1
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Buchwald JE, Martins PN. Designer organs: The future of personalized transplantation. Artif Organs 2022; 46:180-190. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julianna E. Buchwald
- Division of Transplantation Department of Surgery University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School Worcester Massachusetts USA
- RNA Therapeutics Institute University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School Worcester Massachusetts USA
| | - Paulo N. Martins
- Division of Transplantation Department of Surgery University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School Worcester Massachusetts USA
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2
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Dixit S, Baganizi DR, Sahu R, Dosunmu E, Chaudhari A, Vig K, Pillai SR, Singh SR, Dennis VA. Immunological challenges associated with artificial skin grafts: available solutions and stem cells in future design of synthetic skin. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:49. [PMID: 29255480 PMCID: PMC5729423 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair or replacement of damaged skins is still an important, challenging public health problem. Immune acceptance and long-term survival of skin grafts represent the major problem to overcome in grafting given that in most situations autografts cannot be used. The emergence of artificial skin substitutes provides alternative treatment with the capacity to reduce the dependency on the increasing demand of cadaver skin grafts. Over the years, considerable research efforts have focused on strategies for skin repair or permanent skin graft transplantations. Available skin substitutes include pre- or post-transplantation treatments of donor cells, stem cell-based therapies, and skin equivalents composed of bio-engineered acellular or cellular skin substitutes. However, skin substitutes are still prone to immunological rejection, and as such, there is currently no skin substitute available to overcome this phenomenon. This review focuses on the mechanisms of skin rejection and tolerance induction and outlines in detail current available strategies and alternatives that may allow achieving full-thickness skin replacement and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Dixit
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA.,Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIH/NIEHS, Durham, 27709 NC USA
| | - Dieudonné R Baganizi
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
| | - Rajnish Sahu
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
| | - Ejowke Dosunmu
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
| | - Atul Chaudhari
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
| | - Komal Vig
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
| | - Shreekumar R Pillai
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
| | - Shree R Singh
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
| | - Vida A Dennis
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
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3
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Cho H, Lee YJ, Bae YH, Kang HC. Synthetic polynucleotides as endosomolytic agents and bioenergy sources. J Control Release 2015; 216:30-6. [PMID: 26271546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotides (NTs), such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), are signaling and bioenergy molecules to mediate a range of cellular pathways. We recently reported their significant endosomolytic activity. To evaluate whether polymeric NTs keep endosomolytic and bioenergetic functions of NTs in drug delivery and cell survival, NTs were polymerized by a coupling reaction to form polynucleotides (pNTs: pATP and pGTP) with their molecular weights around 500kDa. The cellular toxicity, indicated by IC50, of pNT was as low as that of corresponding monomeric NT. pNTs were degraded by an intracellular enzyme, alkaline phosphatase. Introduction of pNTs in a polycation-gene complex (polyplex) enhanced the extent of gene expression in cancerous, non-cancerous, and stem cells, up to 1500-fold higher than that of pNT-free polyplex. In addition, cells stored in a pATP solution resulted in a significantly higher survival rate (e.g., up to 20% increase) when exposed to low temperatures than pATP-free solution. The presence of pNT in polyplexes prevented the reduction of transfection efficiency induced by a low temperature. The findings in this study suggest that endosomolytic and bioenergetic pNTs serve as a non-toxic gene carrier component and protect cells from a cold shock or energy depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cho
- Department of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- Gwangju Center, Korean Basic Science Institute, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - You Han Bae
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Utah, 30S 2000 E, Rm 2972, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Utah-Inha Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) and Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, 7-50 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Sprouse D, Reineke TM. Investigating the effects of block versus statistical glycopolycations containing primary and tertiary amines for plasmid DNA delivery. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2616-28. [PMID: 24901035 PMCID: PMC4215899 DOI: 10.1021/bm5004527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Polymer
composition and morphology can affect the way polymers
interact with biomolecules, cell membranes, and intracellular components.
