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Khan N, Chen X, Geiger JD. Role of Divalent Cations in HIV-1 Replication and Pathogenicity. Viruses 2020; 12:E471. [PMID: 32326317 PMCID: PMC7232465 DOI: 10.3390/v12040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Divalent cations are essential for life and are fundamentally important coordinators of cellular metabolism, cell growth, host-pathogen interactions, and cell death. Specifically, for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), divalent cations are required for interactions between viral and host factors that govern HIV-1 replication and pathogenicity. Homeostatic regulation of divalent cations' levels and actions appear to change as HIV-1 infection progresses and as changes occur between HIV-1 and the host. In people living with HIV-1, dietary supplementation with divalent cations may increase HIV-1 replication, whereas cation chelation may suppress HIV-1 replication and decrease disease progression. Here, we review literature on the roles of zinc (Zn2+), iron (Fe2+), manganese (Mn2+), magnesium (Mg2+), selenium (Se2+), and copper (Cu2+) in HIV-1 replication and pathogenicity, as well as evidence that divalent cation levels and actions may be targeted therapeutically in people living with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA; (N.K.); (X.C.)
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2
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Fields JA, Ellis RJ. HIV in the cART era and the mitochondrial: immune interface in the CNS. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 145:29-65. [PMID: 31208526 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist in the era of effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). A large body of literature suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is a prospective etiology of HAND in the cART era. While viral load is often suppressed and the immune system remains intact in HIV+ patients on cART, evidence suggests that the central nervous system (CNS) acts as a reservoir for virus and low-level expression of viral proteins, which interact with mitochondria. In particular, the HIV proteins glycoprotein 120, transactivator of transcription, viral protein R, and negative factor have each been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain. Moreover, cART drugs have also been shown to have detrimental effects on mitochondrial function. Here, we review the evidence generated from human studies, animal models, and in vitro models that support a role for HIV proteins and/or cART drugs in altered production of adenosine triphosphate, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, calcium signaling and apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial biogenesis, and immunometabolism in the CNS. When insightful, evidence of HIV or cART-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the peripheral nervous system or other cell types is discussed. Lastly, therapeutic approaches to targeting mitochondrial dysfunction have been summarized with the aim of guiding new investigations and providing hope that mitochondrial-based drugs may provide relief for those suffering with HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Rozzi SJ, Avdoshina V, Fields JA, Trejo M, Ton HT, Ahern GP, Mocchetti I. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Promotes Mitochondrial Toxicity. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:723-733. [PMID: 28695547 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapies (cART) have had remarkable success in reducing morbidity and mortality among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, mild forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), characterized by loss of synapses, remain. cART may maintain an undetectable HIV RNA load but does not eliminate the expression of viral proteins such as trans-activator of transcription (Tat) and the envelope glycoprotein gp120 in the brain. These two viral proteins are known to promote synaptic simplifications by several mechanisms, including alteration of mitochondrial function and dynamics. In this review, we aim to outline the many targets and pathways used by viral proteins to alter mitochondria dynamics, which contribute to HIV-induced neurotoxicity. A better understanding of these pathways is crucial for the development of adjunct therapies for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer J Rozzi
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Valeria Avdoshina
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Jerel A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Margarita Trejo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hoai T Ton
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Gerard P Ahern
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Italo Mocchetti
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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4
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Wills QF, Mellado-Gomez E, Nolan R, Warner D, Sharma E, Broxholme J, Wright B, Lockstone H, James W, Lynch M, Gonzales M, West J, Leyrat A, Padilla-Parra S, Filippi S, Holmes C, Moore MD, Bowden R. The nature and nurture of cell heterogeneity: accounting for macrophage gene-environment interactions with single-cell RNA-Seq. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:53. [PMID: 28061811 PMCID: PMC5219790 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-cell RNA-Seq can be a valuable and unbiased tool to dissect cellular heterogeneity, despite the transcriptome's limitations in describing higher functional phenotypes and protein events. Perhaps the most important shortfall with transcriptomic 'snapshots' of cell populations is that they risk being descriptive, only cataloging heterogeneity at one point in time, and without microenvironmental context. Studying the genetic ('nature') and environmental ('nurture') modifiers of heterogeneity, and how cell population dynamics unfold over time in response to these modifiers is key when studying highly plastic cells such as macrophages. RESULTS We introduce the programmable Polaris™ microfluidic lab-on-chip for single-cell sequencing, which performs live-cell imaging while controlling for the culture microenvironment of each cell. Using gene-edited macrophages we demonstrate how previously unappreciated knockout effects of SAMHD1, such as an altered oxidative stress response, have a large paracrine signaling component. Furthermore, we demonstrate single-cell pathway enrichments for cell cycle arrest and APOBEC3G degradation, both associated with the oxidative stress response and altered proteostasis. Interestingly, SAMHD1 and APOBEC3G are both HIV-1 inhibitors ('restriction factors'), with no known co-regulation. CONCLUSION As single-cell methods continue to mature, so will the ability to move beyond simple 'snapshots' of cell populations towards studying the determinants of population dynamics. By combining single-cell culture, live-cell imaging, and single-cell sequencing, we have demonstrated the ability to study cell phenotypes and microenvironmental influences. It's these microenvironmental components - ignored by standard single-cell workflows - that likely determine how macrophages, for example, react to inflammation and form treatment resistant HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quin F Wills
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Esther Mellado-Gomez
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Rory Nolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Damien Warner
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Eshita Sharma
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - John Broxholme
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benjamin Wright
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Helen Lockstone
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Mark Lynch
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Ct Ste 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080-7603, USA
| | - Michael Gonzales
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Ct Ste 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080-7603, USA
| | - Jay West
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Ct Ste 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080-7603, USA
| | - Anne Leyrat
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Ct Ste 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080-7603, USA
