD4 3′UTR to protect it from miR-21-induced silencing. However, following H2O2 treatment, PDCD4 mRNA is degraded via miR-21 binding. Importantly, we identify HuR as a novel substrate of the ERK8 kinase pathway in response to H2O2 treatment. We show that phosphorylation of HuR by ERK8 prevents it from binding to PDCD4 mRNA and allows miR-21-mediated degradation of PDCD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Liwak-Muir
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christine C Dobson
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Thet Naing
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Quinlan Wylie
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lucia Chehade
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen D Baird
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pranesh K Chakraborty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Newborn Screening Ontario, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Holcik
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Pai C, Walsh CM, Fruman DA. Context-Specific Function of S6K2 in Th Cell Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3049-3058. [PMID: 27613697 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is essential for Th cell proliferation and effector differentiation, making the mTOR signaling network an attractive immunomodulatory target for autoimmune-related diseases. Although direct targeting of mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) with rapamycin can provide clinical benefit, targeting downstream enzymes has the potential to offer more selective immunosuppression. In this study, we evaluated p70 ribosomal protein S6 Kinase 2 (S6K2), a downstream effector of mTORC1, for its role in T cell function and autoimmunity. S6K2 is a direct substrate of mTORC1, with a potential role in Th17 differentiation suggested by biochemical studies. Using a genetic approach with S6K2 knockout mice, we found that S6K2 loss reduces Th17 skewing and increases regulatory T cell differentiation in vitro when cultured in RPMI 1640 media. However, S6K2 was dispensable for Th17 differentiation in IMDM. In an in vivo experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in which rapamycin suppresses disease, S6K2 knockout mice did not exhibit differences in clinical score or Th17 differentiation. These results suggest that S6K2 is dispensable for Th17-driven autoimmunity and highlight how distinct experimental conditions can produce significantly different results in T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Pai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Craig M Walsh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - David A Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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Amaral CL, Freitas LB, Tamura RE, Tavares MR, Pavan ICB, Bajgelman MC, Simabuco FM. S6Ks isoforms contribute to viability, migration, docetaxel resistance and tumor formation of prostate cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:602. [PMID: 27491285 PMCID: PMC4974797 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The S6 Kinase (S6K) proteins are some of the main downstream effectors of the mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) and act as key regulators of protein synthesis and cell growth. S6K is overexpressed in a variety of human tumors and is correlated to poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Due to the current urgency to identify factors involved in prostate cancer progression, we aimed to reveal the cellular functions of three S6K isoforms–p70-S6K1, p85-S6K1 and p54-S6K2–in prostate cancer, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets. Methods In this study we performed S6K knockdown and overexpression and investigated its role in prostate cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, viability, migration and resistance to docetaxel treatment. In addition, we measured tumor growth in Nude mice injected with PC3 cells overexpressing S6K isoforms and tested the efficacy of a new available S6K1 inhibitor in vitro. Results S6Ks overexpression enhanced PC3-luc cell line viability, migration, resistance to docetaxel and tumor formation in Nude mice. Only S6K2 knockdown rendered prostate cancer cells more sensitive to docetaxel. S6K1 inhibitor PF-4708671 was particularly effective for reducing migration and proliferation of PC3 cell line. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that S6Ks play an important role in prostate cancer progression, enhancing cell viability, migration and chemotherapy resistance, and place both S6K1 and S6K2 as a potential targets in advanced prostate cancer. We also provide evidence that S6K1 inhibitor PF-4708671 may be considered as a potential drug for prostate cancer treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2629-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila L Amaral
- Laboratory of Disorders of Metabolism, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, R. Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, sala LA 421, 13484-350, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lidia B Freitas
- Laboratory of Disorders of Metabolism, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, R. Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, sala LA 421, 13484-350, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo E Tamura
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology/LIM24, Cancer Institute of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Tavares
- Laboratory of Disorders of Metabolism, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, R. Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, sala LA 421, 13484-350, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isadora C B Pavan
- Laboratory of Disorders of Metabolism, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, R. Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, sala LA 421, 13484-350, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio C Bajgelman
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Simabuco
- Laboratory of Disorders of Metabolism, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, R. Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, sala LA 421, 13484-350, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Jahchan NS, Lim JS, Bola B, Morris K, Seitz G, Tran KQ, Xu L, Trapani F, Morrow CJ, Cristea S, Coles GL, Yang D, Vaka D, Kareta MS, George J, Mazur PK, Nguyen T, Anderson WC, Dylla SJ, Blackhall F, Peifer M, Dive C, Sage J. Identification and Targeting of Long-Term Tumor-Propagating Cells in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cell Rep 2016; 16:644-56. [PMID: 27373157 PMCID: PMC4956576 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a neuroendocrine lung cancer characterized by fast growth, early dissemination, and rapid resistance to chemotherapy. We identified a population of long-term tumor-propagating cells (TPCs) in a mouse model of SCLC. This population, marked by high levels of EpCAM and CD24, is also prevalent in human primary SCLC tumors. Murine SCLC TPCs are numerous and highly proliferative but not intrinsically chemoresistant, indicating that not all clinical features of SCLC are linked to TPCs. SCLC TPCs possess a distinct transcriptional profile compared to non-TPCs, including elevated MYC activity. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of MYC in SCLC cells to non-TPC levels inhibits long-term propagation but not short-term growth. These studies identify a highly tumorigenic population of SCLC cells in mouse models, cell lines, and patient tumors and a means to target them in this most fatal form of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine S Jahchan
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jing Shan Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Becky Bola
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Karen Morris
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Garrett Seitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kim Q Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Francesca Trapani
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Christopher J Morrow
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Sandra Cristea
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Garry L Coles