Herein, diblock, triblock, and statistical polymers that varied in
charge center type (primary and/or tertiary amines) were synthesized
to elucidate the role of polymer composition on plasmid DNA complexation,
delivery, and cellular toxicity of the resultant polyplexes. The polymers
were synthesized via RAFT polymerization and were composed of a carbohydrate
moiety, 2-deoxy-2-methacrylamido glucopyranose (MAG), a primary amine
group, N-(2-aminoethyl) methacrylamide (AEMA), and/or
a tertiary amine moiety, N,N-(2-dimethylamino)ethyl
methacrylamide (DMAEMA). The lengths of both the carbohydrate and
cationic blocks were kept constant while the primary amine to tertiary
amine ratio was varied within the polymers. The polymers were characterized
via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and size exclusion chromatography
(SEC), and the polyplex formulations with pDNA were characterized
in various media using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Polyplexes
formed with the block copolymers were found to be more colloidally
stable than statistical copolymers with similar composition, which
rapidly aggregated to micrometer sized particles. Also, polymers composed
of a higher primary amine content were more colloidally stable than
polymers consisting of the tertiary amine charge centers. Plasmid
DNA internalization, transgene expression, and toxicity were examined
with each polymer. As the amount of tertiary amine in the triblock
copolymers increased, both gene expression and toxicity were found
to increase. Moreover, it was found that increasing the content of
tertiary amines imparted higher membrane disruption/destabilization.
While both block and statistical copolymers had high transfection
efficiencies, some of the statistical systems exhibited both higher
transfection and toxicity than the analogous block polymers, potentially
due to the lack of a hydrophilic block to screen membrane interaction/disruption.
Overall, the triblock terpolymers offer an attractive composition
profile that exhibited interesting properties as pDNA delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Sprouse
- University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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5
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Baranyi U, Gattringer M, Farkas AM, Hock K, Pilat N, Iacomini J, Valenta R, Wekerle T. The site of allergen expression in hematopoietic cells determines the degree and quality of tolerance induced through molecular chimerism. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2451-60. [PMID: 23765421 PMCID: PMC3816328 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The transplantation of allergens (e.g. Phl p 5 or Bet v 1) expressed on BM cells as membrane-anchored full-length proteins leads to permanent tolerance at the T-cell, B-cell, and effector-cell levels. Since the exposure of complete allergens bears the risk of inducing anaphylaxis, we investigated here whether expression of Phl p 5 in the cytoplasm (rather than on the cell surface) is sufficient for tolerance induction. Transplantation of BALB/c BM retrovirally transduced to express Phl p 5 in the cytoplasm led to stable and durable molecular chimerism in syngeneic recipients (∼20% chimerism at 6 months). Chimeras showed allergen-specific T-cell hyporesponsiveness. Further, Phl p 5-specific TH 1-dependent humoral responses were tolerized in several chimeras. Surprisingly, Phl p 5-specific IgE and IgG1 levels were significantly reduced but still detectable in sera of chimeric mice, indicating incomplete B-cell tolerance. No Phl p 5-specific sIgM developed in cytoplasmic chimeras, which is in marked contrast to mice transplanted with BM expressing membrane-anchored Phl p 5. Thus, the expression site of the allergen substantially influences the degree and quality of tolerance achieved with molecular chimerism in IgE-mediated allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Baranyi
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Martina Gattringer
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Andreas M Farkas
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hock
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Nina Pilat
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - John Iacomini
- Renal Division, Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Wekerle
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
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6
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Baranyi U, Valenta R, Wekerle T. Molecular chimerism in IgE-mediated allergy: B-and T-cell tolerance toward highly immunogenic exogenous antigens. CHIMERISM 2013; 4:29-31. [PMID: 23712851 PMCID: PMC3654736 DOI: 10.4161/chim.24071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Specific immunotherapy is the only curative treatment currently available for IgE-mediated allergy and preventive strategies are lacking altogether. We have recently reported that molecular chimerism induces durable tolerance in experimental models of allergy, thus potentially providing a new approach for the treatment and prevention of allergic diseases. Molecular chimerism is a gene-therapy approach for tolerance induction toward defined disease-causing antigens. In proof-of-concept studies, we introduced a clinically relevant grass pollen allergen into hematopoietic stem cells and transplanted those modified cells into preconditioned syngeneic mice. Long-lasting and robust tolerance toward the allergen was achieved. In our most recent studies published in Clinical and Experimental Allergy we demonstrated that milder, non-myeloablative conditioning is sufficient to induce tolerance. Our results revealed that, in contrast to other rodent models of chimerism, persistent microchimerism suffices to induce lasting tolerance at the T cell, B cell and effector cell levels in IgE-mediated allergy. This article addendum provides a summary of the recent paper and its implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Baranyi