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarah Filippi
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 3LB, UK
| | - Chris Holmes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 3LB, UK
| | - Michael D Moore
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Rory Bowden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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5
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Lei XG, Zhu JH, Cheng WH, Bao Y, Ho YS, Reddi AR, Holmgren A, Arnér ESJ. Paradoxical Roles of Antioxidant Enzymes: Basic Mechanisms and Health Implications. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:307-64. [PMID: 26681794 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00010.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated from aerobic metabolism, as a result of accidental electron leakage as well as regulated enzymatic processes. Because ROS/RNS can induce oxidative injury and act in redox signaling, enzymes metabolizing them will inherently promote either health or disease, depending on the physiological context. It is thus misleading to consider conventionally called antioxidant enzymes to be largely, if not exclusively, health protective. Because such a notion is nonetheless common, we herein attempt to rationalize why this simplistic view should be avoided. First we give an updated summary of physiological phenotypes triggered in mouse models of overexpression or knockout of major antioxidant enzymes. Subsequently, we focus on a series of striking cases that demonstrate "paradoxical" outcomes, i.e., increased fitness upon deletion of antioxidant enzymes or disease triggered by their overexpression. We elaborate mechanisms by which these phenotypes are mediated via chemical, biological, and metabolic interactions of the antioxidant enzymes with their substrates, downstream events, and cellular context. Furthermore, we propose that novel treatments of antioxidant enzyme-related human diseases may be enabled by deliberate targeting of dual roles of the pertaining enzymes. We also discuss the potential of "antioxidant" nutrients and phytochemicals, via regulating the expression or function of antioxidant enzymes, in preventing, treating, or aggravating chronic diseases. We conclude that "paradoxical" roles of antioxidant enzymes in physiology, health, and disease derive from sophisticated molecular mechanisms of redox biology and metabolic homeostasis. Simply viewing antioxidant enzymes as always being beneficial is not only conceptually misleading but also clinically hazardous if such notions underpin medical treatment protocols based on modulation of redox pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gen Lei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jian-Hong Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wen-Hsing Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yongping Bao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ye-Shih Ho
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amit R Reddi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Fitting S, Booze RM, Mactutus CF. HIV-1 proteins, Tat and gp120, target the developing dopamine system. Curr HIV Res 2015; 13:21-42. [PMID: 25613135 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150121110731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, 3.2 million children (< 15 years of age) were estimated to be living with HIV and AIDS worldwide, with the 240,000 newly infected children in the past year, i.e., another child infected approximately every two minutes [1]. The primary mode of HIV infection is through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), occurring either in utero, intrapartum, or during breastfeeding. The effects of HIV-1 on the central nervous system (CNS) are putatively accepted to be mediated, in part, via viral proteins, such as Tat and gp120. The current review focuses on the targets of HIV-1 proteins during the development of the dopamine (DA) system, which appears to be specifically susceptible in HIV-1-infected children. Collectively, the data suggest that the DA system is a clinically relevant target in chronic HIV-1 infection, is one of the major targets in pediatric HIV-1 CNS infection, and may be specifically susceptible during development. The present review discusses the development of the DA system, follows the possible targets of the HIV-1 proteins during the development of the DA system, and suggests potential therapeutic approaches. By coupling our growing understanding of the development of the CNS with the pronounced age-related differences in disease progression, new light may be shed on the neurological and neurocognitive deficits that follow HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Department of Psychology, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Dagenais-Lussier X, Mouna A, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Sekaly RP, El-Far M, Grevenynghe JV. Current topics in HIV-1 pathogenesis: The emergence of deregulated immuno-metabolism in HIV-infected subjects. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:603-13. [PMID: 26409789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in long-lasting activation of the immune system including elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokines, and bacterial product release from gut into blood and tissue compartments, which are not fully restored by antiretroviral therapies. HIV-1 has also developed numerous strategies via viral regulatory proteins to hijack cell molecular mechanisms to enhance its own replication and dissemination. Here, we reviewed the relationship between viral proteins, immune activation/inflammation, and deregulated metabolism occurring in HIV-1-infected patients that ultimately dampens the protective innate and adaptive arms of immunity. Defining precisely the molecular mechanisms related to deregulated immuno-metabolism during HIV-1 infection could ultimately help in the development of novel clinical approaches to restore proper immune functions in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aounallah Mouna
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Glen site, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada.
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8
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Role of Oxidative Stress in HIV-1-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder and Protection by Gene Delivery of Antioxidant Enzymes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2014; 3:770-97. [PMID: 26785240 PMCID: PMC4665507 DOI: 10.3390/antiox3040770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV encephalopathy covers a range of HIV-1-related brain dysfunction. In the Central Nervous System (CNS), it is largely impervious to Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy (HAART). As survival with chronic HIV-1 infection improves, the number of people harboring the virus in their CNS increases. Neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory changes may continue despite the use of HAART. Neurons themselves are rarely infected by HIV-1, but HIV-1 infects resident microglia, periventricular macrophages, leading to increased production of cytokines and to release of HIV-1 proteins, the most likely neurotoxins, among which are the envelope glycoprotein gp120 and HIV-1 trans-acting protein Tat. Gp120 and Tat induce oxidative stress in the brain, leading to neuronal apoptosis/death. We review here the role of oxidative stress in animal models of HIV-1 Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) and in patients with HAND. Different therapeutic approaches, including clinical trials, have been used to mitigate oxidative stress in HAND. We used SV40 vectors for gene delivery of antioxidant enzymes, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), or glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) into the rat caudate putamen (CP). Intracerebral injection of SV (SOD1) or SV (GPx1) protects neurons from apoptosis caused by subsequent inoculation of gp120 and Tat at the same location. Vector administration into the lateral ventricle or cisterna magna protects from intra-CP gp120-induced neurotoxicity comparably to intra-CP vector administration. These models should provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV-1 in the brain as well as offer new therapeutic avenues.