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dian Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dedeepya Vaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael S Kareta
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie George
- Medical Faculty, Department of Translational Genomics, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Pawel K Mazur
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thuyen Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Fiona Blackhall
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Martin Peifer
- Medical Faculty, Department of Translational Genomics, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Caroline Dive
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Warner MJ, Bridge KS, Hewitson JP, Hodgkinson MR, Heyam A, Massa BC, Haslam JC, Chatzifrangkeskou M, Evans GJO, Plevin MJ, Sharp TV, Lagos D. S6K2-mediated regulation of TRBP as a determinant of miRNA expression in human primary lymphatic endothelial cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:9942-9955. [PMID: 27407113 PMCID: PMC5175334 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that silence mRNAs. They are generated following transcription and cleavage by the DROSHA/DGCR8 and DICER/TRBP/PACT complexes. Although it is known that components of the miRNA biogenesis machinery can be phosphorylated, it remains poorly understood how these events become engaged during physiological cellular activation. We demonstrate that S6 kinases can phosphorylate the extended C-terminal domain of TRBP and interact with TRBP in situ in primary cells. TRBP serines 283/286 are essential for S6K-mediated TRBP phosphorylation, optimal expression of TRBP, and the S6K-TRBP interaction in human primary cells. We demonstrate the functional relevance of this interaction in primary human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs). Angiopoietin-1 (ANG1) can augment miRNA biogenesis in HDLECs through enhancing TRBP phosphorylation and expression in an S6K2-dependent manner. We propose that the S6K2/TRBP node controls miRNA biogenesis in HDLECs and provides a molecular link between the mTOR pathway and the miRNA biogenesis machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Warner
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Katherine S Bridge
- Centre of Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - James P Hewitson
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Alex Heyam
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Bailey C Massa
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jessica C Haslam
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Maria Chatzifrangkeskou
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gareth J O Evans
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Michael J Plevin
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tyson V Sharp
- Centre of Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Dimitris Lagos
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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48
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La Venuta G, Wegehingel S, Sehr P, Müller HM, Dimou E, Steringer JP, Grotwinkel M, Hentze N, Mayer MP, Will DW, Uhrig U, Lewis JD, Nickel W. Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Tec Kinase Block Unconventional Secretion of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17787-803. [PMID: 27382052 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.729384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a potent mitogen promoting both tumor cell survival and tumor-induced angiogenesis. It is secreted by an unconventional secretory mechanism that is based upon direct translocation across the plasma membrane. Key steps of this process are (i) phosphoinositide-dependent membrane recruitment, (ii) FGF2 oligomerization and membrane pore formation, and (iii) extracellular trapping mediated by membrane-proximal heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Efficient secretion of FGF2 is supported by Tec kinase that stimulates membrane pore formation based upon tyrosine phosphorylation of FGF2. Here, we report the biochemical characterization of the direct interaction between FGF2 and Tec kinase as well as the identification of small molecules that inhibit (i) the interaction of FGF2 with Tec, (ii) tyrosine phosphorylation of FGF2 mediated by Tec in vitro and in a cellular context, and (iii) unconventional secretion of FGF2 from cells. We further demonstrate the specificity of these inhibitors for FGF2 because tyrosine phosphorylation of a different substrate of Tec is unaffected in their presence. Building on previous evidence using RNA interference, the identified compounds corroborate the role of Tec kinase in unconventional secretion of FGF2. In addition, they are valuable lead compounds with great potential for drug development aiming at the inhibition of FGF2-dependent tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe La Venuta
- From the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Wegehingel
- From the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Sehr
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Hans-Michael Müller
- From the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eleni Dimou
- From the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia P Steringer
- From the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mareike Grotwinkel
- From the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Hentze
- the Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Allianz, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias P Mayer
- the Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Allianz, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David W Will
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Ulrike Uhrig
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Joe D Lewis
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Walter Nickel
- From the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,
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49
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Wang F, Yang L, Shi L, Li Q, Zhang G, Wu J, Zheng J, Jiao B. Nuclear translocation of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is regulated by Karyopherin-β2 and Ran GTPase in human glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21468-78. [PMID: 26056081 PMCID: PMC4673279 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) belongs to the FGF superfamily and functions as a potential oncoprotein in GBM. FGF2 has low molecular weight (18K) and high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms. Nuclear accumulation of HMW-FGF2 strongly promotes glioblastoma cell proliferation, yet mechanism governing such cellular distribution remains unexplored. We investigated the mechanisms regulating FGF2 cellular localization in T98G human brain glioblastoma cells. We found HMW-FGF2, but not 18K-FGF2, is primarily located in the nucleus and interacts with nuclear transport protein Karyopherin-β2/Transportin (Kapβ2). SiRNA-directed Kapβ2 knockdown significantly reduced HMW-FGF2′s nuclear translocation. Moreover, inhibiting Ran GTPase activity also resulted in decreased HMW-FGF2 nuclear accumulation. Proliferation of T98G cells is greatly enhanced with transfections HMW-FGF2. Decreased PTEN expression and activated Akt signaling were observed upon HMW-FGF2 overexpression and might mediate pro-survival effect of FGF2. Interestingly, addition of nuclear localization signal (NLS) to 18K-FGF2 forced its nuclear import and dramatically increased cell proliferation and Akt activation. These findings demonstrated for the first time the molecular mechanisms for FGF2′s nuclear import, which promotes GBM cell proliferation and survival, providing novel insights to the development of GBM treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Gengshen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Jianliang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Baohua Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
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50
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Zhang J, Li Y. Therapeutic uses of FGFs. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 53:144-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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