- Division of Transplantation; Department of Surgery; Vienna General Hospital; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology; Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Wekerle
- Division of Transplantation; Department of Surgery; Vienna General Hospital; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria
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7
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Baranyi U, Pilat N, Gattringer M, Linhart B, Klaus C, Schwaiger E, Iacomini J, Valenta R, Wekerle T. Persistent molecular microchimerism induces long-term tolerance towards a clinically relevant respiratory allergen. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:1282-92. [PMID: 22805476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of antigen-specific preventive strategies is a challenging goal in IgE-mediated allergy. We have recently shown in proof-of-concept experiments that allergy can be successfully prevented by induction of durable tolerance via molecular chimerism. Transplantation of syngeneic hematopoietic stem cells genetically modified to express the clinically relevant grass pollen allergen Phl p 5 into myeloablated recipients led to high levels of chimerism (i.e. macrochimerism) and completely abrogated Phl p 5-specific immunity despite repeated immunizations with Phl p 5. OBJECTIVE It was unclear, however, whether microchimerism (drastically lower levels of chimerism) would be sufficient as well which would allow development of minimally toxic tolerance protocols. METHODS Bone marrow cells were transduced with recombinant viruses integrating Phl p 5 to be expressed in a membrane-anchored fashion. The syngeneic modified cells were transplanted into non-myeloablated recipients that were subsequently immunized repeatedly with Phl p 5 and Bet v 1 (control). Molecular chimerism was monitored using flow cytometry and PCR. T cell, B-cell and effector-cell tolerance were assessed by allergen-specific proliferation assays, isotype levels in sera and RBL assays. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that transplantation of Phl p 5-expressing bone marrow cells into recipients having received non-myeloablative irradiation resulted in chimerism persisting for the length of follow-up. Chimerism levels, however, declined from transient macrochimerism levels to persistent levels of microchimerism (followed for 11 months). Notably, these chimerism levels were sufficient to induce B-cell tolerance as no Phl p 5-specific IgE and other high affinity isotypes were detectable in sera of chimeric mice. Furthermore, T-cell and effector-cell tolerance were achieved. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Low levels of persistent molecular chimerism are sufficient to induce long-term tolerance in IgE-mediated allergy. These results suggest that it will be possible to develop minimally toxic conditioning regimens sufficient for low level engraftment of genetically modified bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Baranyi
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Ex Vivo Transfer of Adenovirus-Mediated CTLA4Ig Gene Combined with a Short Course of Rapamycin Therapy Prolongs Free Flap Allograft Survival. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127:1820-1829. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e31820cf264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Baranyi U, Gattringer M, Valenta R, Wekerle T. Cell-based therapy in allergy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 352:161-79. [PMID: 21598105 DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IgE-mediated allergy is an immunological disorder occurring in response to otherwise harmless environmental antigens (i.e., allergens). Development of effective therapeutic or preventive approaches inducing robust tolerance toward allergens remains an unmet goal. Several experimental tolerance approaches have been described. The therapeutic use of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the establishment of molecular chimerism are two cell-based strategies that are of particular interest. Treg therapy is close to clinical application, but its efficacy remains to be fully defined. Recent proof-of-concept studies demonstrated that transplantation of syngeneic hematopoietic stem cells modified in vitro to express a major allergen leads to molecular chimerism and robust allergen-specific tolerance. Here we review cell-based tolerance strategies in allergy, discussing their potentials and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Baranyi
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Vassalli G, Roehrich ME, Vogt P, Pedrazzini GB, Siclari F, Moccetti T, von Segesser LK. Modalities and future prospects of gene therapy in heart transplantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009; 35:1036-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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11