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Louboutin JP, Agrawal L, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ, Strayer DS. Oxidative Stress Is Associated with Neuroinflammation in Animal Models of HIV-1 Tat Neurotoxicity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2014; 3:414-38. [PMID: 26784879 PMCID: PMC4665482 DOI: 10.3390/antiox3020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 trans-acting protein Tat, an essential protein for viral replication, is a key mediator of neurotoxicity. If Tat oxidant injury and neurotoxicity have been described, consequent neuroinflammation is less understood. Rat caudate-putamens (CPs) were challenged with Tat, with or without prior rSV40-delivered superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase. Tat injection caused oxidative stress. Administration of Tat in the CP induced an increase in numbers of Iba-1- and CD68-positive cells, as well as an infiltration of astrocytes. We also tested the effect of more protracted Tat exposure on neuroinflammation using an experimental model of chronic Tat exposure. SV(Tat): a recombinant SV40-derived gene transfer vector was inoculated into the rat CP, leading to chronic expression of Tat, oxidative stress, and ongoing apoptosis, mainly located in neurons. Intra-CP SV(Tat) injection induced an increase in microglia and astrocytes, suggesting that protracted Tat production increased neuroinflammation. SV(SOD1) or SV(GPx1) significantly reduced neuroinflammation following Tat administration into the CP. Thus, Tat-induced oxidative stress, CNS injury, neuron loss and inflammation may be mitigated by antioxidant gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Lokesh Agrawal
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - David S Strayer
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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10
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Louboutin JP, Marusich E, Gao E, Agrawal L, Koch WJ, Strayer DS. Ethanol protects from injury due to ischemia and reperfusion by increasing vascularity via vascular endothelial growth factor. Alcohol 2012; 46:441-54. [PMID: 22560293 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The cardioprotective effects of moderate ethanol consumption have been known for years and have generally been ascribed to long-term effects of alcohol on blood lipids. However, other mechanisms, particularly ethanol-induced increase in blood vessel density, may also be involved. Our goal was to understand the relationship between ethanol consumption, new blood vessel formation in vivo and protection from injury due to ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion. Using paired ethanol fed and control rats, we assessed capillary density in the heart, brain and skeletal muscle by immunostaining and quantified expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Numbers of vessels were significantly increased in the brain, heart and skeletal muscle of animals fed ethanol-rich diets. VEGF (and its receptors) were upregulated in these organs. These effects were very rapid: highly significantly increased vascularization was seen within 2 weeks of commencing alcohol feeding. A neutralizing VEGF antibody, bevacizumab, inhibited new blood vessel formation induced by moderate doses of ethanol. Ethanol consumption increased vascularization and promoted skeletal muscle regeneration following hindlimb ischemia; these effects were prevented by bevacizumab. Finally, ethanol consumption protected myocardium following experimental ischemia/reperfusion. CONCLUSION Experimental ethanol ingestion rapidly increases VEGF production, significantly increasing the capillary bed in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. Moreover, the ethanol-induced increase of blood vessel density is protective against ischemic events (i.e., hindlimb ischemia and myocardium ischemia/reperfusion) and promotes skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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11
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Schachtele SJ, Hu S, Lokensgard JR. Modulation of experimental herpes encephalitis-associated neurotoxicity through sulforaphane treatment. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36216. [PMID: 22558388 PMCID: PMC3338688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by brain-infiltrating macrophages and neutrophils, as well as resident microglia, are pivotal to pathogen clearance during viral brain infection. However, unchecked free radical generation is also responsible for damage to and cytotoxicity of critical host tissue bystander to primary infection. These unwanted effects of excessive ROS are combated by local cellular production of antioxidant enzymes, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1). In this study, we showed that experimental murine herpes encephalitis triggered robust ROS production, as well as an opposing upregulation of the antioxidants HO-1 and Gpx1. This antioxidant response was insufficient to prevent tissue damage, neurotoxicity, and mortality associated with viral brain infection. Previous studies corroborate our data supporting astrocytes as the major antioxidant producer in brain cell cultures exposed to HSV-1 stimulated microglia. We hypothesized that stimulating opposing antioxidative responses in astrocytes, as well as neurons, would mitigate the effects of ROS-mediated neurotoxicity both in vitro and during viral brain infection in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that the addition of sulforaphane, a potent stimulator of antioxidant responses, enhanced HO-1 and Gpx1 expression in astrocytes through the activation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Additionally, sulforaphane treatment was found to be effective in reducing neurotoxicity associated with HSV-stimulated microglial ROS production. Finally, intraperitoneal injections of sulforaphane into mice during active HSV infection reduced neuroinflammation via a decrease in brain-infiltrating leukocytes, macrophage- and neutrophil-produced ROS, and MHCII-positive, activated microglia. These data support a key role for astrocyte-produced antioxidants in modulating oxidative stress and neuronal damage in response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Schachtele
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Shuxian Hu
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - James R. Lokensgard