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Chan J, Ban EJ, Chun KH, Wang S, Bäckström BT, Bernard CCA, Toh BH, Alderuccio F. Transplantation of bone marrow transduced to express self-antigen establishes deletional tolerance and permanently remits autoimmune disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7571-80. [PMID: 19017946 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are incurable. We have hypothesized that these diseases can be cured by the transplantation of bone marrow (BM) stem cells that have been genetically engineered to express self-Ag. Here we have tested this hypothesis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by the self-Ag myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). We show that, in mice, transplantation of BM genetically modified to express MOG prevented the induction and progression of EAE, and combined with antecedent corticosteroid treatment, induced long-term remission of established disease. Mice remained resistant to EAE development upon subsequent rechallenge with MOG. Transfer of BM from these mice rendered recipients resistant to EAE. Splenocytes from these mice failed to proliferate or produce IL-17, IFN-gamma, and GM-CSF in response to MOG(35-55) peptide stimulation and they failed to produce MOG autoantibody. Mechanistically, we demonstrated in vivo reduction in development of CD4(+) MOG(35-55)-specific thymocytes, indicative of clonal deletion with no evidence for selection of Ag-specific regulatory T cells. These findings validate our hypothesis that transplantation of genetically modified BM expressing disease-causative self-Ag provides a curative approach by clonal deletion of disease-causative self-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Chan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Satpute SR, Durai M, Moudgil KD. Antigen-specific tolerogenic and immunomodulatory strategies for the treatment of autoimmune arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008; 38:195-207. [PMID: 18177689 PMCID: PMC2723747 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review various antigen-specific tolerogenic and immunomodulatory approaches for arthritis in animal models and patients in regard to their efficacy, mechanisms of action, and limitations. METHODS We reviewed the published literature in Medline (PubMed) on the induction of antigen-specific tolerance and its effect on autoimmune arthritis, as well as the recent work on B-cell-mediated tolerance from our laboratory. The prominent key words used in different combinations included arthritis, autoimmunity, immunotherapy, innate immunity, tolerance, treatment, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although this search spanned the years 1975 to 2007, the majority of the short-listed articles belonged to the period 1990 to 2007. The relevant primary as well as cross-referenced articles were then collected from links within PubMed and reviewed. RESULTS Antigen-specific tolerance has been successful in the prevention and/or treatment of arthritis in animal models. The administration of soluble native antigen or an altered peptide ligand intravenously, orally, or nasally, and the delivery of the DNA encoding a particular antigen by gene therapy have been the mainstay of immunomodulation. Recently, the methods for in vitro expansion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells have been optimized. Furthermore, interleukin-17 has emerged as a promising new therapeutic target in arthritis. However, in RA patients, non-antigen-specific therapeutic approaches have been much more successful than antigen-specific tolerogenic regimens. CONCLUSION An antigen-specific treatment against autoimmune arthritis is still elusive. However, insights into newly emerging mechanisms of disease pathogenesis provide hope for the development of effective and safe immunotherapeutic strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh R. Satpute
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Malarvizhi Durai
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kamal D. Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes could potentially be treated by islet transplantation; however, the recurrence of autoimmunity leads to the destruction of islet grafts in a relatively short time frame. Therefore, a major goal of diabetes research is the induction of tolerance in diabetic patients to prevent recurrence of diabetes. Diabetes is a polygenic disease, and not all the determinants responsible for disease susceptibility have been identified. However, in both humans and mouse models of this disease, one of the principle determining genetic factors in diabetes incidence is the inheritance of mutant MHC class II alleles that are associated with increased occurrence of disease. We have shown that in the NOD mouse model, the introduction of protective MHC class II alleles through retroviral gene therapy can prevent the onset of autoimmune diabetes. Prevention of diabetes appears to be mediated, at least in part, by the deletion of autoreactive T cells in the presence of protective MHC class II. Here, we outline the procedures involved in the modification of murine hematopoietic cells through retroviral transduction, the reconstitution of recipients with modified bone marrow, and the monitoring of gene therapy recipients after reconstitution.
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Bagley J, Tian C, Iacomini J. New Approaches to the Prevention of Organ Allograft Rejection and Tolerance Induction. Transplantation 2007; 84:S38-41. [PMID: 17632412 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000269185.28701.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of organ allograft transplantation is dependent on the discovery and clinical application of immunologic strategies to blunt the immune response and prevent graft rejection. It was the discovery of powerful immunotherapeutics such as cyclosporine A and rapamycin that has allowed for the widespread use of organ transplantation to treat organ failure. However, despite the attainment of impressive survival rates 1 year after organ transplantation, a significant number of organ allografts are lost to immune-mediated chronic rejection. Furthermore, significant morbidity and mortality can be associated with the use of currently available immunosuppressive regimens. Thus, the development of novel approaches to prevent of organ allograft rejection remains extremely important. Here we discuss two promising and novel avenues of research. First, the discovery and characterization of naturally occurring immune inhibitory signals have led to recent research aimed at exploiting these pathways to induce peripheral tolerance to alloantigen. Furthermore, we discuss new approaches to the induction of donor-specific tolerance by induction of molecular chimerism and the transfer of alloantigen-expressing mature T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamyn Bagley
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Satpute SR, Soukhareva N, Scott DW, Moudgil KD. Mycobacterial Hsp65-IgG-expressing tolerogenic B cells confer protection against adjuvant-induced arthritis in Lewis rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:1490-6. [PMID: 17469108 DOI: 10.1002/art.22566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tolerization of T cells directed against a target autoantigen is a desired goal of experimental approaches for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, and novel and improved methods of tolerance induction are continuously being sought. Because most traditional methods of tolerance induction using soluble antigen are effective in the prevention of autoimmunity but fail to control established disease, this study was carried out to explore an innovative tolerogenic approach for the treatment of ongoing disease, using the rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model of human rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS Lewis (RT.1(l)) rats were injected subcutaneously with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra to induce AIA. Before or after AIA induction, Lewis rats were treated intraperitoneally (IP) with tolerogenic B cells expressing a fusion construct of mycobacterial 65-kd heat-shock protein (Hsp65) and IgG heavy-chain. For comparison, control rats were treated IP with ovalbumin (OVA)-IgG-expressing B cells or soluble mycobacterial Hsp65, and the effects on AIA were observed. We also tested the immune response to mycobacterial Hsp65 in B cell-tolerized rats. RESULTS Administration of tolerogenic mycobacterial Hsp65-expressing B cells as well as soluble mycobacterial Hsp65, but not OVA-expressing B cells, resulted in a significant decrease in the severity of subsequent AIA. However, in rats with established disease, only the B cell regimen of mycobacterial Hsp65, but not the soluble antigen, suppressed ongoing AIA. CONCLUSION Mycobacterial Hsp65-IgG-expressing B cells can successfully attenuate the progression of AIA. This study introduces a promising approach for the treatment of arthritis that should be further explored.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/prevention & control
- Autoimmunity
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Chaperonin 60
- Chaperonins/genetics
- Chaperonins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Male
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Severity of Illness Index
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16
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Gene Therapies and Stem Cell Therapies. Cardiovasc Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3358-5.50009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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17
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Tian C, Bagley J, Iacomini J. Persistence of antigen is required to maintain transplantation tolerance induced by genetic modification of bone marrow stem cells. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:2202-7. [PMID: 16827788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) resulting in a state of molecular chimerism can be used to induce donor-specific tolerance to allografts. However, the requirements for maintaining tolerance in molecular chimeras remain unknown. Here, we examined whether long-term expression of a retrovirally encoded alloantigen in hematopoietic cells is required to maintain donor-specific tolerance in molecular chimeras. To this end, mice were reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow transduced with retroviruses carrying the gene encoding the allogeneic MHC class I molecule Kb. Following induction of molecular chimerism, mice were depleted of cells expressing Kb by administration of the anti-Kb monoclonal antibody Y-3. Mice that were effectively depleted of cells expressing the retrovirally encoded MHC class I antigen rejected Kb disparate skin allografts. In contrast, control molecular chimeras accepted Kb disparate skin allografts indefinitely. These data suggest maintenance of tolerance in molecular chimeras requires long-term expression of retrovirally transduced alloantigen on the progeny of retrovirally transduced HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tian