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Louboutin JP, Agrawal L, Reyes BAS, van Bockstaele EJ, Strayer DS. Gene delivery of antioxidant enzymes inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120-induced expression of caspases. Neuroscience 2012; 214:68-77. [PMID: 22531373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are implicated in neuronal death in neurodegenerative and other central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In a rat model of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), we previously characterized HIV-1 envelope gp120-induced neuronal apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In this model, neuronal apoptosis occurred probably via gp120-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant gene delivery blunted gp120-related apoptosis. Here, we studied the effect of gp120 on different caspases (3, 6, 8, 9) expression. Caspases production increased in the rat caudate-putamen (CP) 6h after gp120 injection into the same structure. The expression of caspases peaked by 24h. Caspases colocalized mainly with neurons. Prior gene delivery of the antioxidant enzymes Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) or glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) into the CP before injecting gp120 there reduced levels of gp120-induced caspases, recapitulating the effect of antioxidant enzymes on gp120-induced apoptosis observed by TUNEL. Thus, HIV-1 gp120 increased caspases expression in the CP. Prior antioxidant enzyme treatment mitigated production of these caspases, probably by reducing ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
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13
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Louboutin JP, Strayer DS. Blood-brain barrier abnormalities caused by HIV-1 gp120: mechanistic and therapeutic implications. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:482575. [PMID: 22448134 PMCID: PMC3289936 DOI: 10.1100/2012/482575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is compromised in many systemic and CNS diseases, including HIV-1 infection of the brain. We studied BBB disruption caused by HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) as a model. Exposure to gp120, whether acute [by direct intra-caudate-putamen (CP) injection] or chronic [using SV(gp120), an experimental model of ongoing production of gp120] disrupted the BBB, and led to leakage of vascular contents. Gp120 was directly toxic to brain endothelial cells. Abnormalities of the BBB reflect the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These target laminin and attack the tight junctions between endothelial cells and BBB basal laminae. MMP-2 and MMP-9 were upregulated following gp120-injection. Gp120 reduced laminin and tight junction proteins. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate MMPs. Injecting gp120 induced lipid peroxidation. Gene transfer of antioxidant enzymes protected against gp120-induced BBB abnormalities. NMDA upregulates the proform of MMP-9. Using the NMDA receptor (NMDAR-1) inhibitor, memantine, we observed partial protection from gp120-induced BBB injury. Thus, (1) HIV-envelope gp120 disrupts the BBB; (2) this occurs via lesions in brain microvessels, MMP activation and degradation of vascular basement membrane and vascular tight junctions; (3) NMDAR-1 activation plays a role in this BBB injury; and (4) antioxidant gene delivery as well as NMDAR-1 antagonists may protect the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street Room 255 Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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14
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Louboutin JP, Reyes BAS, Agrawal L, Van Bockstaele EJ, Strayer DS. HIV-1 gp120 upregulates matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in a rat model of HIV encephalopathy. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:2015-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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HIV-1 Tat neurotoxicity: a model of acute and chronic exposure, and neuroprotection by gene delivery of antioxidant enzymes. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:657-70. [PMID: 22036626 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is an increasingly common, progressive disease characterized by neuronal loss and progressively deteriorating CNS function. HIV-1 gene products, particularly gp120 and Tat elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lead to oxidant injury and cause neuron apoptosis. Understanding of, and developing therapies for, HAND requires accessible models of the disease. We have devised experimental approaches to studying the acute and chronic effects of Tat on the CNS. We studied acute exposure by injecting recombinant Tat protein into the caudate-putamen (CP). Ongoing Tat expression, which more closely mimics HIV-1 infection of the brain, was studied by delivering Tat-expression over time using an SV40-derived gene delivery vector, SV(Tat). Both acute and chronic Tat exposure induced lipid peroxidation and neuronal apoptosis. Finally, prior administration of recombinant SV40 vectors carrying antioxidant enzymes, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) or glutathione peroxidase (GPx1), protected from Tat-induced apoptosis and oxidative injury. Thus, injection of recombinant HIV-1 Tat and the expression vector, SV(Tat), into the rat CP cause respectively acute or ongoing apoptosis and oxidative stress in neurons and may represent useful animal models for studying the pathogenesis and, potentially, treatment of HIV-1 Tat-related damage.
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Louboutin JP, Reyes BAS, Agrawal L, Van Bockstaele EJ, Strayer DS. Intracisternal rSV40 administration provides effective pan-CNS transgene expression. Gene Ther 2011; 19:114-8. [PMID: 21614027 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Potential genetic treatments for many generalized central nervous system (CNS) diseases require transgene expression throughout the CNS. Using oxidant stress and apoptosis caused by HIV-1 envelope gp120 as a model, we studied pan-CNS neuroprotective gene delivery into the cisterna magna (CM). Recombinant SV40 vectors carrying Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase were injected into rat CMs following intraperitoneal administration of mannitol. Sustained transgene expression was seen in neurons throughout the CNS. On challenge, 8 weeks later with gp120 injected into the caudate putamen, significant neuroprotection was documented. Thus, intracisternal administration of antioxidant-carrying rSV40 vectors may be useful in treating widespread CNS diseases such as HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders characterized by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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17
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Louboutin JP, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ, Strayer DS. Gene transfer to the cerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2011; 9:587-97. [PMID: 20700772 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-010-0202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are several diseases for which gene transfer therapy to the cerebellum might be practicable. In these studies, we used recombinant Tag-deleted SV40-derived vectors (rSV40s) to study gene delivery targeting the cerebellum. These vectors transduce neurons and microglia very effectively in vitro and in vivo, and so we tested them to evaluate gene transfer to the cerebellum in vivo. Using a rSV40 vector carrying human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-Nef with a C-terminal FLAG epitope, we characterized the distribution, duration, and cell types transduced. Rats received test and control vectors by stereotaxic injection into the cerebellum. Transgene expression was assessed 1, 2, and 4 weeks later by immunostaining of serial brain sections. FLAG epitope-expressing cells were seen, at all times after vector administration, principally detected in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, identified as immunopositive for calbindin. Occasional microglial cells were tranduced; transgene expression was not detected in astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. No inflammatory or other reaction was detected at any time. Thus, SV40-derived vectors can deliver effective, safe, and durable transgene expression to the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Room 255, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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18