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Forman D, Kang ES, Tian C, Paez-Cortez J, Iacomini J. Induction of alloreactive CD4 T cell tolerance in molecular chimeras: a possible role for regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:3410-6. [PMID: 16517709 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.6.3410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Induction of molecular chimerism following reconstitution of mice with autologous bone marrow cells expressing a retrovirally encoded allogeneic MHC class I Ag results in donor-specific tolerance. To investigate the mechanism by which CD4 T cells that recognize allogeneic MHC class I through the indirect pathway of Ag presentation are rendered tolerant in molecular chimeras, transgenic mice expressing a TCR on CD4 T cells specific for peptides derived from K(b) were used. CD4 T cells expressing the transgenic TCR were detected in mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells transduced with retroviruses carrying the gene encoding H-2K(b), albeit detection was at lower levels than in mice receiving mock-transduced bone marrow. Despite the presence of CD4 T cells expressing an alloreactive TCR, mice receiving H-2K(b)-transduced bone marrow permanently accepted K(b) disparate skin grafts. CD4+CD25+ T cells from mice reconstituted with H-2K(b)-transduced bone marrow prevented rejection of K(b) disparate skin grafts when adoptively transferred into immunodeficient mice along with effector T cells, suggesting that induction of molecular chimerism leads to the generation of donor specific regulatory T cells, which may be involved in preventing alloreactive CD4 T cell responses that lead to rejection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chimera/immunology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Daron Forman
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tian C, Bagley J, Forman D, Iacomini J. Inhibition of CD26 peptidase activity significantly improves engraftment of retrovirally transduced hematopoietic progenitors. Gene Ther 2005; 13:652-8. [PMID: 16341058 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that inhibition of CD26 (DPPIV/dipeptidylpeptidase IV) peptidase activity improves homing of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to the bone marrow and increases engraftment efficiency. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of retrovirally transduced mouse bone marrow cells with the tri-peptide Diprotin A (Ile-Pro-Ile), a specific inhibitor of CD26, significantly enhances engraftment of retrovirally transduced HSCs. Treatment of transduced bone marrow cells with Diprotin A permitted long-term expression of a retrovirally encoded MHC class I gene on multiple hematopoietic cell lineages after transplantation of a suboptimal number of transduced cells. Secondary transfer experiments revealed that expression of the transduced MHC class I gene resulted from engraftment of transduced HSCs. Expression of the allogeneic MHC class I antigen on bone marrow-derived cells following transplantation of Diprotin A-treated cells was sufficient to induce transplantation tolerance. Therefore, inhibition of CD26 activity significantly enhances engraftment of limited numbers of genetically modified HSCs, resulting in physiologically relevant levels of gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tian
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Forman D, Tian C, Iacomini J. Induction of donor-specific tolerance in sublethally irradiated recipients by gene therapy. Mol Ther 2005; 12:353-9. [PMID: 15939670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor-specific transplantation tolerance can be established through the induction of molecular chimerism following reconstitution of lethally irradiated mice with autologous bone marrow expressing retrovirally transduced allogeneic MHC antigens. Here, we set out to define nonmyeloablative host conditioning regimens that would allow for establishment of molecular chimerism and the induction of donor-specific tolerance. Recipient mice received various doses of whole-body irradiation, together with costimulatory blockade using anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody prior to reconstitution with syngeneic bone marrow cells transduced with retroviruses carrying the gene encoding H-2K(b). Conditioning consisting of 3 Gy whole-body irradiation and treatment with anti-CD154 was sufficient to induce molecular chimerism resulting in stable multilineage expression of K(b) on hematopoietic cells. T cells from molecular chimeras were unable to lyse allogeneic targets expressing K(b) and contained substantially fewer K(b)-reactive IL-2- and IFN-gamma-producing CD4 T cells than controls receiving mock-transduced bone marrow. Induction of molecular chimerism using nonmyeloablative host conditioning allowed for permanent survival of K(b)-disparate allogeneic skin grafts. These data suggest that nonmyeloablative host conditioning can be used effectively to induce molecular chimerism resulting in transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daron Forman