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Louboutin JP, Marusich E, Fisher-Perkins J, Dufour JP, Bunnell BA, Strayer DS. Gene transfer to the rhesus monkey brain using SV40-derived vectors is durable and safe. Gene Ther 2011; 18:682-91. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Shapshak P, Kangueane P, Fujimura RK, Commins D, Chiappelli F, Singer E, Levine AJ, Minagar A, Novembre FJ, Somboonwit C, Nath A, Sinnott JT. Editorial neuroAIDS review. AIDS 2011; 25:123-41. [PMID: 21076277 PMCID: PMC4464840 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328340fd42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Shapshak
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Pandjassarame Kangueane
- Biomedical Informatics, 17A lrulan Sundai Annex, Pondicherry, India
- AIMST University, Kedha, Malaysia
| | - Robert K. Fujimura
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Administration, Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Deborah Commins
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | | | - Elyse Singer
- Department of Neurology and National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, California
| | - Andrew J. Levine
- Department of Neurology and National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, California
| | - Alireza Minagar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | | | - Charurut Somboonwit
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida
| | - Avindra Nath
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John T. Sinnott
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida
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20
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Louboutin JP, Chekmasova AA, Marusich E, Chowdhury JR, Strayer DS. Efficient CNS gene delivery by intravenous injection. Nat Methods 2010; 7:905-7. [PMID: 20953176 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We administered recombinant SV40-derived viral vectors (rSV40s) intravenously to mice with or without prior intraperitoneal injection of mannitol to deliver transgenes to the central nervous system (CNS). We detected transgene-expressing cells (mainly neurons) most prominently in the cortex and spinal cord; prior intraperitoneal mannitol injection increased CNS gene delivery tenfold. Intravenous injection of rSV40s, particularly with mannitol pretreatment, resulted in extensive expression of multiple transgenes throughout the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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21
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Louboutin JP, Chekmasova A, Marusich E, Agrawal L, Strayer DS. Role of CCR5 and its ligands in the control of vascular inflammation and leukocyte recruitment required for acute excitotoxic seizure induction and neural damage. FASEB J 2010; 25:737-53. [PMID: 20940264 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-161851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines may play a role in leukocyte migration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during neuroinflammation and other neuropathological processes, such as epilepsy. We investigated the role of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in seizures. We used a rat model based on intraperitoneal kainic acid (KA) administration. Four months before KA injection, adult rats were given femoral intramarrow inoculations of SV (RNAiR5-RevM10.AU1), which carries an interfering RNA (RNAi) against CCR5, plus a marker epitope (AU1), or its monofunctional RNAi-carrying homologue, SV(RNAiR5). This treatment lowered expression of CCR5 in circulating cells. In control rats, seizures induced elevated expression of CCR5 ligands MIP-1α and RANTES in the microvasculature, increased BBB leakage and CCR5(+) cells, as well as neuronal loss, inflammation, and gliosis in the hippocampi. Animals given either the bifunctional or the monofunctional vector were largely protected from KA-induced seizures, neuroinflammation, BBB damage, and neuron loss. Brain CCR5 mRNA was reduced. Rats receiving RNAiR5-bearing vectors showed far greater repair responses: increased neuronal proliferation, and decreased production of MIP-1α and RANTES. Controls received unrelated SV(BUGT) vectors. Decrease in CCR5 in circulating cells strongly protected from excitotoxin-induced seizures, BBB leakage, CNS injury, and inflammation, and facilitated neurogenic repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Jefferson Medical College, 1020 Locust St., Rm. 251, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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22
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HIV-1 gp120-induced injury to the blood-brain barrier: role of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and relationship to oxidative stress. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:801-16. [PMID: 20613638 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181e8c96f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption occurs during human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy, but the mechanisms involved are not understood. We studied how acute and ongoing exposure to human immunodeficiency virus 1 envelope gp120 alters BBB structure and permeability. Intravenous Evans blue, given before stereotaxic gp120 injection into the caudate putamen of rats, was rapidly extravasated. Gelatinolytic activity, studied by in situ zymography, was increased after gp120 administration and was localized within cerebral vessel walls. The gp120 increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9. Laminin and claudin-5, key BBB components and targets of both MMPs, were greatly reduced upon gp120 administration. The gp120 increased lipid peroxidation in the vascular endothelium and in neurons. Prior administration of rSV40 vectors carrying the antioxidant enzymes Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase protected from gp120-induced BBB damage. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation upregulated pro-MMP-9 and increased MMP-9 gelatinase activity, and memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker, mitigated gp120-induced BBB abnormalities. Using intra-caudate putamen SV(gp120) to test the effects of chronic exposure to expressed gp120, we determined that oxidant stress and increased BBB permeability occurred as in acute exposure. These data indicate that both direct administration and cellular expression of gp120 lead to disruption of the BBB by increasing MMPs and reducing vascular tight junction proteins via mechanisms involving reactive oxygen species generation and oxidant injury.
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23
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Grovit-Ferbas K, Harris-White ME. Thinking about HIV: the intersection of virus, neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. Immunol Res 2010; 48:40-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-010-8166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Hazleton JE, Berman JW, Eugenin EA. Novel mechanisms of central nervous system damage in HIV infection. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2010; 2:39-49. [PMID: 22096383 PMCID: PMC3218694 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s9186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection of the central nervous system is an early event after primary infection, resulting in motor and cognitive defects in a significant number of individuals despite successful antiretroviral therapy. The pathology of the infected brain is characterized by enhanced leukocyte infiltration, microglial activation and nodules, aberrant expression of inflammatory factors, neuronal dysregulation and loss, and blood–brain barrier disruption. Months to years following the primary infection, these central nervous system insults result in a spectrum of motor and cognitive dysfunction, ranging from mild impairment to frank dementia. The mechanisms that mediate impairment are still not fully defined. In this review we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms that facilitate impairment and new data that implicate intercellular communication systems, gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes, as mediators of human immunodeficiency virus-1 toxicity and infection within the central nervous system. These data suggest potential targets for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy E Hazleton
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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25
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Louboutin JP, Reyes BAS, Agrawal L, Maxwell CR, Van Bockstaele EJ, Strayer DS. Blood-brain barrier abnormalities caused by exposure to HIV-1 gp120--protection by gene delivery of antioxidant enzymes. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 38:313-25. [PMID: 20219678 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 effects on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) structure and function are still poorly understood in animal models based on direct administration of recombinant HIV proteins. We therefore injected HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, gp120, into rat caudate-putamens (CPs) and examined vascular integrity and function. Gp120 coimmunostained with endothelial cell marker, CD31. It induced apoptosis of endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. BBB function was assessed by administering Evans Blue (EB) intravenously before injecting gp120. EB leaked near the site of gp120 administration. Within 1h after intra-CP gp120 injection, structures positive for endothelial markers ICAM-1 and RECA-1 were greatly decreased. Vascular density assessed by laminin immunostaining remained decreased 1 month after gp120 injection. RECA-1-positive cells expressed hydroxynonenal, a marker of lipid peroxidation and rSV40-mediated gene delivery of antioxidant enzymes protected the BBB from gp120-related injury. Extravasated IgG accumulated following intra-CP SV(gp120) injection, an experimental model of continuing gp120 exposure. Thus: acute and chronic exposure to gp120 disrupts the BBB; gp120-mediated BBB abnormalities are related to lesions of brain microvessels; and gp120 is directly toxic to brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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26
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Dopaminergic neurotoxicity of HIV-1 gp120: Reactive oxygen species as signaling intermediates. Brain Res 2010; 1306:116-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Louboutin JP, Reyes BA, Agrawal L, Van Bockstaele EJ, Strayer DS. HIV-1 gp120-induced neuroinflammation: Relationship to neuron loss and protection by rSV40-delivered antioxidant enzymes. Exp Neurol 2010; 221:231-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Prevention of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by pre-administration of catalase-expressing adenovirus vectors. J Control Release 2009; 142:431-7. [PMID: 19951728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is mainly caused by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the reperfusion, remains an important clinical problem associated with liver transplantation and major liver surgery. Therefore, ROS should be detoxified to prevent hepatic I/R-induced injury. Delivery of antioxidant genes into liver is considered to be promising for prevention of hepatic I/R injury; however, therapeutic effects of antioxidant gene transfer to the liver have not been fully examined. The aim of this study was to examine whether adenovirus (Ad) vector-mediated catalase gene transfer in the liver is an effective approach for scavenging ROS and preventing hepatic I/R injury. Intravenous administration of Ad vectors expressing catalase, which is an antioxidant enzyme scavenging H(2)O(2), resulted in a significant increase in catalase activity in the liver. Pre-injection of catalase-expressing Ad vectors dramatically prevented I/R-induced elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, and hepatic necrosis. The livers were also protected in another liver injury model, CCl(4)-induced liver injury, by catalase-expressing Ad vectors. Furthermore, the survival rates of mice subjected to both partial hepatectomy and I/R treatment were improved by pre-injection of catalase-expressing Ad vectors. On the other hand, control Ad vectors expressing beta-galactosidase did not show any significant preventive effects in the liver on the models of I/R-induced or CCl(4)-induced hepatic injury described above. These results indicate that hepatic delivery of the catalase gene by Ad vectors is a promising approach for the prevention of oxidative stress-induced liver injury.
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29
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Gavegnano C, Schinazi RF. Antiretroviral therapy in macrophages: implication for HIV eradication. Antivir Chem Chemother 2009; 20:63-78. [PMID: 19843977 PMCID: PMC2978531 DOI: 10.3851/imp1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV type-1 (HIV-1) accounts for more than 25 million deaths and nearly 40 million people are infected worldwide. A significant obstacle in clearing virus from infected individuals is latently infected viral reservoirs. Latent HIV-1 can emerge with recrudescence as a productive infection later in disease progression and could provide a source for the emergence of resistant HIV-1. It is widely recognized that macrophages represent a latently infected viral reservoir and are a significant and critical HIV-1 target cell in vivo. Macrophages can be divided into multiple subsets of macrophage-like cells, all of which are susceptible to HIV-1 infection, including dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, alveolar macrophages, mucosal macrophages and microglial cells. Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) often displays differential antiviral activity in macrophages relative to CD4(+) T-lymphocytes. Significant work has been performed to establish antiviral activity of many clinically approved ART in macrophages; however, a direct link between antiviral activity and specific mechanisms responsible for these antiviral effects are incompletely understood. This review identifies many understudied areas of research, along with topics for further research in the field of HIV therapy and eradication. Discussion focuses upon the known cellular pharmacology and antiviral activity of antiretroviral agents in macrophages and its relationship to latency, chronic HIV-1 infection and therapeutic strategies to eradicate systemic HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gavegnano
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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30
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A rat model of human immunodeficiency virus 1 encephalopathy using envelope glycoprotein gp120 expression delivered by SV40 vectors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:456-73. [PMID: 19525894 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181a10f83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) encephalopathy is thought to result in part from the toxicity of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 for neurons. Experimental systems for studying the effects of gp120 and other HIV proteins on the brain have been limited to the acute effects of recombinant proteins in vitro or in vivo in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected monkeys. We describe an experimental rodent model of ongoing gp120-induced neurotoxicity in which HIV-1 envelope is expressed in the brain using an SV40-derived gene delivery vector, SV(gp120). When it is inoculated stereotaxically into the rat caudate putamen, SV(gp120) caused a partly hemorrhagic lesion in which neuron and other cell apoptosis continues for at least 12 weeks. Human immunodeficiency virus gp120 is expressed throughout this time, and some apoptotic cells are gp120 positive. Malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal assays indicated that there was lipid peroxidation in these lesions. Prior administration of recombinant SV40 vectors carrying antioxidant enzymes, copper/ zinc superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase, was protective against SV(gp120)-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis. Thus, in vivo inoculation of SV(gp120) into the rat caudate putamen causes ongoing oxidative stress and apoptosis in neurons and may therefore represent a useful animal model for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of HIV-1 envelope-related brain damage.