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Report on the State of the Science in Xenotransplantation [Executive Summary]. Biotechnol Law Rep 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/blr.2005.24.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Dharmarajan S, Hayama M, Kozlowski J, Ishiyama T, Okazaki M, Factor P, Patterson GA, Schuster DP. In vivo molecular imaging characterizes pulmonary gene expression during experimental lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:1216-25. [PMID: 15888025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Experimental gene therapy is a promising strategy to prevent ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and allograft rejection after lung transplantation, and methods will eventually be needed to characterize pulmonary transgene expression in vivo in humans. Therefore, we studied positron emission tomography (PET) as a means of performing in vivo molecular imaging in rodent models of lung transplantation. Rats were transfected endotracheally with adenovirus encoding a fusion gene of a mutant Herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase and the green fluorescent protein gene (the former serving as an imaging reporter gene). Twenty-four hours after transfection, lungs were transplanted in groups representing normal transplantation, I/R injury and acute allograft rejection. Imaging was obtained either 24 h after transplantation to study reperfusion injury or 4 days after transplantation to study graft rejection. After imaging, lungs were excised and analyzed for thymidine kinase activity. Imaging detected transgene expression in transplanted lungs even in the presence of acute rejection or I/R injury. The PET imaging signal correlated with in vitro lung tissue assays of thymidine kinase activity (r(2) = 0.534). Thus, noninvasive molecular imaging with PET is a feasible, sensitive and quantitative method for characterizing pulmonary transgene expression in experimental lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekhar Dharmarajan
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
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Fuchs S, Buethe D, Khanna A, Yadava P, Hughes J. Sulfhydryl based cationic surfactants and the impact of polyanions on disulfide bond formation: implications for gene transfer vectors. J Drug Target 2005; 12:347-53. [PMID: 15545084 DOI: 10.1080/10611860400000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Compacting plasmid DNA (pDNA) into a small size is a fundamental necessity for the efficient in vivo transfer of nucleic acids to somatic cells. An approach for accomplishing this is to condense pDNA using cationic detergents with sulfhydryl groups, near their critical micelle concentration. In this study, a model surfactant was used to study how the rate of disulfide bond formation relates to environmental factors. It was shown that the thiol detergent had the ability to form a disulfide bond when oxidized and the presence of polyanions was significantly increased. The addition of a reducing agent disrupted the disulfide bonds initially, but this was followed by disulfide bond reformation in a short time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Fuchs
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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Tian C, Bagley J, Cretin N, Seth N, Wucherpfennig KW, Iacomini J. Prevention of type 1 diabetes by gene therapy. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:969-78. [PMID: 15467836 PMCID: PMC518667 DOI: 10.1172/jci22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes in humans and NOD mice is determined by multiple genetic factors, among the strongest of which is the inheritance of diabetes-permissive MHC class II alleles associated with susceptibility to disease. Here we examined whether expression of MHC class II alleles associated with resistance to disease could be used to prevent the occurrence of diabetes. Expression of diabetes-resistant MHC class II I-Abeta chain molecules in NOD mice following retroviral transduction of autologous bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells prevented the development of autoreactive T cells by intrathymic deletion and protected the mice from the development of insulitis and diabetes. These data suggest that type 1 diabetes could be prevented in individuals expressing MHC alleles associated with susceptibility to disease by restoration of protective MHC class II expression through genetic engineering of hematopoietic stem cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Disease Susceptibility
- Female
- Genes, MHC Class II
- Genetic Therapy
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Retroviridae/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaorui Tian