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Reynolds JL, Mahajan SD, Aalinkeel R, Nair B, Sykes DE, Agosto-Mujica A, Hsiao CB, Schwartz SA. Modulation of the proteome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-1-infected patients by drugs of abuse. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:646-56. [PMID: 19543960 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We used proteomic analyses to assess how drug abuse modulates immunologic responses to infections with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). METHODS Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis was utilized to determine changes in the proteome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from HIV-1-positive donors that occurred after treatment with cocaine or methamphetamine. Both drugs differentially regulated the expression of several functional classes of proteins. We further isolated specific subpopulations of PBMC to determine which subpopulations were selectively affected by treatment with drugs of abuse. Monocytes, B cells, and T cells were positively or negatively selected from PBMC isolated from HIV-1-positive donors. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that cocaine and methamphetamine modulate gene expression primarily in monocytes and T cells, the primary targets of HIV-1 infection. Proteomic data were validated with quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction. These studies elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of drugs of abuse on HIV-1 infections. Several functionally relevant classes of proteins were identified as potential mediators of HIV-1 pathogenesis and disease progression associated with drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Buffalo General Hospital, University at Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, 311 MultiLab Research Building, Buffalo, NY,14203, USA.
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Achim CL, Adame A, Dumaop W, Everall IP, Masliah E. Increased accumulation of intraneuronal amyloid beta in HIV-infected patients. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 4:190-9. [PMID: 19288297 PMCID: PMC3055557 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients under highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimens have shown a markedly improved general clinical status; however, the prevalence of mild cognitive disorders has increased. We propose that increased longevity with HIV-mediated chronic inflammation combined with the secondary effects of HAART may increase the risk of early brain aging as shown by intraneuronal accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates like amyloid beta (Abeta), which might participate in worsening the neurodegenerative process and cognitive impairment in older patients with HIV. For this purpose, levels and distribution of Abeta immunoreactivity were analyzed in the frontal cortex of 43 patients with HIV (ages 38-60) and HIV- age-matched controls. Subcellular localization of the Abeta-immunoreactive material was analyzed by double labeling and confocal microscopy and by immunono-electron microscopy (EM). Compared to HIV- cases, in HIV+ cases, there was abundant intracellular Abeta immunostaining in pyramidal neurons and along axonal tracts. Cases with HIV encephalitis (HIVE) had higher levels of intraneuronal Abeta immunoreactivity compared to HIV+ cases with no HIVE. Moreover, levels of intracellular Abeta correlated with age in the group with HIVE. Double-labeling analysis showed that the Abeta-immunoreactive granules in the neurons co-localized with lysosomal markers such as cathepsin-D and LC3. Ultrastructural analysis by immuno-EM has confirmed that in these cases, intracellular Abeta was often found in structures displaying morphology similar to autophagosomes. These findings suggest that long-term survival with HIV might interfere with clearance of proteins such as Abeta and worsen neuronal damage and cognitive impairment in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian L. Achim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. Department of Neurosciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0624, USA
| | - Wilmar Dumaop
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ian P. Everall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. Department of Neurosciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0624, USA
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Gagliardi C, Bunnell BA. Large animal models of neurological disorders for gene therapy. ILAR J 2009; 50:128-43. [PMID: 19293458 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.50.2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
he development of therapeutic interventions for genetic disorders and diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS) has proven challenging. There has been significant progress in the development of gene therapy strategies in murine models of human disease, but gene therapy outcomes in these models do not always translate to the human setting. Therefore, large animal models are crucial to the development of diagnostics, treatments, and eventual cures for debilitating neurological disorders. This review focuses on the description of large animal models of neurological diseases such as lysosomal storage diseases, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons disease, and neuroAIDS. The review also describes the contributions of these models to progress in gene therapy research.