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Salgar SK, Yang D, Ruiz P, Miller J, Tzakis AG. Viral interleukin-10-engineered autologous hematopoietic stem cell therapy: a novel gene therapy approach to prevent graft rejection. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 15:131-44. [PMID: 14975186 DOI: 10.1089/104303404772679940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus-encoded protein BCRF1 (viral interleukin [vIL]-10) is a biologically active homologue of cellular interleukin (IL)-10. In this study, a novel gene therapy approach to prolong allograft survival was designed. Autologous (syngeneic) hematopoietic progenitor/stem cell-enriched (HSC; lineage(-ve)) population derived from CBA/J mouse bone marrow were transduced with retrovirus encoding vIL-10 gene (vIL-10-HSC), ex vivo; vIL-10-HSC were injected (4-6 x 10(6) cells intravenously) into lethally (9.5 Gy) or sublethally (4 Gy) irradiated CBA/J mice. Six weeks after vIL-10-HSC administration, vascular heterotopic heart (C57BL/6) transplantation was performed. Ex vivo, the vIL-10-HSC produced 5.4 +/- 0.5 ng of vIL-10 protein/2 x 10(5) cells per 24 hr. In vivo, serum vIL-10 production was 187 +/- 205 pg/ml during 3-10 weeks after vIL-10-HSC administration. Cardiac allograft survival was prolonged (p < 0.004) in lethally (71 +/- 40 days) and sublethally (114 +/- 15 days) irradiated mice that received vIL-10-HSC compared to controls that received unengineered (UE) HSC or vector DNA-engineered HSC (12-16 days). However, secondary skin graft (C57BL/6) survival was not prolonged in cardiac allograft-tolerant animals. In the vIL-10-HSC-administered group, graft histopathology demonstrated mild arteritis/venulitis (grade 0.7) and rejection (grade 1.0). Intragraft expression of costimulatory molecules (B7.1, B7.2), cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, mIL-10, interferon [IFN]-gamma), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) molecules was markedly lower in vIL-10-HSC-treated tolerant grafts that survived more than 100 days compared to vector DNA-HSC- or UE-HSC-treated controls. Furthermore, T lymphocytes derived from vIL-10-HSC-treated tolerant recipients demonstrated hyporeactivity to donor antigens in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Administration of autologous vIL-10-engineered HSC prior to organ transplantation prolonged cardiac allograft survival significantly.
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Read EJ. Going where the action is: cellular therapy for diabetes mellitus. Cytotherapy 2004; 5:241-2. [PMID: 12850792 DOI: 10.1080/14653240310001820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E J Read
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Yang YL, Li JP, Dou KF, Li KZ. Influence of liver nonparenchymal cell infusion combined with cyclosporin A on rejection of rat small bowel transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2859-62. [PMID: 14669353 PMCID: PMC4612072 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i12.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of liver nonparenchymal cell infusion combined with cyclosporin A (CsA) on rejection of heterostrain rat small bowel transplantation.
METHODS: The liver nonparenchymal cell suspension was prepared by density gradient centrifugation method with Percoll centrifugal solution. Heterotopic small bowel transplantation was performed. Then the rats were divided into four groups. Group one: homogenic transplantation (F344/N→F344/N), group two: allotransplantation (F344/N →Wistar), group three: allotransplantation (F344/N→Wistar) + CsA, with CsA 10 mg·kg-1·d-1 after transplantation, group four: allotransplantation + CsA (F344/N→Wistar) + liver nonparenchymal cell infusion + CsA (F344/N→Wistar), in which recipient Wistar rats had been injected with 2 × 108 F344/N liver nonparenchymal cells 20 days before transplantation, and treated with CsA after transplantation. Finally, the survival time after small bowel transplantation, gross and histopathological examination, and IL-2 levels in serum were observed.
RESULTS: The survival time after small bowel transplantation was 7.14 ± 0.33 d, 16.32 ± 0.41 d and 31.41 ± 0.74 d in group 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The survival time was significant longer (P < 0.01) in group 4. The gross and histopathological examination showed that the rejection degree in group 4 was lower than those in groups 2 and 3. Serum IL-2 level in group 4 was also lower than those in groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Liver nonparenchymal cell infusion combined with CsA can prolong the survival time of rat small bowel transplantation, and the anti-rejection effect is good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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Abstract
Gastric cancer is common in China, and its early diagnosis and treatment are difficult. In recent years great progress has been achieved in gene therapy, and a wide array of gene therapy systems for gastric cancer has been investigated. The present article deals with the general principles of gene therapy and then focuses on how these principles may be applied to gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotan Yan, Chongqing 400038, China.
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