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Louboutin JP, Agrawal L, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ, Strayer DS. HIV-1 gp120 neurotoxicity proximally and at a distance from the point of exposure: protection by rSV40 delivery of antioxidant enzymes. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 34:462-76. [PMID: 19327399 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxicity of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp120) for substantia nigra (SN) neurons may contribute to the Parkinsonian manifestations often seen in HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). We studied the neurotoxicity of gp120 for dopaminergic neurons and potential neuroprotection by antioxidant gene delivery. Rats were injected stereotaxically into their caudate-putamen (CP); CP and (substantia nigra) SN neuron loss was quantified. The area of neuron loss extended several millimeters from the injection site, approximately 35% of the CP area. SN neurons, outside of this area of direct neurotoxicity, were also severely affected. Dopaminergic SN neurons (expressing tyrosine hydroxylase, TH, in the SN and dopamine transporter, DAT, in the CP) were mostly affected: intra-CP gp120 caused approximately 50% DAT+ SN neuron loss. Prior intra-CP gene delivery of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) or glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) protected SN neurons from intra-CP gp120. Thus, SN dopaminergic neurons are highly sensitive to HIV-1 gp120-induced neurotoxicity, and antioxidant gene delivery, even at a distance, is protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Louboutin JP, Agrawal L, Liu B, Strayer DS. In vivogene transfer to the CNS using recombinant SV40-derived vectors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1319-35. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.9.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Louboutin JP, Agrawal L, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ, Strayer DS. Protecting neurons from HIV-1 gp120-induced oxidant stress using both localized intracerebral and generalized intraventricular administration of antioxidant enzymes delivered by SV40-derived vectors. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1650-61. [PMID: 17914406 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is the most frequent cause of dementia in adults under 40. We sought to use gene delivery to protect from HIV-1-related neuron loss. Because HIV-1 envelope (Env) gp120 elicits oxidant stress and apoptosis in cultured neurons, we established reproducible parameters of Env-mediated neurotoxicity in vivo, then tested neuroprotection using gene delivery of antioxidant enzymes. We injected 100-500 ng mul(-1)gp120 stereotaxically into rat caudate-putamens (CP) and assayed brains for apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) 6-h to 14-day post-injection. Peak apoptosis occurred 1 day after injection of 250 and 500 ng microl(-1)gp120. TUNEL-positive cells mostly expressed neuronal markers (NeuroTrace), although some expressed CD68 and so were most likely microglial cells. Finally, we compared neuroprotection from gp120-induced apoptosis provided by localized and generalized intra-central nervous system (CNS) gene delivery. Recombinant SV40 vectors carrying Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) or glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) were injected into the CP, where gp120 was administered 4-24 weeks later. Alternatively, we inoculated the vector into the lateral ventricle (LV), with or without prior intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of mannitol. Intracerebral injection of SV(SOD1) or SV(GPx1) significantly protected neurons from gp120-induced apoptosis throughout the 24-week study. Intraventricular vector administration protected from gp120 neurotoxicity comparably, particularly if preceded by mannitol i.p. Thus, HIV-1 gp120 is neurotoxic in vivo, and intracerebral or intra-ventricular administration of rSV40 vectors carrying antioxidant enzymes is neuroprotective. These findings suggest the potential utility of both localized and widespread gene delivery in treating neuroAIDS and other CNS diseases characterized by excessive oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Agrawal L, Louboutin JP, Strayer DS. Preventing HIV-1 tat-induced neuronal apoptosis using antioxidant enzymes: Mechanistic and therapeutic implications. Virology 2007; 363:462-72. [PMID: 17336361 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 proteins, especially gp120 and Tat, elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause neuron apoptosis. We used antioxidant enzymes, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) to study signaling and neuroprotection from Tat-induced apoptosis. SOD1 converts superoxide to peroxide; GPx1 converts peroxide to water. Primary human neurons were transduced with SV40-derived vectors carrying SOD1 and GPx1, then HIV-1 Tat protein was added. Both SV(SOD1) and SV(GPx1) delivered substantial transgene expression. Tat decreased endogenous cellular, but not transduced, SOD1 and GPx1. Tat rapidly increased neuron [Ca(2+)](i), which effect was not altered by SV(SOD1) or SV(GPx1). However, both vectors together blocked Tat-induced [Ca(2+)](i) fluxes. Similarly, neither SV(SOD1) nor SV(GPx1) protected neurons from Tat-induced apoptosis, but both vectors together did. Tat therefore activates multiple signaling pathways, in one of which superoxide acts as an intermediate while the other utilizes peroxide. Gene delivery to protect neurons from Tat must therefore target both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Agrawal
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Room 251, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Louboutin JP, Reyes BAS, Agrawal L, Van Bockstaele E, Strayer DS. Strategies for CNS-directed gene delivery: in vivo gene transfer to the brain using SV40-derived vectors. Gene Ther 2007; 14:939-49. [PMID: 17443215 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer to the central nervous system (CNS) has been approached using various vectors. Recombinant SV40-derived vectors (rSV40s) transduce neurons and microglia effectively in vitro, so we tested rSV40s gene transfer to the CNS in vivo, and characterized the distribution, duration and cell types transduced. We used rSV40s carrying Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Net protein (HIV-1 Nef) with a C-terminal FLAG epitope tag as a marker, and another with Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Rats were given vectors stereotaxically, either intraparenchymally into the caudate-putamen (CP) or into the lateral ventricle (LV). FLAG expression was studied for 3 months by immunostaining serial brain sections. After intraparenchymal administration, numerous transgene-expressing cells were seen, many as far as 4 mm from the injection site. Transgene expression remained strong throughout the 3-month study period. Coimmunostaining for lineage markers showed that neurons and, more rarely, microglial cells were tranduced, except astrocytes and oligodendroglia. After injection into the LV, high levels of transgene expression were detected throughout the frontal cortex by Western analysis. Systemic mannitol-induced hyperosmolarity further augmented LV transgene delivery. SV40-derived vectors may, thus, be useful for long-term gene expression in the brain, whether locally by intraparenchymal administration or diffusely by intraventricular injection, with or without mannitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Zink MC. Translational research models and novel adjunctive therapies for neuroAIDS. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2007; 2:14-9. [PMID: 18040821 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-006-9062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this component of the meeting was to discuss novel therapeutics that attenuate inflammatory pathways, enhance drug delivery into the brain and/or bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Presentations included discussions of (i) antiretroviral drugs packaged into nanoparticles by Howard Gendelman, (ii) how to engage the nasal epithelium and its closely associated neural fibers as a route for drug entry to the brain, by William H. Frey and Lynn Pulliam, and (iii) antioxidant gene delivery to neurons using vector systems that can protect neurons against HIV-associated toxicity, by David Strayer. The session was capped by active discourse among leaders in the field of adjunctive therapies in a broad range of scientific disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Broadway Research Building, Suite 839,733 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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